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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تاريخ صوماليلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ صوماليلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সোমালিল্যান্ডের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোমালিল্যান্ডের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Somalil%C3%A0ndia" title="Història de Somalilàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Somalilàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Somalilands" title="Geschichte Somalilands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Somalilands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Somalilandia" title="Historia de Somalilandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Somalilandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ソマリランドの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソマリランドの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Somalil%C3%A2ndia" title="História da Somalilândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Somalilândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="История Сомалиленда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Сомалиленда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="සෝමාලිලන්තයේ ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෝමාලිලන්තයේ ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooyaalka_Somaliland" title="Sooyaalka Somaliland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sooyaalka Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1289130#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Somaliland" title="Category:History of Somaliland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Somaliland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Somalia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/225px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_in_Somaliland" title="Caves in Somaliland">Caves in Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Gaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laas Gaal">Laas Gaal</a> (10,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> (5,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaymoole" title="Dhaymoole">Dhaymoole</a> (5,000~3,500 BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ancient">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> (2500~2000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobians</a> (525 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Land of the Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malao (ancient)">Malao</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Medieval">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adal Kingdom">Kingdom of Adal</a> (9th-12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a> (12th-15th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> (15th-16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_modern">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> (17th-19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a> (18th-19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulhar" title="Bulhar">Bulhar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#20th_century">Colonial period<br /><small>(1884–1960)</small></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> (1884-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a> (1884-1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1901-1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">Somaliland campaign</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Burao_Tax_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 Burao Tax Revolt">Burao Tax Revolt</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion">Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</a> (1945)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Independence">Modern Somaliland<br /><small>(since 1960)</small></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (1960-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> (1969-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a> (1981-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a> (1982-1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Peace_Process" title="Somaliland Peace Process">Peace process</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaties_of_the_Somaliland_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence">Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence</a> (1991-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Somaliland_constitutional_referendum" title="2001 Somaliland constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> (2001)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Somaliland" title="Template:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>history of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></b>, a country in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, and the East African land mass, begins with human habitation tens of thousands of years ago. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">civilizations of Punt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>, and colonial influences from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of Mecca fleeing prosecution during the first <a href="/wiki/Hegira" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegira">Hejira</a> with <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn,_Zeila" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn, Zeila">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> being built before the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qiblah</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. It is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Al-Yaqubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yaqubi">Al-Yaqubi</a> wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyamer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyamer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area in the early Islamic period.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewispohoa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewispohoa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th to 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> battled the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-qGEXu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qGEXu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at one point bringing the three-quarters of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia" title="Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> empire under military leader <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate began to flourish in the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Guled_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Guled Dynasty">Guled dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1322_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Guled Dynasty of the Isaaq Sultanate was established in the middle of the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Guled_Abdi_(Sultan)" title="Guled Abdi (Sultan)">Sultan Guled</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irmaannews_com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irmaannews_com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sultanate had a robust economy and trade was significant at the main port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> but also eastwards along the coast, with the Isaaq controlling various trade routes into the port cities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1322_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> signed agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabuursi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangeli</a> clans establishing the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland Protectorate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Issa-Salwe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> on 26 June 1960. Five days later, on 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland voluntarily <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">united</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wssom12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wssom12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The union of the two states proved problematic early on,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in response to the harsh policies enacted by Somalia's Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a>, shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a group of <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> businesspeople, students, former civil servants and former politicians founded the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a> in London in 1981, leading to a 10 year <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">war of independence</a> that concluded in the declaration of Somaliland's independence in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laas_Geel_single_cow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Laas_Geel_single_cow.jpg/220px-Laas_Geel_single_cow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Laas_Geel_single_cow.jpg/330px-Laas_Geel_single_cow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Laas_Geel_single_cow.jpg/440px-Laas_Geel_single_cow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic rock art at the <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> complex depicting a long-horned cow.</figcaption></figure> <p>Somaliland has been inhabited since at least the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to the 4th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterized in 1909 as important artefacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to linguists, the first <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a>-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period from the family's proposed <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic Urheimat">urheimat</a> ("original homeland") in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars propose that the Afro-Asiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench143144_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench143144-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> complex on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> in northwestern Somaliland dates back around 5,000 years, and has <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> depicting both wild animals and decorated cows.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakano_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakano-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> are found in the northern <a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the distinctive Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to 1000 to 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Tdodras_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tdodras-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guafcpaonas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guafcpaonas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, between the towns of <a href="/wiki/Las_Khorey" title="Las Khorey">Las Khorey</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Ayo" title="El Ayo">El Ayo</a> in eastern Somaliland lies <a href="/wiki/Karinhegane" title="Karinhegane">Karinhegane</a>, the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals. Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Mheah_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mheah-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Astgi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astgi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_of_Punt">Land of Punt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Land of Punt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC_Punt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NC_Punt.jpg/220px-NC_Punt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NC_Punt.jpg/330px-NC_Punt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/NC_Punt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Supposed location around the Red Sea and major travel routes by land and sea</figcaption></figure> <p>Most scholars locate the ancient <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> between present-day Opone in Somaliland, Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. This is based in part on the fact that the products of Punt, as depicted on the Queen <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> murals at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahri</a>, were abundantly found in the region but were less common or sometimes absent in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. These products included gold and aromatic resins such as <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>; the wild animals depicted in Punt include <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippotamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippotamus">hippopotami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>. Says Richard Pankhurst : "[Punt] has been identified with territory on both the Arabian and the Horn of Africa coasts. Consideration of the articles which the Egyptians obtained from Punt, notably gold and ivory, suggests, however, that these were primarily of African origin. ... This leads us to suppose that the term Punt probably applied more to African than Arabian territory."<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants of Punt procured myrrh, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and frankincense which was coveted by the Ancient Egyptians. An Ancient Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculptures_from_berbera,_Somaliland_statue_have_the_cobra_emblem_(uraeus)_that_is_wedged_in_the_personages_headdress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculptures have the cobra emblem (uraeus) that is wedged in the personages headdress Discover in Berbera, Somaliland"><img alt="Sculptures have the cobra emblem (uraeus) that is wedged in the personages headdress Discover in Berbera, Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sculptures_from_berbera%2C_Somaliland_statue_have_the_cobra_emblem_%28uraeus%29_that_is_wedged_in_the_personages_headdress.jpg/72px-Sculptures_from_berbera%2C_Somaliland_statue_have_the_cobra_emblem_%28uraeus%29_that_is_wedged_in_the_personages_headdress.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sculptures_from_berbera%2C_Somaliland_statue_have_the_cobra_emblem_%28uraeus%29_that_is_wedged_in_the_personages_headdress.jpg/108px-Sculptures_from_berbera%2C_Somaliland_statue_have_the_cobra_emblem_%28uraeus%29_that_is_wedged_in_the_personages_headdress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sculptures_from_berbera%2C_Somaliland_statue_have_the_cobra_emblem_%28uraeus%29_that_is_wedged_in_the_personages_headdress.jpg/144px-Sculptures_from_berbera%2C_Somaliland_statue_have_the_cobra_emblem_%28uraeus%29_that_is_wedged_in_the_personages_headdress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculptures have the cobra emblem (uraeus) that is wedged in the personages headdress Discover in <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, Somaliland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalaw_Sabaean_writingn_Sanaag,_Somaliland.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shaláw Sabaean writing, Sanaag."><img alt="Shaláw Sabaean writing, Sanaag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shalaw_Sabaean_writingn_Sanaag%2C_Somaliland.png/120px-Shalaw_Sabaean_writingn_Sanaag%2C_Somaliland.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shalaw_Sabaean_writingn_Sanaag%2C_Somaliland.png/180px-Shalaw_Sabaean_writingn_Sanaag%2C_Somaliland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shalaw_Sabaean_writingn_Sanaag%2C_Somaliland.png/240px-Shalaw_Sabaean_writingn_Sanaag%2C_Somaliland.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shaláw <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a> writing, <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periplus">Periplus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Periplus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Classical era, the city states of Malao (<a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ippmedia.com/en/features/somalia-tells-un-it-making-progress-warns-terrorism">Mundus ([Xiis/Heis)</a> [See original map] prospered, and were deeply involved in the spice trade, selling myrrh and frankincense to The Romans and Egyptians Somaliland and Puntland became known as hubs for spices mainly cinnamon and the cities grew wealthy from it the <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> tells us that the northern Somaliland and Puntland regions of modern-day Somalia were independent and competed with Aksum for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Islamic_states">Early Islamic states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Islamic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zayla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Zayla.jpg/220px-Zayla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Zayla.jpg/330px-Zayla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Zayla.jpg/440px-Zayla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Adal Sultanate in Zeila, Awdal.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the introduction of Islam in the 7th century in what are now the <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a>-inhabited parts of Eritrea and Djibouti, the region began to assume a political character independent of Ethiopia. Three Islamic sultanates were founded in and around the area named <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> (a Semitic-speaking sultanate in eastern Ethiopia, modern Shewa province and ruled by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahzumi_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahzumi dynasty (page does not exist)">Mahzumi dynasty</a>, related to Muslim <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amharas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argobba_people" title="Argobba people">Argobbas</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Ifat (page does not exist)">Ifat</a> (another Semitic-speaking<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sultanate located in eastern Ethiopia in what is now eastern Shewa) and <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal</a> and Mora (Gadabursi Clan, Somali, and Harari vassal sultanate of Ifat by 1288, centered on <a href="/wiki/Dakkar" title="Dakkar">Dakkar</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> as its main port and second city, in eastern Ethiopia and in Somaliland's <a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a> region; Mora was located in what is now the southern <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a> of Ethiopia and was subservient to Adal).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At least by the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia">Amda Seyon I</a> (r. 1314-1344) (and possibly as early as during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekuno Amlak of Ethiopia">Yekuno Amlak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yagbe%27u_Seyon_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia">Yagbe'u Seyon</a>), these regions came under Ethiopian suzerainty. During the two centuries that it was under Ethiopian control, intermittent warfare broke out between Ifat (which the other sultanates were under, excepting Shewa, which had been incorporated into Ethiopia) and Ethiopia. In 1403 or 1415<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a> or Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yeshaq_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshaq I of Ethiopia">Yeshaq I</a>, respectively), a revolt of Ifat was put down during which the <a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_ad-Din_II" title="Sa'ad ad-Din II">Sa'ad ad-Din II</a>, was captured and executed in Zeila, which was sacked. After the war, the reigning king had his minstrels compose a song praising his victory, which contains the first written record of the word "Somali". Upon the return of Sa'ad ad-Din II's sons a few years later, the dynasty took the new title of "king of Adal," instead of the formerly dominant region, Ifat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Nur_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sultan_Nur_Map.png/220px-Sultan_Nur_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sultan_Nur_Map.png/330px-Sultan_Nur_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sultan_Nur_Map.png/440px-Sultan_Nur_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>19th century German map showing <a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmed_Aman" title="Nur Ahmed Aman">Sultan Nur's</a> Domain in central Somaliland</figcaption></figure> <p>The area remained under Ethiopian control for another century or so. However, starting around 1527 under the charismatic leadership of Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi</a> (<i>Gurey</i> in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <i>Gragn</i> in <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, both meaning "left-handed"), Adal revolted and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Adal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Adal War">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">medieval Ethiopia</a>. Regrouped Muslim armies with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> support and arms marched into Ethiopia employing <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics and slaughtered any Ethiopian that refused to convert from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahido_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity</a> to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-SOMALIA-CONTACT-WITH-GREECE-ROME_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOMALIA-CONTACT-WITH-GREECE-ROME-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, hundreds of churches were destroyed during the invasion, and an estimated 80% of the manuscripts in the country were destroyed in the process. Adal's use of firearms, still only rarely used in Ethiopia, allowed the conquest of well over half of Ethiopia, reaching as far north as <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray</a>. The complete conquest of Ethiopia was averted by the timely arrival of a <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Cristov%C3%A3o_da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristovão da Gama">Cristovão da Gama</a>, son of the famed navigator <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>. The Portuguese had been in the area earlier in early 16th centuries (in search of the legendary priest-king <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a>), and although a diplomatic mission from Portugal, led by Rodrigo de Lima, had failed to improve relations between the countries, they responded to the Ethiopian pleas for help and sent a military expedition to their fellow Christians. a Portuguese fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estêvão da Gama</a> was sent from India and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> in February 1541. Here he received an ambassador from the Emperor beseeching him to send help against the Muslims, and in July following a force of 400 <a href="/wiki/Musketeers" class="mw-redirect" title="Musketeers">musketeers</a>, under the command of Christovão da Gama, younger brother of the admiral, marched into the interior, and being joined by Ethiopian troops they were at first successful against the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> but they were subsequently defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Battle of Wofla</a> (28 August 1542), and their commander captured and executed. On February 21, 1543, however, a joint <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> force defeated the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Somali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Battle of Wayna Daga</a>, in which al-Ghazi was killed and the war won.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ahmed al-Ghazi's widow married <a href="/wiki/Nur_ibn_Mujahid" title="Nur ibn Mujahid">Nur ibn Mujahid</a> in return for his promise to avenge Ahmed's death, who succeeded Imam Ahmad, and continued hostilities against his northern adversaries until he killed the Ethiopian Emperor in his second invasion of Ethiopia, Emir Nur died in 1567. The Portuguese, meanwhile, tried to conquer Mogadishu but according to Duarta Barbosa never succeeded in taking it.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Adal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Adal">Sultanate of Adal</a> disintegrated into small independent states, many of which were ruled by Somali chiefs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate began to flourish in Somaliland, and by the 1600s the Somali lands split into numerous clan states, among them the Isaaq.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These successor states continued the tradition of castle-building and seaborne trade established by previous Somali empires. </p><p>These included the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Guled_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Guled Dynasty">Guled dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1322_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaq Sultanate was established in 1750 and was a <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> sultanate that ruled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1322_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spanned the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan, descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> clan,<sup id="cite_ref-Lewisapd_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisapd-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The sultanate was governed by the Rer Guled branch established by the first sultan, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Guled_Abdi_(Sultan)" title="Guled Abdi (Sultan)">Guled Abdi</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a> clan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Tolje'lo</a> branch starting from, descendants of Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Sheikh Ishaaq</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total who ruled for centuries starting from the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Tolje'lo ruler Boqor Harun (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Boqor Haaruun</i>), nicknamed Dhuh Barar (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Dhuux Baraar</i>) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge amongst the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> with whom they still mostly live.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Guled_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Guled Dynasty">Guled Dynasty</a> of the Isaaq Sultanate was established in the middle of the 18th century by Sultan Guled of the <a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a> line of the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> clan. His coronation took place after the victorious battle of <a href="/wiki/Lafa-Ruug" title="Lafa-Ruug">Lafaruug</a> in 1749 in which his father, a religious mullah Chief Abdi Chief Eisa successfully led the Isaaq in battle and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Absame" class="mw-redirect" title="Absame">Absame</a> tribes who were allied to Garaad Dhuh Barar near Berbera where a century earlier the Isaaq clan expanded into.<sup id="cite_ref-irmaannews_com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irmaannews_com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After witnessing his leadership and courage, the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> chiefs recognized his father Abdi who refused the position instead relegating the title to his underage son Guled while the father acted as the regent until the son came of age. Guled was crowned the as the first Sultan of the Isaaq clan in July 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Guled thus ruled the Isaaq up until his death in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Sultan Guled a dispute arose as to which of his 12 sons would succeed him. His eldest son Roble Guled, who was due to be crowned, was advised by his brother Du'ale to raid and capture livestock belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_(clan)" title="Ogaden (clan)">Ogaden</a> so as to serve the Isaaq sultans and dignitaries who would attend, as part of a plot to discredit the would-be sultan and usurp the throne. After the dignitaries were made aware of this fact by Du'ale they removed Roble from the line of succession and offered to crown Jama, his half brother, who promptly rejected the offer and suggested that <a href="/wiki/Farah_Guled" title="Farah Guled">Farah</a>, Du'ale's full brother of Du'ale, son of Guled's fourth wife Ambaro Me'ad Gadidbe, be crowned.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaq subsequently crowned Farah,<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogies_of_the_Somal_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogies_of_the_Somal-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_European_Conflict">Early European Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early European Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berbera" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berbera">Battle of Berbera</a></div> <p>One of the most important settlements of the Sultanate was the city of Berbera which was one of the key ports of the Gulf of Aden. Caravans would pass through <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> and the Sultan would collect tribute and taxes from traders before they would be allowed to continue onwards to the coast. Following a massive conflict between the Ayal Ahmed and Ayal Yunis branches of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> over who would control <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> in the mid-1840s, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Farah_Guled" title="Farah Guled">Farah</a> brought both subclans before a holy relic from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Aw_Barkhadle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aw Barkhadle">Aw Barkhadle</a>. An item that is said to have belonged to <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Ibn_Rabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilal Ibn Rabah">Bilal Ibn Rabah</a>. </p> <p><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one [of] the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>With the new European incursion into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and Horn of Africa contact between Somalis and Europeans on African soil would happen again for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a British vessel named the <i>Mary Anne</i> attempted to dock in Berbera's port in 1825 it was attacked and multiple members of the crew were massacred by the Habr Awal. In response the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> enforced a blockade and some accounts narrate a bombardment of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Laitin_1977_70_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laitin_1977_70-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1322_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1827 two years later the British arrived and extended an offer to relieve the blockade which had halted Berbera's lucrative trade in exchange for indemnity. Following this initial suggestion the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berbera_1827" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berbera 1827">Battle of Berbera 1827</a> would break out.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1322_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Isaaq defeat, 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish dollars">Spanish dollars</a> was to be paid by the Isaaq Sultanate leaders for the destruction of the ship and loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Laitin_1977_70_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laitin_1977_70-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1820s Sultan Farah Sultan Guled of the Isaaq Sultanate penned a letter to <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Saqr_Al_Qasimi" title="Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi">Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would not materialize as Sultan Saqr was incapacitated by prior <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a> and was unable to send aid to Berbera. Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qasimi were very active both militarily and economically in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and were given to plunder and attack ships as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had numerous commercial ties with the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>, leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and were very familiar with the Isaaq Sultanate respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Somaliland">British Somaliland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British Somaliland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_warriors_board_British_naval_batilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Somali_warriors_board_British_naval_batilla.jpg/180px-Somali_warriors_board_British_naval_batilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Somali_warriors_board_British_naval_batilla.jpg/270px-Somali_warriors_board_British_naval_batilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Somali_warriors_board_British_naval_batilla.jpg/360px-Somali_warriors_board_British_naval_batilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Somali soldiers confront the British Navy..</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland-Isaaq-tomb-Mait-stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Somaliland-Isaaq-tomb-Mait-stamp.jpg/220px-Somaliland-Isaaq-tomb-Mait-stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Somaliland-Isaaq-tomb-Mait-stamp.jpg/330px-Somaliland-Isaaq-tomb-Mait-stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Somaliland-Isaaq-tomb-Mait-stamp.jpg/440px-Somaliland-Isaaq-tomb-Mait-stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>left <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_British_Somaliland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland">Protectorate stamp</a> featuring the tomb of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> at Mait.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British Somaliland protectorate was initially ruled from <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (though later on by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>), and was to play the role of increasing the British Empire's control of the vital <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> strait which provided security to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and safety for the Empire's vital naval routes through the Red Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. </p><p>Resentment against the British authorities grew: Britain was seen as excessively profiting from the thriving coastal trading and farming occurring in the territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Beginning in 1899, religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a> began a campaign to wage a holy war.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdi_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hassan raised an army united through the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic faith</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mohamoud_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohamoud-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish State">Dervish State</a>, fighting Ethiopian, British, and Italian forces,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at first with conventional methods but switching to guerilla tactics after the first clash with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdi_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British launched <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland Campaign">four early expeditions</a> against him, with the last one in 1904 ending in an indecisive British victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Omissi_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omissi-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peace agreement was reached in 1905, and lasted for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdi_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British forces withdrew to the coast in 1909. In 1912 they raised a camel constabulary to defend the protectorate, but the Dervishes destroyed this in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Omissi_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omissi-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> the new Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_V_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyasu V of Ethiopia">Iyasu V</a> reversed the policy of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik II of Ethiopia">Menelik II</a>, and aided the Dervishes,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supplying them with weapons and financial aid. <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> sent Emil Kirsch, a mechanic, to assist the Dervish Forces as an armourer at <a href="/wiki/Taleh" title="Taleh">Taleh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Modern_history_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_history-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1916–1917,<sup id="cite_ref-Omissi_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omissi-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encouraged Ethiopia to aid the Dervishes while promising to recognise any territorial gains made by either of them.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> sent a letter to Hassan in 1917 assuring him of support and naming him "Emir of the Somali nation".<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_history_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_history-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the height of his power, Hassan led 6000 troops, and by November 1918 the British administration in Somaliland was spending its entire budget trying to stop Dervish activity. The Dervish state fell in February 1920 after a British campaign led by aerial bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-Omissi_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omissi-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sporadic uprisings were to occur for decades afterwards, however on a much reduced scale with improved British infrastructural spending and a more benign, less <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternalistic">paternalistic</a> set of <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> of WWII, the protectorate was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in August 1940, but recaptured by the British in summer 1941. Some Italian guerrilla fighting (<a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Guillet" title="Amedeo Guillet">Amedeo Guillet</a>) lasted until 1942. </p><p>The conquest of British Somaliland was Italy's only victory (without the cooperation of German troops) in WWII against the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women's market in Hargeisa, British Somaliland protectorate."><img alt="Women's market in Hargeisa, British Somaliland protectorate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/120px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/180px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/240px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women's market in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-37.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial bombardment of Dervish forts in Taleh."><img alt="Aerial bombardment of Dervish forts in Taleh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-37.jpg/120px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-37.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-37.jpg/180px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-37.jpg/240px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial bombardment of Dervish forts in <a href="/wiki/Taleh" title="Taleh">Taleh</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_Italian_invasion.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of invasion route of the Italian conquest of British Somaliland in August 1940"><img alt="Map of invasion route of the Italian conquest of British Somaliland in August 1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Somaliland_Italian_invasion.png/120px-Somaliland_Italian_invasion.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Somaliland_Italian_invasion.png/180px-Somaliland_Italian_invasion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Somaliland_Italian_invasion.png/240px-Somaliland_Italian_invasion.png 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of invasion route of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Italian conquest of British Somaliland</a> in August 1940</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burallehroble.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buralleh (Buralli) Robleh, Sub-Inspector of Police of Zeila, and General Gordon, Governor of British Somaliland, in Zeila (1921)."><img alt="Buralleh (Buralli) Robleh, Sub-Inspector of Police of Zeila, and General Gordon, Governor of British Somaliland, in Zeila (1921)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Burallehroble.jpg/75px-Burallehroble.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Burallehroble.jpg/113px-Burallehroble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Burallehroble.jpg/151px-Burallehroble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buralleh (Buralli) Robleh, Sub-Inspector of Police of Zeila, and General Gordon, Governor of <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> (1921).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_of_Somaliland">State of Somaliland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State of Somaliland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(State_of_Somaliland)" title="Independence Day (State of Somaliland)">Independence Day (State of Somaliland)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Somalia)" title="Independence Day (Somalia)">Independence Day (Somalia)</a></div> <p>In 1947, the entire budget for the administration of the British Somaliland protectorate was only £213,139.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1960, the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then Somaliland protectorate. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence. The legislative councils of the territory agreed to this proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1960, leaders of the two territories met in Mogadishu and agreed to form a unitary state. An elected president was to be head of state. Full executive powers would be held by a prime minister answerable to an elected National Assembly of 123 members representing the two territories. </p><p>On 26 June 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> before uniting five days later with the Trust Territory of Somalia to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (Somalia) on 1 July 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Wssom1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wssom1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislature appointed the speaker Hagi Bashir Ismail Yousuf as first President of the Somali National Assembly and, the same day, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar become President of the Somali Republic. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Somaliland in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland[72]"><img alt="Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Somaliland in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png/79px-Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png/118px-Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png/158px-Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> and the Government of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">Somaliland</a> in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference,_London.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, London, May 1960 in which it was decide that 26 June be the day of Independence, and so signed on 12 May 1960. Somaliland Delegation: Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, Ahmed Haji Dualeh, Ali Garad Jama and Haji Ibrahim Nur. From the Colonial Office: Ian Macleod, D. B. Hall, H. C. F. Wilks (Secretary)"><img alt="The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, London, May 1960 in which it was decide that 26 June be the day of Independence, and so signed on 12 May 1960. Somaliland Delegation: Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, Ahmed Haji Dualeh, Ali Garad Jama and Haji Ibrahim Nur. From the Colonial Office: Ian Macleod, D. B. Hall, H. C. F. Wilks (Secretary)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png/180px-The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png/270px-The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png/360px-The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, May 1960 in which it was decide that 26 June be the day of Independence, and so signed on 12 May 1960. Somaliland Delegation: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal">Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal</a>, Ahmed Haji Dualeh, Ali Garad Jama and Haji Ibrahim Nur. From the Colonial Office: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Macleod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Macleod">Ian Macleod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Douglas_Hall,_14th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Douglas Hall, 14th Baronet">D. B. Hall</a>, H. C. F. Wilks (Secretary)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Separatism">Separatism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Separatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Somaliland Declaration of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png/220px-Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png/330px-Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png/440px-Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="2549" /></a><figcaption>5 May resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> grand conference. At the second national meeting on 18 May, the SNM Central Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland in the territory of the former British Somaliland protectorate and formed a government for the self-declared state.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At the second national meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> grand conference on May 18, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a> Central Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland in the territory of the former British Somaliland protectorate and formed a government for the self-declared state.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed the collapse of the central government in Somalia in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>. However, the region's self-declared independence remains <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognized</a> by any country or international organization.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhumed_skeletal_remains_of_victims_of_the_Isaaq_genocide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the Isaaq genocide found from a mass grave site located in Berbera, Somaliland."><img alt="Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the Isaaq genocide found from a mass grave site located in Berbera, Somaliland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Exhumed_skeletal_remains_of_victims_of_the_Isaaq_genocide.jpg/120px-Exhumed_skeletal_remains_of_victims_of_the_Isaaq_genocide.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Exhumed_skeletal_remains_of_victims_of_the_Isaaq_genocide.jpg/180px-Exhumed_skeletal_remains_of_victims_of_the_Isaaq_genocide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Exhumed_skeletal_remains_of_victims_of_the_Isaaq_genocide.jpg/240px-Exhumed_skeletal_remains_of_victims_of_the_Isaaq_genocide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a> found from a mass grave site located in <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, Somaliland.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hargeysa_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The MiG monument in Hargeisa commemorating the Somaliland region's breakaway attempt from the rest of Somalia during the 1980s. It serves as a symbol of struggle for the province's residents.[77]"><img alt="The MiG monument in Hargeisa commemorating the Somaliland region's breakaway attempt from the rest of Somalia during the 1980s. It serves as a symbol of struggle for the province's residents.[77]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hargeysa_memorial.jpg/120px-Hargeysa_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hargeysa_memorial.jpg/180px-Hargeysa_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hargeysa_memorial.jpg/240px-Hargeysa_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa_War_Memorial" title="Hargeisa War Memorial">MiG monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> commemorating the Somaliland region's breakaway attempt from the rest of Somalia during the 1980s. It serves as a symbol of struggle for the province's residents.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War-damaged houses in Hargeisa, a capital of Somaliland (1991)."><img alt="War-damaged houses in Hargeisa, a capital of Somaliland (1991)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg/120px-War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg/180px-War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg/240px-War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War-damaged houses in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, a capital of Somaliland (1991).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruined_tank_in_Hargeisa,_Somaliland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A destroyed M47 Patton in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the Somali Civil War."><img alt="A destroyed M47 Patton in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the Somali Civil War." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ruined_tank_in_Hargeisa%2C_Somaliland.jpg/120px-Ruined_tank_in_Hargeisa%2C_Somaliland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ruined_tank_in_Hargeisa%2C_Somaliland.jpg/180px-Ruined_tank_in_Hargeisa%2C_Somaliland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ruined_tank_in_Hargeisa%2C_Somaliland.jpg/240px-Ruined_tank_in_Hargeisa%2C_Somaliland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A destroyed <a href="/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M47 Patton</a> in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_Constitution_Presidential_Decree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential decree ratifying the Somaliland constitution by Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal"><img alt="Presidential decree ratifying the Somaliland constitution by Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Somaliland_Constitution_Presidential_Decree.jpg/77px-Somaliland_Constitution_Presidential_Decree.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Somaliland_Constitution_Presidential_Decree.jpg/116px-Somaliland_Constitution_Presidential_Decree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Somaliland_Constitution_Presidential_Decree.jpg/155px-Somaliland_Constitution_Presidential_Decree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presidential decree ratifying the Somaliland constitution by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_Parade_(28988860143).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celebrating Somaliland'ś Independence Day, 18 May 2016"><img alt="Celebrating Somaliland'ś Independence Day, 18 May 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Independence_Day_Parade_%2828988860143%29.jpg/120px-Independence_Day_Parade_%2828988860143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Independence_Day_Parade_%2828988860143%29.jpg/180px-Independence_Day_Parade_%2828988860143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Independence_Day_Parade_%2828988860143%29.jpg/240px-Independence_Day_Parade_%2828988860143%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3919" data-file-height="2203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Celebrating Somaliland'ś Independence Day, 18 May 2016</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Phillip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC"><i>Somaliland</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-371-9&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6NI2FejIuwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyamer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyamer_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25</i></a>. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+25&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Americana+Corporation&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOP5LAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewispohoa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewispohoa_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Lewispohoa</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-qGEXu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qGEXu_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1997" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA45"><i>The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century</i></a>. The Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6"><bdi>978-0-932415-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands%3A+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpYBD3bzW1wC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span>, page 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saheed A. Adejumobi, <i>The History of Ethiopia</i>, (Greenwood Press: 2006), p.178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1322-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1322_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1322_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1322_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1322_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1322_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1322_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlönen2023" class="citation book cs1">Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen (28 December 2023). <i>The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755635191" title="Special:BookSources/9780755635191"><bdi>9780755635191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horn+Engaging+the+Gulf+Economic+Diplomacy+and+Statecraft+in+Regional+Relations&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.isbn=9780755635191&rft.aulast=Yl%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Aleksi+Yl%C3%B6nen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:023-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:023_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html#Isaaq">"Somali Traditional States"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldstatesmen.org&rft.atitle=Somali+Traditional+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSomalia_native.html%23Isaaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Suárez2023" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Suárez (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/suarez-j.-a.-geopolitica-de-lo-desconocido.-una-vision-diferente-de-la-politica-internacional-2023"><i>Suárez, J. A. Geopolítica De Lo Desconocido. Una Visión Diferente De La Política Internacional [2023]</i></a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8393720292" title="Special:BookSources/979-8393720292"><bdi>979-8393720292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Su%C3%A1rez%2C+J.+A.+Geopol%C3%ADtica+De+Lo+Desconocido.+Una+Visi%C3%B3n+Diferente+De+La+Pol%C3%ADtica+Internacional+%5B2023%5D&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=979-8393720292&rft.au=J.+A.+Su%C3%A1rez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuarez-j.-a.-geopolitica-de-lo-desconocido.-una-vision-diferente-de-la-politica-internacional-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irmaannews_com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irmaannews_com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irmaannews_com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irmaannews.com:443/mobile/articles/2462/Maxaad-ka-taqaana-Saldanada-Ugu-Faca-Weyn-Beesha-Isaaq">"Maxaad ka taqaana Saldanada Ugu Faca Weyn Beesha Isaaq"</a>. <i>irmaannews.com</i>. 13 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irmaannews.com&rft.atitle=Maxaad+ka+taqaana+Saldanada+Ugu+Faca+Weyn+Beesha+Isaaq&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firmaannews.com%3A443%2Fmobile%2Farticles%2F2462%2FMaxaad-ka-taqaana-Saldanada-Ugu-Faca-Weyn-Beesha-Isaaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMoNDgAAQBAJ"><i>I.M Lewis: Peoples of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315308173" title="Special:BookSources/9781315308173"><bdi>9781315308173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I.M+Lewis%3A+Peoples+of+the+Horn+of+Africa.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.isbn=9781315308173&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMoNDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB19112-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somaliland"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somaliland">"Somaliland" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 378–384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somaliland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=378-384&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitin1977" class="citation book cs1">Laitin, David D. (1977). <i>Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46791-7"><bdi>978-0-226-46791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Language%2C+and+Thought%3A+The+Somali+Experience&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46791-7&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issa-Salwe-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Issa-Salwe_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssa-Salwe1996" class="citation book cs1">Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996). <i>The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy</i>. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874209-91-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-874209-91-X"><bdi>1-874209-91-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Somali+State%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Colonial+Legacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Haan+Associates&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-874209-91-X&rft.aulast=Issa-Salwe&rft.aufirst=Abdisalam+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wssom12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wssom12_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html">"Somalia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209042342/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSomalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalihWohlgemuth1994" class="citation book cs1">Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim Mohamed; Wohlgemuth, Lennart (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEx6HIaaGfcC&pg=PA78"><i>Crisis Management and the Politics of Reconciliation in Somalia: Statements from the Uppsala Forum, 17–19 January 1994</i></a>. Nordic Africa Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789171063564" title="Special:BookSources/9789171063564"><bdi>9789171063564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+Management+and+the+Politics+of+Reconciliation+in+Somalia%3A+Statements+from+the+Uppsala+Forum%2C+17%E2%80%9319+January+1994&rft.pub=Nordic+Africa+Institute&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=9789171063564&rft.aulast=Salih&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Abdel+Rahim+Mohamed&rft.au=Wohlgemuth%2C+Lennart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlEx6HIaaGfcC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapteijns2012" class="citation book cs1">Kapteijns, Lidwien (18 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&q=declared+economic+warfare+on+somalis+from+the+northwestern&pg=PA84"><i>Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0758-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0758-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0758-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clan+Cleansing+in+Somalia%3A+The+Ruinous+Legacy+of+1991&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0758-3&rft.aulast=Kapteijns&rft.aufirst=Lidwien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBvfTmzsZ-0C%26q%3Ddeclared%2Beconomic%2Bwarfare%2Bon%2Bsomalis%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bnorthwestern%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2016" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Rebecca (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vz6gCwAAQBAJ&q=businessmen%2C+students%2C+former+civil&pg=PA90"><i>Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317004660" title="Special:BookSources/9781317004660"><bdi>9781317004660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Statebuilding%3A+Traditional+Governance+and+the+Modern+State+in+Somaliland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.isbn=9781317004660&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvz6gCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbusinessmen%252C%2Bstudents%252C%2Bformer%2Bcivil%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Robertshaw1990" class="citation book cs1">Peter Robertshaw (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican0000unse_j3c5/page/105"><i>A History of African Archaeology</i></a>. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C"><i>Archaeology, Language, and the African Past</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0466-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0466-2"><bdi>0-7591-0466-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Language%2C+and+the+African+Past&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7591-0466-2&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesFy3Po57A8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakano-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakano_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakano2011" class="citation news cs1">Bakano, Otto (24 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061703/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw?docId=CNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1">"Grotto galleries show early Somali life"</a>. AFP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw?docId=CNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grotto+galleries+show+early+Somali+life&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft.aulast=Bakano&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw%3FdocId%3DCNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tdodras-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tdodras_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMire2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mire, Sada (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627100400/http://www.mbali.info/doc494.htm">"The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland"</a>. <i>African Archaeological Review</i>. <b>25</b> (3–4): 153–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-008-9032-2">10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162960112">162960112</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbali.info/doc494.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Trade & Travel Publications. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-8983-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-8983-3"><bdi>0-8442-8983-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+African+Handbook&rft.pages=640&rft.pub=Trade+%26+Travel+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8442-8983-3&rft.aulast=Hodd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbL8tAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astgi-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Astgi_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1970" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Ismail Mohamed (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVAAAAAYAAJ"><i>Somalia Today: General Information</i></a>. Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+Today%3A+General+Information&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+National+Guidance%2C+Somali+Democratic+Republic&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Ismail+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMVAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw & Nicholson, p.231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2001" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcpQqkHr328C"><i>The Ethiopians: A history</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22493-8"><bdi>978-0-631-22493-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+history&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22493-8&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjcpQqkHr328C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAnTJQWWnoAC">Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir El Bahari By Frederick Monderson</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, pp. 246–295, vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107203936/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ancient-harbours-of-northern-somalia-and-colonial-anti-african-historiography.html">"Ancient Harbours of Northern Somalia and Colonial Anti-African Historiography"</a>. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Harbours+of+Northern+Somalia+and+Colonial+Anti-African+Historiography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Farticles%2Fancient-harbours-of-northern-somalia-and-colonial-anti-african-historiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pankhurst, Richard. <i>The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th century</i> (Asmara, Eritrea: The Red Sea, Inc., 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> gives the former date, while the Walashma chronicle gives the latter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOMALIA-CONTACT-WITH-GREECE-ROME-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOMALIA-CONTACT-WITH-GREECE-ROME_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/africa/somalia/1994/dawn_of_civilization/chapter_8.htm">Somalia: From The Dawn of Civilization To The Modern Times: Chapter 8: Somali Hero - Ahmad Gurey (1506-43)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309121250/http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/africa/somalia/1994/dawn_of_civilization/chapter_8.htm">Archived</a> 2005-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CivicsWeb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Makong'o & K. Muchanga;Peak Revision K.C.S.E. History & Government, Page 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2016" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwTHEAAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-14892-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-14892-0"><bdi>979-8-216-14892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=979-8-216-14892-0&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwTHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArafat" class="citation book cs1">Arafat, S. M. Yasir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+sultanate&pg=PA274"><i>Suicidal Behavior in Muslim Majority Countries: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. 273–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-2519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-97-2519-9"><bdi>978-981-97-2519-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicidal+Behavior+in+Muslim+Majority+Countries%3A+Epidemiology%2C+Risk+Factors%2C+and+Prevention&rft.pages=273-274&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.isbn=978-981-97-2519-9&rft.aulast=Arafat&rft.aufirst=S.+M.+Yasir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUoNEQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Disaaq%2Bsultanate%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewisapd-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewisapd_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. M. Lewis, <i>A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i>, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa/">"Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa | Somalidiasporanews.com"</a> (in Somali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219181303/http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taariikhda+Beerta+Suldaan+Cabdilaahi+ee+Hargeysa+%7C+Somalidiasporanews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qurbejoog.com%2Ftaariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Genealogies of the Somal</i>. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+the+Somal&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode+%28London%29&rft.date=1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/">"Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/">the original</a> on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taariikhda+Saldanada+Reer+Guuleed+Ee+Somaliland.Abwaan%3AIbraahim-rashiid+Cismaan+Guure+%28aboor%29.+%7C+Togdheer+News+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftogdheernews.com%2Farticles%2F31%2F05%2F2016%2Ftaariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/">"Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland"</a>. <i>Hubaal Media</i>. 7 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/">the original</a> on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hubaal+Media&rft.atitle=Degmada+Cusub+Ee+Dacarta+Oo+Loogu+Wanqalay+Munaasibad+Kulmisay+Madaxda+Iyo+Haldoorka+Somaliland&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hubaalmedia.net%2Fdegmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tashiwanaag.com/toljecle-taariikh-ahaan.html">"Taariikhda Toljecle"</a>. <i>www.tashiwanaag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tashiwanaag.com&rft.atitle=Taariikhda+Toljecle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tashiwanaag.com%2Ftoljecle-taariikh-ahaan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MfB4XvREbI/">"Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Taariikhda+Boqortooyadii+Axmed+Sheikh+Isaxaaq+ee+Toljecle+1787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6MfB4XvREbI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1951" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, John Anthony (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ"><i>A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484</i></a>. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Survey+of+the+Somaliland+Protectorate+1944-1950%3A+Final+Report+on+%22An+Economic+Survey+and+Reconnaissance+of+the+British+Somaliland+Protectorate+1944-1950%2C%22+Colonial+Development+and+Welfare+Scheme+D.+484&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=To+be+purchased+from+the+Chief+Secretary&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAhBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://somalilandpost.net/maxaad-ka-taqaana-saldanada-ugu-faca-weyn-beesha-isaaq-oo-tirsata-300-sanno-ku-dhawaad">"Maxaad ka taqaana Saldanada Ugu Faca Weyn Beesha Isaaq oo Tirsata 300 sanno ku dhawaad?"</a>. 13 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maxaad+ka+taqaana+Saldanada+Ugu+Faca+Weyn+Beesha+Isaaq+oo+Tirsata+300+sanno+ku+dhawaad%3F&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsomalilandpost.net%2Fmaxaad-ka-taqaana-saldanada-ugu-faca-weyn-beesha-isaaq-oo-tirsata-300-sanno-ku-dhawaad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJama2012" class="citation book cs1">Jama, Rashid (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/SheekadiiMaganSuldaanGuuleedmagan-gaabocirca1790-1840"><i>Sheekadii Magan Suldaan Guuleed "Magan-Gaabo" (circa 1790-1840)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheekadii+Magan+Suldaan+Guuleed+%22Magan-Gaabo%22+%28circa+1790-1840%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Jama&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSheekadiiMaganSuldaanGuuleedmagan-gaabocirca1790-1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogies_of_the_Somal-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genealogies_of_the_Somal_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Genealogies of the Somal</i>. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+the+Somal&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode+%28London%29&rft.date=1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCBDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62">"The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62"</a>. 1849.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+Volume+19+p.61-62&rft.date=1849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCBDAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy, pg 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laitin_1977_70-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laitin_1977_70_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laitin_1977_70_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitin1977" class="citation book cs1">Laitin, David D. (1977). <i>Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience</i>. 9780226467917. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226467917" title="Special:BookSources/9780226467917"><bdi>9780226467917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Language%2C+and+Thought%3A+The+Somali+Experience&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=9780226467917&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780226467917&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Suárez2023" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Suárez (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/suarez-j.-a.-geopolitica-de-lo-desconocido.-una-vision-diferente-de-la-politica-internacional-2023"><i>Suárez, J. A. Geopolítica De Lo Desconocido. Una Visión Diferente De La Política Internacional [2023]</i></a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8393720292" title="Special:BookSources/979-8393720292"><bdi>979-8393720292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Su%C3%A1rez%2C+J.+A.+Geopol%C3%ADtica+De+Lo+Desconocido.+Una+Visi%C3%B3n+Diferente+De+La+Pol%C3%ADtica+Internacional+%5B2023%5D&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=979-8393720292&rft.au=J.+A.+Su%C3%A1rez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuarez-j.-a.-geopolitica-de-lo-desconocido.-una-vision-diferente-de-la-politica-internacional-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Qasimi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996). <i>رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي</i> (in Arabic). p. ١٧.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B5%D9%82%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A&rft.pages=%D9%A1%D9%A7&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Al+Qasimi&rft.aufirst=Sultan+bin+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1997" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Charles E. (1997). <i>The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797-1820</i>. University of Exeter Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859895095" title="Special:BookSources/9780859895095"><bdi>9780859895095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blood-red+Arab+Flag%3A+An+Investigation+Into+Qasimi+Piracy%2C+1797-1820&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780859895095&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1965" class="citation journal cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965718">"The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethiopian Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 36–81. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965718">41965718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Trade+of+the+Gulf+of+Aden+Ports+of+Africa+in+the+Early+Nineteenth+and+Early+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-81&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41965718%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41965718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Qasimi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996). <i>رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي</i> (in Arabic). p. ١٢.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B5%D9%82%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A&rft.pages=%D9%A1%D9%A2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Al+Qasimi&rft.aufirst=Sultan+bin+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdi-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdi_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdi_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdi_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdi Ismail Samatar, The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884-1986, page 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohamoud-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mohamoud_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamoud2006" class="citation book cs1">Mohamoud, Abdullah A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahHabajshuwC&q=State+Collapse+and+Post-Conflict+Development+in+Africa"><i>State collapse and post-conflict development in Africa: the case of Somalia (1960-2001)</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Purdue University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55753-413-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55753-413-6"><bdi>1-55753-413-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401052602/https://books.google.com/books?id=ahHabajshuwC&q=State+Collapse+and+Post-Conflict+Development+in+Africa">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+collapse+and+post-conflict+development+in+Africa%3A+the+case+of+Somalia+%281960-2001%29&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-55753-413-6&rft.aulast=Mohamoud&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahHabajshuwC%26q%3DState%2BCollapse%2Band%2BPost-Conflict%2BDevelopment%2Bin%2BAfrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPecastaing2011" class="citation book cs1">Pecastaing, Camille (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q-YfcSCzrgC&q=Jihad+in+the+Arabian+sea"><i>Jihad in the Arabian sea</i></a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1376-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1376-2"><bdi>978-0-8179-1376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+the+Arabian+sea&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1376-2&rft.aulast=Pecastaing&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Q-YfcSCzrgC%26q%3DJihad%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArabian%2Bsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omissi-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omissi_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omissi_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omissi_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omissi_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmissi1990" class="citation book cs1">Omissi, David E (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QYNAQAAIAAJ"><i>Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2960-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2960-0"><bdi>0-7190-2960-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+and+Colonial+Control%3A+The+Royal+Air+Force%2C+1919%26ndash%3B1939&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7190-2960-0&rft.aulast=Omissi&rft.aufirst=David+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QYNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterRubinstein1986" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Mary LeCron; Rubinstein, Robert A (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0I0CvuKOJMgC&q=Peace+and+war%3A+cross-cultural+perspectives"><i>Peace and war: cross-cultural perspectives</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-619-9"><bdi>0-88738-619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+war%3A+cross-cultural+perspectives&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-88738-619-9&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Mary+LeCron&rft.au=Rubinstein%2C+Robert+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0I0CvuKOJMgC%26q%3DPeace%2Band%2Bwar%253A%2Bcross-cultural%2Bperspectives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_history-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_history_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_history_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Ioan M. (2002). <i>A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa</i> (illustrated ed.). James Currey. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1495-8"><bdi>978-0-8214-1495-8</bdi></a>. <q>With the not-disinterested support of the Turkish and German Consuls in Ethiopia, the new Emperor conceived the aim of creating a vast Muslim Empire in NE Africa. To this end he entered into relations with Sayyid Muhammad, supplying him with financial aid and arms, and arranged for a German mechanic called Emil Kirsch to join the Dervishes and work for them as an armourer at their new headquarters at Taleh where a formidable ring of fortresses had been built by Yemeni masons. Before his pathetically unsuccessful bid for freedom from his exacting masters, Kirsch served the Dervishes well...In 1917, the Italian Administration of Somalia intercepted a document from the Turkish government which assured the Sayyid of support and named him Emir of the Somali nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+modern+history+of+the+Somali%3A+nation+and+state+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=78-79&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1495-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Ioan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnOfcanskyProuty2004" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P; Prouty, Chris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ep7__RWqq4IC&q=%22Germany+promised+to+recognize+any+territorial+conquests+made+by+Ethiopia+or+the+Mad+Mullah%22&pg=PA405"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4910-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4910-0"><bdi>0-8108-4910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8108-4910-0&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+Hamilton&rft.au=Ofcansky%2C+Thomas+P&rft.au=Prouty%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dep7__RWqq4IC%26q%3D%2522Germany%2Bpromised%2Bto%2Brecognize%2Bany%2Bterritorial%2Bconquests%2Bmade%2Bby%2BEthiopia%2Bor%2Bthe%2BMad%2BMullah%2522%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfcansky_and_LaVerle_Berry" class="citation web cs1">Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, Thomas P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0030)">"Ethiopia in World War II"</a>. <i>A Country Study: Ethiopia</i>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041029171751/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0030)">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+in+World+War+II&rft.aulast=Ofcansky+and+LaVerle+Berry&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bet0030%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html">Somali Independence Week</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052641/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wssom1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wssom1_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html">"Somalia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922171418/http://worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSomalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://foto.archivalware.co.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1960-TS0044.pdf">http://foto.archivalware.co.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1960-TS0044.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114113151/http://foto.archivalware.co.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1960-TS0044.pdf">Archived</a> 14 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamud_Omar_AliKoss_MohammedMichael_Walls" class="citation web cs1">Mohamud Omar Ali; Koss Mohammed; Michael Walls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026222048/http://apd-somaliland.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf">"Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Academy for Peace and Development. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apd-somaliland.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>On 18 May 1991 at this second national meeting, the SNM Central Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland, covering the same area as that of the former British Protectorate. The Burao conference also established a government for the Republic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+in+Somaliland%3A+An+Indigenous+Approach+to+State-Building&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Academy+for+Peace+and+Development&rft.au=Mohamud+Omar+Ali&rft.au=Koss+Mohammed&rft.au=Michael+Walls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapd-somaliland.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2FInterpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamud_Omar_AliKoss_MohammedMichael_Walls" class="citation web cs1">Mohamud Omar Ali; Koss Mohammed; Michael Walls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026222048/http://apd-somaliland.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf">"Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Academy for Peace and Development. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apd-somaliland.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>On 18th May 1991 at this second national meeting, the SNM Central Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland, covering the same area as that of the former British Protectorate. The Burao conference also established a government for the Republic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+in+Somaliland%3A+An+Indigenous+Approach+to+State-Building&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Academy+for+Peace+and+Development&rft.au=Mohamud+Omar+Ali&rft.au=Koss+Mohammed&rft.au=Michael+Walls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapd-somaliland.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2FInterpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2006" class="citation web cs1">Lacey, Marc (5 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627215844/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html">"Hargeysa Journal; The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hargeysa+Journal%3B+The+Signs+Say+Somaliland%2C+but+the+World+Says+Somalia&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F05%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F05somaliland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia991.pdf">"UN in Action: Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121075522/http://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia991.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+in+Action%3A+Reforming+Somaliland%27s+Judiciary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwebcast%2Fpdfs%2Funia991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223150714/http://www.trust.org/item/20130519152736-07z9a/?source=search&view=quickview">"Close Residents of Somaliland sit under a war memorial of a MiG fighter jet in the centre of town in Hargeisa"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 19 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trust.org/item/20130519152736-07z9a/?source=search&view=quickview">the original</a> on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Close+Residents+of+Somaliland+sit+under+a+war+memorial+of+a+MiG+fighter+jet+in+the+centre+of+town+in+Hargeisa&rft.date=2013-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20130519152736-07z9a%2F%3Fsource%3Dsearch%26view%3Dquickview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Africa" title="Template talk:History of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde" title="History of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros" title="History of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="History of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini" title="History of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena" title="History of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="History of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&oldid=1256080163">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Somaliland&oldid=1256080163</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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