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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_more_precise_view_on_Auvergnat_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_more_precise_view_on_Auvergnat_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>A more precise view on Auvergnat boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_more_precise_view_on_Auvergnat_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Language boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Dialect boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Definition boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Internal variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subdialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_vitality_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_vitality_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linguistic vitality and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_vitality_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songwriters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songwriters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Songwriters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songwriters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Auvergnat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek_Auvergnat" title="Dialek Auvergnat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Dialek Auvergnat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Auvergnat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnatische_Sprache" title="Auvergnatische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Auvergnatische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82rv%C3%A8rgnat" title="Ârvèrgnat – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ârvèrgnat" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvern%C3%A9s" title="Alvernés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alvernés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Овернски диалект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Овернски диалект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occit%C3%A0_alvern%C3%A8s" title="Occità alvernès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Occità alvernès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Auvergnat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnatische_Sprache" title="Auvergnatische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auvergnatische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitano_auvern%C3%A9s" title="Occitano auvernés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Occitano auvernés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auverniako_Occitanoa" title="Auverniako Occitanoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Auverniako Occitanoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان اورنیاتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اورنیاتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Auvergnat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsat%C3%A1inis_Auv%C3%A8rnhe" title="Ocsatáinis Auvèrnhe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ocsatáinis Auvèrnhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%89%B4%EC%96%B4" title="오베르뉴어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오베르뉴어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnjanski_dijalekt" title="Overnjanski dijalekt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Overnjanski dijalekt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arverniana_linguo" title="Arverniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arverniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Auvergnat" title="Bahasa Auvergnat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Auvergnat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_alvernese" title="Dialetto alvernese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto alvernese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinobenia" title="Kinobenia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kinobenia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Auvergnat" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialett_alverniad" title="Dialett alverniad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dialett alverniad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="オーヴェルニュ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーヴェルニュ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alverniatum" title="Alverniatum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Alverniatum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvernhat" title="Auvernhat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Auvernhat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_auvergnat" title="Lenga auvergnat – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga auvergnat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt_owerniacki" title="Dialekt owerniacki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialekt owerniacki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitano_auvern%C3%AAs" title="Occitano auvernês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Occitano auvernês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnata" title="Auvergnata – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Auvergnata" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Овернский диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Овернский диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvernjat" title="Auvernjat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Auvernjat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%B6%85%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="奥弗涅方言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥弗涅方言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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#36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, 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Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Auvergnat" title="Talk:Auvergnat">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Auvergnat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc-auvern">auvernhat</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (region)">Auvergne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>, Communities in <a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">80,000 (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue15_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Auvergnat</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/auv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:auv">auv</a></code> (retired); subsumed in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">oci</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/auve1239">auve1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8630">Auvergnat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-gi">51-AAA-gi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>oc-auvern<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-ce4b43f79a4949bd12efe9c73c02de86a01a9e5a-v18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-ce4b43f79a4949bd12efe9c73c02de86a01a9e5a-v18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Auvergnat_(occitan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Auvergnat_%28occitan%29.png/320px-Auvergnat_%28occitan%29.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Auvergnat_%28occitan%29.png/480px-Auvergnat_%28occitan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Auvergnat_%28occitan%29.png/640px-Auvergnat_%28occitan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Auvergnat</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Occitan auvergnat</i></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc-auvern">auvernhat</i></span> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a northern dialect of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> spoken in central and southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, in particular in the former administrative region of <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a>. </p><p>Currently, research shows that there is not really a true Auvergnat dialect but rather a vast northern Occitan linguistic area. The word "Auvergnat" is above all a local historiographical creation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> Jean Roux, "It is by simplification that we use this term, because in no case Auvergnat can be considered as an autonomous linguistic entity".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With around 80,000 speakers in the Auvergne region at the beginning of the 21st century, it is considered to be severely <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Auvergnat falls under the following categories and subcategories: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Occitan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> were from the Auvergne, including <a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalfi_d%27Alvernhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalfi d'Alvernhe">Dalfi d'Alvernhe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monje_de_Montaudon" class="mw-redirect" title="Monje de Montaudon">Monje de Montaudon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vesques_de_Clarmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesques de Clarmon">Vesques de Clarmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernhe" title="Peire d'Alvernhe">Peire d'Alvernhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peire_Rogier" title="Peire Rogier">Peire Rogier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pons_de_Capduelh" title="Pons de Capduelh">Pons de Capduelh</a>. They did not, however, compose in the Auvergnat dialect, but in the standard literary register of <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official documents in Auvergnat become common around 1340 and continue to be found down to 1540, when the transition to French was complete. The high point for the use of Auvergnat as an official language was between 1380 and 1480.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a <a href="/wiki/Passion_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">passion play</a>, <i>Passion d'Auvergne</i>, first performed in <a href="/wiki/Montferrand_(district_of_Clermont-Ferrand)" title="Montferrand (district of Clermont-Ferrand)">Montferrand</a> in 1477, that is written mainly in French but which contains an Auvergnat section of 66 lines. Auvergnat had been replaced by French in official usage in the Montferrand already in 1388. French had also supplanted Auvergnat as the language of the upper classes, but it remained the language of rural communities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nord-occitan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nord-occitan.png/300px-Nord-occitan.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nord-occitan.png/450px-Nord-occitan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nord-occitan.png/600px-Nord-occitan.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>North-Occitan dialect</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termieras_de_l%27auvernhat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Termieras_de_l%27auvernhat.png/300px-Termieras_de_l%27auvernhat.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Termieras_de_l%27auvernhat.png/450px-Termieras_de_l%27auvernhat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/Termieras_de_l%27auvernhat.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Auvergnat dialect historiographical boundaries</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delimitacion_de_l%27auvernhat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Delimitacion_de_l%27auvernhat.png/300px-Delimitacion_de_l%27auvernhat.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Delimitacion_de_l%27auvernhat.png/450px-Delimitacion_de_l%27auvernhat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Delimitacion_de_l%27auvernhat.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Auvergnat dialect delimitation</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bec_supradialectal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bec_supradialectal.jpg/300px-Bec_supradialectal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bec_supradialectal.jpg/450px-Bec_supradialectal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Bec_supradialectal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Arverno-Mediteraneù Occitan linguistic group</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alheras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Alheras.jpg/300px-Alheras.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Alheras.jpg/450px-Alheras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Alheras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Arverno-Lemosin dialect (Jacques Allières researches)</figcaption></figure> <p>The effective borders of Auvergnat do not completely coincide with those of the current Region of Auvergne or the historical region of Auvergne but can be described as follows: </p> <ul><li>The entire <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a></li> <li>a large section of the département of <a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>, largely centred on Saint-Flour and Mauriac. Aurillac and the Pierrefort Canton speak a dialect called <i>carladézien</i>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Languedocien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedocien">languedocien</a>, with Auvergnat conjugations and the rest largely similar to standard <a href="/wiki/Languedocien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedocien">languedocien</a>.</li> <li>The larger portion of the <a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a> aside<i><b>?</b></i> Yssingeaux which speaks <a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaro-Alpine">Vivaro-Alpine</a>.</li> <li>the southern half of <a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>, or the Bourbonnais province, near <a href="/wiki/Montlu%C3%A7on" title="Montluçon">Montluçon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>, with the northern half toward Moulins traditionally speaking French.</li> <li>The communities of Noirétable and La Chamba in the western side of the département of <a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_more_precise_view_on_Auvergnat_boundaries">A more precise view on Auvergnat boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A more precise view on Auvergnat boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are strong oppositions between Pierre Bonnaud<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for whom the Auvergnat is a language of its own, see the light orange line on the map – note it is including the easternmost part of the Marchois dialect) and for instance Roger Teulat.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language_boundaries">Language boundaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1: Latin pratus (meadow) > pra (Occitan, Francoprovençal) vs. pré (French)</li> <li>2: Latin nepos (nephew) > nebot (Occitan) vs. neveu. (French, Francoprovençal)</li></ul> <p>Light blue area labelled fr is for French-Langue d'Oïl. Light purple area labelled frp is for Francoprovençal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialect_boundaries">Dialect boundaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialect boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>0: Absence of paroxytonic stress in the north – defines the Marchois dialect, a name often given to the Occitan spoken in the Croissant area. The area labelled m is that of the Marchois dialect.</li> <li>3: The ca/cha boundary separated Northern Occitan (Limousin, Auvergnat, Vivaro-Alpine, Marchois) and Southern Occitan (Gascon, Languedocien, Provençal). It is part of the Auvergnat boundary, along with 7, in Cantal. Area lm is for the Limousin dialect, va for Vivaro-Alpine, lg for Languedocien.</li> <li>4: Feminines in <i>–ada</i> have lost intervocalic <i>d</i> and became <i>–aa</i>: this separates Auvergnat and Vivaro-Alpine (almost the same boundary for first person indicative present in <i>–o</i> [u], another characteristic of Vivaro-Alpine).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_boundaries">Definition boundaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Definition boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are not characteristic of Auvergnat as a whole but allow for defining a boundary: </p> <ul><li>5 and 6: These match the Core Auvergnat, according to Pierre Bonnaud. They may be used for the western boundary of Auvergnat. Area 5 has the pronunciation [jaR] of <i>èr</i> (around [ɛR]), area 6 has the palatalisation of 'cl' to [kʎ] or [çʎ].</li> <li>7: Southeastern boundary has an opposition between <i>dreita</i> and <i>drecha</i></li> <li>8: This is for the southern boundary: the plural of <i>braç</i> has the same pronunciation than the singular; only the article allows differentiation.</li></ul> <p>Note that most Occitanists use rather 7 than 8 to define the southern boundary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_variation">Internal variation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internal variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note some of the definition boundaries allow defining an internal variation. The most traditional one between Lower or Northern Auvergnat and Upper or Southern Auvergnat is the mutation of <i>s</i> before [k], [p], and [t] (line 9). Lower Auvergnat, defined by Teulat, is the light green area labelled 1 on the map. Upper Auvergnat, defined by Teulat, is the light brown-yellow area labelled 2 on the map. A broader area (light yellow) is generally defined. A Northwestern Auvergnat may be defined as well by 5 and 6. The Northeastern (East of 5 and 6, North of 9) has, according to Bonnaud, a stronger influence from French phonetics (a bit like Marchois). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdialects">Subdialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subdialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Auvergnat is most often categorized in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Occitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Occitan">Northern Occitan</a> dialect group, along with <a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaro-Alpine">Vivaro-Alpine</a>. </p><p>There are two primary distinctions in Auvergnat: </p> <ul><li>Northern Auvergnat (<i>nord-auvergnat</i>, also <i>bas-auvergnat</i>) in Puy-de-Dôme and Allier (Bourbonnais) and Haute-Loire north of <a href="/wiki/Brioude" title="Brioude">Brioude</a>. <ul><li>In the south of Allier (Bourbonnais), the local <i>nord-auvergnat</i> has been heavily influenced by French, but Auvergnat linguistic traits remain dominant. This transition zone to French, called locally <i>le Croissant</i>, includes the northern fringe of Limousin. See also the article on <a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Southern Auvergnat (<i>sud-auvergnat</i>, also <i>haut-auvergnat</i>) spoken in Cantal, Haute-Loire (with a part of Ardèche and most of Lozère).</li></ul> <p>The suggestion that Auvergnat is an independent language, distinct from Occitan, has found little resonance with linguists, especially Romance linguists. It is strongly defended by those who espouse the <i>norme bonnaudienne</i> a standardization of Auvergnat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_vitality_and_usage">Linguistic vitality and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linguistic vitality and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An understanding of the vitality and overall usage of Auvergnat can be garnered from a survey carried out in 2006 in the Auvergne region.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest group of the two languages spoken in the Auvergne region is referred to as <i>patois</i> (78% of the population) compared with other regional terms, with certain cultural identities emerging, such as <i>auvergnat</i> (10%), <i>occitan</i> (8%), <i>bourbonnais</i> (5%) or <i>langue d'oc</i> (4%). </p><p>The regional language, whether Occitan (in the whole of the Auvergne region) or Oïl (the north of Allier), represents a strong presence in the region: </p> <ul><li>61% claim to understand their regional language more-or-less, with 22% claiming to understand it easily or perfectly.</li> <li>42% claim to be able to speak it more-or-less, with 12% claiming it as easy.</li> <li>29% claim to read Auvergnat more-or-less, with 10% claiming it easy.</li> <li>17% claim to write Auvergnat more-or-less, with 4% declaring it easy.</li></ul> <p>A large part of the population that understands or speaks even a little or, moreover, fluently, neither know how to write nor read in that language. </p><p>Language learning is found to be essential within the home, according to the survey, (grandparents noted as 61%, or other family members at 50%) with a very weak result from the schools (10%). Herein is found the problem of language-transmission when dependent upon State sponsorship. 40% of adults who did not teach their language to their children report regretting it at the time of the survey. This feeling is reported more strongly among the 35 or less demographic, at 58%. The desire to learn the local language is reported strongly, with increasing representation among the young, reported at 23%. According to the survey the desire to incorporate local language learning in schools is as follows: Haute-Loire (53%), Puy-de-Dôme (51%) et Cantal (74%). The desire to teach to their own children is strong (41%) and is stronger still with the 35 and under demographic (58%). 71% of the region's inhabitants are favorable to the idea of maintaining the regional language and culture, with a stronger result in the 35-and-unders (76%). To achieve this desire, different institutions are expected to play a role (in percentage of those surveyed): </p> <ul><li>France 3 Auvergne, the local television channel should offer regional language programming (54%)</li> <li>The Region (54%), National Education (43%), the Culture Ministry (42%) and the communities are seen by most Auvergnats as the most correct venues to develop and pass on the Auvergnat language and culture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors">Authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are authors who have published in Auvergnat: </p> <ul><li>Pierre Bonnaud</li> <li>Daniel Brugès</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Clet" title="Antoine Clet">Antoine Clet</a> (1705–1785)</li> <li>François Cognéras</li> <li>Étienne Coudert</li> <li>Andrée Homette</li> <li>Karl-Heinz Reichel</li> <li>Jean Roux (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03264341/document">PhD thesis online, 2020</a>).</li> <li>Henri-Antoine Verdier, <i>Mémoires d'un papi auvergnat</i>, text in Auvergnat dialect and French, 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poets">Poets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poets using Auvergnat: </p> <ul><li>Louis Delhostal (1877–1933)</li> <li>Faucon, <i>La Henriade de Voltaire, mise en vers burlesques par Faucon</i>, Riom; 1798; <i>Le Conte des deux perdrix</i></li> <li>Roy Gelles, <i>Le Tirage</i>, poem, Clermont, 1836; <i>Le Maire compétent</i>, Clermont, 1841</li> <li>Camille Gandilhon, <i>Gens d'Armes</i></li> <li>Ravel, <i>La Paysade</i>, epic poem</li> <li>Joan de Cabanas</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Songwriters">Songwriters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Songwriters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Songwriters using Auvergnat: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Canteloube" title="Joseph Canteloube">Joseph Canteloube</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEnTJNKd2Po"><i>Chants D'Auvergne</i>: Vol. IV, No. 6: Lou Coucut online, 2017</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvergnat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue15-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue15_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language/auv">Auvergnat</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (15th ed., 2005) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-1efac5152aeb4486e2a8741189ef642933ad0959-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/oc.txt">"Occitan (post 1500)"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i>. 18 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=Occitan+%28post+1500%29&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flang-subtags-templates%2Foc.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuvergnat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-ce4b43f79a4949bd12efe9c73c02de86a01a9e5a-v18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-ce4b43f79a4949bd12efe9c73c02de86a01a9e5a-v18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="color:#dd3333"> Error: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details: <ul><li>Reason for the failure of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>: The Wikidata reference contains the property <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P1680" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P1680">subtitle <small>(P1680)</small></a>, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.</li> <li>Reason for the failure of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_Q" title="Template:Cite Q">Cite Q</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>: The Wikidata reference contains the property <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P1680" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P1680">subtitle <small>(P1680)</small></a>, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.</li></ul> See <a href="/wiki/Module:Wd/doc#References" title="Module:Wd/doc">the documentation</a> for further details. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Auvergnat">"Auvergnat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Auvergnat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FAuvergnat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuvergnat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominique Auzias, Jean-Paul Labourdette <i>Petit Futé</i> Auvergne - 2017 Flammarion Groupe 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"nh" in Auvergnat is pronounced /ɲ/, as is "gn" in French</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Roux (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University_Montpellier_3" title="Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3">Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3</a>),<i>Huit siècles de littérature occitane en Auvergne et Velay</i>, éditions EMCC, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, 2015 (ISBN 978-2-357405-09-7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Roux (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University_Montpellier_3" title="Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3">Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3</a>), <i>L'auvergnat de poche</i>, <a href="/wiki/Assimil" title="Assimil">Assimil</a>, coll. « Assimil évasion », <a href="/wiki/Chennevi%C3%A8res-sur-Marne" title="Chennevières-sur-Marne">Chennevières-sur-Marne</a>, 2002, 246 p. (ISBN 2-7005-0319-8), (ISSN 1281-7554), (BNF 38860579)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Roux, 2002. French text : "<i>C'est par simplification que l'on utilise ce vocable, car en aucun cas l'auvergnat ne peut être considéré comme une entité linguistique autonome</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, <i>The Troubadours: An Introduction</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Olivier, <i>Dictionnaire d'ancien occitan auvergnat: Mauriacois et Sanflorain (1340–1540)</i> (De Gruyter, 2009), pp. xiii–xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Pfeffer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YphJC8yTP-QC&pg=PA131">"The Passion of Occitan"</a>, in Anna Klosowska and Valerie Wilhite (eds.), <i>Glossator: Practice and Theory of the Commentary</i>, Vol. 4: Occitan Poetry (2011), pp. 131–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnaud, Pierre, "Géographie linguistique. L'exemple de l'Auvergne" in <i>Revue d'Auvergne</i>, 87, 4, 1973 pp 287–339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teulat, Rogièr, "Per una definicion d'un espaci occitan del centre-nòrd (auvernhat)", in <i>Quasèrns de linguistica occitana</i>, 10, 1981, Clermont-Ferrand (ISSN 0338-2419).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/opinionf/pratiqueslanguesregionales.asp">IFOP 2006 Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220061832/http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/opinionf/pratiqueslanguesregionales.asp">Archived</a> December 20, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the Auvergne <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Occitans" title="Institut d'Estudis Occitans">Institut d'études occitanes</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_France" title="Template talk:Languages of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gorrois_Breton_dialect" title="Trégorrois Breton dialect">Trégorrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchois_(dialect)" title="Marchois (dialect)">Marchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianese Creole">Guianese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaracuu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaracuu language">Xaracuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Manuš Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">Guillemet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages and dialects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arverno-Mediterranean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a> and Waldensian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Occitan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a> <small>(excepting <a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquitano-Pyrenean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catalan">Eastern Catalan</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catalan">Western Catalan</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Western Catalan">North-Western</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit language">Judaeo-Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Cal%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Caló">Catalan Caló</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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