CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of Mali - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2471f30d-09ca-447f-b47c-41d9f82d5c43","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_Mali","wgTitle":"History of Mali","wgCurRevisionId":1244222125,"wgRevisionId":1244222125,"wgArticleId":19128,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Source attribution","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from September 2020","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles needing additional references from August 2020","Articles containing French-language text", "Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","History of Mali"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_Mali","wgRelevantArticleId":19128,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q927301","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"} ;RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of Mali - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_Mali rootpage-History_of_Mali skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Mali" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Mali" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Mali" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Mali" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Paleolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Earlier Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ghana Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mali Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songhai_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songhai_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Songhai Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songhai_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_empires_(1591–1892)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_empires_(1591–1892)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>After the empires (1591–1892)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_empires_(1591–1892)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After the empires (1591–1892) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_empires_(1591–1892)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bambara_Empire_or_the_Kingdom_of_Segou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bambara_Empire_or_the_Kingdom_of_Segou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bambara Empire or the Kingdom of Segou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bambara_Empire_or_the_Kingdom_of_Segou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Kaarta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Kaarta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Kaarta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Kaarta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenedougou_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenedougou_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kenedougou Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenedougou_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maasina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maasina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Maasina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maasina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toucouleur_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toucouleur_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Toucouleur Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toucouleur_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wassoulou_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wassoulou_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Wassoulou Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wassoulou_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Sudan_(1892–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Sudan_(1892–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>French Sudan (1892–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Sudan_(1892–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_(1960–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_(1960–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Independence (1960–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence_(1960–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence (1960–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence_(1960–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_Moussa_Traoré" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Moussa_Traoré"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Under Moussa Traoré</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Moussa_Traoré-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Mali</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تاريخ مالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ مالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="মালির ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মালির ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Малі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Малі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Mali" title="Història de Mali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Mali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Mali" title="Hanes Mali – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Mali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malis_historie" title="Malis historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Malis historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Malis" title="Geschichte Malis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Malis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_ajalugu" title="Mali ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mali ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Mali" title="Historia de Mali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Mali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliko_historia" title="Maliko historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maliko historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Mali" title="Histoire du Mali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Mali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="말리의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말리의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Mali" title="Historio di Mali – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Mali" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Mali" title="Storia del Mali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Mali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="היסטוריה של מאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של מאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Mali" title="Historia ya Mali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Mali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Историја на Мали – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Мали" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantaran%27_i_Mal%E1%BB%B3" title="Tantaran' i Malỳ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tantaran' i Malỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="マリ共和国の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリ共和国の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Mali" title="História do Mali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do Mali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="История Мали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Мали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Історія Малі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Малі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Mali" title="Storia del Mali – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Storia del Mali" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="马里历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马里历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%A0n_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_M%C3%A1l%C3%AC" title="Ìtàn ilẹ̀ Málì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtàn ilẹ̀ Málì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="馬利歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬利歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q927301#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Mali" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_Mali" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_Mali" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&oldid=1244222125" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_Mali&id=1244222125&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Mali"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Mali"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_Mali&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Mali" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q927301" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mali" title="Category:History of Mali">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Mali</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 0px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Mali.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mali"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_Mali.png/75px-Arms_of_Mali.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_Mali.png/113px-Arms_of_Mali.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_Mali.png/150px-Arms_of_Mali.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koumbi_Saleh" title="Koumbi Saleh">Koumbi Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Diarra" title="Kingdom of Diarra">Kingdom of Diarra</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao Empire</a> (9th century–1430)</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1235</span>–1670)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirina" title="Battle of Kirina">Battle of Kirina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga" title="Kouroukan Fouga">Kouroukan Fouga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Doors_of_Mali" title="Twelve Doors of Mali">Twelve Doors of Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_I_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa I of Mali">Musa I of Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9" title="Great Mosque of Djenné">Great Mosque of Djenné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankore_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankore Madrasah">Sankore Madrasah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> (1464–1591)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askia_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Mohammed">Askia Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#After_the_empires,_1591–1892">Post-Imperial, 1591–1892</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu" title="Pashalik of Timbuktu">Pashalik of Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9n%C3%A9dougou_Kingdom" title="Kénédougou Kingdom">Kénédougou Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French colonization</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Independence,_1960_-_present">After Independence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Republic of Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Mali" title="Category:Years in Mali">Years in Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">History of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timbuktu" title="History of Timbuktu">History of Timbuktu</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Mali portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Mali" title="Template:History of Mali"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Mali" title="Template talk:History of Mali"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Mali"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mali is located in Africa. The history of the territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> may be divided into: </p> <ul><li>Pre-Imperial Mali, before the 13th century</li> <li>The history of the eponymous Mali Empire and of the Songhai Empire during the 13th to 16th centuries</li></ul> <p>The borders of Mali are those of French Sudan, drawn in 1891. They are artificial, and unite parts of the larger <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a> region with parts of the Sahara. As a consequence, Mali is a multiethnic country, with a majority of its population consisting of <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé peoples</a>. </p><p>Mali's history is dominated by its role in trans-Saharan trade, connecting West Africa and the Maghreb. The Malian city <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> is exemplary of this: situated on the southern fringe of the Sahara and close to the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, it has played an important role in the trans-Saharan trade from the 13th century on, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>. Had no power in the West Africa After this the Songhai empire started growing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sahara was often drier, but also more rainy for a long time than it is today. Hence, it was a place uninhabitable for humans 325,000 to 290,000 years ago and 280,000 to 225,000 years ago, apart from favorable places like the Tihodaïne lake on the water-storing <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these and other dry periods, the desert stretched repeatedly far to the north and south; its sand dunes can be found far beyond the present-day borders of the Sahara. Human traces can only be expected in the rainier green phases. It is possible that anatomically modern humans, which perhaps developed in the said isolated phase 300,000 to 200,000 years ago south of the Sahara, already in the long green phase over 200,000 years ago the water-rich area at that time. Even around 125,000 to 110,000 years ago there was an adequate network of waterways that allowed numerous animal species to spread northward, followed by human hunters. Huge lakes contributed to this, such as the Mega Lake Chad, which at times covered over 360,000 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the desert stretched far north and south again 70,000 to 58,000 years ago and is therefore likely to have represented a barrier that was difficult to overcome. Another green phase followed 50,000 to 45,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mali the find situation is less favorable than in the northern neighbors. Excavations at the Ounjougou complex<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Dogon Plateau near Bandiagara have shown that hunters and gatherers lived in the region more than 150,000 years ago. Dating back to between 70,000 and 25,000 years ago is certain. The Paleolithic ended very early in Mali because after this section 25,000 to 20,000 years ago there was another extreme dry phase, the Ogolia. When towards the end of the savannah landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/History of Mali">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the end of the last maximum expansion of the northern ice masses towards the end of the last glacial period, the climate was characterized by much higher humidity than it is today. The Niger created a huge inland lake in the area around <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and Araouane, as well as a similarly large lake in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. At the same time, savannah landscapes and a landscape in northern Mali comparable to that which characterizes the south today. This around 9500 BC The humid phase that began after the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> period, a cold period after the last glacial period, was around 5000 BC. Chr. Increasingly replaced by an increasingly dry phase. </p><p>The Neolithic, the time in which people increasingly produced their own food instead of hunting, fishing or collecting it as before, developed during this humid phase. This is usually divided into three sections, which are separated from each other by distinct dry phases. <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> were planted and around 8000 BC. Large herds of cattle that were close to the zebus grazed in what is now the Sahara; Sheep and goats were not added until much later from West Asia, while cattle were first domesticated in Africa. </p><p>Ceramics appeared at the central Malian site of Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to be an instance of the independent invention of pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. 9500 to 7000 v. BC, in the Aïr according to Marianne Cornevin as early as 10,000 BC. Chr. [8] The earliest Neolithic is attributed to the phase of the productive way of life, although no plants were cultivated and no cattle were kept. In Mali, the Ravin de la Mouche site, which belongs here, was dated to an age of 11,400–10,200 years. [9] This site belongs to the Ounjougou complex on the Yamé, where all eras since the Upper Paleolithic have left traces [10] and the oldest ceramics in Mali to 9400 BC. Was dated. In Ravin de la Mouche, artifacts could date between 9500 and 8500 BC. The site Ravin du Hibou 2 can be dated to 8000 to 7000 BC. Thereafter, where the said oldest ceramic remains were found in the course of a research program that has been running since 1997 in the two gorges, a hiatus between 7000 and 3500 BC occurred. BC because the climate was too unfavorable - even for hunters and gatherers. </p><p>The middle Neolithic of the Dogon Plateau can be recognized by gray, bifacial stone tools made from <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> . The first traces of nomadic cattle breeders can be found (again) around 4000 BC. BC, whereby it was around 3500 BC. The relatively humid climate came to an end. [11] Excavations in <a href="/wiki/Karkarichinkat" title="Karkarichinkat">Karkarichinkat</a> (2500–1600 BC) and possibly in Village de la Frontière (3590 cal BC) prove this, as do studies on Lake Fati. The latter consisted continuously between 10,430 and 4660 BPas evidenced by layers of mud on its eastern edge. A 16 cm thick layer of sand was dated around 4500 BP, which provided evidence that the region dried out around 1000 years later than on the Mauritanian coast. [12] A thousand years later, the dry phase, which apparently drove cattle nomads from the east to Mali, reached its peak. The northern lakes dried up and the population mostly moved south. The transition from the Neolithic to the Pre-Dogon is still unclear. In Karkarichinkat it became apparent that sheep, cattle and goats were kept, but hunting, gathering and fishing continued to play an important role. It may even be the case that successful pastoralism prevented agriculture from establishing itself for a long time.[13] </p><p>The late Neolithic was marked by renewed immigration from the Sahara around 2500 BC. Chr., Which had grown into an enormously spacious desert. This aridization continued and forced further migrations to the south, the approximate course of which is archaeologically understandable. On the basis of ethno-archaeological studies of ceramics, three groups were found that lived around Méma, the Canal de Sonni Ali and Windé Koroji on the border with Mauritania in the period around 2000 BC. Lived. This was made possible by ceramic research at the Kobadi site (1700 to 1400 BC), the MN25 site near Hassi el Abiod and Kirkissoy near Niameyin Niger (1500 to 1000 BC). Apparently the two groups hiked towards Kirkissoy last. [14] No later than the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC. Millet cultivation reached the region at the Varves Ouest site, more precisely the cultivation of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), but also wheat and emmer, which were established much earlier in the east of the Sahara, now (again?) Reached Mali. Ecological changes indicate that tillage must have started as early as the 3rd millennium. [15] But this phase of agriculture ended around 400 BC. In turn by an extreme drought. </p><p>The use of ocher in funerals was common up to the 1st millennium, even with animals, as the spectacular find of a horse in the west of the inland delta, in Tell Natamatao (6 km from Thial in the Cercle Tenenkou) shows, whose bones are included Ocher had been sprinkled. [16] There are also rock carvings typical of the entire Sahara, in which not only symbols and depictions of animals but also depictions of people appear. From the 1st millennium BC Paintings in the Boucle-du-Baoulé National Park (Fanfannyégèné), on the Dogon Plateau and in the Niger River Delta (Aire Soroba). [17] </p><p>In Karkarichikat Nord (KN05) and Karkarichinkat Sud (KS05) in the lower Tilemsi Valley, a fossil river valley 70 km north of Gao, it was possible to prove for the first time in eleven women in West Africa south of the Sahara that the modification of the teeth for ritual reasons was also there was in use around 4500-4200 BP, similar to the Maghreb. [18] In contrast to men, women have modifications ranging from extractions to filings, so that the teeth are given a pointed shape. A custom that lasted until the 19th century. [19] </p><p>It was also found there that the inhabitants of the valley already obtained 85% of their carbon intake from grass seeds, mainly from C4 plants; this happened either through the consumption of wild plants, such as the wild millet, or through domesticated lamp-cleaning grasses. [20] This provided the earliest evidence of agricultural activity and cattle breeding in West Africa (around 2200 cal BP). [21] </p><p>The sites of the <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a> tradition in the Méma region, a former river delta west of today's inland delta, also known as the "dead delta", [22] belong to the period between 1800 and 800/400 BC. Chr. Their settlements measured between one and eight hectares, but the settlement was not continuous, which may be related to the fact that this region was not suitable for cattle farming during the rainy season. The reason for this was the tsetse fly, which prevented this way of life from expanding southwards for a long time. </p><p>In contrast to these cattle breeders, who then drove their herds northwards again, the members of the simultaneous Kobadi tradition, who had lived exclusively from fishing, collecting wild grasses and hunting since the middle of the 2nd millennium at the latest, remained relatively stationary. Both cultures had copper that they brought from Mauritania. At the same time, the different cultures cultivated a lively exchange. [23] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_Iron_Age">Earlier Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earlier Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A series of early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke people</a>, along the middle Niger River (in Mali) including at <a href="/wiki/Dia,_Mali" title="Dia, Mali">Dia</a> which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Arazi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arazi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno" title="Djenné-Djenno">Djenné-Djenno</a>, which was occupied from around 250 B.C. to around 800 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-sub_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sub-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Djenné-Djenno comprised an urban complex consisting of 40 mounds within a 4 kilometer radius.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is believed to exceed 33 hectares (82 acres), and the town engaged in both local and long-distance trade<sup id="cite_ref-AAC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Djenné-Djenno's second phase (during the first millennium AD) the borders of the site expanded during (possibly covering 100,000 square meters or more), also coinciding with the development at the site of a kind of permanent mud brick architecture, including a city wall, probably built during the latter half of the first millennium AD using the cylindrical brick technology, "which was 3.7 meters wide at its base and ran almost two kilometers around the town".<sup id="cite_ref-AAC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">al-Bakri</a> in 1068,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (by 1397) as Barmandana,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few geographical details in the work of <a href="/wiki/Al-Idrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Idrisi">al-Idrisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghana_Empire">Ghana Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ghana Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mali_Empire">Mali Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mali Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> started in 1230 and was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 19th century, Timbuktu remained important as an outpost at the southwestern fringe of the Muslim world and a hub of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> from 13th to the 17th century. The empire was founded by <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a> and became known for the <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> of its rulers, especially <a href="/wiki/Mansa_(title)" title="Mansa (title)">Mansa</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Musa I</a>. The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It extended over a large area and consisted of numerous <a href="/wiki/Vassal_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal kingdom">vassal kingdoms</a> and provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empire was known for its abundant gold resources, which were used to finance the construction of impressive architecture, such as the famous Great Mosque of Djenné. The Mali Empire was also known for its thriving trade network, which stretched across the Sahara Desert and into North Africa and the Middle East. </p><p>The modern countries included are Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, and parts of Niger and Burkina Faso. But Mali itself is the centre of the empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Songhai_Empire">Songhai Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Songhai Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/History of Mali">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Mali Empire began to weaken by the mid 14th century. The <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> took advantage of this and asserted their independence. The Songhai made Gao their capital and began an imperial expansion of their own throughout the western <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>. And by 1420, Songhai was strong enough to exact tribute from Masina. The emerging <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> and the declining <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> co-existed during much of the later 14th and throughout the 15th century. In the later 15th century, control of <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> shifted to the Songhai Empire. There was a prophecy during this time that in the 21st century there would be a born heir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_empires_(1591–1892)"><span id="After_the_empires_.281591.E2.80.931892.29"></span>After the empires (1591–1892)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the empires (1591–1892)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/History of Mali">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Songhai empire eventually collapsed under the pressure from the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a>. The turning point was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a> of 13 March 1591. Morocco subsequently controlled <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu" title="Pashalik of Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a> (also seen as Jenne), and related trade routes with much difficulty until around the end of the 17th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TombouctouPachalik_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TombouctouPachalik_4.png/220px-TombouctouPachalik_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TombouctouPachalik_4.png/330px-TombouctouPachalik_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TombouctouPachalik_4.png/440px-TombouctouPachalik_4.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu" title="Pashalik of Timbuktu">Pashalik of Timbuktu</a> (yellow-striped) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty of Morocco</a>, c. 1591</figcaption></figure> <p>After the collapse of the Songhai Empire, no single state-controlled the region. The Moroccans only succeeded in occupying a few portions of the country, and even in those locations where they did attempt to rule, their hold was weak and challenged by rivals. Several small successor kingdoms arose. The most notable in what is now Mali were: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bambara_Empire_or_the_Kingdom_of_Segou">Bambara Empire or the Kingdom of Segou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bambara Empire or the Kingdom of Segou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bambara_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara Empire">Bambara Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_historic_places.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mali_historic_places.PNG/220px-Mali_historic_places.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mali_historic_places.PNG/330px-Mali_historic_places.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mali_historic_places.PNG/440px-Mali_historic_places.PNG 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Places which were under the control of the Bambara Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bambara Empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to 1861, was based at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Ségou</a> and also Timbuktu (also seen as Segu), and ruled parts of central and southern Mali. It existed until El Hadj <a href="/wiki/Umar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Tall">Umar Tall</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a> conqueror swept across West Africa from <a href="/wiki/Futa_Tooro" title="Futa Tooro">Futa Tooro</a>. Umar Tall's mujahideen readily defeated the Bambara, seizing Ségou itself on March 10, 1861, and declaring an end to the empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Kaarta">Kingdom of Kaarta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Kaarta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></div> <p>A split in the Coulibaly dynasty in Ségou led to the establishment of a second Bambara state, the kingdom of Kaarta, in what is now western Mali, in 1753. It was defeated in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Umar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Tall">Umar Tall</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a>, before his war with Ségou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenedougou_Kingdom">Kenedougou Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kenedougou Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9n%C3%A9dougou_Kingdom" title="Kénédougou Kingdom">Kénédougou Kingdom</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a> Kenedugu Kingdom originated in the 17th century in the area around what is now the border of Mali and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. In 1876 the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Sikasso" title="Sikasso">Sikasso</a>. It resisted the effort of <a href="/wiki/Samori" class="mw-redirect" title="Samori">Samori Ture</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a>, in 1887, to conquer it, and was one of the last kingdoms in the area to fall to the French in 1898. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maasina">Maasina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maasina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a></div> <p>An Islamic-inspired uprising in the largely <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> <a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a> region against rule by Ségou in 1818 led to the establishment of a separate state. It later allied with <a href="/wiki/Bambara_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara Empire">Bambara Empire</a> against <a href="/wiki/Umar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Tall">Umar Tall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a> and was also defeated by it in 1862. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toucouleur_Empire">Toucouleur Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Toucouleur Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a></div> <p>This empire, founded by <a href="/wiki/El_Hadj_Umar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="El Hadj Umar Tall">El Hadj Umar Tall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur peoples</a>, beginning in 1864, ruled eventually most of what is now Mali until the French conquest of the region in 1890. This was in some ways a turbulent period, with ongoing resistance in Messina and increasing pressure from the French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wassoulou_Empire">Wassoulou Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wassoulou Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a></div> <p>The Wassoulou or Wassulu Empire was a short-lived (1878–1898) empire, led by <a href="/wiki/Samori" class="mw-redirect" title="Samori">Samori Ture</a> in the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Malinké</a> area of what is now upper <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and southwestern Mali (Wassoulou). It later moved to <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> before being conquered by the French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Sudan_(1892–1960)"><span id="French_Sudan_.281892.E2.80.931960.29"></span>French Sudan (1892–1960)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French Sudan (1892–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></div> <p>Mali fell under French colonial rule in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1893, the French appointed a civilian governor of the territory they called <i>Soudan Français</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a>), but active resistance to French rule continued.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French Sudan was administered as part of the Federation of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> and supplied labor to France's colonies on the coast of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958 the renamed Sudanese Republic obtained complete internal autonomy and joined the French Community.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1959, the Sudanese Republic and Senegal formed the Federation of Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 March 1960 France agreed to the Federation of Mali becoming fully independent.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 June 1960 the Federation of Mali became an independent country and <a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a> became its first President. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_(1960–present)"><span id="Independence_.281960.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Independence (1960–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Independence (1960–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Mali</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Mali</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1960–1968</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mali"><img alt="Flag of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/188px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mali_(1961-1982).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Mali"><img alt="Emblem of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Seal_of_Mali_%281961-1982%29.svg/85px-Seal_of_Mali_%281961-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Seal_of_Mali_%281961-1982%29.svg/128px-Seal_of_Mali_%281961-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Seal_of_Mali_%281961-1982%29.svg/170px-Seal_of_Mali_%281961-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali" title="Coat of arms of Mali">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Un peuple, un but, une foi"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br />"One people, one goal, one faith"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Le_Mali" title="Le Mali">Le Mali</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Malian_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Malian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/Malian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Malian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=bm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bm" label="bamanankan ‪(bm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ht&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ht" label="Kreyòl ayisyen ‪(ht)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Mali"><img alt="Location of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1960-1968 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Keita" class="mw-redirect" title="Modibo Keita">Modibo Keita</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Mali" title="List of prime ministers of Mali">Prime minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1960-1965 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Keita" class="mw-redirect" title="Modibo Keita">Modibo Keita</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mali" title="Vice President of Mali">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968-1971 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoro_Diakit%C3%A9" title="Yoro Diakité">Yoro Diakité</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968-1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Baba_Diarra" title="Amadou Baba Diarra">Amadou Baba Diarra</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from France </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established one-party state </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1962%E2%80%931964)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)">Tuareg rebellion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1962-1964</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1968_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Malian coup d'état">1968 Malian coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 November 1968</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ML" title="ISO 3166-2:ML">ML</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_French_Sudan_%281958%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mali_%281959%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Mali">Federation of Mali</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Republic_of_Mali_(1968-1991)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Republic of Mali (1968-1991) (page does not exist)">Second Republic of Mali (1968-1991)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the withdrawal of Senegal from the federation in August 1960, the former Sudanese Republic became the Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, with Modibo Keïta as president.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Union-African_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally">Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally</a> (US/RDA) party had dominated pre-independence politics (as a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="African Democratic Rally">African Democratic Rally</a>), moved quickly to declare a single-party state and to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> policy based on extensive <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keïta withdrew from the French Community and also had close ties to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the economic excesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962-64 there was the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1962%E2%80%931964)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)">Tuareg insurgency</a> in northern Mali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Moussa_Traoré"><span id="Under_Moussa_Traor.C3.A9"></span>Under Moussa Traoré</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Under Moussa Traoré"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043282317"><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Mali</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Mali</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1968–1991</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mali"><img alt="Flag of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/188px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1973–1991) of Mali"><img alt="Emblem (1973–1991) of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali" title="Coat of arms of Mali">Emblem<br />(1973–1991)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Mali"><img alt="Location of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">Head of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968-1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Moussa Traoré</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mali" title="Vice President of Mali">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968-1971 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoro_Diakit%C3%A9" title="Yoro Diakité">Yoro Diakité</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968-1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Baba_Diarra" title="Amadou Baba Diarra">Amadou Baba Diarra</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1968_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Malian coup d'état">Established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 November 1968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Disestablished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ML" title="ISO 3166-2:ML">ML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On November 19, 1968, a group of young officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt. <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Moussa Traoré</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms, but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new constitution, approved in 1974, created a one-party state and was designed to move Mali toward civilian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the military leaders remained in power.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1976, a new political party was established, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_the_Malian_People" title="Democratic Union of the Malian People">Democratic Union of the Malian People</a> (UDPM), based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single-party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979, and Gen. Moussa Traoré received 99% of the votes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations that led to three coup attempts, which were brutally quashed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained generally calm throughout the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late December 1985, however, a border dispute between Mali and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> over the mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Agacher_Strip_War" title="Agacher Strip War">Agacher strip</a> erupted into a brief war.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UDPM spread its structure to <a href="/wiki/Cercle_(French_colonial)" title="Cercle (French colonial)">cercles</a> and arrondissements across the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shifting its attention to Mali's economic difficulties, the government approved plans for some reforms of the state enterprise system, and attempted to control public corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It implemented cereal marketing liberalization,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> created new incentives to private enterprise, and worked out a new structural adjustment agreement with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the populace became increasingly dissatisfied with the austerity measures imposed by the IMF plan as well as their perception that the ruling elite was not subject to the same strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the growing demands for multiparty democracy then sweeping the continent, the Traoré regime did allow some limited political liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In National Assembly elections in June 1988, multiple UDPM candidates were permitted to contest each seat, and the regime organized nationwide conferences to consider how to implement democracy within the one-party framework.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the regime refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, including the National Democratic Initiative Committee and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_in_Mali" title="Alliance for Democracy in Mali">Alliance for Democracy in Mali</a> (Alliance pour la Démocratie au Mali, ADEMA).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasingly turbulent political situation was complicated by the rise of ethnic violence in the north in mid-1990.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return to Mali of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> who had migrated to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> during the prolonged drought increased tensions in the region between the nomadic Tuareg and the sedentary population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostensibly fearing a Tuareg secessionist movement in the north, the Traoré regime imposed a state of emergency and harshly repressed Tuareg unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the signing of a peace accord in January 1991, unrest and periodic armed clashes continued.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konaré stepped down after his constitutionally mandated limit of two terms and did not run in the 2002 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Touré then reemerged, this time as a civilian.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running as an independent on a platform of national unity, Touré won the presidency in a runoff against the candidate of Adema, which had been divided by infighting and suffered from the creation of a spin-off party, the <a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_pour_le_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement pour le Mali">Rally for Mali</a>. Touré had retained great popularity because of his role in the transitional government in 1991–92.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2002 election was a milestone, marking Mali's first successful transition from one democratically elected president to another, despite the persistence of electoral irregularities and low voter turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2002 legislative elections, no party gained a majority; Touré then appointed a politically inclusive government and pledged to tackle Mali's pressing social and economic development problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></div> <p>In January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> (MNLA) <a href="/wiki/2012_insurgency_in_the_Azawad" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 insurgency in the Azawad">began an insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebel troops from the military appeared on state TV on 22 March 2012 announcing they had <a href="/wiki/2012_Mali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Mali coup d'état attempt">seized control of the country</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing unrest over the president's handling of the conflict with the rebels. The former president was forced into hiding. </p><p>However, due to the <a href="/wiki/2012_insurgency_in_northern_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 insurgency in northern Mali">2012 insurgency in northern Mali</a>, the military government controls only the southern third of the country, leaving the north of the country (known as <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>) to MNLA rebels. The rebels control Timbuktu, 700 km from the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) froze assets and imposed an embargo, leaving some with only days of fuel. Mali is dependent on fuel imports trucked overland from <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of July 17, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebels</a> have since been pushed out by their allies, the <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (A.Q.I.M.)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossiter_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extremist ministate in northern Mali is the unexpected result from the collapse of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a> by the angry army officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossiter_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Refugees in the 92,000-person refugee camp at <a href="/wiki/Mbera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbera">Mbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, describe the Islamists as "intent on imposing an Islam of lash and gun on Malian Muslims."<sup id="cite_ref-Nossiter_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamists in Timbuktu have destroyed about a half-dozen venerable above-ground tombs of revered holy men, proclaiming the tombs contrary to <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossiter_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One refugee in the camp spoke of encountering Afghans, Pakistanis and Nigerians.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossiter_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ramtane_Lamamra" title="Ramtane Lamamra">Ramtane Lamamra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>'s peace and security commissioner, said the African Union has discussed sending a military force to reunify Mali and that negotiations with terrorists had been ruled out but negotiations with other armed factions is still open.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossiter_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 December 2012 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Cheick_Modibo_Diarra" title="Cheick Modibo Diarra">Cheick Modibo Diarra</a> was arrested by soldiers and taken to a military base in <a href="/wiki/Kati,_Mali" title="Kati, Mali">Kati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hours later, the Prime Minister announced his resignation and the resignation of his government on national television.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP_10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 January 2013, Islamist forces captured the strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Konna" title="Konna">Konna</a>, located 600 km from the capital, from the Malian army.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, the French military launched <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Serval" class="mw-redirect" title="Opération Serval">Opération Serval</a>, intervening in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 8 February, the Islamist-held territory had been re-taken by the Malian military, with help from the international coalition. Tuareg separatists have continued to fight the Islamists as well, although the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">MNLA</a> has also been accused of carrying out attacks against the Malian military.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A peace deal between the government and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18 June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malian_presidential_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian presidential election, 2013">Presidential elections</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta">Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Souma%C3%AFla_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Soumaïla Cissé">Soumaïla Cissé</a> in the run-off to become the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Mali">President of Mali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peace deal between the Tuareg rebels and Malian government was broken in late November 2013 because of clashes in the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-http_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new ceasefire was agreed upon on 20 February 2015 between the Malian government and the northern rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2018, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was re-elected for a new five-year term after winning the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Malian_presidential_election" title="2018 Malian presidential election">election</a> against Soumaïla Cissé.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 5 June 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_protests" title="2020 Malian protests">street protests</a> calling for the resignation of President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta began in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>. On 18 August 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">mutinying soldiers</a> arrested President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boubou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Boubou Cissé">Boubou Cissé</a>. President Keïta resigned and left the country. The <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_People" title="National Committee for the Salvation of the People">National Committee for the Salvation of the People</a> led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a> took power, meaning the fourth coup happened since independence from France in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 September 2020, the National Committee for the Salvation of the People agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, <a href="/wiki/Bah_Ndaw" title="Bah Ndaw">Bah N'Daw</a> was named interim president.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 25, 2021, Colonel Assimi Goïta <a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">dismissed the transitional president Bah N'Daw and the transitional prime minister Moctar Ouane from their positions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goita was sworn into office as the new interim president.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) Malian troops and suspected Russian mercenaries from the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner group</a> executed around 300 civilian men in central Mali in March 2022. France had withdrawn French troops from Mali in February 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, there was a proposal from <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to establish a federation with Mali. The aim of the federation was to amplify the political and economic influence of both nations by combining their resources, territories and populations. This initiative was part of a larger trend of African countries forming regional alliances to address shared challenges and advance their collective interests. The proposal faced criticism and opposition due to concerns over cultural, historical, and economic differences between the two countries, as well as issues regarding the distribution of power and resources and potential loss of national sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wagadou_Forest_(2024)" title="Battle of the Wagadou Forest (2024)">Battle of the Wagadou Forest (2024)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bamako <a href="/wiki/Bamako#History" title="Bamako">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bamako" title="Timeline of Bamako">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">History of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government of Mali">List of heads of government of Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">List of heads of state of Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Politics of Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timbuktu" title="History of Timbuktu">History of Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali National Archives">Mali National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Mali (page does not exist)">Timeline of Mali</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_du_Mali" class="extiw" title="fr:Chronologie du Mali">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ouardia Oussedik: Les bifaces acheuléens de l’Erg Tihodaine (Sahara Central Algérien): analyse typométrique, in: Libyca 20 (1972) 153-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. J. Armitage, N. A. Drake, S. Stokes, A. El-Hawat, M. J. Salem, K. White, P. Turner, S. J. McLaren: <i>Multiple phases of North African humidity recorded in lacustrine sediments from the Fazzan Basin, Libyan Sahara</i>, in: Quaternary Geochronology 2,1-4 (2007) 181–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isla S. Castañeda et al.: <i>Wet phases in the Sahara/Sahel region and human migration patterns in North Africa.</i> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> </i> 106,48 (2009) 20159–20163, <a href="//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905771106" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.0905771106">doi:10.1073/pnas.0905771106</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Das Projekt <i>Peuplement humain et paléoenvironnement en Afrique</i> begann 1997 in Ounjougou (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ounjougou.org/fr/projets/mali/"><i>Pays dogon – Mali</i></a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Kröpelin et al.: <i>Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years.</i> In: <i> Science</i>, 320,5877 (2008) 765–768, <a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.1154913" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.1154913">doi:10.1126/science.1154913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Huysecom, M. Rasse, L. Lespez, K. Neumann, A. Fahmy, A. Ballouche, S. Ozainne, M. Maggetti, Ch. Tribolo, S. Sorian: The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali), in: Antiquity (2009), p. 906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arazi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arazi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArazi" class="citation web cs1">Arazi, Noemie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444342/1/U591645.pdf">"Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University College London</i>. Institute of Archaeology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+College+London&rft.atitle=Tracing+History+in+Dia%2C+in+the+Inland+Niger+Delta+of+Mali+-Archaeology%2C+Oral+Traditions+and+Written+Sources&rft.aulast=Arazi&rft.aufirst=Noemie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1444342%2F1%2FU591645.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sub-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sub_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcintoshMcintosh1979" class="citation journal cs1">Mcintosh, Susan Keech; Mcintosh, Roderick J. (Oct 1979). "Initial Perspectives on Prehistoric Subsistence in the Inland Niger Delta (Mail)". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>11</b> (2 Food and Nutrition): 227–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1979.9979762">10.1080/00438243.1979.9979762</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16470987">16470987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Initial+Perspectives+on+Prehistoric+Subsistence+in+the+Inland+Niger+Delta+%28Mail%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2+Food+and+Nutrition&rft.pages=227-243&rft.date=1979-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1979.9979762&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16470987&rft.aulast=Mcintosh&rft.aufirst=Susan+Keech&rft.au=Mcintosh%2C+Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshMcIntosh2003" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Roderick J.; McIntosh, Susan Keech (2003). "Early urban configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered cities and landscapes of power". In <a href="/wiki/Monica_L._Smith" title="Monica L. Smith">Smith, Monica L.</a> (ed.). <i>The Social Construction of Ancient Cities</i>. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. pp. 103–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588340986" title="Special:BookSources/9781588340986"><bdi>9781588340986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+urban+configurations+on+the+Middle+Niger%3A+Clustered+cities+and+landscapes+of+power&rft.btitle=The+Social+Construction+of+Ancient+Cities&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=103-120&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781588340986&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Susan+Keech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcintoshMcintosh1980" class="citation journal cs1">Mcintosh, Susan Keech; Mcintosh, Roderick J. (February 1980). "Jenne-Jeno: An Ancient African City". <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 8–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Jenne-Jeno%3A+An+Ancient+African+City&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-14&rft.date=1980-02&rft.aulast=Mcintosh&rft.aufirst=Susan+Keech&rft.au=Mcintosh%2C+Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Thurstan. <i>The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns</i>. Routledge, 1993, pp. 632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans., <i>Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History</i> (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl. <i>Corpus</i>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl, <i>Corpus</i>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Empire of Mali, In Our Time – BBC Radio 4". BBC. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/copr/7797108/">"Country Profile: Mali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Mali&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fcopr%2F7797108%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Middleton1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Middleton, ed. (1997). "Mali". <i>Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara</i>. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mali&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa+South+of+the+Sahara&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F6071EF6355C16738DDDA80894DC405B808AF1D3">"MALI GAINS PACT ON SOVEREIGNTY; Senegal-Sudan Federation Will Remain Closely Tied to France"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 1, 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MALI+GAINS+PACT+ON+SOVEREIGNTY%3B+Senegal-Sudan+Federation+Will+Remain+Closely+Tied+to+France&rft.date=1960-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF6071EF6355C16738DDDA80894DC405B808AF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050216054839/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm">"Background Note: Mali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_African_Affairs" title="Bureau of African Affairs">Bureau of African Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2828.htm">the original</a> on February 16, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Mali&rft.pub=Bureau+of+African+Affairs%2C+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2828.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/burkina-faso-small-west-african-country-struggles-bring-peace-mali">"Burkina Faso: A Small West African Country Struggles to Bring Peace to Mali"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burkina+Faso%3A+A+Small+West+African+Country+Struggles+to+Bring+Peace+to+Mali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fstories%2Fburkina-faso-small-west-african-country-struggles-bring-peace-mali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-clashes-force-120-000-from-homes-20120222">Mali clashes force 120 000 from homes</a>. News24 (2012-02-22). Retrieved on: 23 Feb 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17462111">Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours – Globe and Mail</a>. Bbc.co.uk (2012-03-22). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576725">BBC News – Mali Tuareg rebels control Timbuktu as troops flee</a>. Bbc.co.uk (2012-04-02). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/post-coup-mali-hit-with-sanctions-by-african-neighbours/article2390504/">Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours</a>. Theglobeandmail.com (2012-04-03). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nossiter-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nossiter_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nossiter_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nossiter_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nossiter_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nossiter_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nossiter_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter2012" class="citation news cs1">Nossiter, Adam (July 18, 2012). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jihadists%27+Fierce+Justice+Drives+Thousands+to+Flee+Mali&rft.date=2012-07-18&rft.aulast=Nossiter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_10-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP_10_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonherald.com/news/international/asia_pacific/view/20121210malis_pm_arrested_by_junta/srvc=home&position=recent">"Mali's PM arrested by junta"</a>. Associated Press. 10 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+PM+arrested+by+junta&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonherald.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fasia_pacific%2Fview%2F20121210malis_pm_arrested_by_junta%2Fsrvc%3Dhome%26position%3Drecent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP_10-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFP_10_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103033435/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hrZo4r-Mz8yfVDSIB1tYxWCFLupw?docId=CNG.924cb15c775e21276db5cd9e029672d3.a1">"Mali PM resigns after being arrested by troops"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hrZo4r-Mz8yfVDSIB1tYxWCFLupw?docId=CNG.924cb15c775e21276db5cd9e029672d3.a1">the original</a> on January 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mali+PM+resigns+after+being+arrested+by+troops&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hrZo4r-Mz8yfVDSIB1tYxWCFLupw%3FdocId%3DCNG.924cb15c775e21276db5cd9e029672d3.a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90912Q20130110">"Mali Islamists capture strategic town, residents flee"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 10 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mali+Islamists+capture+strategic+town%2C+residents+flee&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90912Q20130110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html">"Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>. 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Mali+%E2%80%93+la+France+a+men%C3%A9+une+s%C3%A9rie+de+raids+contre+les+islamistes&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F12%2Fla-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525230652/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130322/five-malians-killed-ambush-blamed-tuareg-army">"Five Malians killed in ambush blamed on Tuareg: army"</a>. AFP. 22 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130322/five-malians-killed-ambush-blamed-tuareg-army">the original</a> on 25 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+Malians+killed+in+ambush+blamed+on+Tuareg%3A+army&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fafp%2F130322%2Ffive-malians-killed-ambush-blamed-tuareg-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22961519">"Mali and Tuareg rebels sign peace deal"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+and+Tuareg+rebels+sign+peace+deal&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-22961519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/05/201352814129579842.html">Mali sets date for presidential election</a> Al Jazeera, 28 May 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23677124">"Ibrahim Boubacar Keita wins Mali presidential election"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ibrahim+Boubacar+Keita+wins+Mali+presidential+election&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-23677124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-http_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202065114/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25161049">"Tuareg separatist group in Mali 'ends ceasefire'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 29 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25161049">the original</a> on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tuareg+separatist+group+in+Mali+%27ends+ceasefire%27&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-25161049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31544438">"Mali signs UN ceasefire to end conflict with northern rebels"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+signs+UN+ceasefire+to+end+conflict+with+northern+rebels&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-31544438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20180816-mali-incumbent-president-ibraham-boubacar-keita-wins-election">"Incumbent President Keita wins re-election in Mali"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Incumbent+President+Keita+wins+re-election+in+Mali&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20180816-mali-incumbent-president-ibraham-boubacar-keita-wins-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54134614">"Mali coup: Military agrees to 18-month transition government"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+coup%3A+Military+agrees+to+18-month+transition+government&rft.date=2020-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-54134614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theafricareport.com/62102/mali-president-bah-ndaw-decrees-the-dissolution-of-the-cnsp/">"Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP"</a>. <i>The Africa Report.com</i>. 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report.com&rft.atitle=Mali%3A+President+Bah+N%27Daw+decrees+the+dissolution+of+the+CNSP&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F62102%2Fmali-president-bah-ndaw-decrees-the-dissolution-of-the-cnsp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/mali-bah-ndaw-sworn-in-as-interim-president/a-55052414">"Mali: Bah N'Daw sworn in as interim president"</a>. <i>dw.com</i>. Deutsche Welle. 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Mali%3A+Bah+N%27Daw+sworn+in+as+interim+president&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmali-bah-ndaw-sworn-in-as-interim-president%2Fa-55052414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57239805">"Mali's coup leader Assimi Goïta seizes power again"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+coup+leader+Assimi+Go%C3%AFta+seizes+power+again&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-57239805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/7/assimi-goita-mali-military-leader-sworn-in-as-interim-president">"Mali's military leader Goita sworn in as transitional president"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+military+leader+Goita+sworn+in+as+transitional+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F6%2F7%2Fassimi-goita-mali-military-leader-sworn-in-as-interim-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60997602">"Mali troops and suspected Russian fighters accused of massacre"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+troops+and+suspected+Russian+fighters+accused+of+massacre&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-60997602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230202-burkina-urges-federation-with-mali-for-joint-clout">"Burkina urges 'federation' with Mali for joint clout"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Burkina+urges+%27federation%27+with+Mali+for+joint+clout&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20230202-burkina-urges-federation-with-mali-for-joint-clout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Mali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mali_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mali_topics" title="Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mali_topics" title="Template talk:Mali topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mali_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mali_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mali_Empire" title="History of the Mali Empire">History of the Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9n%C3%A9dougou_Kingdom" title="Kénédougou Kingdom">Kénédougou Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012 Tuareg rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Mali" title="Ebola virus disease in Mali">Ebola disease event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_protests" title="2020 Malian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">2020 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mali" title="Template:Borders of Mali">Borders</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali" title="Cercles of Mali">Cercles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali" title="List of cities in Mali">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mali" title="Environmental issues in Mali">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Mali" title="Category:Mountains of Mali">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_of_Mali" title="Category:National parks of Mali">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mali" title="List of rivers of Mali">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mali" title="Wildlife of Mali">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Mali">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mali" title="Elections in Mali">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mali" title="Foreign relations of Mali">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali" title="Human rights in Mali">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mali">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mali">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mali" title="List of political parties in Mali">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Mali">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mali" title="Vice President of Mali">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Mali" title="Foreign aid to Mali">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mali" title="Tourism in Mali">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mali" title="Transport in Mali">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mali" title="Category:Society of Mali">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mali" title="Child marriage in Mali">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali" title="Demographics of Mali">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mali">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mali" title="Health in Mali">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mali" title="Human trafficking in Mali">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mali" title="Prostitution in Mali">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malian_films" title="List of Malian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mali">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mali" title="Polygamy in Mali">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mali" title="Public holidays in Mali">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mali" title="Outline of Mali">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mali" title="Category:Mali">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Mali_(1960–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Mali" title="Template:Years in Mali"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Mali" title="Template talk:Years in Mali"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Mali"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Mali_(1960–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Years in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (1960–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Mali" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Mali">Pre-1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Mali (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Mali (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Mali (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Mali (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Mali (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Mali (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Mali (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Mali (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Mali (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Mali (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Mali (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Mali (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Mali (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Mali (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Mali (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Mali (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Mali (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Mali (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Mali (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Mali (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Mali (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Mali (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Mali (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Mali (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Mali (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Mali (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Mali (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Mali (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Mali (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Mali (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Mali (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Mali (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Mali (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Mali (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Mali (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Mali (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Mali (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Mali (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 in Mali (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 in Mali (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Mali (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Mali (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Mali (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Mali (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Mali (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Mali (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Mali (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Mali (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Mali (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Mali (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Mali (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Mali (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Mali (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Mali" title="2013 in Mali">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Mali (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Mali" title="2015 in Mali">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 in Mali (page does not exist)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Mali" title="2017 in Mali">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Mali" title="2018 in Mali">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Mali" title="2019 in Mali">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Mali" title="2020 in Mali">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Mali" title="2021 in Mali">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Mali" title="2022 in Mali">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Mali" title="2023 in Mali">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Mali" title="2024 in Mali">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Mali" title="2025 in Mali">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Africa" title="Template talk:History of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde" title="History of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros" title="History of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="History of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini" title="History of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena" title="History of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="History of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&oldid=1244222125">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&oldid=1244222125</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mali" title="Category:History of Mali">History of Mali</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2020">Articles needing additional references from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2020">Articles needing additional references from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 September 2024, at 19:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mali&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-q2gxl","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.118","walltime":"1.304","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10607,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":196045,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21067,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":169429,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1155.141 1 -total"," 42.50% 490.938 2 Template:Infobox_country"," 19.17% 221.411 6 Template:ISO_3166_code"," 17.97% 207.568 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.43% 97.430 7 Template:Cite_web"," 8.38% 96.851 3 Template:Native_name"," 8.03% 92.743 1 Template:History_of_Mali"," 7.78% 89.827 1 Template:Sidebar"," 6.94% 80.223 1 Template:Mali_topics"," 6.73% 77.758 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.722","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23454917,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74d78f4769-wnzfr","timestamp":"20241127145152","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of Mali","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mali","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q927301","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q927301","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-20T00:15:38Z","dateModified":"2024-09-05T19:31:06Z","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>