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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thappu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thappu" title="Thappu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thappu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1_(%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82)" title="പറ (തമിഴ് വാദ്യം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പറ (തമിഴ് വാദ്യം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional Indian drum</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Parai</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg/250px-Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg/500px-Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="4595" data-file-height="3061" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A traditional Parai (along with <a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Thappattai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion instruments">Percussion instruments</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwinds</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">Bagpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">Contrabassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">Cor anglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">Baritone horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">Mellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Tenor horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instruments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huqin" title="Huqin">Huqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Plucked</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">Guzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">Koto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tambura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">Ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophone" title="Lithophone">Lithophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccf; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Template:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Template talk:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_instruments_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical instruments sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Parai</b> also known as <b>Thappattai</b> or <b>Thappu</b> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instrument</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. It is a traditional instrument used to make announcements and played during <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddings">weddings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">functions</a>. The instrument in played predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and other regions with significant Tamil diaspora such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. There are many variants of the instrument, but generally consists of a <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, open on one side and closed with a stretched <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">animal hide</a> on the other side along with two <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">wooden sticks</a> used for beating the drum. </p><p>The instrument finds mention in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> and has been used by the <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">ancient Tamil people</a>. It is used as a part of parai attam, dance form. While Thappu was a similar instrument used by tribal people, with minor variations, the names were used interchangeably since late middle ages. It might be played along with <a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instrument</a> in folk dances and festivities or accompanied by other traditional instruments in rituals and functions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, the word <i>parai</i> means "to speak" or "to tell".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact origin of the instrument is not clear. The instrument was one of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">ancient native music instruments</a> developed and used by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurinji_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurinji-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parai is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> and was used to make announcements, with the announcers termed as <i><a href="/wiki/Paraiyar" title="Paraiyar">Paraiyar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parai_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%9Funtokai" title="Kuṟuntokai">Kuṟuntokai</a></i> from the Sangam period mentions the usage of the parai instrument in auspicious occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ari_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ari-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i>, a twelve-volume compendium of <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> dated from 6th to the 11th century CE, mentions the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parai attam is the <a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">dance form</a> associated with the instrument and according to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> and folk stories, it is believed that the notes for the dance originated from gods <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Thappu</i> was a similar instrument which was used by tribals and in traditional Tamil dance forms but as parai was similar and also used to announce deaths and played in <a href="/wiki/Funerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerals">funerals</a>, it was also called as <i>thappu</i> (meaning "inauspicious or wrong" in Tamil) probably during the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Nayak period</a> in the 16th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construct_and_variations">Construct and variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construct and variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parai_back_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Parai_back_side.JPG/220px-Parai_back_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Parai_back_side.JPG/330px-Parai_back_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Parai_back_side.JPG/440px-Parai_back_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>Underside of a parai, <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">sticks</a> on left</figcaption></figure> <p>It consists of a shallow circular ring made of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> of diameter 16–22 in (410–560 mm), made from a strong tree such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack fruit">jack fruit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is open on one side and covered on the other by an <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">animal hide</a> stretched over a wooden or metal ring, tightened to the wooden frame.<sup id="cite_ref-Trin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a> was used to tie the skin to the ends but nowadays <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> straps and ropes are used with <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)" title="Nail (fastener)">nails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">wooden sticks</a> are used for beating the drum. One of the sticks is longer and made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, called as <i>Sundu Kuchi</i> and another is a short, thick stick of any wood, called as <i>Adi Kucchi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stick_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trin_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parai can be of various sizes and weights, often customized to the player and it may weigh from 1–5 kg (2.2–11.0 lb) with an average of around 3 kg (6.6 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument is called by various other names including murasu, kudamula and panchamukha vadhyam.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thappu was a similar percussion instrument with a smaller sized drum, used originally used by the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal people">tribal people</a> for chasing away <a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">wild animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thappu was also traditionally used along with <a href="/wiki/Puliyattam" title="Puliyattam">Puliyattam</a>, a traditional dance form in which men wearing a <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> <a href="/wiki/Masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Masks">masks</a> dance to the drum beats.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thappu was made from a <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> hide stretched over a wooden frame. There are two sticks similar to parai with one long, slender stick made of a specific type of bamboo (kalmungil) and another short, stubby stick made of <a href="/wiki/Butea_monosperma" title="Butea monosperma">purasu</a> wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parai was a drum that dates back to Sangam period and was in use for much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later middle ages, the parai was also came to be known as Thappu and the words were started to be used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also variations across regions and depending on usage. There is a larger version called <i>Periya Parai</i> or <i>Perum Parai</i> (<i>Periya</i> or <i>Perum</i> meaning "large" in Tamil), which is a fat, stockier double-sided drum, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sri_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a larger drum made of hollowed wood, about 30–40 in (760–1,020 mm) in length with a diameter of 10–20 in (250–510 mm) with a stretched goat skin used to close the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two sticks made of <a href="/wiki/Peepul_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Peepul tree">peepul tree</a> or bamboo are used to beat the drum.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variation of the equipment called <i>Kinai Parai</i>, essentially a larger drum hung from tree tops that would be played to announce an incoming battle or war.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parai used in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> is a double-sided drum compared to a skinnier one-sided drum used in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-Sri_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parai similar to the one used in Tamil Nadu is known by the name of Thappu in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Sri_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on usage, <i>Ariparai</i> (<i>Ari</i> meaning <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> in Tamil) was used to alert the birds nesting in the fields to fly to safety before <a href="/wiki/Harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvesting">harvesting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ari_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ari-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Meenkotparai</i> (<i>Meen</i> meaning <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> in Tamil) was a variant used by the coastal people for selling their catch.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parai_attam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Parai_attam.jpg/220px-Parai_attam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Parai_attam.jpg/330px-Parai_attam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Parai_attam.jpg/440px-Parai_attam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Parai Attam, a dance form based on parai</figcaption></figure> <p>In paraiattam (also called <i>thappattam</i>), the player of the instrument is also the dancer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parai is slung by a cloth strap called <i>Nadai</i> (though leather straps are also used) over one shoulder vertically and is held between the other hand and the performer's body.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harness and the holding position lets the player or drummer to play the instrument while dancing in different positions including standing or walking.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Art_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a seated position, the parai is held on the lap.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short stick is loosely held between the thumb and other fingers of the strong or dominant hand, positioned near the lower rim of the drum. The off or weak hand, which holds the long stick, rests on the upper part of the frame, positioned at a downward-pointing angle.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base of the stick is gripped by the thumb and index fingers and balanced between the other fingers to be moved back and forth to beat the drum. There are three fundamental strokes from which all of the rhythmic patterns are derived: striking the center of the drum with the shorter stick; slapping the center of the drum with the long stick; and striking the drum with both sticks, the dominant immediately followed by the off. </p><p>The membrane is <a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">tempered</a> using heat generated from a small <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a> and achieve corresponding variation of beats.<sup id="cite_ref-Thappu_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thappu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tempering causes the moisture from the hide to evaporate, stiffening and tightening the membrane, which is essential to produce loud, high pitched beats.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered a bad-omen if the hide becomes torn or there are black spots forming on he hide due to incorrect tempering.<sup id="cite_ref-Stick_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dance contains numerous patterns which resemble the patterns of classical dances with the players swaying and stamping their feet in synchronization to the beat.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a variation known as <i>Parai Meala Koothu</i>, where many players stand facing each other and play to contrasting emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are five basic rhythms used in parai attam: Othayadi, Thenmangu, Saamiyaattam, Thullal and Uyirppu, but it may vary across regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 156 variations of drum beats or <i>adi</i> used for different purposes and for designating various emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the instrument was generally played by males, females have also been known to partake in the same.<sup id="cite_ref-Sri_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a traditional instrument used in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, majorly by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and other regions with Tamil diaspora such as <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sri_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folk_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drums were used for multiple purposes including signaling people to gather, alerting them to upcoming <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a> and announcing victory or defeat, breach of <a href="/wiki/Water_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bodies">water bodies</a>, gathering farmers for <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>, warning about <a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">wild animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Use_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Use-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also commonly played during <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddings">weddings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folk_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument is played in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> <a href="/wiki/Processions" class="mw-redirect" title="Processions">processions</a> accompanying <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> gods and goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in the worship of traditional Tamil deities like <a href="/wiki/Muneeswarar" title="Muneeswarar">Muneeswarar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muni_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muni-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instrument is generally played with <a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instrument</a> in Tamil festivals and folk arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaz_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurinji_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurinji-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Accompany_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accompany-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It might also be accompanied with other traditional instruments in functions and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Accompany_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accompany-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the standalone parai attam dance, the instrument accompanies with the performance of <a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a> (<i>therukoothu</i>) and various folk dance forms such as <a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosahim_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosahim-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folk_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, variations and fusion of other music and dance forms with parai have been developed such as <i>Parai Bharatham</i>, a fusion of parai music with <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> and mixtures with other western dance forms.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Art_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instrument is also played commonly in funerals which might have arisen from the practice of playing to ascertain the death if the person does not show any movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last century, the instrument became increasingly associated with funerals rather than auspicious occasions and became a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a> and marginalization of Dalit communities.<sup id="cite_ref-NM_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NM-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paraiyar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paraiyar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the recent years, there have been renewed interest in the instrument and movements to project it as a traditional instrument rather than an object of impunity.<sup id="cite_ref-NM_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NM-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOI_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Art_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instrument has also been played and showcased in urban festivals like the <i><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Sangamam" title="Chennai Sangamam">Chennai Sangamam</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and <i>Tamil Thiruvizha</i> in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word <i>Paraiah</i> to denote an <a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">outcast</a> was derived from the name of the instrument. In India, the people who played the instrument were mostly Dalits, who were known as Pariyar and the term was used earlier in a demeaning tone to describe the people by the <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> and other dominant castes.<sup id="cite_ref-Paraiyar_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paraiyar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Tharai_Thappattai" title="Tharai Thappattai">Tharai Thappattai</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil film">Tamil language film</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Bala_(director)" title="Bala (director)">Bala</a> and released in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">Music director</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a> is known to use traditional instruments including parai in the compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraiyar" title="Paraiyar">Paraiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agarathi.com/word/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88">"Parai meaning"</a>. Agarathi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parai+meaning&rft.pub=Agarathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagarathi.com%2Fword%2F%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%2588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamkumar2016" class="citation book cs1">Ramkumar, Nithyau (2016). <i>Harihara the Legacy of the Scroll</i>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-91203-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-91203-1"><bdi>978-0-190-91203-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Gift%3ASonic+Generosity+in+Post-War+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-190-91203-1&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p104/p1044/html/p10444au.htm">"Poems of Neithal Thinai – an Introduction"</a>. Tamil Virtual University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poems+of+Neithal+Thinai+%E2%80%93+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Tamil+Virtual+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilvu.org%2Fcourses%2Fdegree%2Fp104%2Fp1044%2Fhtml%2Fp10444au.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/from-tradition-to-grace-dance-forms-of-tamil-nadu">"From Tradition To Grace: Dance Forms Of Tamil Nadu"</a>. <i>Outlook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=From+Tradition+To+Grace%3A+Dance+Forms+Of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlooktraveller.com%2Fdestinations%2Findia%2Ffrom-tradition-to-grace-dance-forms-of-tamil-nadu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folk-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folk_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folk_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folk_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2001" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K. S. (2001). <i>People of India: Tamil Nadu</i>. Anthropological Survey of India. <q>tharai, thappattai and kaithalam. They perform folk dances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Global Encyclopaedia of the South Indian Dalit's Ethnography</i>. Global Vision Publishing House. 2006. p. 720. <q>Some of their musical instruments are moolam, nayanam, kulal, tharai, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Encyclopaedia+of+the+South+Indian+Dalit%27s+Ethnography&rft.pages=720&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indian Communities in Southeast Asia</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2006. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-812-30418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-812-30418-6"><bdi>978-9-812-30418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Communities+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9-812-30418-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Use-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Use_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece">"Secular and sacred"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Secular+and+sacred&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fmusic%2Fsecular-and-sacred%2Farticle4268995.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephStanislaus2007" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Jose; Stanislaus, L. (2007). <i>Communication as Mission</i>. Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-184-58006-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-184-58006-8"><bdi>978-8-184-58006-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+as+Mission&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Indian+Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8-184-58006-8&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft.au=Stanislaus%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaz-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaz_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaz_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaliga1998" class="citation book cs1">Baliga, B.S. (1998). <i>Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli</i>. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 234. <q>..taken to the temple in a big procession with mela dhalam, tharai thappatai and crackers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers%3A+Tiruchirappalli&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+Government+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Baliga&rft.aufirst=B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muni-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muni_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shastras.com/shiva-stotras/muneeswarar-stotram/">"Muneeswarar Stotram"</a>. Shastras.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muneeswarar+Stotram&rft.pub=Shastras.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shastras.com%2Fshiva-stotras%2Fmuneeswarar-stotram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accompany-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accompany_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accompany_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Indian Factories Journal</i>. Vol. 99. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. 2002. p. 217. <q>such as Melam, Nathaswaram, Thavil, Parai, Thaarai, Thappattai, Urimi Melam, Naiyandi Melam and Band etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Factories+Journal&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gosahim-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gosahim_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gosahin.com/places-to-visit/parai-attam-dance/">"Parai Attam Folk Dance, Origin, History, Information, Style"</a>. <i>Gosahin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gosahin&rft.atitle=Parai+Attam+Folk+Dance%2C+Origin%2C+History%2C+Information%2C+Style&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gosahin.com%2Fplaces-to-visit%2Fparai-attam-dance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NM-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NM_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NM_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/parai-then-and-now-instrument-plays-key-role-anti-caste-struggle-154197">"The parai: Then and now, the instrument plays a key role in anti-caste struggle"</a>. <i>Newsminute</i>. 21 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsminute&rft.atitle=The+parai%3A+Then+and+now%2C+the+instrument+plays+a+key+role+in+anti-caste+struggle&rft.date=2021-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Fkerala%2Fparai-then-and-now-instrument-plays-key-role-anti-caste-struggle-154197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paraiyar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paraiyar_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paraiyar_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiswajit_DasDebendra_Prasad_Majhi2021" class="citation book cs1">Biswajit Das; Debendra Prasad Majhi, eds. (2021). <i>Caste, Communication and Power</i>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-391-37090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-391-37090-9"><bdi>978-9-391-37090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Communication+and+Power&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9-391-37090-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/pongal-takes-a-different-flavour-at-tamizhar-tiruvilla/articleshow/67564448.cms">"Pongal takes a different flavour at Tamizhar Tiruvilla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 17 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>performances like silambam, oyilattam, poi kaal attam, parai and tharai thappattai, among others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pongal+takes+a+different+flavour+at+Tamizhar+Tiruvilla&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fcoimbatore%2Fpongal-takes-a-different-flavour-at-tamizhar-tiruvilla%2Farticleshow%2F67564448.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/Dec/29/dance-forms-galore-to-enthrall-chenaiites-117082.html">"Dance forms galore to enthrall Chenaiites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Dance+forms+galore+to+enthrall+Chenaiites&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2009%2FDec%2F29%2Fdance-forms-galore-to-enthrall-chenaiites-117082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/movies/when-director-bala-called-varalakshmi-her-favourite-actress-for-this-reason-8713939.html">"When Director Bala Called Varalakshmi Her Favourite Actress For This Reason"</a>. <i>News18</i>. 22 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=When+Director+Bala+Called+Varalakshmi+Her+Favourite+Actress+For+This+Reason&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fmovies%2Fwhen-director-bala-called-varalakshmi-her-favourite-actress-for-this-reason-8713939.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/the-arts/an-artiste-of-the-millennium-ilaiyaraaja-at-75">"An Artiste of the Millennium: Ilaiyaraaja at 75"</a>. <i>The Wire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>He used authentic instruments like tharai and thappattai (Parai drums)..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=An+Artiste+of+the+Millennium%3A+Ilaiyaraaja+at+75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fthe-arts%2Fan-artiste-of-the-millennium-ilaiyaraaja-at-75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_musical_instruments314" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_musical_instruments" title="List of Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind</a> (sushir)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#In_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhal" title="Kuzhal">Kuzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Pungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_box" title="Shruti box">Shruti box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">Plucked stringed</a> (tat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Ektara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">Gottuvadhyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_(musical_instrument)" title="Pena (musical instrument)">Pena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rebab" title="Seni rebab">Seni Rebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarabat" title="Swarabat">Swarabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">Swarmandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tanpura" title="Electronic tanpura">Electronic tanpura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yazh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed stringed</a> (vitat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Dilruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Esraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">Sarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus_(instrument)" title="Taus (instrument)">Taus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membranous percussion</a> (avanaddh)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandalahari" title="Anandalahari">Anandalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggi_(drum)" title="Duggi (drum)">Duggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholki">Dholki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Edakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjira" title="Kanjira">Kanjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamak" title="Khamak">Khamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardala" title="Mardala">Mardala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Nagada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhawaj</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_(drum)" title="Sambal (drum)">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jori_(instrument)" title="Jori (instrument)">Jori (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">Tavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udukai" title="Udukai">Udukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-membranous percussion (ghan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimta" title="Chimta">Chimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_tarang" title="Jal tarang">Jal tarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">Khanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartal" title="Khartal">Khartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">Morsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sangeet_Vadya" title="Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya">Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical/possibly extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eka-tantri vina">Eka-tantri vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnari_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari vina">Kinnari vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaka_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinaka vina">Pinaka vina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Frame_drums101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frame_drums" title="Template:Frame drums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frame_drums" title="Template talk:Frame drums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frame_drums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frame drums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frame_drums101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">Frame drums</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendir" title="Bendir">Bendir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhar" title="Mazhar">Mazhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakara_drum" title="Sakara drum">Sakara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumbe_(drum)" title="Gumbe (drum)">Gumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeiro" title="Pandeiro">Pandeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandereta_plenera" title="Pandereta plenera">Pandereta plenera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandero_jarocho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandero jarocho (page does not exist)">Pandero jarocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamborim" title="Tamborim">Tamborim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adufe" title="Adufe">Adufe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdy-crawn" title="Crowdy-crawn">Crowdy-crawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">Daf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayereh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayereh">Dayereh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81ngro" title="Dhyāngro">Dhyāngro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjira" title="Kanjira">Kanjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag-na" title="Lag-na">Lag-na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandero" title="Pandero">Pandero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayani_thappu" class="mw-redirect" title="Patayani thappu">Patayani thappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">Rebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_drum" title="Riddle drum">Riddle drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riq" class="mw-redirect" title="Riq">Riq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami drum">Sami drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skor_yike" title="Skor yike">Skor yike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(drum)" title="Tar (drum)">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbrel" title="Timbrel">Timbrel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frame_drums" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frame drums">Frame drums at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Percussion_instruments266" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Percussion_instruments" title="Template talk:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percussion_instruments266" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments" title="List of percussion instruments">List of percussion instruments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments_by_type" title="List of percussion instruments by type">List of percussion instruments by type</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Keyboard_percussion54" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">Keyboard percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">Unpitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">Bongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabasa" title="Cabasa">Cabasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong#Chau_gong_(tam-tam)" title="Gong">Tam-tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">Temple blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic percussion">Electronic percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_percussion" title="Marching percussion">Marching percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">Front ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_percussion_ensemble" title="Indoor percussion ensemble">Indoor percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_circle" title="Drum circle">Drum circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">Drum stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">List of cymbal manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drum_manufacturers" title="List of drum manufacturers">List of drum manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marimba_manufacturers" title="List of marimba manufacturers">List of marimba manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timpani_manufacturers" title="List of timpani manufacturers">List of timpani manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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