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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Videz" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Videz</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Markiz" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Markiz" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zgodovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgodovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zgodovina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zgodovina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Zgodovina</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zgodovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novi_vek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novi_vek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Novi vek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novi_vek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markizi_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markizi_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Markizi v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markizi_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rang_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rang_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rang v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rang_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glej_tudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Markiz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 48 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="مركيز – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركيز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF)" title="ماركيز (لورد) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماركيز (لورد)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markiz" title="Markiz – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Markiz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Маркіз – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маркіз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Маркиз – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маркиз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqu%C3%A8s" title="Marquès – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marquès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%BDz" title="Markýz – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Markýz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardalydd" title="Ardalydd – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ardalydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μαρκήσιος – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρκήσιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Marquess" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markizo" title="Markizo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Markizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqu%C3%A9s" title="Marqués – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marqués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markii" title="Markii – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Markii" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markes" title="Markes – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Markes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="مارکی – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markiisi" title="Markiisi – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Markiisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis" title="Marquis – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marquis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markys" title="Markys – zahodna frizijščina" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Markys" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zahodna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqu%C3%A9s" title="Marqués – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marqués" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%96" title="מרקיז – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקיז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markiz" title="Markiz – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Markiz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Մարքիզ – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարքիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markezo" title="Markezo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Markezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchese" title="Marchese – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marchese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" title="侯爵 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="侯爵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%9E%91" title="후작 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markizas" title="Markizas – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markizas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markies_(titel)" title="Markies (titel) – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Markies (titel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marki" title="Marki – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marki" title="Marki – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markiz" title="Markiz – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Markiz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqu%C3%AAs" title="Marquês – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marquês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchiz" title="Marchiz – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marchiz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Маркиз – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркиз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markiz" title="Markiz – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Markiz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marquess" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%ADz" title="Markíz – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Markíz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Маркиз – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маркиз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markis_(titel)" title="Markis (titel) – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markis (titel)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="มาร์ควิส – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ควิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markes" title="Markes – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Markes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marki" title="Marki – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Маркіз – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маркіз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markiz" title="Markiz – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Markiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A7u_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Hầu tước – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hầu tước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" title="侯爵 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="侯爵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2u-chiok" title="Hâu-chiok – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hâu-chiok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" title="侯爵 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="侯爵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209726#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Markiz" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor:Markiz&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani (stran ne obstaja) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Monarhije" title="Kategorija:Monarhije">niz</a> člankov</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Plemi%C5%A1ki_nazivi" title="Plemiški nazivi">Plemiški nazivi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tajerski_vojvodski_klobuk" title="Štajerski vojvodski klobuk"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg/110px-Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg/165px-Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg/220px-Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/Cesar" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cesar">Cesar</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesarica_soproga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesarica soproga (stran ne obstaja)">Cesarica soproga</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/Kralj" title="Kralj">Kralj</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kralj_soprog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kralj soprog (stran ne obstaja)">Kralj soprog</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraljica_soproga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraljica soproga (stran ne obstaja)">Kraljica soproga</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraljica_mati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraljica mati (stran ne obstaja)">Kraljica mati</a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliki_vojvoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veliki vojvoda (stran ne obstaja)">Veliki vojvoda</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadvojvoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadvojvoda (stran ne obstaja)">Nadvojvoda</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/Princ" title="Princ">Princ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Knez" title="Knez">Knez</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Vojvoda" title="Vojvoda">Vojvoda</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Prestolonaslednik" title="Prestolonaslednik">Prestolonaslednik</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Volilni_knez" title="Volilni knez">Volilni knez</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ban" title="Ban">Ban</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Markiz</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mejni_grof" title="Mejni grof">Mejni grof</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Palatin_(naziv)" title="Palatin (naziv)">Palatin</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/Grof" title="Grof">Grof</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kosezi" title="Kosezi">Kosez</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vikont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vikont (stran ne obstaja)">Vikont</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Zemlji%C5%A1ki_gospod" title="Zemljiški gospod">Zemljiški gospod</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kastelan" title="Kastelan">Kastelan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mestni_grof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mestni grof (stran ne obstaja)">Mestni grof</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupan" title="Župan">Župan</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Svobodni_gospod" title="Svobodni gospod">Svobodni gospod</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/Vitez" title="Vitez">Vitez</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plemeniti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plemeniti (stran ne obstaja)">Plemeniti</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dama_(plemkinja)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dama (plemkinja) (stran ne obstaja)">Dama</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ministerial" title="Ministerial">Ministerial</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911192">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/Predloga:Plemi%C5%A1ki_nazivi" title="Predloga:Plemiški nazivi"><abbr title="Prikaži to predlogo">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-pogovor"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor_o_predlogi:Plemi%C5%A1ki_nazivi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogovor o predlogi:Plemiški nazivi (stran ne obstaja)"><abbr title="Pogovor o tej predlogi">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predloga:Plemi%C5%A1ki_nazivi&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredi to predlogo">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Markiz</b> (ali tudi: <b>mejni grof</b> ) (mn. <i>marquises</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Latinščina">latinsko</a> <i>marchio</i> ) je <a href="/wiki/Plemstvo" title="Plemstvo">plemiški</a> naslov. Po rangu v belgijskem in nizozemskem plemstvu in tudi v angleškem plemstvu je naslov markiz nad <a href="/wiki/Grof" title="Grof">grofovskim</a> in pod <a href="/wiki/Vojvoda" title="Vojvoda">vojvodskim</a> naslovom. V <a href="/wiki/Fevdalizem" title="Fevdalizem">fevdalizmu</a>, v <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vek" title="Srednji vek">srednjem veku</a>, je bil tudi naziv vojaške in upravne funkcije na določenem ozemlju v imenu zemljiškega gospoda.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beseda izhaja iz stare francoske <i>besede marchis</i>, kar pomeni 'vladar obmejnega območja', nato pa izhaja iz francoske besede <i>marche</i>, ki pomeni 'meja'. </p><p>Upravo v notranjih območjih Rimskega imperija je upravljal senat, področja, kjer so bili konflikti, pa cesar sam. S tem sta nastali funkciji vojvoda in grofa, vojvoda je upravljal ožje, grof pa mejno območje.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgodovina">Zgodovina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgodovina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgodovina"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mejni grof je bil posebej zadolžen za nadzor in upravljanje marke, sestavljene iz več <a href="/wiki/Grof" title="Grof">grofij</a> ali velikih ozemelj ob mejah imperija. Urad je bil prvič omenjen v 8. stoletju za časa kralja <a href="/wiki/Karel_Veliki" title="Karel Veliki">Karla Velikega</a>. Zaradi pomembnega obrambno vojaškega poslanstva in pogosto večjega ozemlja so imeli mejni grofje višji družbeni položaj od <a href="/wiki/Grof" title="Grof">grofa</a>. V rangu plemstva so veljali za višji razred. </p><p>Od 11. stoletja naprej je ta funkcija in naslov vse pogosteje dedovala, običajno na podlagi dogovorov v zastavnih pogodbah, v praksi pa tudi zato, ker je naslednik dejansko prevzel paket nalog in pravic od pokojnika. </p><p>Na ozemlju Nizozemske so bile mejne grofije ustanovljene za varovanje zahodne meje <a href="/wiki/Vzhodnofrankovska_dr%C5%BEava" title="Vzhodnofrankovska država">vzhodnofrankovskega</a> cesarstva: </p> <ul><li>mejna grofija Antwerpen je bila priključena <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Brabant" title="Vojvodina Brabant">vojvodini Brabant</a></li> <li>mejna grofija Ename je bila priključena <a href="/wiki/Grofija_Flandrija" title="Grofija Flandrija">grofiji Flandriji</a></li> <li>mejna grofija Valencijn je bila priključena <a href="/wiki/Grofija_Hainaut" title="Grofija Hainaut">grofiji Hainaut</a>.</li></ul> <p>Za varovanje vzhodnih meja cesarstva sta bili med drugim ustanovljeni <a href="/wiki/Nadvojvodina_Avstrija" title="Nadvojvodina Avstrija">mejna grofija Avstrija</a> in mejna grofija Brandenburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novi_vek">Novi vek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Novi vek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Novi vek"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V <a href="/wiki/Novi_vek" title="Novi vek">novi dobi</a> je <i>markizat postal</i> ime visokega <a href="/wiki/Gospo%C5%A1%C4%8Dina_(Nizozemska)" title="Gospoščina (Nizozemska)">gospostva</a>. V šestnajstem stoletju je bil dvorec Bergen op Zoom povzdignjen v markizat kot nagrada družini Glymes za njihove storitve gospodu. Leta 1555 je bila posest <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a> gospoda Veere-škega povzdignjena v markizat Veere kot nagrada Maksimilijana II. Burgundskega za njegove usluge fevdnemu gospodu. Stari pomen <i>grofa z mejno vojsko</i> je izginil. Za markize so razglašali plemiče kot plačilo za usluge ali kot politično dejanje. Ženske so odslej lahko prejele tudi naziv markizinje, kar se je v Franciji redno dogajalo, na primer na <a href="/wiki/Versajska_pala%C4%8Da" title="Versajska palača">dvoru v Versaillesu</a>. </p><p>Konec 17. stoletja in v začetku 18. stoletja je Napoleon Bonaparte ustanovil lastno plemstvo: imperijsko. Naziv markiz/mejni grof ni bil vključen (niti ni bil vikont), ker se je Napoleonu ta naslov zdel nesmiseln. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markizi_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem">Markizi v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Markizi v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Markizi v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V Belgiji še vedno živi osem družin, ki nosijo naziv markiz, in sicer: </p> <ul><li><i>de Beauffort</i></li> <li><i>Imperiali</i></li> <li><i>Van der Noot</i> (kot markiz Asschejski )</li> <li><i>du Parc</i></li> <li><i>de Radigues</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruffo_de_Bonneval_de_la_Fare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruffo de Bonneval de la Fare (stran ne obstaja)">Ruffo de Bonneval de la Fare</a></i></li> <li><i>Trazegnies</i></li> <li><i>d'Yve</i></li></ul> <p>Od odcepitve <a href="/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija">Belgije</a> leta 1830 je bil med plemiškimi rodbinami na Nizozemskem le en markiz: <i>grof Clancarty</i> iz angleške družine <i>Le Poer Trench</i>, ki nosi nizozemski plemiški naslov ' Marquis van Heusden '. </p><p>Kralj (kraljica) Nizozemske je markiz ali markizinja Veere-ška in <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingenska</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rang_v_Belgiji_in_na_Nizozemskem">Rang v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Rang v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Rang v Belgiji in na Nizozemskem"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Rangkroon_Markies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rangkroon_Markies.svg/140px-Rangkroon_Markies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rangkroon_Markies.svg/210px-Rangkroon_Markies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rangkroon_Markies.svg/280px-Rangkroon_Markies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption> Markiška krona</figcaption></figure> <p>V skladu z odlokom nizozemskega kralja Viljema I. iz <a href="/wiki/1817" title="1817">leta 1817</a> lahko markizi nad svojim <a href="/wiki/Grb" title="Grb">grbom</a> nosijo <i>markiško krono</i>, sestavljeno iz zlatega prstana z <a href="/wiki/Dragulj" title="Dragulj">dragimi kamni</a> in petimi listi ali <i>fleuroni</i> na prstanu. Na <a href="/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska">Nizozemskem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija">v Belgiji</a> je torej markizov grb prepoznaven po takšni kroni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markiz&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marka (območje)</li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predloga:Appendix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predloga:Appendix (stran ne obstaja)">Predloga:Appendix</a> </p> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFProf._Mr_P._W._A._Immink2022" class="citation web cs1">Prof. Mr P. 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