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id="toc-Medieval_era_(4th–13th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era_(4th–13th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Medieval era (4th–13th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era_(4th–13th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Indian_Independence_(1947–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Indian_Independence_(1947–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Post Indian Independence (1947–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Indian_Independence_(1947–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 In Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(before_fifth_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(before_fifth_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Pre-Anuradhapura period (before fifth century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(before_fifth_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anuradhapura_period_(4th_century_BCE_to_10th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anuradhapura_period_(4th_century_BCE_to_10th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Anuradhapura period (4th century BCE to 10th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anuradhapura_period_(4th_century_BCE_to_10th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polonnaruwa_and_Jaffna_kingdom_(11th–15th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polonnaruwa_and_Jaffna_kingdom_(11th–15th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Polonnaruwa and Jaffna kingdom (11th–15th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polonnaruwa_and_Jaffna_kingdom_(11th–15th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(16th–20th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(16th–20th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Later conflicts and European colonization (16th–20th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(16th–20th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Sri_Lankan_independence_(1948–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Sri_Lankan_independence_(1948–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Post Sri Lankan independence (1948–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Sri_Lankan_independence_(1948–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tamil diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture_and_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture_and_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Sculpture and paintings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture_and_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Performance arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Martial arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Modern arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_hospitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_hospitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Food and hospitality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_hospitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tamils</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamils" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تاميليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاميليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamill%C9%99r" title="Tamillər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamillər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="تامیل‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="তামিল জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_l%C3%A2ng" title="Tamil lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Тамілы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамілы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тамили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0mils" title="Tàmils – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàmils" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тамилсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тамилсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilov%C3%A9" title="Tamilové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilere" title="Tamilere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamilere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilen" title="Tamilen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamilen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_(%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Ταμίλ (λαός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ (λαός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(pueblo)" title="Tamil (pueblo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamil (pueblo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiloj" title="Tamiloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamiloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="قوم تامیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوم تامیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamouls" title="Tamouls – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamouls" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamyls" title="Tamyls – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tamyls" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="તમિળ લોકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિળ લોકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EC%A1%B1" title="타밀족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թամիլներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article, good article badge, featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Tamil" title="Suku Tamil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%ADlar" title="Tamílar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamílar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(popolo)" title="Tamil (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tamil (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טמילים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמילים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge, featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tamil" title="Wong Tamil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტამილები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тамилдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тамилдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%AEl" title="Tamîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tamîl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тамилдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тамилдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilai" title="Tamilai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilok" title="Tamilok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamilok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamily_(vahoaka)" title="Tamily (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tamily (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%BC" title="തമിഴർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="तमिळ लोक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळ लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تاميليين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاميليين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge, featured article badge, recommended article"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tamil" title="Orang Tamil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamils" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="तमिल जाति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिल जाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="タミル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiler" title="Tamiler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamiler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilar" title="Tamilar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamilar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillar" title="Tamillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamillar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="تمل لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تمل لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilowie" title="Tamilowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tamilowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2meis" title="Tâmeis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tâmeis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Тамилы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамилы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="تمل لوگ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="تمل لوگ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දෙමළ ජනතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමළ ජනතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people" title="Tamil people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilovia" title="Tamilovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tamilovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тамили – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамили" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilit" title="Tamilit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamilit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiler" title="Tamiler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamiler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="తమిళులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC" title="ชาวทมิฬ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวทมิฬ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiller" title="Tamiller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Таміли – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таміли" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="تمل لوگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل لوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Tamil" title="Người Tamil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="泰米尔人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="泰米尔人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="good article badge, featured article badge, recommended article, featured list badge"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dravidian ethnolinguistic group</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tamils</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ta"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Tamilar</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 77 million <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG/260px-Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG/390px-Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG/520px-Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">India</th><td class="infobox-data">69,026,881 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-India-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sri Lanka</th><td class="infobox-data">3,108,770 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-SL-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Malaysia</th><td class="infobox-data">1,800,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">238,699+ (2017)<a href="#cite_note-USA-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">237,890 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Can-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="infobox-data">174,708 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Sing-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[note 3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> Minority: <style 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Tamiḻ</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Tamiḻar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamiḻ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamiḻ Nāṭu</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamiḻakam</a> (hist.)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Īḻam</a> (hist.)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil" title="Category:Tamil">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#e7e7e7; font-size:150%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/150px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/225px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/300px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources of ancient Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Agriculture in ancient Tamil country">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Industry in ancient Tamil country">Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">Tamil Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Numeral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Tamil_speakers" title="States of India by Tamil speakers">Indian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Tamils">Malaysian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore Tamils</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tamil diaspora">Indian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_diaspora" title="Malaysian Tamil diaspora">Malaysian Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">French Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Tamils" title="British Tamils">British Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Tamil Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil South Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Myanmar Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Tamil Mauritians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Tamil Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Tamil Pakistanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Tamil Seychellois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Zealander">Tamil New Zealanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Swiss Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Dutch Tamils</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Tamil country">Religion in ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Religion in Tamil Nadu">Religion in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Hindu">Tamil Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Hinduism in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Buddhism">Tamil Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Christianity in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nationalism">Tamil Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/16px-Word_Tamil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/24px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/32px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Tamil">Tamil portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamils" title="Template:Tamils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamils" title="Template talk:Tamils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tamils (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtæmɪlz, ˈtɑː-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TAM-ilz, TAHM-</a>), also known as the Tamilar, <a href="#cite_note-13">[note 4]</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> who natively speak the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> and trace their ancestry mainly to the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The Tamil language is one of the longest-surviving <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical languages</a>, with over two thousand years of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">written history</a>, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (between 300 BCE and 300 CE). Tamils constitute about 5.7% of the Indian population and form the majority in the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. They also form significant proportion of the population in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lanka</a> (15.3%), <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a> (7%) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Singapore</a> (5%). Tamils have migrated world-wide since the 19th century CE and a significant population exists in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, as well as other regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological evidence">Archaeological evidence</a> from Tamil Nadu indicates a continuous history of human occupation for more than 3,800 years. In the Sangam period, <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a>. Smaller <a href="/wiki/Velir" title="Velir">Velir</a> kings and chieftains ruled certain territories and maintained relationship with the larger kingdoms. Urbanisation and mercantile activity developed along the coasts during the later Sangam period with the Tamils <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">influencing</a> the regional trade in the Indian Ocean region. Artifacts obtained from excavations indicate the presence of early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">trade relations with the Romans</a>. The major kingdoms to rule the region later were the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> (3rd–9th century CE), and the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> (14th–17th century CE). The island of Sri Lanka often saw attacks from the Indian mainland with the Cholas establishing their influence across the island and across several areas in Southeast Asia in the 10th century CE. This led to the spread of Tamil influence and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">cultural Indianisation</a> of the region. Scripts brought by Tamil traders like the <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava scripts</a>, induced the development of many Southeast Asian scripts. The <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a> later controlled the Tamil territory in the north of the Sri Lanka from 13th to 17th century CE. European colonization began in the 17th century CE, and continued for two centuries until the middle of the 20th century. Due to its long history, the Tamil culture has seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. The Tamil visual art consists of a distinct <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">style of architecture</a>, scultpure and other art forms. Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed <a href="/wiki/Chola_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola art">bronze icons</a>. The ancient Tamil country had its own system of music called <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Tamil Pannisai</a>. Tamil performing arts include the theatre form <a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a> <a href="/wiki/Bommalattam" title="Bommalattam">Bommalattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">classical dance</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">other traditional dance forms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindusim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindusim">Hindusim</a> is the major religion followed by the Tamils and the religious practices include the veneration of various <a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_South_India" title="Village deities of South India">village deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Tamil country">ancient Tamil gods</a>. A smaller number are also <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Muslims</a>, and a small percentage follow <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_amongst_Tamils" title="Buddhism amongst Tamils">Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a> consist of various <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">vegetarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> items, usually spiced with <a href="/wiki/Indian_spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian spices">locally available spices</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wood_(historian)" title="Michael Wood (historian)">Michael Wood</a> called the Tamils the last surviving classical civilization on Earth, because the Tamils have preserved substantial elements of their past regarding belief, culture, music, and literature despite the influence of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Tamil is derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> The people are referred to as Tamiḻar in Tamil language, which is etymologically linked to the name of the language.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language#Etymology" title="Tamil language">origin</a> and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a> suggests that the term tamiz might have been derived from tam meaning "self" and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of tamiz < tam-iz < *tav-iz < *tak-iz, meaning "the proper process (of speaking)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199210-16-18">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Southworth" title="Franklin Southworth">Franklin Southworth</a> suggests that the name comes from tam-miz > tam-iz meaning "self-speak", or "our own speech".<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> It is unknown whether the term Tamila and its equivalents in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> such as Damela, Damila, or Tamira was first used as a self designation or a by outsiders. The <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> from <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves">Udayagiri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">Eastern India</a> dated to the second century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> describes a T[r]amira samghata (Confederacy of Tamil rulers), which was in existence for the previous 113 years.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Epigraphical evidence from the second century BCE mentioning Damela or Dameda from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka#Anuradhapura_period_(377_BCE–1017)" title="History of Sri Lanka">ancient Sri Lanka</a> have been found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndarapala2007155-156-23">[19]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Jataka</a> texts, there is a mention of a Damila-rattha (Tamil dynasty).<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (first century BCE) mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> received an ambassador from Pandyan of Dramira.<a href="#cite_note-Dramira-26">[22]</a> An inscription from <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a> dated to third century CE refers to a Dhamila-vaniya (Tamil trader).<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_India">In India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In India">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources of ancient Tamil history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-historic_period_(before_4th_century_BCE)">Pre-historic period (before 4th century BCE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-historic period (before 4th century BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological evidence">Archaeological evidence</a> points to the region being first inhabited by hominids more than 400 millennia ago.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> Artifacts recovered in <a href="/wiki/Adichanallur" title="Adichanallur">Adichanallur</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) indicate <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> urn burials, dating from back to 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri200267-32">[28]</a>, which are also described in later Tamil literature.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">celts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a> dated between 15th and 20th century BCE indicate the use of early <a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi</a> have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanization in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">Indo-Gangetic plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Further epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur use <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a>, a rudimentary script dated to 5th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> Potsherds uncovered from Keeladi indicate a script which might be a transition between the Indus Valley script and Tamil Brahmi script used later.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sangam_period_(3rd_century_BCE–3rd_century_CE)">Sangam period (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sangam period (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy of ancient Tamil country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/220px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/330px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/440px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> lasted from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the various <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">triumvirate</a> of monarchical states, <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> These kings are referred to as Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar (Three glorified by heaven) in the Sangam literature.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> delta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002109-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008425-44">[40]</a> They are mentioned in the inscriptions from the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> dated to third century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> inscriptions from the second century BCE refers to a confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> The three kings called Vendhar ruled over several hill tribes headed by the <a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">Velir</a> chiefs and settlements headed by clan chiefs called Kizhar.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> The rulers of smaller territories were referred to as Kurunilamannar, with <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a> mentioning the names of many such chieftains.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg/93px-GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg/140px-GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg/186px-GreyPotteryWithEngravingsVirampatnamArikamedu1stCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1346" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Souttoukeny,_sarcofago_da_una_sepoltura_megalitica,_II_sec._ac..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Souttoukeny%2C_sarcofago_da_una_sepoltura_megalitica%2C_II_sec._ac..JPG/191px-Souttoukeny%2C_sarcofago_da_una_sepoltura_megalitica%2C_II_sec._ac..JPG" decoding="async" width="191" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Souttoukeny%2C_sarcofago_da_una_sepoltura_megalitica%2C_II_sec._ac..JPG/287px-Souttoukeny%2C_sarcofago_da_una_sepoltura_megalitica%2C_II_sec._ac..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Souttoukeny%2C_sarcofago_da_una_sepoltura_megalitica%2C_II_sec._ac..JPG/382px-Souttoukeny%2C_sarcofago_da_una_sepoltura_megalitica%2C_II_sec._ac..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1446" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Potsherds and megalithic sarcophagus</div></div></div></div> The Sangam period rulers patronized multiple religions including <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">vedic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a>, a book of Tamil grammar.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> Purananuru describes the public life and various unique cultural practices that existed during the period. The text talks about the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Vedic Sacrifices</a> performed by the kings as described in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the rituals performed for the dead.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/220px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/330px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/440px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Ancient oceanic trade and ports of <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></figcaption></figure> Agriculture was an important occupation during the period, and there is evidence that networks of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE. The Sangam literature describe fertile lands and people organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to an established order.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman coins</a> and other epigraphical evidence from South India and <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">potsherds</a> with Tamil writing found in excavations along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> indicate the presence of <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Roman commerce</a> with the ancient Tamilakam.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Much of the commerce from the Romans and <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han China</a> were facilitated via seaports including <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a> with <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> being the most prized goods along with <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002125-127-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> There is evidence of emissaries sent to the Roman Emperor Augustus by the Pandya kings.<a href="#cite_note-Dramira-26">[22]</a> An anonymous Greek traveler's account from first century CE, <a href="/wiki/Periplus_Maris_Erytraei" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplus Maris Erytraei">Periplus Maris Erytraei</a>, describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Damirica" class="mw-redirect" title="Damirica">Damirica</a> and their commercial activity in detail. It also describes that the chief exports of the ancient Tamils were <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabathrum" title="Malabathrum">malabathrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, silk, <a href="/wiki/Spikenard" title="Spikenard">spikenard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoiseshell material">tortoiseshell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_era_(4th–13th_century_CE)">Medieval era (4th–13th century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval era (4th–13th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg/220px-Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg/330px-Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg/440px-Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock cut">Rock cut</a> monuments in <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a></figcaption></figure> From the fourth century CE, the region was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras</a>, warriors belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Vellalar" title="Vellalar">Vellalar</a> community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> The Kalabhra era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Around the seventh century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002333-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> in the sixth century CE under <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a>, who ruled parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> as their capital.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture.<a href="#cite_note-UNC-64">[60]</a> Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas, the Pandyas and other kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas of Badami</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002135-140-65">[61]</a> The Pandyas were revived by <a href="/wiki/Kadungon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadungon">Kadungon</a> towards the end of the sixth century CE and with the Cholas in obscurity in <a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a>, the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> The area west of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> became increasingly distinct from the eastern parts.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> A new language <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> evolved from Tamil in the region and the socio-cultural transformation was altered further by the migration of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a> from Northern India in the eighth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajendra_map_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/220px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/330px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/440px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> at its greatest extent, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> in 1030</figcaption></figure> The Cholas were revived in the ninth century CE by <a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya Chola</a> and the last Pallavas ruler <a href="/wiki/Aparajitavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparajitavarman">Aparajitavarman</a> was defeated by the Chola prince <a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> After the defeat of the Pallavas, the Cholas became the dominant kingdom with the capital at <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>. The Chola influence expanded subsequently with <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> conquering the entire Southern India and parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, and increased Chola influence across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the eleventh century CE.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008590-73">[69]</a> Under his son <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a>, the Chola empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the north and across the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> He defeated the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Chalukya">Eastern Chalukyas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chola_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola navy">Chola navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">invaded</a> the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a> in South East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-History-75">[71]</a> The Cholas had trade links with the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> and across Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The Cholas built many temples with the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadisvara Temple</a> at Thanjavur.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Living_Chola_Temples-78">[74]</a> The latter half of the eleventh century saw the union of Chola and <a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a> kingdoms under <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_I" title="Kulottunga I">Kulottunga I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> The Cholas repulsed attacks from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Western Chalukyas</a> and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999485-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Sastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilakanta Sastri">Nilakanta Sastri</a>, Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundations of the empire for the next 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandya_Kingdom_(south_India).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png/220px-Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png/330px-Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png/440px-Pandya_Kingdom_%28south_India%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Extent of <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a> (13th century CE)</figcaption></figure> The eventual decline of Chola power began towards the end of <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulottunga III">Kulottunga III</a>'s reign in the thirteenth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-History-75">[71]</a> The Pandyas again reigned supreme under <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Sundara_Pandyan" title="Maravarman Sundara Pandyan">Maravarman Sundara I</a> and defeated the Cholas under <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_III" title="Rajaraja III">Rajaraja III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Though the Cholas were revived briefly with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a>, civil war between Rajaraja and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_III" title="Rajendra III">Rajendra III</a> weakened them further.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> With the Hoysalas later siding with the Pandyas, the Pandyas consolidated control over the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999487-85">[81]</a> The Pandya empire reached its zenith in the thirteenth century CE under <a href="/wiki/Jatavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" title="Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a> after he defeated the Hoysalas, the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakatiyas">Kakatiyas</a> and captured parts of Sri Lanka. The Pandyas ruled from their capital of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999459-86">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Amman Temple">Meenakshi Amman Temple</a> at Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> In the fourteenth century CE, the Pandyan empire was engulfed in a civil war and also faced repeated invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> In 1335, the Pandyan capital was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan" title="Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan">Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan</a> and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)">Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara kingdom</a> was founded in 1336 CE.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1370 and ruled for almost two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> In the sixteenth century, Vijaynagara king <a href="/wiki/Krishnadeva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnadeva Raya">Krishnadeva Raya</a> was forced to intervene in the conflict between their vassals, the Cholas and the Pandyas.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayak</a> governor under Raya briefly took control of Madurai before it was restored to the empire.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> The Vijayanagara empire was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a> in 1565 by a confederacy of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> The Nayaks, who were the military governors in the Vijaynagara empire, took control of the region amongst whom the <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Madurai">Nayaks of Madurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Thanjavur">Nayaks of Thanjavur</a> were the most prominent.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> They introduced the <a href="/wiki/Polygar" title="Polygar">palayakkararar</a> system and re-constructed some of the temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)">Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a> administered the region through the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of the Carnatic">Nawab of the Carnatic</a> with his seat at <a href="/wiki/Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot">Arcot</a>, who defeated the Madurai Nayaks.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha kingdom">Marathas</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)">attacked</a> several times and defeated the Nawab after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1751-1752)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)">Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> This led to a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur Maratha kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> arrived in 1522 followed by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> In 1639, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> obtained a grant for land from the Vijayanager emperor and the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> established trading posts at <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondichéry</a> in 1693.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> After several conflicts between the British and the French, the British established themselves as the major power in the eighteenth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> and resisted a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madras" title="Siege of Madras">French siege attempt</a> in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> The British East India Company demanded tax collection rights, which led to constant conflicts with the local Palaiyakkarars and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puli_Thevar" title="Puli Thevar">Puli Thevar</a> was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by <a href="/wiki/Rani_Velu_Nachiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Velu Nachiyar">Rani Velu Nachiyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kattabomman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattabomman">Kattabomman</a> in the first series of Polygar wars.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maruthu_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruthu brothers">Maruthu brothers</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Oomaithurai" title="Oomaithurai">Oomaithurai</a>, formed a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Dheeran_Chinnamalai" title="Dheeran Chinnamalai">Dheeran Chinnamalai</a> and Kerala Varma <a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja" title="Pazhassi Raja">Pazhassi Raja</a>, which fought the British in the Second Polygar War.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> In the later 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore kingdom</a> captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore War">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> By the late eighteenth century CE, the British had conquered most of the region and established the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> with Madras as the capital.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> On 10 July 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Vellore_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellore mutiny">Vellore mutiny</a>, which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in <a href="/wiki/Vellore_Fort" title="Vellore Fort">Vellore Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the <a href="/wiki/Ryotwari" title="Ryotwari">Ryotwari</a> system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of 1876–78">Great Famine of 1876–78</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1896%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian famine of 1896–97">Indian famine of 1896–97</a> which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded laborers to other British countries eventually forming the present <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a> gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Various Tamils were contributors to the Independence movement including <a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidambaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Bharatiyar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA), founded by <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_Indian_Independence_(1947–present)">Post Indian Independence (1947–present)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post Indian Independence (1947–present)">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">Independence of India</a> in 1947, the Madras Presidency became <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras state</a>, comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The state was further re-organised as a state for Tamils when the boundaries were redrawn linguistically in <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">1956</a> into the current shape.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> In 1965, Tamils <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hindi agitations">agitated</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Imposition_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imposition of Hindi">imposition of Hindi</a> and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> of the Tamils have consistently improved due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reforms in India">reform-oriented</a> economic policies and in the 2000s, the region has become one of the most urbanized states in the country.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sri_Lanka">In Sri Lanka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(before_fifth_century_CE)">Pre-Anuradhapura period (before fifth century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-Anuradhapura period (before fifth century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg/220px-Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg/330px-Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg/440px-Megalithic_burial_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A megalithic burial jar from north-western Sri Lanka, 5th-2nd century BCE, similar to the ones found in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> There are various theories from scholars over the presence of Tamil people in Sri Lanka. Historian <a href="/wiki/K._Indrapala" title="K. Indrapala">K. Indrapala</a> states that Tamil replaced a previous language of an indigenous mesolithic population, who later became the Eelam Tamils and the cultural diffusion happened well before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala200753–54-139">[135]</a> Eelam Tamils consider themselves lineal descendants of the aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga people of Sri Lanka">Naga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a> people of Sri Lanka. A <a href="/wiki/Indian_Cobra" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Cobra">cobra</a> totem known as Nakam in the Tamil language is still part of the Tamil tradition in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Remains of settlements and megalithic burial sites of people culturally similar to those of present-day Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu in modern India have been excavated at Pomparippu on the west coast and in <a href="/wiki/Kathiraveli" title="Kathiraveli">Kathiraveli</a> on the east coast of the island. These epigraphical evidence have been dated to a period between fifth century BCE and second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997129-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala200791-142">[138]</a> Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in the region around twelfth century BCE. There were specific migration routes that extended from South India to the island. These people moved further to the South of the island, and intermingled with the existent people.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anuradhapura_period_(4th_century_BCE_to_10th_century_CE)">Anuradhapura period (4th century BCE to 10th century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anuradhapura period (4th century BCE to 10th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">Black and red ware</a> potsherds found in Sri Lanka from the early reign of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a>, indicate a similar cultural connection with the people of South India.<a href="#cite_note-Tambiah-144">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> inscriptions on them indicate Tamil clan names such as Parumakal, Ay, Vel, Utiyan, Ticaiyan, Cuda and Naka, which points to the presence of Tamils in the region.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Excavations in <a href="/wiki/Poonakari" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonakari">Poonakari</a> in the north of the island have yielded several inscriptions including the mention of vela, a name related to velirs of the ancient Tamil country.<a href="#cite_note-Mahadevan-146">[142]</a> Epigraphical evidence of people identified as Damelas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) from the second century CE have been found in <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>, the capital city of the northern <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007157-147">[143]</a> Historical records mention that the three Tamil kingdoms were involved in the island's affairs from second century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva199730–32-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> Chola king <a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Ellalan</a> captured the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 205 BCE to 161 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> Tamil soldiers from Tamilakam came to Anuradhapura in large numbers in the seventh century CE with the local chiefs and kings relying on them.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-151">[147]</a> In the eighth century CE, various Tamil villages collectively known as Demel-kaballa (Tamil allotment), Demelat-valademin (Tamil villages), and Demel-gam-bim (Tamil villages and lands) were established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007214–215-152">[148]</a> In the ninth and tenth centuries CE, Pandya and Chola incursions started in the island which culminated with the Chola annexation of the island.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polonnaruwa_and_Jaffna_kingdom_(11th–15th_century_CE)">Polonnaruwa and Jaffna kingdom (11th–15th century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Polonnaruwa and Jaffna kingdom (11th–15th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaffna_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jaffna_Kingdom.svg/220px-Jaffna_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jaffna_Kingdom.svg/330px-Jaffna_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jaffna_Kingdom.svg/440px-Jaffna_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Extent of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> The Chola influence lasted until the latter half of the eleventh century CE and the Chola decline was followed by the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva199776-153">[149]</a> In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant <a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti dynasty</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> peninsula and in parts of northern Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997100–102-154">[150]</a> In the fourteenth century CE, the Aryacakaravarthi expansion into the south of the island was halted by <a href="/wiki/Alagakkonara" title="Alagakkonara">Alagakkonara</a>, who belonged to a feudal family from Kanchipuram that migrated to Sri Lanka in the previous century and converted to Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997102–04-155">[151]</a> He served as the chief minister of the Sinhalese king <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_V" title="Parakramabahu V">Parakramabahu V</a> (1344–59 CE) and his descendant Vira Alakeshwara briefly became the king later before the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a> admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> overthrew him in 1409 CE after which the influence of his family declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997104-156">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">caste structure</a> of the Sinhalese also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India, which led to the emergence of new Sinhalese caste groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Radala" title="Radala">Radala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salagama" title="Salagama">Salagama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Durava" title="Durava">Durava</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karava" title="Karava">Karava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997121-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala2007275-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(16th–20th_century_CE)">Later conflicts and European colonization (16th–20th century CE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later conflicts and European colonization (16th–20th century CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></div> The Aryachakaravarthi dynasty continued to rule over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until arrival of the Europeans on the island in the sixteenth century CE. Portuguese traders reached Sri Lanka by 1505 CE and the Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese due to its presence as a logistical and strategic base for accessing the interior ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan kingdom">Kandyan kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abhay-159">[155]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Sankili_Segarajasekaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankili Segarajasekaran">Cankili I</a> resisted contacts with the Portuguese and repelled <a href="/wiki/Paravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravas">Parava</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> who were brought from India to the <a href="/wiki/Mannar_Island" title="Mannar Island">Mannar Island</a> to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> The wrested Mannar during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1560)">first invasion</a> in 1560 and killed king <a href="/wiki/Puvirasa_Pandaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Puvirasa Pandaram">Puvirasa Pandaram</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591)">second expedition</a> in 1591.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997166-162">[158]</a> After the conflicts, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">secured</a> the kingdom in 1619 from the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Cankili_II" title="Cankili II">Cankili II</a>, who was helped by the Thanjavur Nayaks.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> English sailor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Robert Knox</a> arrived in the island in 1669 and described the Tamil settlements in the <a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a> published in 1681.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> captured the island later and ruled for more than a century. Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon_(1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Ceylon (1795)">1795 invasion of the British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a>, the island came to the control of the British in the early nineteenth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Upon arrival in June 1799, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cleghorn_(colonial_administrator)" title="Hugh Cleghorn (colonial administrator)">Hugh Cleghorn</a>, the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government: "Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the Tamils who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners."<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Irrespective of the ethnic differences, the British imposed a unitary state structure in <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> for better administration.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> During the British colonial rule, Tamils held higher positions in the government and were favoured by the British for their qualification in English education. In the northern highlands, the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a> were settled there as plantation workers.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Tamils who migrated in the ninteenth century CE to work on tea plantations were later termed as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997177,_181-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_Sri_Lankan_independence_(1948–present)">Post Sri Lankan independence (1948–present)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post Sri Lankan independence (1948–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg/220px-Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg/330px-Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg/440px-Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The northern and eastern areas of Sri Lanka with majority Tamil population.</figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948 and after the colonial rule ended, ethnic tension rose between the Sinhalese, who constituted a majority, and the Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-SLT-171">[167]</a> In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a> designated <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> as the only official language of Sri Lanka, which forced many Tamils to resign as civil servants because they were not fluent in the language. The Tamils saw the act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them.<a href="#cite_note-Tambiah-144">[140]</a> Anti-Tamil <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in <a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Ceylonese riots">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958</a> resulted in deaths of many Tamils and further escalated the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nogdsac-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> More than a million Indian Tamil plantation workers were made stateless after Sri Lanka refused citizenship to them. In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian governments</a> entered into an agreement, based on which, about 300,000 would be granted Sri Lankan citizenship and about 975,000 Tamils would be <a href="/wiki/Repatriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriate">repatriated</a> to India over a period of fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-SLT-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997262-175">[171]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a> enacted in the 1970s further discriminated against the Tamils and various state-sponsored schemes led Sinhalese settlers into Tamil populated areas. The <a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> was followed by a crackdown against the Tamils, which curtailed their rights. Following the declaration of state of emergency in 1981, state-backed Sinhalese mobs turned on Tamils, which led many Tamils to leave the country as refugees resulting in an exodus more than half a million to India and other countries.<a href="#cite_note-SLT-171">[167]</a> By the 1970s, initial non-violent political struggle for an <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">independent Tamil state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">north</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">east</a> of Sri Lanka, developed into a violent secessionist insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> This led to the bloody <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> for more than three decades.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> The conflict resulted in the deaths of at least 100,000 Tamils in the island and led to the flight of over 800,000 refugees.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> The war ended after the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Sri_Lankan_Army_Northern_offensive" title="2008–2009 Sri Lankan Army Northern offensive">Sri Lankan military offensive</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">human rights</a> as a result of committing <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">war crimes</a> through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">abduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">sexual violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/220px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/330px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/440px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1981)</figcaption></figure> As per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census</a>, there were 69 million Tamil speakers, constituting about 5.7% of the Indian population. Tamils formed the majority in the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (63.8 million) and the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> (1.1 million).<a href="#cite_note-India-1">[1]</a> There were also significant Tamil population in other states of India such as <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (2.1 million), <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> (0.7 million), <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (0.5 million), and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (0.5 million).<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a></div> Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into two ethnicities by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan government">Sri Lankan government</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Origin Tamils</a> who accounted for 11.2%, and 4.1% respectively of the country's population in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-SL1-3">[3]</a> The Sri Lankan Tamils (or Ceylon Tamils) are the descendants of the Tamils of the old Jaffna Kingdom and east coast chieftainships called <a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimais</a>. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997177,_181-170">[166]</a> Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and around <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, whereas most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands.<a href="#cite_note-SLD-190">[186]</a> Historically, both the Tamil ethnic groups have identified themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> There also exists a significant <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslim</a> population in Sri Lanka. However, they are listed as a separate entity under the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Moor">Moors</a> by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva19873–5,_9-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-SLD-190">[186]</a> However, genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-SM1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM2-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_diaspora">Tamil diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tamil diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil Malaysians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil South Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil British">Tamil British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Indonesian">Tamil Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Myanmar Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in Réunion">Tamils in Réunion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malbars" title="Malbars">Malbars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG/330px-Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG" decoding="async" width="330" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG/495px-Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG/660px-Tamil_Community_-_Worldwide.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Tamils (2013)</figcaption></figure> Significant emigration from Indian subcontinent began in the late 18th century, when the Tamils went as <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured labourers</a> and established businesses in other territories under the control of the British empire such as <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> The descendants of these Tamils continued to live in these countries, and practice their original culture, tradition and language. They form significant proportion of the population in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a> (7%) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Singapore</a> (5%).<a href="#cite_note-Sing-11">[9]</a> A significant population also exists in South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, as well as other regions such as the Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-Dias-194">[190]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">subsequent generations</a> might not speak the language as a <a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">mother tongue</a>, but instead as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_language_acquisition" title="Third language acquisition">third language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> There is a small <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Tamil community in Pakistan</a>, notably settled since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Since the 20th century, Tamils have migrated to other regions such as <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western World</a> for employment.<a href="#cite_note-Dias-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> A large emigration of Sri Lankan Tamils began in the 1980s, as they sought to escape the ethnic conflict there.<a href="#cite_note-SLT-171">[167]</a> The largest concentration of Eelam Tamils outside Sri Lanka is found in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Word_Tamil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/220px-Word_Tamil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/330px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/440px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Tamil written in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a></figcaption></figure> Tamil people speak <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> and is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Classical_language_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical language of India">classical languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> According to epigraphist <a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Iravatham Mahadevan</a>, the rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> script originated in South India in the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Mahadevan-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Though the old Tamil preserved features of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a> language,<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> modern-day spoken Tamil uses <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the grammar book <a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%89%C5%ABl" title="Naṉṉūl">Naṉṉūl</a> which incorporates facets from the old Tamil literary work <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Since the later part of the 19th century, Tamils made the language as a key part of the Tamil identity and the language is personified in the form of Tamil̲taay ("Tamil mother").<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of Tamil is spoken by the Tamils across regions such as <a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a>, Kumari Tamil and various <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a> such as Batticaloa Tamil, Jaffna Tamil and Negombo Tamil in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Sri Lankan Tamil literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/220px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/330px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg/440px-WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agathiar</a>, poet from the first Sangam period</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Tamil literature</a> is of considerable antiquity compared to the contemporary literature from other Indian languages and represents one of the oldest bodies of literature in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Old-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> The earliest epigraphic records have been dated to around the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Tamil Sangams</a>, the earliest of which destroyed by floods.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199212-13-216">[212]</a> The Sangam literature was broadly classified into three divisions: iyal (poetry), isai (music) and nadagam (drama).<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> The early Tamil literature was compiled and classified into two categories: <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Patinenmelkanakku</a> ("Eighteen Greater Texts") consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Anthologies" title="Eight Anthologies">Ettuttokai</a> ("Eight Anthologies") and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Idylls" title="Ten Idylls">Pattuppattu</a> ("Ten Idylls"), and the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Patinenkilkanakku</a> ("Eighteen Lesser Texts").<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGNOU-220">[216]</a> The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the <a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199212-13-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGNOU-220">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> Another book of the post Sangam era is the <a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Tirukkural</a>, a book on ethics, by <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> In the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">middle age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saiva" title="Saiva">Saiva</a> literature became prominent following the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in 7th century CE with hymns composed by <a href="/wiki/Alwars" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwars">Alwars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayanmars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayanmars">Nayanmars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bhakti-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> Notable work from the post-Bhakti period included <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a> in 12th century CE and <a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Tiruppugal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arunagirinathar" title="Arunagirinathar">Arunagirinathar</a> in 15th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named Thambiraan Vanakkam, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Lexicon">Tamil Lexicon</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> between 1924 and 1939, was amongst the first comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a> published in the language.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> The 19th century gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Renaissance" title="Tamil Renaissance">Tamil Renaissance</a> and writings and poems by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Sundaram_Pillai" title="Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai">Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.V.Swaminatha_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="U.V.Swaminatha Iyer">U.V.Swaminatha Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._W._Thamotharampillai" title="C. W. Thamotharampillai">Damodaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._Kanakasabhai" title="V. Kanakasabhai">V. Kanakasabhai</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Independence Movement</a>, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, notably <a href="/wiki/Bharathiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharathiar">Bharathiar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art and architecture">edit</a>]</div> According to Tamil literature, there are 64 art forms called <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81" title="Kalā">aayakalaigal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> The art is classified into two broad categories: kavin kalaigal (beautiful art forms) which include architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry and nun kalaigal (fine art forms) which include dance, music and drama.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture">Architecture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andal_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/220px-Andal_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/330px-Andal_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/440px-Andal_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>The large <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> is a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a> is the distinct style of architecture of the Tamils. The large <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopurams</a>, which are monumental ornate towers at the entrance of the temples form a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">Hindu temples</a> of the Dravidian style.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu-240">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Temple-241">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gopuram-242">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> They are topped by <a href="/wiki/Kalasam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasam">kalasams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finials</a>) and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> There are a number of early <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">rock-cut</a> cave-temples established by the various Tamil kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_art_and_architecture" title="Pallava art and architecture">Pallavas</a> in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples, monoliths and <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNC-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> The Pallavas, who built the group of monuments in <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, were one of the earliest patronisers of the Dravidian architectural style.<a href="#cite_note-UNC-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> These gateways became regular features in the <a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture" title="Chola art and architecture">Cholas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_art_and_architecture" title="Pandyan art and architecture">Pandya architecture</a>, was later expanded by the Vijayanagara and the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayaks">Nayaks</a> and spread to other parts such as Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> The influence of Tamil culture had led to the construction of various temples outside India by the Tamil dispora.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mugal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugal Empire">Mugal</a> influence in medieval times and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> influence later gave rise to a blend of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> styles, resulting in the distinct <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> architecture with several institutions during the British era following the style.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> By the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> made its entry upon in the urban landscape.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> In the later part of the century, the architecture witnessed a rise in the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> buildings.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sculpture_and_paintings">Sculpture and paintings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sculpture and paintings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/220px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/330px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/440px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a> and his mount <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> (12th–13th century CE)<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a></figcaption></figure> Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> icons.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> The bronze statues of the Cholas are considered to be one of the greatest contributions of Tamil art.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> Models made of a special mixture of <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sal_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal tree">sal tree</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> were encased in clay and fired to melt the wax leaving a hollow mould, which would then be filled with molten metal and cooled to produce bronze statues.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> Tamil paintings are usually centered around natural, religious or aesthetic themes.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sittanavasal_Cave" title="Sittanavasal Cave">Sittanavasal</a> is a rock-cut <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> and temple attributed to Pandyas and Pallavas which consist of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> from the 7th century CE, painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> Similar murals are found in temple walls, the most notable examples are the murals on the <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam</a> and the Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> One of the major forms of Tamil painting is <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_painting" title="Thanjavur painting">Thanjavur painting</a>, which originated in the 16th century CE where a base made of cloth and coated with <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> is painted using dyes and then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold threads.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Music of Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Ancient Tamil music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg/220px-Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg/330px-Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg/440px-Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4595" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">Thappattai</a>, traditional music instruments</figcaption></figure> The ancient Tamil country had its own <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">system of music</a> called Tamil Pannisai.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> Sangam literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a> from 2nd century CE describes music notes and instruments.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> A Pallava inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> The Pallava inscriptions from the period describe the playing of <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">veena</a> as a form of exercise for the fingers and the practice of singing musical hymns (Thirupadigam) in temples. From the 9th century CE, Shaivite hymns <a href="/wiki/Thevaram" title="Thevaram">Thevaram</a> and Vaishnavite hymns (<a href="/wiki/Tiruvaymoli" title="Tiruvaymoli">Tiruvaymoli</a>) were sung along with playing of musical instruments. <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> originated later which included rhythmic and structured music by composers such <a href="/wiki/Thyagaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyagaraja">Thyagaraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muthuswami_Dikshitar" title="Muthuswami Dikshitar">Muthuswami Dikshitar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shyama_Shastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyama Shastri">Shyama Shastri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Villu_Paatu" title="Villu Paatu">Villu Paatu</a> is an ancient form of musical story-telling method where narration is interspersed with music played from a string bow and accompanying instruments.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana">Gaana</a>, a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as <a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">parai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">tharai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">yazh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murasu" title="Murasu">murasu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed instrument">reed instrument</a> that is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">thavil</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Drum_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum instrument">drum instrument</a> are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melam" title="Melam">Melam</a> is from a group of <a href="/wiki/Madhalam" title="Madhalam">percussion instruments</a> from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events and functions.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-AA-294">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance_arts">Performance arts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Performance arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Dance forms of Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur,_Brihadishwara_Temple,_dance_(6851706080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/220px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/330px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/440px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> performance</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> is a major genre of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a> that originated from the Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-Loch-295">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britbn-298">[294]</a> It is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a> forms that originated and are practiced in the region. Major folk dance forms include <a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kavadi_Aattam" title="Kavadi Aattam">Kavadiattam</a> which involve dancers balancing decorated pot(s) on their heads and arch shaped wooden sticks on their shoulders respectively while making dance movements with the body.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolattam" title="Kolattam">Kolattam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kummi" title="Kummi">Kummi</a> are usually performed by women while singing songs.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> In dances like <a href="/wiki/Mayilattam" title="Mayilattam">Mayilattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Puravaiattam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puliyattam" title="Puliyattam">Puliyattam</a>, dancers dress like <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">peacocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">tigers</a> respectively and headdresses perform movements imitating the animals.<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> Other traditional dance forms include the war dance <a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parai_Attam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parai Attam">Paraiattam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a> is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koothu-319">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bommalattam" title="Bommalattam">Bommalattam</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a> that uses various <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">doll marionettes</a> manipulated by rods and strings attached to them.<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Martial arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_katar_push_dagger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Indian_katar_push_dagger.jpg/220px-Indian_katar_push_dagger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Indian_katar_push_dagger.jpg/330px-Indian_katar_push_dagger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Indian_katar_push_dagger.jpg/440px-Indian_katar_push_dagger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katar_(dagger)" title="Katar (dagger)">Katar</a>, a dagger that originated in South India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Silambattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Silambattam">Silambattam</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">martial dance</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">silambam</a>, a long staff of about 168 cm (66 in) in length, often made of wood such as bamboo.<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> It was used for self-defense and to ward off animals and later evolved into a martial art and dance form.<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a> (or Kuttu varisai) is a martial art specializing in empty-hand techniques and application on vital points of the body.<a href="#cite_note-Warrior-326">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varma_kalai" title="Varma kalai">Varma kalai</a> is a Tamil traditional art of vital points which combines alternative medicine and martial arts, attributed to sage <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastiyar</a> and might form part of the training of other martial arts such as silambattam, adimurai or <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">kalari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malyutham" class="mw-redirect" title="Malyutham">Malyutham</a> is the traditional form of combat-wrestling.<a href="#cite_note-Warrior-326">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> Tamil martial arts uses various types of weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Valari" title="Valari">valari</a> (iron sickle), <a href="/wiki/Maduvu" title="Maduvu">maduvu</a> (deer horns), <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">vaal</a> (sword) and <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">kedayam</a> (shield), <a href="/wiki/Urumi" title="Urumi">surul vaal</a> (curling blade), <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">itti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">vel</a> (spear), <a href="/wiki/Savuku" title="Savuku">savuku</a> (whip), <a href="/wiki/Katar_(dagger)" title="Katar (dagger)">kattari</a> (fist blade), <a href="/wiki/Aruval" title="Aruval">aruval</a> (mchete), silambam (bamboo staff), <a href="/wiki/Knuckleduster" class="mw-redirect" title="Knuckleduster">kuttu katai</a> (spiked knuckleduster), <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">kathi</a> (dagger), <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">vil ambu</a> (bow and arrow), <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">tantayutam</a> (mace), <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">soolam</a> (trident), <a href="/wiki/Valari" title="Valari">valari</a> (boomerang), <a href="/wiki/Discus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus">chakaram</a> (discus) and theepandam (flaming baton).<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a> used to make weapons, originated in the mid-1st millennium BCE in South India.<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> Locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Cheras and the later trade introduced it to other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> Since the early Sangam age, war was regarded as an honourable sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshipped with <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stones</a> and heroic <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> was glorified in ancient Tamil literature.<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> Defeated kings committed <a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a>, a form of ritual suicide.<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_arts">Modern arts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_television_soap_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil television soap opera">Tamil television soap opera</a></div> The Tamil film industry nicknamed as <a href="/wiki/Kollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollywood">Kollywood</a> and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> Independent Tamil film production have also originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a> The concept of "Tent Cinema" was introduced in the early 1900s, in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films.<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first Tamil talkie film was <a href="/wiki/Kalidas_(film)" title="Kalidas (film)">Kalidas</a>, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after the release of India's first talking picture <a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanchipuram_sarees_(7642282200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/220px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/330px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/440px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari" title="Kanchipuram silk sari">Kanchipuram silk saris</a> worn by women on special occasions.<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a></figcaption></figure> Ancient literature and epigraphical records describe the various types of dresses worn by Tamil people.<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-Costume-351">[347]</a> Tamil women traditionally wear a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, a garment that consists of a drape varying from 4.6 m (15 ft) to 8.2 m (27 ft) in length and 0.61 m (2 ft) to 1.2 m (4 ft) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff.<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dress-354">[350]</a> Women wear colourful <a href="/wiki/Silk_saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk saree">silk sarees</a> on traditional occasions.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> Young girls wear a long skirt called pavaadai along with a shorter length sari called dhavani.<a href="#cite_note-Costume-351">[347]</a> The men wear a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>, a 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes which is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.<a href="#cite_note-Costume-351">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dress-354">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a> A colourful <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a> with typical <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Costume-351">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cloth-358">[354]</a> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Cloth-358">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Calendar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil calendar</a></div> The Tamil calendar is a <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">sidereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a> The Tamil <a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a> is based on the same and is generally used in contemporary times to check auspicious times for cultural and religious events.<a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> The calendar follows a 60-year cycle.<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> There are 12 months in a year starting with <a href="/wiki/Chithirai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithirai">Chithirai</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> enters the first <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81%C5%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāśi">Rāśi</a> and the number of days in a month varies between 29 and 32.<a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a> The new year starts following the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a> in the middle of April.<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> The days of week (kiḻamai) in the Tamil calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the solar system: <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, in that order.<a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_hospitality">Food and hospitality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Food and hospitality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/220px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/330px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/440px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>A traditional meal served on a banana leaf</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a> is a major feature of Tamil culture.<a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a> It was considered as a social obligation and offering food to guests was regarded as one of the highest virtues.<a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the diet staple and is served with <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">sambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasam_(dish)" title="Rasam (dish)">rasam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poriyal" title="Poriyal">poriyal</a> as a part of a Tamil meal.<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">Bananas</a> find mention in the Sangam literature and the traditional way of eating a meal involves having the food served on a <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">banana leaf</a>, which is discarded after the meal. Eating on banana leaves imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy.<a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a> Food is usually eaten seated on the floor and the finger tips of the right hand is used to take the food to the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Nanjilnadu, Pandiyanadu and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines.<a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-SLC-375">[371]</a> There are both vegetarian and meat dishes with <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> traditionally consumed across the coast and other meat preferred in the interiors. The Chettinadu cuisine is popular for its meat based dishes and generous usage of <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ETC-376">[372]</a> The Kongunadu cuisine uses less spices and are generally cooked fresh. It uses <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seeds">sesame seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arachis_hypogaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachis hypogaea">groundnut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> to go with various cereals and pulses grown in the region.<a href="#cite_note-ETC-376">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-KN-377">[373]</a> Nanjilnadu cuisine is milder and is usually based on fish and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-ETC-376">[372]</a> Sri Lankan Tamil cuisine uses <a href="/wiki/Gingelly_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingelly oil">gingelly oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a> along with coconut and spices, which differentiates it from the other culinary traditions in the island.<a href="#cite_note-SLC-375">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a> is a popular dish with several different versions prepared across various regions.<a href="#cite_note-KN-377">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">Idli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">dosa</a> are popular breakfast dishes and other dishes cooked by to the Tamil people include <a href="/wiki/Upma" title="Upma">upma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idiappam" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiappam">idiappam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">pongal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paniyaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Paniyaram">paniyaram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parotta" title="Parotta">parotta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> originating from the Tamils and is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India.<a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> The word literally means perfection in Tamil and the system focuses on wholesome treatment based on various factors. As per Tamil tradition, the knowledge of Siddha medicine came from <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, which was passed on to 18 holy men known as <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddhar</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>. The knowledge was then passed on orally and through palm leaf manuscripts to the later generations.<a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a> Siddha practitioners believe that all objects including the human body is composed of five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky which are present in food and other compounds, which is used as the basis for the drugs and other therapies.<a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival,_South_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/180px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/270px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/360px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2982" /></a><figcaption>Tamils decorate their homes with colorful <a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a> is a major and multi-day <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> celebrated by Tamils in the month of <a href="/wiki/Thai_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai month">Thai</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil solar calendar</a> (usually falls on 14 or 15 January).<a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a> is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil calendar</a> and falls on in April every year on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[387]</a> Other major festivals include <a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthikai Deepam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-394">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a> is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated in the Tamil month of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Adi</a> and the worship of <a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Amman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayyanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyanar">Ayyanar</a> deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<a href="#cite_note-AA-294">[290]</a> Other festivals celebrated include <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarathri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarathri">Navarathri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/220px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/330px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/440px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a>, a traditional bull taming event.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports in Tamil Nadu</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a> is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<a href="#cite_note-402">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[399]</a> It has been practised since Sangam period with the aim of keeping people fit. Proficiency in the sport was considered a virtue while untamable bulls were held as a pride of the owner.<a href="#cite_note-404">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[401]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> is a traditional conatct sport that originated from the Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-406">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is a popular <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> which originated as <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Sathurangam</a> in the 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-408">[404]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional games</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pallanguzhi" title="Pallanguzhi">Pallanguzhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-409">[405]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu#Uriyadi" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Uriyadi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-410">[406]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pachisi" title="Pachisi">Dhaayam</a> are played across the region.<a href="#cite_note-412">[408]</a> In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-413">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Tamil country">Religion in ancient Tamil country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism_in_Ancient_Tamilakam" title="Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam">Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg/180px-Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg/270px-Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg/360px-Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aiyyanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiyyanar">Aiyyan̲ār</a>, guardian folk deity of Tamils</figcaption></figure> As per the Sangam literature, the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a> was classified into five categories known as thinais, which were associated with a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> deity: <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> in kurinji (hills), <a href="/wiki/Thirumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumal">Thirumal</a> in mullai (forests), <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indiran</a> in marutham (plains), <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varunan</a> in the neithal (coasts) and <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Kotravai</a> in palai (desert).<a href="#cite_note-414">[410]</a> Thirumal is indicated as a deity during the Sangam era, who was regarded as Paramporul ("the suprement one") and is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in various Sangam literature.<a href="#cite_note-415">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[412]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> worship existed in the Shaivite culture as a part of the Tamil pantheon, <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> became regarded as the Tamil kadavul ("God of the Tamils").<a href="#cite_note-417">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[415]</a> In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Pillayar</a> is regarded as the eldest son, who is venerated as the Mudanmudar kadavul ("foremost god").<a href="#cite_note-420">[416]</a> The cult of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. The worship of <a href="/wiki/Amman_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amman (goddess)">Amman</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Mariamman</a>, is thought to have been derived from an ancient <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>, and is also very common.<a href="#cite_note-Tradition-421">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[419]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kannagi_(Tamil_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannagi (Tamil mythology)">Kannagi</a>, the heroine of the <a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a> is worshipped as a <a href="/wiki/Pattini" title="Pattini">goddess</a> by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-424">[420]</a> In the Sangam literature, there is a description of the rites performed by the priestesses in temples.<a href="#cite_note-425">[421]</a> Among the ancient Tamils, the practice of erecting memorial stones (<a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">natukal</a>) was prevalent and it continued till the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ages">Middle ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-426">[422]</a> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stones</a> to bless them with victory.<a href="#cite_note-427">[423]</a> In rural areas, local deities called <a href="/wiki/Aiyyanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiyyanar">Aiyyan̲ār</a> (also known as Karuppan, Karrupasami, <a href="/wiki/Muniandi" title="Muniandi">Muniandi</a>), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm.<a href="#cite_note-Tradition-421">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[425]</a> Their worship probably emanated from the hero stone worship and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition.<a href="#cite_note-430">[426]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idol_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Idol worship">Idol worship</a> forms a part of the Tamil Hindu culture similar to the Hindu traditions.<a href="#cite_note-431">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[428]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ervadidargah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ervadidargah.jpg/142px-Ervadidargah.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ervadidargah.jpg/213px-Ervadidargah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ervadidargah.jpg/284px-Ervadidargah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vailankanni_Church,_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vailankanni_Church%2C_front_view.jpg/142px-Vailankanni_Church%2C_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vailankanni_Church%2C_front_view.jpg/213px-Vailankanni_Church%2C_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vailankanni_Church%2C_front_view.jpg/284px-Vailankanni_Church%2C_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Erwadi" title="Erwadi">Erwadi Dargah</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Health" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health">Velankanni basilica</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg/128px-India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg/192px-India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg/256px-India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1996" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/156px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/234px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/312px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Temple</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a></div></div></div></div> During the Sangam period, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ashivakam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> also had a significant following.<a href="#cite_note-433">[429]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Jainism</a> existed from the Sangam period with inscriptions and drip-ledges from 1st century BCE to 6th century CE describing the same.<a href="#cite_note-434">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[431]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a>, who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil country">ancient Tamil country</a> in the 3rd–7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-436">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhism</a> had an influence in Tamil Nadu before the later Middle Ages with ancient texts referring to a <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nākappaṭṭinam</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in 3rd century BCE and Buddhist relics from 4th century CE found in <a href="/wiki/Poompuhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Poompuhar">Kaveripattinam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buddha-440">[436]</a> Around the 7th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a>, who patronized Buddhism and Jainism, became patrons of Hinduism following the revival of <a href="/wiki/Saivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivism">Saivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> led by Alwars and Nayanmars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002333-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhakti-224">[220]</a> The Christian apostle, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(apostle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas (apostle)">St. Thomas</a>, is believed to have preached <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to the Tamils between 52 and 70 CE.<a href="#cite_note-441">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowthers</a> were Tamils who were converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by the Turkish preacher <a href="/wiki/Nathar_Shah" title="Nathar Shah">Nathar Shah</a> in the tenth century CE and follow the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[441]</a> Other Muslim clans such as <a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkayar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kayalar_(Muslim)" title="Kayalar (Muslim)">Kayalar</a> originated as a result of the trade with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. <a href="#cite_note-446">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[444]</a> Majority of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Muslims">Tamil Muslims</a> speak Tamil rather than <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, which is spoken by Muslims in other parts of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-449">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[447]</a> Mercantile groups introduced Cholapauttam, a syncretic form of Buddhism and Shaivism in northern Sri Lanka and Southern India. The religion lost its importance in the 14th century when conditions changed for the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-452">[448]</a> As of the 21st century, majority of the Tamils are adherents of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-453">[449]</a> The migation of Tamils to other countries resulted in new Hindu temples being constructed in places with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, and countries with significant Tamil migrants.<a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a> Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly worship Murugan with numerous temples existing throughout the island.<a href="#cite_note-455">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[452]</a> There are also followers of <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a> in Tamil Nadu, mainly in the southern districts.<a href="#cite_note-457">[453]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities, as a result of Tamil cultural revivalism in the 20th century, and its antipathy to what it saw as Brahminical Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-458">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_people" title="List of Tamil people">List of Tamil people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/25px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/37px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/50px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamils" title="Portal:Tamils">Tamils portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">List of languages by first written accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_population_by_cities" title="Tamil population by cities">Tamil population by cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_population_by_nation" title="Tamil population by nation">Tamil population by nation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into three ethnicities by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan government">Sri Lankan government</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Origin Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a> who accounted for 11.2%, 4.1% and 9.3% respectively of the country's population in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-SL1-3">[3]</a> Indian Origin Tamils were separately classified from the 1911 census onwards and the Sri Lankan government lists a substantial Tamil-speaking Muslim population under the distinct ethnicity of Moors. However, genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-SM1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM2-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Includes all speakers of the Tamil language oncluding <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">multi-generation</a> individuals do not speak the language as a <a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">mother tongue</a>, but instead as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_language_acquisition" title="Third language acquisition">third language</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Note:Includes 88,000 primary Tamil speakers and 86,708 speakers of English language who speak Tamil as secondary language. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: தமிழர், romanized: Tamiḻar <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[t̪amiɻaɾ]</a> in the singular or தமிழர்கள், Tamiḻarkaḷ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[t̪amiɻaɾɡaɭ]</a> in the plural </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-India-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-India_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42561/download/46187/Language_Atlas_2011.pdf">Census of India 2011 - Language Atlas</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402144712/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42561/download/46187/Language_Atlas_2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+2011+-+Language+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F42561%2Fdownload%2F46187%2FLanguage_Atlas_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SL-2"><a href="#cite_ref-SL_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110443/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf">Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012 – Table A3: Population by district, ethnic group and sex</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government of Sri Lanka</a> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing+of+Sri+Lanka%2C+2012+%E2%80%93+Table+A3%3A+Population+by+district%2C+ethnic+group+and+sex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FPopHouSat%2FCPH2011%2FPages%2FActivities%2FReports%2FFinalReport%2FPopulation%2FTable%2520A3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SL1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SL1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SL1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3">"A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government of Sri Lanka</a>. 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Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Crisis+of+Sri+Lankan+Muslims&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=9-14%2C+27-30%2C+67-74%2C+113-18&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Vasundhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SM2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SM2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM2_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2070817.stm">"Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608021900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2070817.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2014. 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Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+South+Indian+Journey%3A+The+Smile+of+Murugan&rft.pages=x%2C+xiii%2C+xvi&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.isbn=978-0-14193-527-0&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsK4hIRAdIJ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197399?redirectedFrom=tamil">"Tamil, n. and adj"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331201359/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/tamil_n">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. 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(December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_snDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tamils+or+tamilians&pg=PA247">Bhutan: Ways of Knowing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Information_Age_Publishing" title="Information Age Publishing">Information Age Publishing</a>. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60752-824-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60752-824-1"><bdi>978-1-60752-824-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918041800/https://books.google.com/books?id=q_snDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tamils+or+tamilians&pg=PA247">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023. <q>Tamilians, a group living in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+Ways+of+Knowing&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Information+Age+Publishing&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=978-1-60752-824-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_snDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTamils%2Bor%2Btamilians%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Kamil</a> (1973). The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01582-0"><bdi>978-3-447-01582-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+smile+of+Murugan%3A+on+Tamil+literature+of+South+India&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01582-0&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199210-16-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199210-16_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1992">Zvelebil 1992</a>, p. 10-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Southworth" title="Franklin Southworth">Southworth, Franklin</a> (1998). 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International Journal of Dravidial Linguistics. 27 (1): 129–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dravidial+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+word+tamiz&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-32&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Daniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Alain Daniélou (11 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani">A Brief History of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inner_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Traditions">Inner Traditions</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/139">139</a>–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=139-141&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-794-3&rft.au=Alain+Dani%C3%A9lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofin00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRama_Shankar_Tripathi1942" class="citation book cs1">Rama Shankar Tripathi (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&pg=PA199">History of Ancient India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp. 199–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-018-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-018-2"><bdi>978-8-12080-018-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=199-201&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-8-12080-018-2&rft.au=Rama+Shankar+Tripathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOVpOG6MPMcC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._P._JayaswalR._D._Banerji1920" class="citation book cs1">K. 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Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Science+News+%3A+Archaeology+%E2%80%93+Anthropology+%3A+Sharp+stones+found+in+India+signal+surprisingly+early+toolmaking+advances&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Fsharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/">"Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Very+old%2C+very+sophisticated+tools+found+in+India.+The+question+is%3A+Who+made+them%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fvery-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms">"Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 1 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1354201,prtpage-1.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Skeletons+dating+back+3%2C800+years+throw+light+on+evolution&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fscience%2Fskeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution%2Farticleshow%2F1354201.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2006" class="citation web cs1">John, Vino (27 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202174036/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm">"Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127003610200.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2008. <q>But Indian/south Indian history/archaeology has pushed the date back to 1500 B.C., and in Sri Lanka, there are definitely good radiometric dates coming from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occur at least around 900 B.C. or 1000 B.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Reading+the+past+in+a+more+inclusive+way%3A+Interview+with+Dr.+Sudharshan+Seneviratne&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Vino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flonnet.com%2Ffl2301%2Fstories%2F20060127003610200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri200267-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri200267_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri 2002</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodrington1930" class="citation journal cs1">Codrington, K. De B. (October 1930). "Indian Cairn- and Urn-Burials". Man. 30 (30): 190–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2790468">10.2307/2790468</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2790468">2790468</a>. <q>It is necessary to draw attention to certain passages in early Tamil literature which throw a great deal of light upon this strange burial ceremonial ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Indian+Cairn-+and+Urn-Burials&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=190-196&rft.date=1930-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2790468&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2790468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Codrington&rft.aufirst=K.+De+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT2018" class="citation news cs1">T, Saravanan (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/10th-century-ce-oil-press-discovered-near-andipatti-with-a-tamil-script/article22814589.ece">"How a recent archaeological discovery throws light on the history of Tamil script"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005047/https://www.thehindu.com/society/10th-century-ce-oil-press-discovered-near-andipatti-with-a-tamil-script/article22814589.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+a+recent+archaeological+discovery+throws+light+on+the+history+of+Tamil+script&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=T&rft.aufirst=Saravanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2F10th-century-ce-oil-press-discovered-near-andipatti-with-a-tamil-script%2Farticle22814589.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-eternal-harappan-script-tease">"the eternal harappan script"</a>. Open magazine. 27 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134658/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-eternal-harappan-script-tease">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+magazine&rft.atitle=the+eternal+harappan+script&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openthemagazine.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fthe-eternal-harappan-script-tease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShekar2020" class="citation web cs1">Shekar, Anjana (21 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269">"Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_Minute" title="The News Minute">The News Minute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124023909/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Keezhadi+sixth+phase%3A+What+do+the+findings+so+far+tell+us%3F&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=Shekar&rft.aufirst=Anjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fkeezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece">"A rare inscription"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>. 1 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=A+rare+inscription&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fother%2Farticle30205148.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece">"Artifacts unearthed at Keeladi to find a special place in museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 19 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114173611/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Artifacts+unearthed+at+Keeladi+to+find+a+special+place+in+museum&rft.date=2023-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Fartefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum%2Farticle66529594.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesudasan2019" class="citation news cs1">Jesudasan, Dennis S. (20 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bc-report/article29461583.ece">"Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Keezhadi+excavations%3A+Sangam+era+older+than+previously+thought%2C+finds+study&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Jesudasan&rft.aufirst=Dennis+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fkeeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bc-report%2Farticle29461583.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2017" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Anjali (2017). Social and Cultural History of Ancient India. Online Gatha. pp. 123–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-386-35269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-386-35269-9"><bdi>978-9-386-35269-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Cultural+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=123-136&rft.pub=Online+Gatha&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-386-35269-9&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/">"Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224093728/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023. 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Retrieved 1 November 2023. <q>Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the <a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">Satyaputras</a>, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+State+University&rft.atitle=The+Edicts+of+King+Ashoka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.colostate.edu%2F~malaiya%2Fashoka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm">"Hathigumpha Inscription"</a>. 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The Encyclopedia of Ancient History: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119399919.eahaa00499">10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-39991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-39991-9"><bdi>978-1-119-39991-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240189630">240189630</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171504/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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A Modern Political History of the Tamil Muslims</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13619-833-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13619-833-5"><bdi>978-1-13619-833-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124120/https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ6Z1pvFGx0C&dq=madurai+sultanate+indian+muslim&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. 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Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17141-683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17141-683-7"><bdi>978-8-17141-683-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526104425/https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&dq=kaithal+sayyids&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. 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Abhinav Publications. pp. 43–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-836-41262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-836-41262-8"><bdi>978-0-836-41262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+history+of+Carnatic+under+the+Nawabs&rft.pages=43-79&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-836-41262-8&rft.aulast=Ramaswami&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Jaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Tony Jaques (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC">Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O</a>. Greenwood. pp. 1034–1035. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33538-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116054856/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+F-O&rft.pages=1034-1035&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33538-9&rft.au=Tony+Jaques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian1928" class="citation book cs1">Subramanian, K. R. (1928). The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore. Madras: K. R. Subramanian. pp. 52–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maratha+Rajas+of+Tanjore&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=K.+R.+Subramanian&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhosle2017" class="citation book cs1">Bhosle, Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje (2017). Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings. Notion press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948-23095-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948-23095-7"><bdi>978-1-948-23095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+of+Thanjavur+Maratha+Kings&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Notion+press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-948-23095-7&rft.aulast=Bhosle&rft.aufirst=Pratap+Sinh+Serfoji+Raje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal">"Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal"</a>. Indian Institute of Asian Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207042633/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+the+Portuguese+presence+in+the+Bay+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.asia%2Fthe-newsletter%2Farticle%2Frhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/">"Origin of the Name Madras"</a>. Corporation of Madras. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406202458/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. 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India. 6 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Danish+flavour&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2622%2Fstories%2F20091106262211800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoShulmanSubrahmanyam1998" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu. Oxford University Press, Delhi. p. xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-64399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-64399-2"><bdi>978-0-195-64399-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+substance+%3A+court+and+state+in+Nayaka+period+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=xix%2C+349+p.%2C+16+p.+of+plates+%3A+ill.%2C+maps%3B+22-cm&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Delhi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-195-64399-2&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rft.au=Shulman%2C+David&rft.au=Subrahmanyam%2C+Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThilakavathyMaya2019" class="citation book cs1">Thilakavathy, M.; Maya, R. 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Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facets+of+Contemporary+history&rft.pages=583&rft.pub=MJP+Publisher&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Thilakavathy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Maya%2C+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HCbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert Eric (26 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-26377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-26377-7"><bdi>978-0-198-26377-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082100/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. 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Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Madras+Miscellany%3A+When+Pondy+was+wasted&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Muthiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2FMadras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted%2Farticle15719768.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756">A global chronology of conflict</a>. ABC—CLIO. p. 756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1"><bdi>978-1-851-09667-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082105/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. 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History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online. 21 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102613/http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net%3A+Where+History+Comes+Alive+%E2%80%93+World+%26+US+History+Online&rft.atitle=Seven+Years%27+War%3A+Battle+of+Wandiwash&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fseven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691">"Velu Nachiyar, India's Joan of Arc"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727120955/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. 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The Journal of Asian Studies. 66 (4): 881–896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911807001234">10.1017/S0021911807001234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203235">20203235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Bandits+and+Kings%3AMoral+Authority+and+Resistance+in+Early+Colonial+India&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=881-896&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20203235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911807001234&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Anand+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1881" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Robert (1881). 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Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-126-90085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-126-90085-5"><bdi>978-8-126-90085-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082104/https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. 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Retrieved 23 December 2023. <q>Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Theosophy+and+the+Origins+of+the+Indian+National+Congress&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=14-18&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-003-0005-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54542458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bevir&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F73b4862g%3Fdisplay%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece">"Subramania Bharati: The poet and the patriot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 9 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614110344/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023. 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Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+in+Indian+States&rft.pub=Indian+Council+for+Research+on+International+Economic+Relations&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrier.org%2Fpdf%2Fwp144.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._M._de_Silva" title="K. M. de Silva">de Silva, K. M.</a> (2005). A History of Sri Lanka. 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Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+Bulletin%3A+Volumes+7%E2%80%938&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW9kuAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522According%2Bto%2Btradition%252C%2Bthe%2BTamils%2Bof%2BIndia%2Band%2BSri%2BLanka%2Bare%2Bthe%2Blineal%2Bdescendants%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNaga%2Band%2BYaksha%2Bpeople.%2BThe%2Baboriginal%2BNagas%252C%2Bcalled%2BNakar%2Bin%2BTamil%2Bhad%2Bthe%2Bcobra%2B%2528Nakam%2Bin%2BTamil%2529%2Bas%2Btheir%2Btotem.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997129-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Silva1997129_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Silva1997">de Silva 1997</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndrapala200791-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndrapala200791_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndrapala2007">Indrapala 2007</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2006" class="citation web cs1">Subramanian, T.S. 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Little, Brown Book Group. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40870-540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40870-540-7"><bdi>978-1-40870-540-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125955/https://books.google.com/books?id=qutzDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2022. <q>A later chapter of the 'Great Chronicle' describes how the Chola prince Elara (Ellalan) of Thiruvarur invaded and captured the throne of Lanka in about 205 BCE but was later killed in battle by the Sinhala prince Dutugamunu in about 161</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coromandel%3A+A+Personal+History+of+South+India&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-40870-540-7&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqutzDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1976" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, George W (1976). 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(1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC">The Nayaks of Tanjore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annamalai_University" title="Annamalai University">Annamalai University</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12060-996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12060-996-9"><bdi>978-8-12060-996-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nayaks+of+Tanjore&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Annamalai+University&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-8-12060-996-9&rft.aulast=Vriddhagirisan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGD_6ka-aYuQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva1972" class="citation book cs1">de Silva, Chandra (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUEKAQAAIAAJ">The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617–1638</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. p. 96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125958/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUEKAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+Ceylon%2C+1617%E2%80%931638&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUEKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1681" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Robert (1681). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:image:58692:2">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a>. Robert Chiswell. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40691-141-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40691-141-1"><bdi>978-1-40691-141-1</bdi></a>. 2596825.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Relation+of+the+Island+Ceylon&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Robert+Chiswell&rft.date=1681&rft.isbn=978-1-40691-141-1&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgateway.proquest.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2003%26res_id%3Dxri%3Aeebo%26rft_id%3Dxri%3Aeebo%3Aimage%3A58692%3A2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2016" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Nikki (2016). Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%3A+losing+and+gaining+an+empire%2C+1763%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnambalam1983" class="citation book cs1">Ponnambalam, Satchi (1983). Sri Lanka: National Conflict and the Tamil Liberation Struggle. 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Race & Class. 26 (1): 1–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030639688402600102">10.1177/030639688402600102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143870163">143870163</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125842/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639688402600102">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-172-4"><bdi>978-1-58826-172-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124757/https://books.google.com/books?id=BlCXRQo__6oC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35364-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35364-9"><bdi>978-0-415-35364-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124655/https://books.google.com/books?id=YXHRX20ibVAC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Palani+excavation+triggers+fresh+debate&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft.aulast=Subramaniam&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2Farticle2408091.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2003" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, S. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf">"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India"</a> (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 42 (2): 207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031">10.1353/asi.2003.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17189">10125/17189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153420843">153420843</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903211259/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Chera%2C+Chola%2C+Pandya%3A+Using+Archaeological+Evidence+to+Identify+the+Tamil+Kingdoms+of+Early+Historic+South+India&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153420843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F17189%2F1%2FAP-v42n2-207-223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadarajah1994" class="citation book cs1">Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994). Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12081-215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12081-215-4"><bdi>978-8-12081-215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+in+Sanskrit+and+Tamil+Literature%3A+A+Study+of+Characters+and+Nature%2C+200+B.C.-A.D.+500&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8-12081-215-4&rft.aulast=Nadarajah&rft.aufirst=Devapoopathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199212-13-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199212-13_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199212-13_216-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1992">Zvelebil 1992</a>, p. 12-13. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._S._Purnalingam_Pillai1994" class="citation book cs1">M. S. Purnalingam Pillai (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC">Tamil Literature</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12060-955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12060-955-6"><bdi>978-8-12060-955-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173543/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Literature/QIeqvcai5XQC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Literature&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8-12060-955-6&rft.au=M.+S.+Purnalingam+Pillai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQIeqvcai5XQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sangam.org/an-overview-of-sangam-literature-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/">"Overview of Sangam literature"</a>. Tamil Sangam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227021527/https://sangam.org/an-overview-of-sangam-literature-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%99%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%95%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Sangam+literature&rft.pub=Tamil+Sangam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsangam.org%2Fan-overview-of-sangam-literature-%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595-%25E0%25AE%2587%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi1995" class="citation book cs1">Takahashi, Takanobu (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC&pg=PA1">Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10042-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10042-3"><bdi>90-04-10042-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173544/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Love+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10042-3&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Takanobu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgCHuVGyZoEC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGNOU-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IGNOU_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGNOU_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22251/5/Unit-10.pdf">Early Tamil society</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University" title="Indira Gandhi National Open University">Indira Gandhi National Open University</a>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120154928/https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22251/5/Unit-10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+society&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Open+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyankosh.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F22251%2F5%2FUnit-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.V._Mahalingam1981" class="citation book cs1">T.V. Mahalingam (1981). Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the South Indian History Congress. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. pp. 28–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+Annual+Conference+of+the+South+Indian+History+Congress&rft.pages=28-34&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1981&rft.au=T.V.+Mahalingam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Sundararajan1991" class="citation book cs1">S. Sundararajan (1991). Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure. Navrang. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Tamil+Country%3A+Its+Social+and+Economic+Structure&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Navrang&rft.date=1991&rft.au=S.+Sundararajan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.S.Sundaram2005" class="citation book cs1">P.S.Sundaram (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPpv2F2RRgcC">The Kural</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-35118-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-35118-015-9"><bdi>978-9-35118-015-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173546/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kural/aPpv2F2RRgcC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00078-039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00078-039-0"><bdi>978-1-00078-039-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173546/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Bhakti_Movement/sep5EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT46">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhakti+Movement%3A+Renaissance+or+Revivalism%3F&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-00078-039-0&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=P.+Govinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsep5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">Padmaja, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C">Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu</a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-398-4"><bdi>978-8-17017-398-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630001437/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Temples_of_Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a_in_South_India/pzgaS1wRnl8C">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024. 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Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35003-925-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35003-925-4"><bdi>978-1-35003-925-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords+for+India%3A+A+Conceptual+Lexicon+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-35003-925-4&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Rukmini+Bhaya&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Peter+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.S.Sundaram2002" class="citation book cs1">P.S.Sundaram (3 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPTcCd32pJIC">Kamba Ramayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 18–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-351-18100-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-351-18100-2"><bdi>978-9-351-18100-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173549/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kamba_Ramayana/EPTcCd32pJIC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamba+Ramayana&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002-05-03&rft.isbn=978-9-351-18100-2&rft.au=P.S.Sundaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPTcCd32pJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergunderFreseSchröder2011" class="citation book cs1">Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schröder, Ulrike (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC">Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India</a>. Primus Books. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-380-60721-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-380-60721-4"><bdi>978-9-380-60721-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173548/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ritual_Caste_and_Religion_in_Colonial_So/OcEM2IsnA1AC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Caste%2C+and+Religion+in+Colonial+South+India&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-380-60721-4&rft.aulast=Bergunder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Frese%2C+Heiko&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcEM2IsnA1AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarthik_Madhavan2010" class="citation news cs1">Karthik Madhavan (21 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece">"Tamil saw its first book in 1578"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tamil+saw+its+first+book+in+1578&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.au=Karthik+Madhavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Ftamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578%2Farticle476102.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolappan2014" class="citation news cs1">Kolappan, B. (22 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece">"Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704063848/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Delay%2C+howlers+in+Tamil+Lexicon+embarrass+scholars&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft.aulast=Kolappan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fdelay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars%2Farticle6138747.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Tamil-Lexicon/article14964046.ece">"The Tamil Lexicon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 27 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133220/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Tamil-Lexicon/article14964046.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+Tamil+Lexicon&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2FMadras-Miscellany-The-Tamil-Lexicon%2Farticle14964046.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Prechilis1999" class="citation book cs1">Karen Prechilis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC">The embodiment of bhakti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19512-813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19512-813-0"><bdi>978-0-19512-813-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133221/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Embodiment_of_Bhakti/Vu95WgeUBfEC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+embodiment+of+bhakti&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19512-813-0&rft.au=Karen+Prechilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu95WgeUBfEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArooran1980" class="citation book cs1">Arooran, K. Nambi (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxluAAAAMAAJ">Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133221/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Renaissance_and_Dravidian_National/WxluAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Renaissance+and+the+Dravidian+Movement%2C+1905-1944&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Arooran&rft.aufirst=K.+Nambi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_Baskaran2014" class="citation web cs1">Theodore Baskaran (19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/seeds-of-tamil-renaissance/article5787804.ece">"Seeds of Tamil Renaissance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021193425/https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/seeds-of-tamil-renaissance/article5787804.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Seeds+of+Tamil+Renaissance&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.au=Theodore+Baskaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fseeds-of-tamil-renaissance%2Farticle5787804.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872">"Bharathiyar Who Impressed Bharatidasan"</a>. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1305-578X">1305-578X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200602/https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Linguistic+Studies&rft.atitle=Bharathiyar+Who+Impressed+Bharatidasan&rft.issn=1305-578X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jlls.org%2Findex.php%2Fjlls%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F5312%2F1872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125">Indian Literature: An Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. 2005. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-13170-520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-13170-520-9"><bdi>978-8-13170-520-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174600/https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Literature%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-13170-520-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmivv3p-msd8C%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentur̲aimuttu1978" class="citation book cs1">Centur̲aimuttu (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r88zAAAAMAAJ">Āya kalaikaḷ ar̲upattunān̲ku</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715175323/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%C4%80ya_kalaika%E1%B8%B7_ar%CC%B2upattun%C4%81n%CC%B2ku/r88zAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80ya+kalaika%E1%B8%B7+ar%CC%B2upattun%C4%81n%CC%B2ku&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Centur%CC%B2aimuttu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr88zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuppiramaṇiyan̲1983" class="citation book cs1">Cuppiramaṇiyan̲, Ca. Vē (1983). Heritage of the Tamils: Siddha Medicine. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 554.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heritage+of+the+Tamils%3A+Siddha+Medicine&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cuppirama%E1%B9%87iyan%CC%B2&rft.aufirst=Ca.+V%C4%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose_JosephL._Stanislaus2007" class="citation book cs1">Jose Joseph; L. Stanislaus, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBCBgO0chcMC">Communication as Mission</a>. Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18458-006-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18458-006-8"><bdi>978-8-18458-006-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715175324/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Communication_as_Mission/oBCBgO0chcMC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+as+Mission&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Indian+Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8-18458-006-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBCBgO0chcMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)" title="James Fergusson (architect)">Fergusson, James</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindiana030585mbp/page/308/mode/2up">History of Indian and Eastern Architecture: Volume 1</a>. London: John Murray. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+and+Eastern+Architecture%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindiana030585mbp%2Fpage%2F308%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temple-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Temple_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Ching1995" class="citation book cs1">Francis Ching (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia802804.us.archive.org/18/items/avisualdictionaryofarchitecture/A%20Visual%20Dictionary%20of%20Architecture.pdf">A Visual Dictionary of Architecture</a> (PDF). New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-8451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-8451-2"><bdi>978-0-4712-8451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Visual+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-4712-8451-2&rft.au=Francis+Ching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia802804.us.archive.org%2F18%2Fitems%2Favisualdictionaryofarchitecture%2FA%2520Visual%2520Dictionary%2520of%2520Architecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopuram-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Gopuram_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_ChingMark_JarzombekVikramaditya_Prakash2017" class="citation book cs1">Francis Ching; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Jarzombek" title="Mark Jarzombek">Mark Jarzombek</a>; Vikramaditya Prakash (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtuHDgAAQBAJ">A Global History of Architecture</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11898-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11898-161-0"><bdi>978-1-11898-161-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Global_History_of_Architecture/BtuHDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-11898-161-0&rft.au=Francis+Ching&rft.au=Mark+Jarzombek&rft.au=Vikramaditya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtuHDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Rose1995" class="citation book cs1">David Rose (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HINqPkgNr2MC&pg=PA6">Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Folens" class="mw-redirect" title="Folens">Folens</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85276-770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85276-770-9"><bdi>978-1-85276-770-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133729/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Hinduism/HINqPkgNr2MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Folens&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85276-770-9&rft.au=David+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHINqPkgNr2MC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeannie_Ireland2018" class="citation book cs1">Jeannie Ireland (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgPXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224">History of Interior Design</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-50131-989-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-50131-989-1"><bdi>978-1-50131-989-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Interior_Design/mgPXEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA224">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Interior+Design&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-50131-989-1&rft.au=Jeannie+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgPXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_L._HuntingtonJohn_C._Huntington2014" class="citation book cs1">Susan L. Huntington; John C. Huntington (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA313">The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12083-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12083-617-4"><bdi>978-8-12083-617-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Art_of_Ancient_India/9g_uDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA313">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Ancient+India%3A+Buddhist%2C+Hindu%2C+Jain&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8-12083-617-4&rft.au=Susan+L.+Huntington&rft.au=John+C.+Huntington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9g_uDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayalan2014" class="citation book cs1">Dayalan, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnPOAQAACAAJ">Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716062055/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Cave_temples_in_the_Regions_of_the_P%C4%81.html?id=HnPOAQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cave-temples+in+the+Regions+of+the+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87dya%2C+Muttaraiya%2C+Atiyam%C4%81n%CC%A4+and+%C4%80y+Dynasties+in+Tamil+Nadu+and+Kerala&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dayalan&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHnPOAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._R._Srinivasan1964" class="citation book cs1">K. R. Srinivasan (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ">Cave-temples of the Pallavas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133730/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cave_temples_of_the_Pallavas/ZNdOAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cave-temples+of+the+Pallavas&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1964&rft.au=K.+R.+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNdOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82393-179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82393-179-8"><bdi>978-0-82393-179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-82393-179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA154">Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. 2008. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42620-336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42620-336-7"><bdi>978-1-42620-336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Places+of+a+Lifetime%3A+500+of+the+World%27s+Most+Peaceful+and+Powerful+Destinations&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-42620-336-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNqDFSxR8-MC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOm_Prakash2005" class="citation book cs1">Om Prakash (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC">Cultural History of India</a>. New Age International. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-5-872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-5-872"><bdi>978-8-12241-5-872</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133738/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cultural_History_of_India/nzpYb5UOeiwC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+History+of+India&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-12241-5-872&rft.au=Om+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzpYb5UOeiwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrispin_Branfoot2015" class="citation journal cs1">Crispin Branfoot (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.004/--tamil-gopura-from-temple-gateway-to-global-icon?rgn=main;view=fulltext">"The Tamil Gopura From Temple Gateway to Global Icon"</a>. Ars Orientalis. 45. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0045.004">10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.004</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604025548/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.004/--tamil-gopura-from-temple-gateway-to-global-icon?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=The+Tamil+Gopura+From+Temple+Gateway+to+Global+Icon&rft.volume=45&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0045.004&rft.au=Crispin+Branfoot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fa%2Fars%2F13441566.0045.004%2F--tamil-gopura-from-temple-gateway-to-global-icon%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1988" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindutempleintro0000mich/page/8/mode/2up">The Hindu Temple</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 151–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-22653-230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-22653-230-1"><bdi>978-0-22653-230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=151-153&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-22653-230-1&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindutempleintro0000mich%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura">"Gopuram"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gopuram&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9037402%2Fgopura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms">"Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 10 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu%2C+Andhra+Pradesh+build+temple+ties+to+boost+tourism&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2FTamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism%2Farticleshow%2F6284409.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/web-stories/10-hindu-temples-to-visit-outside-india/slideshow/104720622.cms?from=mdr">"Ten Hindu temples to visit outside India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 23 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240802114059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/web-stories/10-hindu-temples-to-visit-outside-india/slideshow/104720622.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Ten+Hindu+temples+to+visit+outside+India&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnri%2Fweb-stories%2F10-hindu-temples-to-visit-outside-india%2Fslideshow%2F104720622.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-hindu-temples-outside-india-that-are-worth-a-visit/photostory/87366618.cms?picid=87366637">"Five Hindu temples to visit outside India that are worth a visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 29 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240802114059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-hindu-temples-outside-india-that-are-worth-a-visit/photostory/87366618.cms?picid=87366637">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Five+Hindu+temples+to+visit+outside+India+that+are+worth+a+visit&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2F5-hindu-temples-outside-india-that-are-worth-a-visit%2Fphotostory%2F87366618.cms%3Fpicid%3D87366637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalfe, Thomas R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj">"A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj"</a>. History Today. 32 (9). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230153/https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=A+Tradition+Created%3A+Indo-Saracenic+Architecture+under+the+Raj&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fthomas-r-metcalfe%2Ftradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm">"Indo-saracenic Architecture"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Chennai%2C+a+rich+amalgamation+of+various+architectural+styles&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fchennai-a-rich-amalgamation-of-various-architectural-styles%2Farticle32451353.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece">"Chennai looks to the skies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 31 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Chennai+looks+to+the+skies&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhomes-and-gardens%2FFive-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%25E2%2580%2599s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon%2Farticle60348870.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716040855/http://collections.lacma.org/node/203163">"Krishna Rajamannar with His Wives, Rukmini and Satyabhama, and His Mount, Garuda | LACMA Collections"</a>. collections.lacma.org. 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The Tribune. 27 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405133236/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Ajanta+of+TamilNadu&rft.date=2005-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2005%2F20051127%2Fspectrum%2Fmain3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Rajayyan2005" class="citation book cs1">K. 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Leadstart Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-35458-2-233" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-35458-2-233"><bdi>978-9-35458-2-233</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134241/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rajaraja_Chola_Interplay_Between_an_Impe/rI1DEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT141">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajaraja+Chola%3A+Interplay+Between+an+Imperial+Regime+and+Productive+Forces+of+Society&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Leadstart+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-9-35458-2-233&rft.au=Raghavan+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrI1DEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayanthara2006" class="citation book cs1">Nayanthara, S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVe7pZ6GEIC">The World of Indian murals and paintings</a>. Chillbreeze. pp. 55–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-19040-551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-19040-551-5"><bdi>978-8-19040-551-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134240/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Murals_and_Paintings/FbVe7pZ6GEIC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Indian+murals+and+paintings&rft.pages=55-57&rft.pub=Chillbreeze&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8-19040-551-5&rft.aulast=Nayanthara&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbVe7pZ6GEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._B._GuptaMrinalini_Mani2005" class="citation book cs1">C. B. Gupta; Mrinalini Mani (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jv_VAAAAMAAJ">Thanjavur Paintings: Materials, Techniques & Conservation</a>. National Museum. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18583-223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18583-223-4"><bdi>978-8-18583-223-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134243/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Thanjavur_Paintings/jv_VAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thanjavur+Paintings%3A+Materials%2C+Techniques+%26+Conservation&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=National+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-18583-223-4&rft.au=C.+B.+Gupta&rft.au=Mrinalini+Mani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djv_VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppasamy1980" class="citation book cs1">Appasamy, Jaya (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtqKd5a-t4oC">Tanjavur Painting of the Maratha Period: Volume 1</a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-127-0"><bdi>978-8-17017-127-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134243/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tanjavur_Painting_of_the_Maratha_Period/GtqKd5a-t4oC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanjavur+Painting+of+the+Maratha+Period%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-8-17017-127-0&rft.aulast=Appasamy&rft.aufirst=Jaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtqKd5a-t4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopal2009" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopal, Geetha (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ&q=pannisai">Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12460-538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12460-538-7"><bdi>978-8-12460-538-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+rituals+in+the+temples+of+South+India%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8-12460-538-7&rft.aulast=Rajagopal&rft.aufirst=Geetha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgVPAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpannisai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijenhuis1974" class="citation book cs1">Nijenhuis, Emmie te (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ">Indian Music: History and Structure</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00403-978-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00403-978-0"><bdi>978-9-00403-978-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010005745/https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-9-00403-978-0&rft.aulast=Nijenhuis&rft.aufirst=Emmie+te&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsctDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241">Tamil Pozhil</a> (in Tamil). Karanthai Tamil Sangam. 1976. p. 241. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145142/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsctDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Pozhil&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Karanthai+Tamil+Sangam&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsctDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Widdess2019" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Widdess (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kudumiyamalai-Music-Inscription-detail-South-India-7-th-century_fig1_338108595">"Orality, writing and music in South Asia"</a>. School of Oriental and African Studies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.31623.96169">10.13140/RG.2.2.31623.96169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Orality%2C+writing+and+music+in+South+Asia&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.31623.96169&rft.au=Richard+Widdess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FKudumiyamalai-Music-Inscription-detail-South-India-7-th-century_fig1_338108595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddess1979" class="citation book cs1">Widdess, D. R. (1979). "The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation". In Picken, Laurence (ed.). Musica Asiatica. Vol. 2. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 115–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kudumiyamalai+inscription%3A+a+source+of+early+Indian+music+in+notation&rft.btitle=Musica+Asiatica&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Widdess&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._K._Venkatasubramanian2010" class="citation book cs1">T. K. Venkatasubramanian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzurjfF3AE4C">Music as a history in Tamil Nadu</a>. Primus Books. p. ix-xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-7-061" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-7-061"><bdi>978-9-38060-7-061</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134755/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Music_as_History_in_Tamilnadu/pzurjfF3AE4C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+as+a+history+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pages=ix-xvi&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-7-061&rft.au=T.+K.+Venkatasubramanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzurjfF3AE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music">"Karnatak music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064333/https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karnatak+music&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FKarnatak-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Dick1984" class="citation book cs1">Alastair Dick (1984). Sadie, Stanley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLTWAAAAMAAJ">The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Press">Macmillan Press</a>. p. 727. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943818-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943818-05-4"><bdi>978-0-943818-05-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134755/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Musical_Inst/hLTWAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=727&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-943818-05-4&rft.au=Alastair+Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLTWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1314">Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. 1988. p. 1314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12601-194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12601-194-0"><bdi>978-8-12601-194-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134756/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Literature/zB4n3MVozbUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1314">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=1314&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8-12601-194-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC%26pg%3DPA1314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG2019" class="citation news cs1">G, Ezekiel Majello (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html">"Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Torching+prejudice+through+gumption+and+Gaana&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.aulast=G&rft.aufirst=Ezekiel+Majello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F101019%2Ftorching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Todd_TitonSvanibor_Pettan2015" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Todd Titon; Svanibor Pettan, eds. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-35171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-35171-8"><bdi>978-0-199-35171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Applied+Ethnomusicology&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-199-35171-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamkumar2016" class="citation book cs1">Ramkumar, Nithyau (2016). Harihara the Legacy of the Scroll. Frog in well. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-352-01769-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-352-01769-0"><bdi>978-9-352-01769-0</bdi></a>. <q>..Thaarai and thappattai, native instruments of Tamil people..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harihara+the+Legacy+of+the+Scroll&rft.pub=Frog+in+well&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9-352-01769-0&rft.aulast=Ramkumar&rft.aufirst=Nithyau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.Krishnaswami2017" class="citation book cs1">S.Krishnaswami (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kc1DwAAQBAJ&q=yazh">Musical Instruments of India</a>. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12302-494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12302-494-3"><bdi>978-8-12302-494-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134817/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Musical_Instruments_of_India/7kc1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=yazh">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Instruments+of+India&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-8-12302-494-3&rft.au=S.Krishnaswami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kc1DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyazh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece">"Secular and sacred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 3 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107170943/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Secular+and+sacred&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fmusic%2Fsecular-and-sacred%2Farticle4268995.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiruṣṇan̲2002" class="citation book cs1">Kiruṣṇan̲, Rājam (2002). When the Kurinji Blooms. <a href="/wiki/Orient_BlackSwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient BlackSwan">Orient BlackSwan</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12501-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12501-619-9"><bdi>978-8-12501-619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Kurinji+Blooms&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Orient+BlackSwan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-12501-619-9&rft.aulast=Kiru%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87an%CC%B2&rft.aufirst=R%C4%81jam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.Leelavathy" class="citation book cs1">K.Leelavathy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v875EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Problems and prospects of handicraft artisans in Thanjavur district</a>. Archers & Elevators Publishing House. pp. 38, 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-11965-350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-11965-350-8"><bdi>978-8-11965-350-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145143/https://books.google.com/books?id=v875EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+and+prospects+of+handicraft+artisans+in+Thanjavur+district&rft.pages=38%2C+43&rft.pub=Archers+%26+Elevators+Publishing+House&rft.isbn=978-8-11965-350-8&rft.au=K.Leelavathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv875EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119053719/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/isaikkaruvi/mis-thi-isai-karuvi-mathalam.htm">"Mathalam - Ancient music instruments mentioned in Thirumurai"</a> (in Tamil). Shaivam.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/isaikkaruvi/mis-thi-isai-karuvi-mathalam.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mathalam+-+Ancient+music+instruments+mentioned+in+Thirumurai&rft.pub=Shaivam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shaivam.org%2Fsiddhanta%2Fisaikkaruvi%2Fmis-thi-isai-karuvi-mathalam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0127_01.html">"11th TirumuRai Paurams"</a> (in Tamil). Project Madurai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210421/https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0127_01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11th+TirumuRai+Paurams&rft.pub=Project+Madurai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectmadurai.org%2Fpm_etexts%2Futf8%2Fpmuni0127_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AA_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA_294-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html">"An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a>. 26 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=An+ode+to+Aadi+and+Ayyanar&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2022%2Fjul%2F26%2Fan-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loch-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Loch_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia802901.us.archive.org/15/items/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/James%20Lochtefeld%20The%20Illustrated%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Hinduism.pdf">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82393-179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82393-179-8"><bdi>978-0-82393-179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-82393-179-8&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia802901.us.archive.org%2F15%2Fitems%2FJamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism%2FJames%2520Lochtefeld%2520The%2520Illustrated%2520Encyclopedia%2520of%2520Hinduism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance">"Bhartanatyam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074450/https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhartanatyam&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiaculture.gov.in%2Fdance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1983" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Projesh (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fXZKe3xHQAC">Indian Ballet Dancing</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02716-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02716-9"><bdi>978-0-391-02716-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135259/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Ballet_Dancing/5fXZKe3xHQAC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ballet+Dancing&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02716-9&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Projesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fXZKe3xHQAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britbn-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Britbn_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam">"Bharata-natyam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175552/https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bharata-natyam&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fbharata-natyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/in-pictures-on-international-dance-day-a-look-at-indias-famous-dance-forms-and-their-exponents-8580737/8/">"On International Dance Day, a look at some of India's famous dance forms and their exponents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 29 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135308/https://indianexpress.com/just-now-breaking-scroll/?current_story_id=8580737&section_name=null">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=On+International+Dance+Day%2C+a+look+at+some+of+India%27s+famous+dance+forms+and+their+exponents&rft.date=2023-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Fphotos%2Flifestyle-gallery%2Fin-pictures-on-international-dance-day-a-look-at-indias-famous-dance-forms-and-their-exponents-8580737%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C">Between Theater and Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81227-929-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81227-929-0"><bdi>978-0-81227-929-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Theater+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-81227-929-0&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoEaulAxbu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanne_M._de_Bruin1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanne M. de Bruin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQFlAAAAMAAJ">Kaṭṭaikkūttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theatre Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-06980-103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-06980-103-2"><bdi>978-9-06980-103-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135302/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ka%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADaikk%C5%ABttu/zQFlAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ka%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADaikk%C5%ABttu%3A+The+Flexibility+of+a+South+Indian+Theatre+Tradition&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9-06980-103-2&rft.au=Hanne+M.+de+Bruin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQFlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeesterman1992" class="citation book cs1">Heesterman, J. C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtwtSZwyWpgC&pg=PA465">Ritual, State, and History in South Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00409-467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00409-467-3"><bdi>978-9-00409-467-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135303/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ritual_State_and_History_in_South_Asia/EtwtSZwyWpgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA465">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+State%2C+and+History+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9-00409-467-3&rft.aulast=Heesterman&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtwtSZwyWpgC%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7R_nwe6r5R0C">Ethical Life in South Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. 2010. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25335-528-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25335-528-7"><bdi>978-0-25335-528-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135304/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ethical_Life_in_South_Asia/7R_nwe6r5R0C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethical+Life+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-25335-528-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7R_nwe6r5R0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2020" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Lynne (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWGtAwAAQBAJ">Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00018-987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00018-987-2"><bdi>978-1-00018-987-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Portals/JWGtAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portals%3A+Opening+Doorways+to+Other+Realities+Through+the+Senses&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-00018-987-2&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWGtAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShobana_Gupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Shobana Gupta (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KeAES9dsUcC">Dances Of India</a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 60–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12411-337-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12411-337-0"><bdi>978-8-12411-337-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dances_of_India/7KeAES9dsUcC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dances+Of+India&rft.pages=60-65&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8-12411-337-0&rft.au=Shobana+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KeAES9dsUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam">"Kolattam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster">Merriam Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052339/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolattam&rft.pub=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fkolattam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan1971" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, M. D. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ">Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. pp. 274–275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316094022/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Tamil_culture_in_Ceylon.html?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Culture+in+Ceylon%3A+A+General+Introduction&rft.pages=274-275&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb4LAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison_Arnold2017" class="citation book cs1">Allison Arnold, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA919">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35154-438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35154-438-2"><bdi>978-1-35154-438-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135307/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music/Hh03DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA919">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music&rft.pages=990&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-35154-438-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHh03DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhavan2010" class="citation book cs1">Madhavan, Arya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfl5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-04202-799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-04202-799-2"><bdi>978-9-04202-799-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135816/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kudiyattam_Theatre_and_the_Actor_s_Consc/jfl5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kudiyattam+Theatre+and+the+Actor%27s+Consciousness&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-04202-799-2&rft.aulast=Madhavan&rft.aufirst=Arya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djfl5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaurab_Dasgupta2024" class="citation book cs1">Gaurab Dasgupta (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3H8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Jhal Muri: Embracing Life's Unpredictable Flavours</a>. Blue Rose. p. 207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135816/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jhal_Muri_Embracing_Life_s_Unpredictable/O3H8EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jhal+Muri%3A+Embracing+Life%27s+Unpredictable+Flavours&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Blue+Rose&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Gaurab+Dasgupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3H8EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixb0rUW0wV0C">Spirit of the Tiger</a>. Parragon Publishing. 2012. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44545-472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44545-472-6"><bdi>978-1-44545-472-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135820/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Spirit_of_the_Tiger/Ixb0rUW0wV0C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+the+Tiger&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Parragon+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-44545-472-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxb0rUW0wV0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ">The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44225-749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44225-749-8"><bdi>978-1-44225-749-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135820/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_World_Folk_Dance/DMGpDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-44225-749-8&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMGpDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&pg=PA224">History, Religion and Culture of India</a>. Isha books. 2004. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18205-061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18205-061-7"><bdi>978-8-18205-061-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135822/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_Religion_and_Culture_of_India/zh6z0nuIjAgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA224">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Religion+and+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Isha+books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-18205-061-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzh6z0nuIjAgC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayan1987" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayan, Kapila (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2K1AAAAIAAJ">Traditions of Indian Folk Dance</a>. Clarion Books. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18512-022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18512-022-5"><bdi>978-8-18512-022-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140331/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Traditions_of_Indian_Folk_Dance/I2K1AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Indian+Folk+Dance&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-8-18512-022-5&rft.aulast=Vatsyayan&rft.aufirst=Kapila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2K1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonejiViswanathan_Peterson2008" class="citation book cs1">Soneji, Devesh; Viswanathan Peterson, Indira (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LImAQAAIAAJ&q=Oyilattam">Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 334–335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19569-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19569-084-2"><bdi>978-0-19569-084-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135817/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=_LImAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Oyilattam">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+the+Arts+in+Modern+South+India&rft.pages=334-335&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19569-084-2&rft.aulast=Soneji&rft.aufirst=Devesh&rft.au=Viswanathan+Peterson%2C+Indira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LImAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DOyilattam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619070144/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html">"Oyilattam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>, South Zone Cultural Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oyilattam&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu%2C+South+Zone+Cultural+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.szcc.tn.nic.in%2Fstates%2Ftaminadu%2Ffolk%2Foyilattam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai">"Parai"</a>. Nathalaya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208162122/https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parai&rft.pub=Nathalaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nathalaya.co.uk%2Fclassical-and-carnatic-instruments%2Fpercussion-instruments%2Fparai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel_MichaelsChristoph_Wulf2012" class="citation book cs1">Axel Michaels; Christoph Wulf, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ui2pAgAAQBAJ&q=koothu">Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13670-392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13670-392-8"><bdi>978-1-13670-392-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140334/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Images_of_the_Body_in_India/ui2pAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=koothu">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Body+in+India%3A+South+Asian+and+European+Perspectives+on+Rituals+and+Performativity&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-13670-392-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dui2pAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkoothu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koothu-319"><a href="#cite_ref-Koothu_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfGeethaRavishankar2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Gita; Geetha, V.; Ravishankar, Anushka (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC&pg=PA37">Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials</a>. Tara Publishing. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18621-147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18621-147-2"><bdi>978-8-18621-147-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140337/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+and+Performance+with+Everyday+Materials&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Tara+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8-18621-147-2&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Gita&rft.au=Geetha%2C+V.&rft.au=Ravishankar%2C+Anushka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4XWU6kr1_UC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2016" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Siyuan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27886-3"><bdi>978-1-317-27886-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140340/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Asian_Theatre/H1iFCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Asian+Theatre&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27886-3&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Siyuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1iFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2009" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Ananda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ">Theatres of India: A Concise Companion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 71, 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19569-917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19569-917-3"><bdi>978-0-19569-917-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140347/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Indian_Theatre/DftkAAAAMAAJ?">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatres+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Companion&rft.pages=71%2C+433&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19569-917-3&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDftkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandonBanham1997" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, James; Banham, Martin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC">The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58822-5"><bdi>978-0-521-58822-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Asian+Theatre&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58822-5&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Banham%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttnH5W9qoBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/">"Martial Arts (Silambam & Kalaripayattu)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205090742/https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+%28Silambam+%26+Kalaripayattu%29&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffitindia.gov.in%2Fevents%2Fmartial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNainar2017" class="citation news cs1">Nainar, Nahla (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece">"A stick in time …"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902212850/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+stick+in+time+%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Nainar&rft.aufirst=Nahla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fart%2FA-stick-in-time-%25E2%2580%25A6%2Farticle17067195.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2008" class="citation web cs1">Sarkar, John (17 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms">"Dravidian martial art on a comeback mode"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731104255/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Dravidian+martial+art+on+a+comeback+mode&rft.date=2008-02-17&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fdravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode%2Farticleshow%2F2788821.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warrior-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warrior_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warrior_326-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Crudelli2008" class="citation book cs1">Chris Crudelli (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlI0fxSm1vgC&pg=PA36">The Way of the Warrior</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40533-750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40533-750-2"><bdi>978-1-40533-750-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140848/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Way_of_the_Warrior/QlI0fxSm1vgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+the+Warrior&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-40533-750-2&rft.au=Chris+Crudelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlI0fxSm1vgC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/adimurai-oldest-form-of-martial-arts-in-the-world-783629">"Adimurai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hans_India" title="The Hans India">The Hans India</a>. 18 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329181645/https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/adimurai-oldest-form-of-martial-arts-in-the-world-783629">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+India&rft.atitle=Adimurai&rft.date=2023-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Flife-style%2Fadimurai-oldest-form-of-martial-arts-in-the-world-783629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuijendijk2005" class="citation book cs1">Luijendijk, D.H. (2005). Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art. 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American Ethnologist. 19 (2): 317–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.2.02a00070">10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/645039">645039</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309133400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/645039">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. 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Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 5: 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fpia.60">10.5334/pia.60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+from+the+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Wootz+crucible+steel%3A+a+newly+discovered+production+site+in+India&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=1994-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fpia.60&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Sharada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fpia.60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijepalaYoungIshiga2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wijepala, W. M. T. B.; Young, Sansfica M.; Ishiga, Hiroaki (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0">"Reading the archaeometallurgical findings of Yodhawewa site, Sri Lanka: contextualizing with South Asian metal history"</a>. Asian Archaeology. 5 (1): 21–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41826-022-00046-0">10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2520-8101">2520-8101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247355036">247355036</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913061300/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Reading+the+archaeometallurgical+findings+of+Yodhawewa+site%2C+Sri+Lanka%3A+contextualizing+with+South+Asian+metal+history&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247355036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2520-8101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41826-022-00046-0&rft.aulast=Wijepala&rft.aufirst=W.+M.+T.+B.&rft.au=Young%2C+Sansfica+M.&rft.au=Ishiga%2C+Hiroaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs41826-022-00046-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoghlan1977" class="citation book cs1">Coghlan, Herbert Henery (1977). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Technology+of+Iron+and+Steel+in+Kodumanal&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sasisekharan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new1.dli.ernet.in%2Fdata1%2Fupload%2Finsa%2FINSA_1%2F20005b66_263.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Charlotte Speir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmESJR3a0RYC&pg=PA365">Ancient and Medieval India</a>. Vol. 2. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-92943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-92943-3"><bdi>978-0-543-92943-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124800/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmESJR3a0RYC&pg=PA365">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pages=365&rft.isbn=978-0-543-92943-3&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Speir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnmESJR3a0RYC%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasanRanganathan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Sharada; Ranganathan, Srinivasa (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm">"India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World"</a>. Iron & Steel Heritage of India: 69–82. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/82439861">82439861</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190211082829/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iron+%26+Steel+Heritage+of+India&rft.atitle=India%27s+Legendary+Wootz+Steel%3A+An+Advanced+Material+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=69-82&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82439861&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Sharada&rft.au=Ranganathan%2C+Srinivasa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaterials.iisc.ernet.in%2F~wootz%2Fheritage%2FWOOTZ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC">South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. pp. 21, 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529095237/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022. 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Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+leads+in+film+production&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2FTamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production%2Farticleshow%2F21967065.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/">"Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a>. 25 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024848/https://www.business-standard.com/article/Companies/Tamil-Telugu-film-industries-outshine-Bollywood-106012501034_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Tamil%2C+Telugu+film+industries+outshine+Bollywood&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Findia%2Fnews%2Ftamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood%2F238821%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2010" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248">After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World</a>. Public Affairs. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-427-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-427-0"><bdi>978-1-56858-427-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023. 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Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=A+way+of+life&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Farts-and-culture%2Fcinema%2Fa-way-of-life%2Farticle5189219.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece">"Cinema and the city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 9 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023234933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Cinema+and+the+city&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FCoimbatore%2FCinema-and-the-city%2Farticle15513259.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms">"Farewell to old cinema halls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 9 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005001958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Farewell+to+old+cinema+halls&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fcoimbatore%2Ffarewell-to-old-cinema-halls%2Farticleshow%2F8202426.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelayutham2008" class="citation book cs1">Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry">Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6"><bdi>978-0-415-39680-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035817/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+cinema%3A+the+cultural+politics+of+India%27s+other+film+industry&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39680-6&rft.aulast=Velayutham&rft.aufirst=Selvaraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65Aqrna4o5oC%26q%3DTamil%2Bcinema%2Bindustry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece">"From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 30 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=From+silent+films+to+the+digital+era+%E2%80%94+Madras%27+tryst+with+cinema&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Ffrom-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema%2Farticle32476615.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece">"Weaving through the threads"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 30 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614090426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Weaving+through+the+threads&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-editorialfeatures%2Fweaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history%2Farticle3264339.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathy1993" class="citation book cs1">Parthasarathy, R. (1993). The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics. 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Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-53810-686-0&rft.au=Vijaya+Ramaswamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALUvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulanger1997" class="citation book cs1">Boulanger, Chantal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1pEAAAAYAAJ">Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping</a>. New York: Shakti Press International. p. 6,15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-96614-961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-96614-961-6"><bdi>978-0-96614-961-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140902/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Saris/_1pEAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. 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Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-50028-378-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-50028-378-3"><bdi>978-0-50028-378-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140858/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Sari/v4dlQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sari&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-50028-378-3&rft.aulast=Lynton&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4dlQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dress-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dress_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dress_354-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnurag_Kumar2016" class="citation book cs1">Anurag Kumar (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohvzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">Indian Art & Culture</a>. 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Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Art+%26+Culture&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Arihant+Publication&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9-35094-484-4&rft.au=Anurag+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DohvzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Huyes2024" class="citation book cs1">Nick Huyes (10 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5P_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47">Exploring The Riches Of India</a>. Nicky Huys Books. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150217/https://books.google.com/books?id=V5P_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+The+Riches+Of+India&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Nicky+Huys+Books&rft.date=2024-05-10&rft.au=Nick+Huyes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5P_EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._MonahanAndrew_MirolaO._Emerson2001" class="citation book cs1">C. Monahan, Susanne; Andrew Mirola, William; O. Emerson, Michael (2001). Sociology of Religion. 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Retrieved 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=About+Dhoti&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fdhoti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloth-358">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cloth_358-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cloth_358-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing">"Clothing in India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074255/http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016. 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World Scientific Publishing Company. 2017. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81323-475-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-81323-475-8"><bdi>978-9-81323-475-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150230/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Ethnic+Mosaic%2C+The%3A+Many+Cultures%2C+One+People&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-81323-475-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4RIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saveca.ca/Sixty%20year%20cycle.pdf">"Sixty year cycle"</a> (PDF). Sankara Vedic Culture and Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716143712/https://www.saveca.ca/Sixty%20year%20cycle.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sixty+year+cycle&rft.pub=Sankara+Vedic+Culture+and+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saveca.ca%2FSixty%2520year%2520cycle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.K._Chatterjee1998" class="citation book cs1">S.K. Chatterjee (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IndianCalendricSystem-SK-Chatterjee/page/n15/mode/2up?q=tamil">Indian Calendric System</a>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. pp. 9–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Calendric+System&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1998&rft.au=S.K.+Chatterjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIndianCalendricSystem-SK-Chatterjee%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dtamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ">Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. 2008. p. 809. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-491-2"><bdi>978-1-59339-491-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053301/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=809&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-491-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbibAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Philipp_Fabricius1998" class="citation book cs1">Johann Philipp Fabricius (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w76Ler3OvEcC&pg=PA631">Tamil dictionary</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12060-264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12060-264-9"><bdi>978-8-12060-264-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053231/https://books.google.com/books?id=w76Ler3OvEcC&pg=PA631#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+dictionary&rft.pages=631&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8-12060-264-9&rft.au=Johann+Philipp+Fabricius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw76Ler3OvEcC%26pg%3DPA631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Kiruṭṭin̲an̲2000" class="citation book cs1">A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000). Tamil Culture: Religion, Culture, and Literature. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18605-052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18605-052-1"><bdi>978-8-18605-052-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Culture%2C+and+Literature&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-18605-052-1&rft.au=A.+Kiru%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADin%CC%B2an%CC%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwyn_Stanley2004" class="citation book cs1">Selwyn Stanley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KuQkclfSxsC&pg=PA658">Social Problems in India</a>. Allied Publishers. p. 658. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17764-708-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17764-708-2"><bdi>978-8-17764-708-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715174158/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Social_Problems_in_India/8KuQkclfSxsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA658">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Problems+in+India&rft.pages=658&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-17764-708-2&rft.au=Selwyn+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KuQkclfSxsC%26pg%3DPA658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/1049">"Hospitality Characteristics of Tamil People"</a>. International Tamil Research. 4. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817042310/https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/1049">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Tamil+Research&rft.atitle=Hospitality+Characteristics+of+Tamil+People&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firjt.iorpress.org%2Findex.php%2Firjt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/09/rediscovering-the-richness-of-rice">"Rediscovering the richness of rice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 9 July 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240711010328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/09/rediscovering-the-richness-of-rice">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+the+richness+of+rice&rft.pub=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2024%2FJul%2F09%2Frediscovering-the-richness-of-rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ&q=tamil+meal+sambar+rasam+poriyal">South India Heritage: An Introduction</a>. East West Books. 2007. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18866-164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18866-164-0"><bdi>978-8-18866-164-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India+Heritage%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=East+West+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8-18866-164-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HwMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtamil%2Bmeal%2Bsambar%2Brasam%2Bporiyal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ">The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2023. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12864-4"><bdi>978-1-350-12864-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151737/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Handbook+of+Indian+Cuisine&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-350-12864-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jusEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html">"Serving on a banana leaf"</a>. ISCKON. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531220859/http://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serving+on+a+banana+leaf&rft.pub=ISCKON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiskconhighertaste.com%2Fbananaleaf_sattvic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html">"The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves"</a>. India Times. 9 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Times&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Eating+Food+on+Banana+Leaves&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Fhealth%2Fhealthyliving%2Fthe-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalman2009" class="citation book cs1">Kalman, Bobbie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuDBEsOF6G4C">India: The Culture</a>. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9287-1"><bdi>978-0-7787-9287-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419005150/https://books.google.com/books?id=UuDBEsOF6G4C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Culture&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7787-9287-1&rft.aulast=Kalman&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuDBEsOF6G4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/food/recipes">"Food recipes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610171229/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/food/recipes">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+recipes&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Ffood%2Frecipes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLC-375">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_375-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_375-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/food-and-drink/big-bold-flavours-from-a-small-island-2866110">"Big, bold flavours from a small island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a>. 28 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128000946/https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/food-and-drink/big-bold-flavours-from-a-small-island-2866110">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big%2C+bold+flavours+from+a+small+island&rft.pub=Deccan+Herald&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fbig-bold-flavours-from-a-small-island-2866110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETC-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ETC_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETC_376-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETC_376-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-pluralism-traditional-cuisines-of-tamil-nadu-largely-about-meat-fish/articleshow/49304324.cms?from=mdr">"India's pluralism: Traditional cuisines of Tamil Nadu largely about meat & fish"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 11 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220160216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-pluralism-traditional-cuisines-of-tamil-nadu-largely-about-meat-fish/articleshow/49304324.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+pluralism%3A+Traditional+cuisines+of+Tamil+Nadu+largely+about+meat+%26+fish&rft.pub=The+Economic+Times&rft.date=2015-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Fcons-products%2Ffood%2Findias-pluralism-traditional-cuisines-of-tamil-nadu-largely-about-meat-fish%2Farticleshow%2F49304324.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KN-377">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KN_377-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KN_377-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Jul/22/flavours-of-kongunadu-there-are-several-tamil-nadus-when-it-comes-to-food-2597501.html">"Flavours of Kongunadu: There are several Tamil Nadus when it comes to food"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 22 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722180757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/jul/22/flavours-of-kongunadu-there-are-several-tamil-nadus-when-it-comes-to-food-2597501.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flavours+of+Kongunadu%3A+There+are+several+Tamil+Nadus+when+it+comes+to+food&rft.pub=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.date=2023-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fweb-only%2F2023%2FJul%2F22%2Fflavours-of-kongunadu-there-are-several-tamil-nadus-when-it-comes-to-food-2597501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/recipes/6-breakfast-items-from-tamil-nadu-to-have-instead-of-idli-and-dosa-article-108816150">"6 Breakfast Items From Tamil Nadu To Have Instead Of Idli and Dosa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Now" title="Times Now">Times Now</a>. 27 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327235308/https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/recipes/6-breakfast-items-from-tamil-nadu-to-have-instead-of-idli-and-dosa-article-108816150">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6+Breakfast+Items+From+Tamil+Nadu+To+Have+Instead+Of+Idli+and+Dosa&rft.pub=Times+Now&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2Frecipes%2F6-breakfast-items-from-tamil-nadu-to-have-instead-of-idli-and-dosa-article-108816150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchaya2003" class="citation book cs1">Achaya, K.T. (1 November 2003). The Story of Our Food. Universities Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17371-293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17371-293-7"><bdi>978-8-17371-293-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Our+Food&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Universities+Press&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.isbn=978-8-17371-293-7&rft.aulast=Achaya&rft.aufirst=K.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad_Bunk2009" class="citation book cs1">Conrad Bunk, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4QHE-qKU-ugC&pg=PA170">Acceptable Genes? Religious Traditions and Genetically Modified Foods</a>. SUNY Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43842-894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43842-894-9"><bdi>978-1-43842-894-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151738/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QHE-qKU-ugC&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acceptable+Genes%3F+Religious+Traditions+and+Genetically+Modified+Foods&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-43842-894-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4QHE-qKU-ugC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Abraham_Pottamkulam2021" class="citation book cs1">George Abraham Pottamkulam (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4kkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT265">Tamilnadu A Journey in Time Part II People, Places and Potpourri</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notion_Press" title="Notion Press">Notion Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63806-520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63806-520-3"><bdi>978-1-63806-520-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141934/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamilnadu_A_Journey_in_Time_Part_II/x4kkEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT265">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamilnadu+A+Journey+in+Time+Part+II+People%2C+Places+and+Potpourri&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-63806-520-3&rft.au=George+Abraham+Pottamkulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4kkEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopamudra_Maitra_Bajpai2020" class="citation book cs1">Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yg8HEAAAQBAJ">India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00020-581-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00020-581-7"><bdi>978-1-00020-581-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141935/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Sri_Lanka_and_the_SAARC_Region/yg8HEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Sri+Lanka+and+the+SAARC+Region%3A+History%2C+Popular+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-00020-581-7&rft.au=Lopamudra+Maitra+Bajpai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyg8HEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nischennai.org/main/siddha-medicine/">"About Siddha medicine: Origins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Siddha" title="National Institute of Siddha">National Institute of Siddha</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210052929/https://nischennai.org/main/siddha-medicine/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Siddha+medicine%3A+Origins&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Siddha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnischennai.org%2Fmain%2Fsiddha-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayushedu.bisag-n.gov.in/AYUSH_EDU/siddha">"About Siddha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Siddha&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fayushedu.bisag-n.gov.in%2FAYUSH_EDU%2Fsiddha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siddhacouncil.com/ccrs/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Siddha-Dossier_CCRS_Chennai-1.pdf">Siddha system of medicine</a> (PDF) (Report). National Siddha Council. August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144733/https://siddhacouncil.com/ccrs/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Siddha-Dossier_CCRS_Chennai-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Siddha+system+of+medicine&rft.pub=National+Siddha+Council&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiddhacouncil.com%2Fccrs%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F08%2FSiddha-Dossier_CCRS_Chennai-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbie_Mercer2007" class="citation book cs1">Abbie Mercer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3AnvD5jeDMC">Happy New Year</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-3808-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-3808-4"><bdi>978-1-4042-3808-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happy+New+Year&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-3808-4&rft.au=Abbie+Mercer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3AnvD5jeDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Stewart2015" class="citation book cs1">James Stewart (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNBgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31762-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31762-398-4"><bdi>978-1-31762-398-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141936/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vegetarianism_and_Animal_Ethics_in_Conte/RNBgCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism+and+Animal+Ethics+in+Contemporary+Buddhism&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-31762-398-4&rft.au=James+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRNBgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeteille1964" class="citation journal cs1">Beteille, Andre (1964). "89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village". Man. 64 (2). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 73–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2797924">10.2307/2797924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2797924">2797924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=89.+A+Note+on+the+Pongal+Festival+in+a+Tanjore+Village&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-75&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2797924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2797924&rft.aulast=Beteille&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC">Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=547-548&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_W._HamiltonAurora_Ammayao2003" class="citation book cs1">Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ">The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia</a>. University of California Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-93074-198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-93074-198-3"><bdi>978-0-93074-198-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+rice%3A+spirit+and+sustenance+in+Asia&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-93074-198-3&rft.au=Roy+W.+Hamilton&rft.au=Aurora+Ammayao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyQoAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=puthandu">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14341-421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14341-421-6"><bdi>978-0-14341-421-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151809/https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=puthandu#v=snippet&q=puthandu&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14341-421-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC%26q%3Dputhandu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpagnoliSamanna1999" class="citation book cs1">Spagnoli, Cathy; Samanna, Paramasivam (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133">Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales</a>. Libraries Unlimited. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56308-576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56308-576-5"><bdi>978-1-56308-576-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jasmine+and+Coconuts%3A+South+Indian+Tales&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56308-576-5&rft.aulast=Spagnoli&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft.au=Samanna%2C+Paramasivam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_Aci8KA7JEC%26dq%3Dkarthigai%2Bdeepam%2Bnovember%2Bdecember%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajrani2004" class="citation book cs1">Gajrani, S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207">History, Religion and Culture of India</a>. Gyan Publishing House. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18205-061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18205-061-7"><bdi>978-8-18205-061-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Religion+and+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-18205-061-7&rft.aulast=Gajrani&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzh6z0nuIjAgC%26dq%3Dkarthigai%2Bdeepam%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. pp. 462–463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-689-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-689-3"><bdi>978-1-85109-689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%3A+A+Multicultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=462-463&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-689-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Kent2005" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Kent (2005). Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-79111-489-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-79111-489-2"><bdi>978-8-79111-489-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinity+and+Diversity%3A+A+Hindu+Revitalization+Movement+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-79111-489-2&rft.au=Alexandra+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechilis2013" class="citation book cs1">Pechilis, Karen (22 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT155">Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50704-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50704-5"><bdi>978-1-136-50704-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213153509/https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT155">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Devotion%3A+The+Poetry+and+Legacy+of+a+Female+Bhakti+Saint+of+India&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.isbn=978-1-136-50704-5&rft.aulast=Pechilis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eLFBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2015" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, James (2015). Holiday Symbols & Customs. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-780-81365-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-780-81365-6"><bdi>978-0-780-81365-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holiday+Symbols+%26+Customs&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-780-81365-6&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubodh_Kant2002" class="citation book cs1">Subodh Kant (2002). Indian Encyclopedia. Cosmo Publications. p. 7821. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-177-55257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-177-55257-7"><bdi>978-8-177-55257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=7821&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-177-55257-7&rft.au=Subodh+Kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/most-important-festivals-of-tamilnadu-that-are-worth-watching-and-experiencing/">"Important festivals of Tamilnadu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. 14 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226135224/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/most-important-festivals-of-tamilnadu-that-are-worth-watching-and-experiencing/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.atitle=Important+festivals+of+Tamilnadu&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.com%2Fblog%2Fmost-important-festivals-of-tamilnadu-that-are-worth-watching-and-experiencing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/photos/festivals">"Festivals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611190954/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/photos/festivals">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.atitle=Festivals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fphotos%2Ffestivals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/festivals/christmas.php">"Christmas in Tamil Nadu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201140154/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/festivals/christmas.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.atitle=Christmas+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.com%2Ffestivals%2Fchristmas.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2017" class="citation news cs1">Ramakrishnan, T. (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece">"Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Governor+clears+ordinance+on+%27jallikattu%27&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FGovernor-clears-ordinance-on-%25E2%2580%2598jallikattu%25E2%2580%2599%2Farticle17074093.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/events/jallikattu-bull-festival">"Jallikattu bull festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610211259/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/events/jallikattu-bull-festival">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.atitle=Jallikattu+bull+festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fevents%2Fjallikattu-bull-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautier2001" class="citation book cs1">Gautier, François (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o56i5ymOIBkC&pg=PA159DQ">A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns</a>. Har-Anand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0795-9"><bdi>978-81-241-0795-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914130005/https://books.google.com/books?id=o56i5ymOIBkC&pg=PA159DQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Western+Journalist+on+India%3A+The+Ferengi%27s+Columns&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0795-9&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do56i5ymOIBkC%26pg%3DPA159DQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrushkin2007" class="citation web cs1">Grushkin, Daniel (22 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/travel/21webletter.html">"NY Times: The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years ..."</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224235809/http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/travel/21webletter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NY+Times%3A+The+ritual+dates+back+as+far+as+2%2C000+years+...&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft.aulast=Grushkin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F22%2Ftravel%2F21webletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6QSQAACAAJ&q=kabaddi">International Sport Management</a>. Human Kinetics. May 2010. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-73608-273-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-73608-273-0"><bdi>978-0-73608-273-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914125846/https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6QSQAACAAJ&q=kabaddi">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Sport+Management&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2010-05&rft.isbn=978-0-73608-273-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBX6QSQAACAAJ%26q%3Dkabaddi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiMacIntoshBravo2012" class="citation book cs1">Li, Ming; MacIntosh, Eric W.; Bravo, Gonzalo A. (2012). International Sport Management. Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. 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Benjamin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-93631-701-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-93631-701-4"><bdi>978-0-93631-701-4</bdi></a>. <q>Chathuranga, four-handed dice chess</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chess&rft.pub=Benjamin+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-0-93631-701-4&rft.au=Murray%2C+H.+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss1984" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Laurence (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli">Mancala Games</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185128/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. 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Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6700-8478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6700-8478-4"><bdi>978-0-6700-8478-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405183047/https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. 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Anmol Publications. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12613-259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12613-259-1"><bdi>978-8-12613-259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Buddhist+temples+and+monasteries&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8-12613-259-1&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Akhtar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica">"Santhome Cathedral"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130204928/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.atitle=Santhome+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fdestinations%2Fsanthome-cathedral-and-basilica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafique_Ali_Khan1985" class="citation book cs1">Shafique Ali Khan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9ggAAAAMAAJ">Two Nation Theory: As a Concept, Strategy and Ideology</a>. Royal Book Company. p. 70. Retrieved 15 September 2013. <q>Nathar Wali (died in 1039) is supposed to be the earliest Muslim Sufi who dedicated his life to Islam in the south</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Nation+Theory%3A+As+a+Concept%2C+Strategy+and+Ideology&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Shafique+Ali+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9ggAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2012" class="citation book cs1">Mohan, A. 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Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lanterns+on+the+Lanes%3A+Lit+for+Life&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64899-659-7&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRK__DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRawther%2BTurks%26pg%3DPT404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Baptiste1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jean-Baptiste, Prashant More (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC355923">"The Marakkayar Muslims of Karikal, South India"</a>. Journal of Islamic Studies. 2: 25–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F2.1.25">10.1093/jis/2.1.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC355923">355923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15455059">15455059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Marakkayar+Muslims+of+Karikal%2C+South+India&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=25-44&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC355923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15455059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F2.1.25&rft.aulast=Jean-Baptiste&rft.aufirst=Prashant+More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC355923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekes1984" class="citation book cs1">Weekes, Richard V. 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The institute of Asian studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926205619/http://kataragama.org/research/pathmanathan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+guardian+deities+of+Sri+Lanka%3A+Skanda-Murgan+and+Kataragama&rft.date=1999-09&rft.aulast=Pathmanathan&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkataragama.org%2Fresearch%2Fpathmanathan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechert1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bechert" title="Heinz Bechert">Bechert, Heinz</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kataragama.org/research/bechert.htm">"Skandakumara and Kataragama: An Aspect of the Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka"</a>. Proceedings of the Third International Tamil Conference Seminar. Paris: International Association of Tamil Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925212357/http://kataragama.org/research/bechert.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Tamil+Conference+Seminar&rft.atitle=Skandakumara+and+Kataragama%3A+An+Aspect+of+the+Relation+of+Hinduism+and+Buddhism+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bechert&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkataragama.org%2Fresearch%2Fbechert.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Ponnu2000" class="citation book cs1">R. Ponnu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REH8XwAACAAJ">Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India</a>. Ram Publishers. p. 98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914130355/https://books.google.com/books?id=REH8XwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Vaikunda+Swamigal+and+the+Struggle+for+Social+Equality+in+South+India&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Ram+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.au=R.+Ponnu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREH8XwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1975" class="citation journal cs1">Maloney, Clarence (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1975.2.1.02a00100">"Religious Beliefs and Social Hierarchy in Tamiḻ Nāḍu, India"</a>. American Ethnologist. 2 (1): 169–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1975.2.1.02a00100">10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Religious+Beliefs+and+Social+Hierarchy+in+Tami%E1%B8%BB+N%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du%2C+India&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-191&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1975.2.1.02a00100&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fae.1975.2.1.02a00100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chandra_de_Silva" title="Chandra de Silva">de Silva, Chandra</a> (1997). Sri Lanka – A History (2 ed.). Vikas Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95107-102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95107-102-1"><bdi>978-0-95107-102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-95107-102-1&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrapala2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._Indrapala" title="K. Indrapala">Indrapala, K.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-evolution-of-an-ethnic-identity-the-tamils-in-sri-lanka-c.-300-bce-to-c.-1200-ce-tamil-version/page/n1/mode/2up">The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka</a>. Vijitha Yapa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-55126-672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-55126-672-1"><bdi>978-9-55126-672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+an+ethnic+identity%3A+The+Tamils+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-55126-672-1&rft.aulast=Indrapala&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-evolution-of-an-ethnic-identity-the-tamils-in-sri-lanka-c.-300-bce-to-c.-1200-ce-tamil-version%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Sastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilakanta Sastri">Sastri, Nilakanta</a> (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19560-686-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19560-686-7"><bdi>978-0-19560-686-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19560-686-7&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-198-0"><bdi>978-8-12241-198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8-12241-198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-131-71120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-131-71120-0"><bdi>978-8-131-71120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-131-71120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Kamil</a> (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00409-365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00409-365-2"><bdi>978-9-00409-365-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+Studies+to+the+History+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9-00409-365-2&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamils" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamils&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil">Tamils</a> – <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> entry</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tamil_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_diaspora" title="Template:Tamil 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title="Malbars">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_French_Guiana" title="Indians in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guadeloupeans" title="Indo-Guadeloupeans">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">India (Sri Lankan Tamils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka (Indian Tamils)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indians_in_Fiji" title="South Indians in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_diaspora" title="Malaysian Tamil diaspora">Malaysian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry diaspora">Pondicherry Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_diaspora" title="Tamil Nadu diaspora">Tamil Nadu Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_state_symbols" title="List of Tamil Nadu state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Seal: <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivilliputhur Andal temple">Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower</a></li> <li>Animal: <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a></li> <li>Bird: <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a></li> <li>Flower: <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa lily</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palm tree</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Cirrochroa Thais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu">Political parties</a></li> <li>Raj Bhavan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Chennai" title="Raj Bhavan, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Ooty" title="Raj Bhavan, Ooty">Ooty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#History" title="Tamil Nadu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_radio_on_internet" title="Tamil radio on internet">Radio on Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">Kaveri River water dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Day" title="Tamil Nadu Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi_district" title="Kallakurichi district">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_district" title="Karur district">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_district" title="Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai_district" title="Mayiladuthurai district">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_district" title="Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga_district" title="Sivaganga district">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupathur_district" title="Tirupathur district">Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram_district" title="Viluppuram district">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu-related_lists" title="Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Human Development Index">Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">Towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu">Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" 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with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 06:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. 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3.92% 166.442 4 Template:Refn"," 3.52% 149.466 15 Template:Cite_report"," 3.36% 142.875 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 3.31% 140.730 2 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.018","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21224792,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Kiruṭṭin̲an̲2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAbbie_Mercer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbeysinghe1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbraham2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbraham2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchaya2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdcock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAiyangar1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlain_Daniélou2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlastair_Dick1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexandra_Kent2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllison_Arnold2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlter1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnurag_Kumar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppasamy1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArooran1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxel_MichaelsChristoph_Wulf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahata_Ansumali_Mukhopadhyay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalendu_Sekaram1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayly2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBechert1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergunderFreseSchröder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeteille1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevir2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhosle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiddulph1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoulanger1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandonBanham1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton_Stein1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._B._GuptaMrinalini_Mani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._MonahanAndrew_MirolaO._Emerson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentur̲aimuttu1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarty2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandramouli2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris_Crudelli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristophe_Z_Guilmoto1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClothey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCodrington1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoghlan1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConrad_Bunk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrispin_Branfoot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuppiramaṇiyan̲1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtin1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCynthia_Talbot2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Rose1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayalan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDines_Andersen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuraiswamy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEraly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugene_F._Irschick1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusson1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_Ching1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_ChingMark_JarzombekVikramaditya_Prakash2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Rennie,_Robin_Mason2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGajrani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanapathi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaurab_Dasgupta2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGautier2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Abraham_Pottamkulam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_L._Hart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_L._HartHank_Heifet2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmartinLawrence2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnanaprakasar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrushkin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanne_M._de_Bruin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeesterman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsh1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndrapala2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Stewart2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarzombek2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Baptiste1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeannie_Ireland2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Todd_TitonSvanibor_Pettan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesudasan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeyaraj\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohann_Philipp_Fabricius1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_AllanWolseley_HaigHenry_Dodwell1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Man1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJose_JosephL._Stanislaus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouveau-Dubreuil1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.Leelavathy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._P._JayaswalR._D._Banerji1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._R._Srinivasan1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Rajayyan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren_Prechilis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarthik_Madhavan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelsey_Clark_Underwood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_McPherson_·2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiruṣṇan̲2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1681\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolappan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolappan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurti2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeRothermund2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunaraca2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandisAlbert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiMacIntoshBravo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippe1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopamudra_Maitra_Bajpai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuijendijk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._S._Purnalingam_Pillai1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMabel_Haynes_Bode1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhavan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahadevan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahadevan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloney1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloney1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManguinManiWade2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManning\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendis,_G.C.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray,_H._J._R.1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadarajah1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagarajan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNainar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNairde_Souza2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaravane2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayanthara2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuenhofer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick_Collins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick_Huyes2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNijenhuis1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNubin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOm_Prakash2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.J._Cherian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.S.Sundaram2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.S.Sundaram2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._K._Balachandran2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._K._S._Raja1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmaja2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaniker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParthasarathy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPathmanathan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPechilis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicciottoWeaving2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillai2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonnambalam1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.E.AsherE.Annamalai2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Ponnu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhey_Shyam_Chaurasia2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan_Srinivasan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagupathy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajagopal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRama_Shankar_Tripathi1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamakrishnan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamasamy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswami1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamkumar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaoShulmanSubrahmanyam1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Widdess2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_SewellSankara_Dikshit1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_W._HamiltonAurora_Ammayao2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuss1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.K._Chatterjee1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.Krishnaswami2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Jeyaseela_Stephen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Sundararajan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSasisekharan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelwyn_Stanley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafique_Ali_Khan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahbazi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShashi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShekar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShobana_Gupta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitaramayya1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivanandan1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivathamby1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmirnitskaya2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonejiViswanathan_Peterson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthworth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthworth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpagnoliSamanna1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasanRanganathan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_RosenGraham_M._Schweig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubodh_Kant2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanian1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramaniam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanium1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudharsanam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_L._HuntingtonJohn_C._Huntington2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Sivananda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT.V._Mahalingam1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFT._K._Venkatasubramanian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakahashi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambiah1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodore_Baskaran2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThilakavathyMaya2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomás_Morales_y_Durán2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTony_Jaques2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Shoba2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Suryanarayan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatsyayan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelayutham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidya_Dehejia1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijaya_Ramaswamy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVriddhagirisan1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW.H._Schoff1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeekes1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiddess1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWijepalaYoungIshiga2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Dalrymple2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfGeethaRavishankar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarrilli,_Phillip_B.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĒ._En̲_Perumāḷ1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĒ._Kē_Cēṣāttiri1998\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 236,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 89,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 6,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Tamil People\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnologue19\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-ta\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnonym\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 32,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tamil Nadu\"] = 1,\n [\"Tamil diaspora\"] = 1,\n [\"Tamils\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","12.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","12.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","4.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","2.6"],["(for generator)","80","2.6"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","80","2.6"],["type","80","2.6"],["date","80","2.6"],["[others]","1200","38.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-75bsd","timestamp":"20241128015550","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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