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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rufus" title="Jean Rufus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Rufus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იოანე რუფუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოანე რუფუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جون روفوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون روفوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fifth century priest and historian</div> <p><b>John Rufus</b>, <b>John of Beth Rufina</b> (also spelled Ruphina),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>John of Maiuma</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born c. AD 450), was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chalcedonian">anti-Chalcedonian</a> priest of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Iberian" title="Peter the Iberian">Peter the Iberian</a> and an ecclesiastical historian who possibly served as the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Maiuma_(city)" title="Maiuma (city)"> Maiuma</a>. He wrote the <i>Plerophoriae</i>, the <i>Life of Peter the Iberian</i>, and the <i>Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491–92_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200491–92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rufus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost everything that we know about John Rufus originates in his own work, with a few more details from the <i>Life of Severus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Scholasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacharias Scholasticus">Zacharias Scholasticus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200491-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John's name is derived from the fact that he was a monk from the Monastery of Beth Rufina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John was born in the <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">province of Arabia</a> (see <i>Plerophoriae</i> 22) around AD 450 and studied <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> at the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Law_school_of_Berytus" title="Law school of Berytus">law school of Berytus</a> (modern-day Beirut),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200491-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where his fellow student, Theodore of Ascalon, brought him into contact with his future spiritual master, Peter the Iberian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evgarius, Rufus' younger brother, also studied law at Berytus and showed much interest in the values of religion and monasticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John became a monk and left for Antioch, where he was ordained as a priest by the city's anti-Chalcedonian patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Fuller" title="Peter the Fuller">Peter the Fuller</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200491-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (r. January 475 – August 476).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxii_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the return to power of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> and the expulsion of Peter the Fuller in 477, John moved to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> in 479, where he became a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Iberian" title="Peter the Iberian">Peter the Iberian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491–92_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200491–92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and joined his monastic community located between Gaza and Maiuma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200661_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200661-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he became one of Peter's intimate students, which would allow him to give firsthand evidence of the last twelve years of his teacher's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628–29_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628–29-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a native of the province of Arabia, a region he knew in detail, as proven by the section of the <i>Life</i> dealing with Peter the Iberian's travels through that province, John Rufus might have acted there as Peter's guide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxii_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Peter the Iberian's death in 491, he passed on the leadership of his monastery to four of his disciples,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200630_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200630-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most prominently to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_of_Ascalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore of Ascalon (page does not exist)">Theodore of Ascalon</a>, while John Rufus became the priest of the monastery church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200492_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200492-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether John Rufus did become the bishop of Maiuma, as mentioned in the title of the <i>Plerophoriae</i>, cannot be supported with other sources; he might have been consecrated as such by the anti-Chalcedonians after the death of Peter the Iberian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200492_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200492-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Peter's death, the anti-Chalcedonian party in Palestine might have seen in John Rufus their new spiritual leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rufus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three works are ascribed to John Rufus: the <i>Plerophoriae</i>, the <i>Life of Peter the Iberian</i>, and the <i>Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200630_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200630-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the authorship of the <i>Plerophoriae</i> is clearly stated in the text, while the surviving manuscripts of the other two works do not indicate any author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lviii-lix_ff_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lviii-lix_ff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the wider consensus is that these are all works of John Rufus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lviii-lix_ff_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lviii-lix_ff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three works are all written in a very similar spirit, and were apparently composed during the few favourable years for anti-Chalcedonians during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius</a> (r. 491–518).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plerophoriae"><i>Plerophoriae</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rufus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plerophoriae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Plerophoriae</i>, <i>lit.</i> "Reassurances", is John's most famous work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of dreams and visions, anecdotes and brief episodes describing miracles, it had the purpose of promoting <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a> and proving that God Himself condemned the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One topic touched upon is the dilemma of an anti-Chalcedonian believer after the quashing of the short-lived Monophysite revolt: can they stay attached to a holy site regained by the Chalcedonians without becoming collaborators of, and entering into and communion with the enemy of their true faith? John Rufus' answer is: no.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200655_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200655-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work was probably composed between 512 and 518,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and text analysis offers indications that it was most likely written during the patriarchate of <a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a> (512–538).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the last of John's three works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lix_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lix-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an anthology of stories that, in their majority, already existed and had been included in a number of other texts or compilations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became the most popular among these works, a fact that led to the term describing the type of stories it contained, <i>plerophoriae</i>, to become the title by which it is known today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars are sure that John Rufus wrote <i>Plerophoriae</i> in Greek, but just a few fragments in the original language have come down to us.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, translations into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> have survived in two complete manuscripts, as well as fragments in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> translations preserved in three <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a> and a manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_of_Peter_the_Iberian"><i>Life of Peter the Iberian</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rufus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life of Peter the Iberian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">vita</a></i> of Peter the Iberian is widely attributed to John Rufus, although it is anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it Peter is presented as the very model of an anti-Chalcedonian holy man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written around the year 500 as a work of propaganda formally presented as a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200662_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200662-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Horn" title="Cornelia Horn">Cornelia B. Horn</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_R._Phenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert R. Phenix (page does not exist)">Robert R. Phenix</a> are convinced, based on the treatment of the topic and style of the <i>vita</i>, that it has been put to paper at the first anniversary of Peter's death, that is: in 492.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxiii_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxiii-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter's evolution goes from a young enthusiastic pilgrim, to a believer in the ideal of <i>xeniteia</i>, or disconnection from the physical, ephemeral world, even by detaching himself from relics and holy places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200661_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200661-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Rufus presents Peter the Iberian as a more theologically uncompromising anti-Chalcedonian than does another one of his disciples, <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Rhetor</a>, who describes him as a more moderate Monophysite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200655_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200655-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Peter's death, his unassuming <a href="/wiki/Lavra" title="Lavra">laura</a> is transformed by his disciples into a <a href="/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">coenobium</a>, all usual buildings of a monastery are constructed at the site, and Peter's relics are translated under the altar of the monastery church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200631_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200631-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration_of_the_Death_of_Theodosius"><i>Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rufus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Commemoration</i> is another anonymous work attributed to John Rufus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Jerusalem_(died_457)" title="Theodosius of Jerusalem (died 457)">Theodosius</a> was the anti-Chalcedonian ascetic leader raised by the Monophysite revolt onto the bishop's throne of Jerusalem between 451 and 53.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he consecrated Peter of Iberia as bishop of Maiuma, and only after also being reordinated as priest by Theodosius did Peter take up priestly activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodosius was removed from his position by the man he had managed to replace for a while, bishop and, after the Council of Chalcedon, patriarch <a href="/wiki/Juvenal_of_Jerusalem" title="Juvenal of Jerusalem">Juvenal of Jerusalem</a>. After fleeing to Antioch Theodosius was taken to Constantinople and imprisoned for the rest of his life in a monastery by imperial orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rufus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss201651-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss201651_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoss2016">Moss 2016</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlandi1991_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlandi1991">Orlandi 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200491–92-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491–92_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491–92_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteppa2004">Steppa 2004</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200491-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200491_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteppa2004">Steppa 2004</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200627_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxii-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxii_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxii_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Rufus2008">John Rufus 2008</a>, p. lxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200661-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200661_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200661_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628–29-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200628–29_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200630-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200630_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200630_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteppa200492-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200492_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteppa200492_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteppa2004">Steppa 2004</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lviii-lix_ff-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lviii-lix_ff_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lviii-lix_ff_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Rufus2008">John Rufus 2008</a>, pp. lviii-lix ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200626_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200655-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200655_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200655_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lix-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lix_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Rufus2008">John Rufus 2008</a>, p. lix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200662-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200662_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxiii-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxiii_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Rufus2008">John Rufus 2008</a>, p. lxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200631-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitton-AshkelonyKofsky200631_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006">Bitton-Ashkelony & Kofsky 2006</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Rufus2008lxxxviii–lxxxix_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Rufus2008">John Rufus 2008</a>, pp. lxxxviii–lxxxix.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rufus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteppa2004" class="citation book cs1">Steppa, Jan-Eric (2004). "Heresy and orthodoxy: the anti-Chalcedonian hagiography of John Rufus". In Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; Kofsky, Arieh (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lA9VwVwoyiAC"><i>Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture, volume 3. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004138681" title="Special:BookSources/9789004138681"><bdi>9789004138681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heresy+and+orthodoxy%3A+the+anti-Chalcedonian+hagiography+of+John+Rufus&rft.btitle=Christian+Gaza+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.series=Jerusalem+Studies+in+Religion+and+Culture%2C+volume+3&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004138681&rft.aulast=Steppa&rft.aufirst=Jan-Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlA9VwVwoyiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rufus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitton-AshkelonyKofsky2006" class="citation book cs1">Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; Kofsky, Aryeh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"><i>The Monastic School of Gaza</i></a>. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14737-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14737-3"><bdi>90-04-14737-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-623X">0920-623X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monastic+School+of+Gaza&rft.series=Supplements+to+Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0920-623X&rft.isbn=90-04-14737-3&rft.aulast=Bitton-Ashkelony&rft.aufirst=Brouria&rft.au=Kofsky%2C+Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhOx5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rufus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlandi1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Orlandi, Tito (1991). "CE:1366a-1366b". In Atiya, Aziz Suryal (editor-in-chief) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/ref/collection/cce/id/1118"><i>John of Mayuma</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Encyclopedia" title="Coptic Encyclopedia">Coptic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4. Macmillan (original print edition), <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate University</a>. School of Religion (digital edition)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+of+Mayuma&rft.btitle=Coptic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Macmillan+%28original+print+edition%29%2C+Claremont+Graduate+University.+School+of+Religion+%28digital+edition%29&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Orlandi&rft.aufirst=Tito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccdl.libraries.claremont.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fcce%2Fid%2F1118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rufus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|editor-first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2016" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Yonatan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LfbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51"><i>Incorruptible Bodies: Christology, Society, and Authority in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Christianity in Late Antiquity (volume 1) (reprint ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520964341" title="Special:BookSources/9780520964341"><bdi>9780520964341</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incorruptible+Bodies%3A+Christology%2C+Society%2C+and+Authority+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.series=Christianity+in+Late+Antiquity+%28volume+1%29&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780520964341&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LfbCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rufus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Rufus2008" class="citation book cs1">John Rufus (2008). Horn, Cornelia B.; Phenix, Robert R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSq1wuai-XUC&pg=PR88"><i>John Rufus: The </i>Lives<i> of Peter the Iberian, Theodosius of Jerusalem, and the Monk Romanus</i></a>. Writings from the Greco-Roman World. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-200-8"><bdi>978-1-58983-200-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Rufus%3A+The+Lives+of+Peter+the+Iberian%2C+Theodosius+of+Jerusalem%2C+and+the+Monk+Romanus&rft.series=Writings+from+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-200-8&rft.au=John+Rufus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSq1wuai-XUC%26pg%3DPR88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rufus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_historians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_historians" title="Template:Byzantine historians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_historians" title="Template talk:Byzantine historians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_historians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine historians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_historians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Byzantine historians</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">5th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria" title="Annianus of Alexandria">Annianus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunapius" title="Eunapius">Eunapius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus_(historian)" title="Malchus (historian)">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_of_Thebes" title="Olympiodorus of Thebes">Olympiodorus of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panodorus_of_Alexandria" title="Panodorus of Alexandria">Panodorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinus_of_Heraclea" title="Sabinus of Heraclea">Sabinus of Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">6th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Scythopolis" title="Cyril of Scythopolis">Cyril of Scythopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Epiphania" title="Eustathius of Epiphania">Eustathius of Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Miletus" title="Hesychius of Miletus">Hesychius of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diakrinomenos" title="John Diakrinomenos">John Diakrinomenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Epiphania" title="John of Epiphania">John of Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Joshua_the_Stylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite">Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor">Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberatus_of_Carthage" title="Liberatus of Carthage">Liberatus of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_Protector" title="Menander Protector">Menander Protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnosus_(historian)" title="Nonnosus (historian)">Nonnosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Lector" title="Theodorus Lector">Theodorus Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Theophanes of Byzantium">Theophanes of Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Rhetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(historian)" title="John of Antioch (historian)">John of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan_the_Patrician" title="Trajan the Patrician">Trajan the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Thebes" title="Hippolytus of Thebes">Hippolytus of Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nikephoros I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamartolos" title="George Hamartolos">George Hamartolos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scriptor_Incertus" title="Scriptor Incertus">Scriptor Incertus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Genesius" title="Joseph Genesius">Joseph Genesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Deacon" title="Leo the Deacon">Leo the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Simeon" title="Pseudo-Simeon">Pseudo-Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_Logothete" title="Symeon Logothete">Symeon Logothete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaleiates" title="Michael Attaleiates">Michael Attaleiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kedrenos" title="George Kedrenos">George Kedrenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Michael Psellos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Xiphilinus" title="John Xiphilinus">John Xiphilinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_of_Antioch" title="Yahya of Antioch">Yahya of Antioch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Bryennios_the_Younger" title="Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger">Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Glykas" title="Michael Glykas">Michael Glykas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kinnamos" title="John Kinnamos">John Kinnamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Manasses" title="Constantine Manasses">Constantine Manasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Skoutariotes" title="Theodore Skoutariotes">Theodore Skoutariotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_Gregoras" title="Nicephorus Gregoras">Nicephorus Gregoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Kallistos_Xanthopoulos" title="Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos">Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">George Pachymeres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Panaretos" title="Michael Panaretos">Michael Panaretos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Anagnostes" title="John Anagnostes">John Anagnostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cananus" title="John Cananus">John Cananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles" title="Laonikos Chalkokondyles">Laonikos Chalkokondyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Critobulus" title="Michael Critobulus">Michael Critobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kodinos" title="George Kodinos">Pseudo-George Kodinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174479#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174479#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174479#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108992305">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49367734">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/197804894">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39351099">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5598158915900950000004">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1228159234266203371222">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1701152636060320050693">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137167803558717772467">7</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1827272/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxhkxJGKwHRm7bGDKXqV3">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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