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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_of_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Size of ships </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Size_of_ships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Size of ships subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Size_of_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputes_of_historical_records_of_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_of_historical_records_of_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Disputes of historical records of length </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_of_historical_records_of_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasure_Shipyard_excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasure_Shipyard_excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Treasure Shipyard excavation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasure_Shipyard_excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Imperial China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Veneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malacca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malacca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Malacca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malacca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Western scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cultural influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zheng He</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%84" title="ዠንግ ሄ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዠንግ ሄ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AE%D9%87" title="تشنغ خه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشنغ خه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87jen_Xe" title="Çjen Xe – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çjen Xe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%87%DB%8C" title="ژنق هی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژنق هی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B" title="চেং হো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেং হো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93%E2%81%BF_H%C3%B4" title="Tēⁿ Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tēⁿ Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Cheng Ho" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8A" title="Джън Хъ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джън Хъ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceng_Che" title="Čeng Che – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čeng Che" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BA_%CE%A7%CE%B9" title="Τσενκ Χι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσενκ Χι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88eng_He" title="Ĉeng He – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeng He" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%87%D9%87" title="چنگ هه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چنگ هه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C" title="鄭和 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鄭和" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_F%C3%B2" title="Chang Fò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chang Fò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_(%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="정화 (명나라) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정화 (명나라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D5%80%D5%A5" title="Չժենգ Հե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չժենգ Հե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeng_He" title="Ženg He – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ženg He" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cheng Ho" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeng_He" title="Tsjeng He – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tsjeng He" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%97%D7%94" title="ג'נג חה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'נג חה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cheng Ho" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94" title="ჯენ ხე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯენ ხე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEens_He" title="Džens He – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džens He" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeng_He" title="Dženg He – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dženg He" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cseng_Ho" title="Cseng Ho – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cseng Ho" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Cheng Ho" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D0%B5" title="Џенг Хе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џенг Хе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87" title="സെങ്ങ് ഹേ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെങ്ങ് ഹേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94" title="ჩჟენ ჰე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩჟენ ჰე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%87%D9%89" title="زينج هى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زينج هى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cheng Ho" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2ng_Hu%C3%B2" title="Dâng Huò – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâng Huò" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ကျိန့်ဟော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျိန့်ဟော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="झेङ् ही – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="झेङ् ही" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C" title="鄭和 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鄭和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chjan_Xe" title="Chjan Xe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chjan Xe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੰਗ ਹਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੰਗ ਹਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AE%DB%81" title="ژنگ خہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ژنگ خہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%C3%B1_He" title="Ceñ He – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ceñ He" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27en_Huw" title="Ch'en Huw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'en Huw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5" title="Джен Хе – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джен Хе" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8D" title="Чжэн Хэ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжэн Хэ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceng_Che" title="Čeng Che – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čeng Che" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeng_He" title="Dženg He – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dženg He" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="چینگ خا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چینگ خا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D0%B5" title="Џенг Хе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џенг Хе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cheng Ho" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87" title="செங் கே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செங் கே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87jen_He" title="Çjen He – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Çjen He" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD" title="เจิ้ง เหอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจิ้ง เหอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D2%B2%D0%B0" title="Чинг Ҳа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чинг Ҳа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5" title="Чжен Хе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чжен Хе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%81%DB%8C" title="ژینگ ہی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ژینگ ہی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwng_Hoz" title="Cwng Hoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwng Hoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C5%BEen_He" title="Čžen He – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čžen He" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_H%C3%B2a" title="Trịnh Hòa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trịnh Hòa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeng_He" title="Jeng He – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jeng He" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C" title="鄭和 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鄭和" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C" title="郑和 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="郑和" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A2" title="זשענג הע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשענג הע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C" title="鄭和 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄭和" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeng_He" title="Dženg He – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dženg He" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C" title="鄭和 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鄭和" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Cheng Ho" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Zheng He" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Zhang_He" title="Zhang He">Zhang He</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ma Sanbao" redirects here. For the Tang dynasty general, see <a href="/wiki/Ma_Sanbao_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Ma Sanbao (Tang dynasty)">Ma Sanbao (Tang dynasty)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zheng He (disambiguation)">Zhenghe</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Zheng He</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh">鄭和</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Malakka,_Stadhuys_(09).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2016_Malakka%2C_Stadhuys_%2809%29.jpg/220px-2016_Malakka%2C_Stadhuys_%2809%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2016_Malakka%2C_Stadhuys_%2809%29.jpg/330px-2016_Malakka%2C_Stadhuys_%2809%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2016_Malakka%2C_Stadhuys_%2809%29.jpg/440px-2016_Malakka%2C_Stadhuys_%2809%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="4849" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Statue from a modern monument to Zheng He at the <a href="/wiki/Stadthuys" title="Stadthuys">Stadthuys</a> museum in <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca City</a>, Malaysia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ma He</div> 1371<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711-1">[1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, Yunnan, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1433 (aged 61–62) or 1435 (aged 63–64)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ma He</li><li>Ma Sanbao</li><li>Cheng Ho</li><li>Mahmud Shams</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Admiral, diplomat, explorer, bureaucrat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">鄭和</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">郑和</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhèng Hé</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cheng4 Ho2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jèng Hé</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂə̂ŋ xɤ̌]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zen Wu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jehng Wòh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zeng6 Wo4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsɛŋ˨ wɔ˩]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tēⁿ Hô</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tēnn Hô</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Birth name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">馬和</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">马和</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mǎ Hé</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Zheng He (also romanized Cheng Ho; 1371–1433/1435) was a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a>, explorer, diplomat, and bureaucrat during the early <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644). He is often regarded as the greatest admiral in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>. Born into a <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> family as Ma He, he later adopted the surname Zheng conferred onto him by the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1402–1424).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200722–23-2">[2]</a> Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng commanded seven <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">treasure voyages</a> across Asia under the commission of the Yongle Emperor and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor" title="Xuande Emperor">Xuande Emperor</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1425–1435). According to legend, Zheng's largest ships were almost twice as long as any wooden ship ever recorded, and carried hundreds of sailors on four decks. A favorite of the Yongle Emperor, whom Zheng assisted in the <a href="/wiki/Jingnan_campaign" title="Jingnan campaign">Jingnan campaign</a> that overthrew the previous <a href="/wiki/Jianwen_Emperor" title="Jianwen Emperor">Jianwen Emperor</a> in 1402, Zheng He rose to the top of the Ming <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ming_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Ming Empire">imperial hierarchy</a> and served as commander of the southern capital <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> Zheng was born Ma He to a Muslim family of <a href="/wiki/Kunyang_Subdistrict" title="Kunyang Subdistrict">Kunyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, Yunnan, then under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Basalawarmi" title="Basalawarmi">Principality of Liang</a> loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711,_148Mills19705Ray198766Levathes199661-3">[3]</a> He had an older brother and four sisters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711Mills19705Levathes199662Perkins2000621-4">[4]</a> The Liujiagang and Changle inscriptions suggest that devotion to <a href="/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazu (goddess)">Tianfei</a>, the patron goddess of sailors and seafarers, was the dominant faith to which he adhered, reflecting the goddess's central role to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese treasure fleet">treasure fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007148,_150"The_inscriptions_[...]_devotion_to_Tianfei,_the_goddess_of_seafarers,_had_become_the_dominant_strand_in_his_eclectic_religious_heritage."-5">[5]</a> John Guy mentions, "When Zheng He, the Muslim eunuch leader of the great expeditions to the 'Western Ocean' (Indian Ocean) in the early fifteenth century, embarked on his voyages, it was from the Divine Woman that he sought protection, as well as at the tombs of the Muslim saints on Lingshan Hill, above the city of Quanzhou."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Zheng He was a great-great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ajjal_Shams_al-Din_Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar">Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar</a>, who served in the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and was the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Yunnan" title="Governor of Yunnan">governor of Yunnan</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> His great-grandfather Bayan may have been stationed at a Mongol garrison in Yunnan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19705-9">[9]</a> Zheng He's grandfather carried the title <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">hajji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711Levathes199661–62-10">[10]</a> and his father had the <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicized</a> surname Ma and the title hajji, which suggests that they had made the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711Mills19705Levathes199661–62-11">[11]</a> In the autumn of 1381, a <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> army invaded and <a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">conquered Yunnan</a>, which was then ruled by the Mongol prince <a href="/wiki/Basalawarmi" title="Basalawarmi">Basalawarmi</a>, Prince of Liang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200712-12">[12]</a> In 1381, Ma Hajji, Zheng He's father, died in the fighting between the Ming armies and Mongol forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199662-13">[13]</a> Dreyer states that Zheng He's father died at 39 while resisting the Ming conquest, while Levathes states that Zheng He's father died at 37, but it is unclear if he was helping the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol Army">Mongol Army</a> or was just caught in the onslaught of battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200712-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199662-13">[13]</a> Wenming, the oldest son, buried their father outside Kunming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199662-13">[13]</a> In his capacity as Admiral, Zheng He had an epitaph engraved in honour of his father, composed by the Minister of Rites Li Zhigang on 1 June 1405, which was <a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Duanwu Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199662–63-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture_and_service">Capture and service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capture and service">edit</a>]</div> Zheng He was captured by the Ming armies in Yunnan in 1381.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199662-13">[13]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Fu_Youde" title="Fu Youde">Fu Youde</a> saw Ma He on a road and approached him to inquire about the location of the Mongol pretender. Ma He responded defiantly by saying that the Mongol pretender had jumped into a lake. Then the general took him prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199658-15">[15]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Castrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrated">castrated</a> between the ages of 10 and 14,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199658-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200712,_16-16">[16]</a> and placed in the service of the Prince of Yan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200712,_16-16">[16]</a> Ma He was sent to serve in the household of Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, who later became the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200712Levathes199658-17">[17]</a> Zhu Di was 11 years older than Ma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200718-18">[18]</a> Enslaved as a eunuch servant, Ma He eventually gained the confidence of Zhu Di, who, as his benefactor, gained the allegiance and loyalty of the young eunuch.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The prince had been governing Beiping (modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) since 1380.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200712-12">[12]</a> It was near the northern frontier with hostile Mongol tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199658Dreyer200718-20">[20]</a> Ma spent his early life as a soldier on the northern frontier<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199658Dreyer200716-21">[21]</a> and often participated in Zhu Di's military campaigns against the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200718Levathes199664-22">[22]</a> On 2 March 1390, Ma accompanied the prince when he commanded <a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">his first expedition</a>, which was a great victory, as the Mongol commander <a href="/wiki/Naghachu" title="Naghachu">Naghachu</a> surrendered as soon as he realized he had fallen into a trap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199664–66-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunyang_-_Zheng_He_Park_-_P1350545.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kunyang_-_Zheng_He_Park_-_P1350545.JPG/250px-Kunyang_-_Zheng_He_Park_-_P1350545.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kunyang_-_Zheng_He_Park_-_P1350545.JPG/330px-Kunyang_-_Zheng_He_Park_-_P1350545.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kunyang_-_Zheng_He_Park_-_P1350545.JPG/500px-Kunyang_-_Zheng_He_Park_-_P1350545.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture in Zheng He Park, Kunyang, featuring a young Zheng He with his father Ma Hajji</figcaption></figure> Eventually, he gained the confidence and trust of the prince.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200718-18">[18]</a> Ma was also known as "Sanbao" during his service in the household of the Prince of Yan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199663-24">[24]</a> a reference to the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200712-12">[12]</a> Ma received a proper education at Beiping, which he would not have had if he had been placed in the imperial capital of Nanjing as the Hongwu Emperor, the father of Zhu Di, did not trust eunuchs and believed that it was better to keep them illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199663-24">[24]</a> The Hongwu Emperor purged and exterminated much of the original Ming leadership and gave his <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffment">enfeoffed</a> sons more military authority, especially those in the north, like the Prince of Yan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200719-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adulthood_and_military_career">Adulthood and military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adulthood and military career">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:350px; border-width: 1px; font-size: 88%; color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The power of the <a href="/wiki/Tianfei" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianfei">goddess</a>, having indeed been manifested in previous times, has been abundantly revealed in the present generation. In the midst of the rushing waters it happened that, when there was a hurricane, suddenly a <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire" title="St. Elmo's fire">divine lantern</a> was seen shining at the masthead, and as soon as that miraculous light appeared the danger was appeased, so that even in the peril of capsizing one felt reassured and that there was no cause for fear. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Admiral Zheng He and his associates (Changle inscription) about witnessing <a href="/wiki/Tianfei" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianfei">Tianfei</a>'s divine lantern, which represented the natural phenomena <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elmo%27s_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elmo's fire">Saint Elmo's fire</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></cite></div> </div> Zheng He's appearance as an adult was recorded: he was seven <a href="/wiki/Chi_(unit)" title="Chi (unit)">chi</a> <a href="#cite_note-27">[note 1]</a> tall, had a waist that was five chi in circumference, cheeks and a forehead that was high, a small nose, glaring eyes, teeth that were white and well-shaped as shells, and a voice that was as loud as a bell. It is also recorded that he had great knowledge about warfare and was well-accustomed to battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199662Dreyer200718–19-28">[27]</a> The young eunuch eventually became a trusted adviser to the prince and assisted him when the <a href="/wiki/Jianwen_Emperor" title="Jianwen Emperor">Jianwen Emperor</a>'s hostility to his uncle's feudal bases prompted the 1399–1402 <a href="/wiki/Jingnan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingnan Campaign">Jingnan Campaign</a>, which ended with the emperor's apparent death and the ascension of Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, as the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a>. In 1393, the Crown Prince had died, thus the deceased prince's son became the new heir apparent. By the time the emperor died (24 June 1398), the Prince of Qin and the Prince of Jin had perished, which left Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, as the eldest surviving son of the emperor. However, Zhu Di's nephew succeeded the imperial throne as the <a href="/wiki/Jianwen_Emperor" title="Jianwen Emperor">Jianwen Emperor</a>. In 1398, he issued a policy known as xuēfān (削藩), or "reducing the feudatories", which entailed eliminating all princes by stripping their power and military forces. In August 1399, Zhu Di openly rebelled against his nephew. In 1399, Ma He successfully defended Beiping's city reservoir, Zhenglunba, against the imperial armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200719–23Levathes199667,_72–73-29">[28]</a> In January 1402, Zhu Di began with his military campaign to capture the imperial capital, Nanjing. Zheng He would be one of his commanders during that campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199670-30">[29]</a> In 1402, Zhu Di's armies defeated the imperial forces and marched into Nanjing on 13 July 1402.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199670Dreyer200721–22-31">[30]</a> Zhu Di accepted the elevation to emperor four days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200721–22-32">[31]</a> After ascending the throne as the Yongle Emperor, Zhu Di promoted Ma He as the Grand Director (太監, tàijiān) of the Directorate of Palace Servants (内宫監).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200721–22-32">[31]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> on 11 February 1404, the Yongle Emperor conferred the surname "Zheng" to Ma He, because he had distinguished himself defending the city reservoir against imperial forces in 1399.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200722–23Levathes199672–73-33">[32]</a> Another reason was that the eunuch commander also distinguished himself during the 1402 campaign to capture the capital, Nanjing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199672–73-34">[33]</a> In the new administration, Zheng He served in the highest posts as Grand Director and later as Chief Envoy (正使; zhèngshǐ) during his sea voyages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19705Levathes199661–63Perkins2000621-35">[34]</a> Over the next three decades he conducted seven of the voyages on behalf of the emperor, trading and collecting tribute in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. In 1424, Zheng He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> in Sumatra to confer an official seal<a href="#cite_note-37">[note 2]</a> and letter of appointment upon Shi Jisun, who was placed in the office of Pacification Commissioner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200795_&_136-38">[36]</a> The Taizong Shilu 27 February 1424 entry reports that Shi Jisun had sent Qiu Yancheng as envoy to petition the approval of the succession from his father Shi Jinqing, who was the Pacification Commissioner of Palembang, and was given permission from the Yongle Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200795-39">[37]</a> When Zheng He returned from Palembang, he found that the Yongle Emperor had died during his absence. On 7 September 1424, Zhu Gaozhi had inherited the throne as the Hongxi Emperor after the death of the Yongle Emperor on 12 August 1424.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007136–137Duyvendak1938388-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200795,_136–137Duyvendak1938387-41">[39]</a> On 7 September 1424, the <a href="/wiki/Hongxi_Emperor" title="Hongxi Emperor">Hongxi Emperor</a> terminated the undertaking of further treasure voyages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007137-42">[40]</a> On 24 February 1425, he appointed Zheng He as the defender of Nanjing and ordered him to continue his command over the treasure fleet for the city's defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007139–140-43">[41]</a> On 25 March 1428, the Xuande Emperor ordered Zheng He and others to take over the supervision for the rebuilding and repair of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bao%27en_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bao'en Temple">Great Bao'en Temple</a> at Nanjing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007142-44">[42]</a> He completed the construction of the temple in 1431.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007135_&_144-45">[43]</a> On 15 May 1426, the <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor" title="Xuande Emperor">Xuande Emperor</a> ordered the Directorate of Ceremonial to send a letter to Zheng He to reprimand him for a transgression. Earlier, an official<a href="#cite_note-47">[note 3]</a> petitioned the emperor to reward workmen who had built temples in Nanjing. The Xuande Emperor responded negatively to the official for charging the costs to the court instead of the monks themselves, but he realised that Zheng He and his associates had instigated the official. According to <a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer (2007)</a>, the nature of the emperor's words indicated that Zheng He's behaviour in the situation was the last straw, but there is too little information about what had happened earlier. Nevertheless, the Xuande Emperor would eventually come to trust Zheng He.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007141–142-48">[45]</a> In 1430, the new <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor" title="Xuande Emperor">Xuande Emperor</a> appointed Zheng He to command over a seventh and final expedition into the "Western Ocean" (Indian Ocean). In 1431, Zheng He was bestowed with the title Sanbao Taijian (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AF%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:三寶">三寶</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%9B%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:太監">太監</a>), using his informal name Sanbao and the title of Grand Director.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19706–7-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expeditions">Expeditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZhengHeShips.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ZhengHeShips.gif/220px-ZhengHeShips.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ZhengHeShips.gif/330px-ZhengHeShips.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/ZhengHeShips.gif 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Early 17th-century Chinese <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodblock</a> print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> and the expanding Sino-Arab trade during the 14th century had gradually expanded Chinese knowledge of the world since "universal" maps previously displaying only China and its surrounding seas began to expand farther and farther southwest, with much more accurate depictions of the extent of Arabia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1974-50">[47]</a> Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored seven naval expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a>, disregarding the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ming_Zuxun" class="mw-redirect" title="Huang Ming Zuxun">expressed wishes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HuiChunHing-52">[49]</a> designed them to establish a Chinese presence and impose imperial control over the Indian Ocean trade, impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin, and extend the empire's tributary system.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It has also been inferred from passages in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a> that the initial voyages were launched as part of the emperor's attempt to capture his <a href="/wiki/Jianwen_Emperor" title="Jianwen Emperor">escaped predecessor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1974-50">[47]</a> which would have made the first voyage the "largest-scale manhunt on water in the history of China."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng200513-53">[50]</a> Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and armed forces that undertook the expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jinghong" title="Wang Jinghong">Wang Jinghong</a> was appointed as second in command. Preparations were thorough and wide-ranging, including the use of so many linguists that a foreign language institute was established at Nanjing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1974-50">[47]</a> Zheng He's first voyage departed 11 July 1405, from <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a><a href="#cite_note-Tsai2002-55">[52]</a>: 203  and consisted of a fleet of 317<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tamura-58">[55]</a> ships holding almost 28,000 crewmen.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56">[53]</a> Zheng He's fleets visited <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> (Thailand), <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, India, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> dispensing and receiving goods along the way.<a href="#cite_note-Tamura-58">[55]</a> Zheng He presented gifts of gold, silver, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, and silk, and in return, China received such novelties as <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tsai2002-55">[52]</a>: 206 <a href="#cite_note-Tamura-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-63">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a> that he brought back from <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> was considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">qilin</a> and taken as proof of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> upon the administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuyvendak1938402-64">[61]</a> The Daxuexi Alley Mosque in Xi'an has a stele dating to January 1523, inscribed with Zheng He's fourth maritime voyage to Tianfang, Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyages_of_Zheng_He.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyages_of_Zheng_He.png/600px-Voyages_of_Zheng_He.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyages_of_Zheng_He.png/900px-Voyages_of_Zheng_He.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Voyages_of_Zheng_He.png 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Voyages of Zheng He</figcaption></figure> While Zheng He's fleet was unprecedented, the routes were not. His fleet followed long-established, well-mapped routes of trade between China and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[48]</a> that had been used since at least the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. That fact, along with the use of a more-than-abundant number of crew members who were regular military personnel, leads some to speculate that the expeditions may have been geared at least partially at spreading China's power through expansion.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> Period, the king of <a href="/wiki/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (Ten Kingdoms)">Wu</a> sent a 20-year diplomatic mission led by Zhu Ying and Kang Tai along the coast of Asia, which reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng200512-66">[63]</a> After centuries of disruption, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> restored large-scale maritime trade from China in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans and reached as far as the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng2005-67">[64]</a> When his fleet first arrived at <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, there was already a sizable Chinese community. The General Survey of the Ocean Shores (瀛涯勝覽, Yíngyá Shènglǎn), composed by the translator <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> in 1416, gives very detailed accounts of his observations of people's customs and lives in the ports that they visited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills1970-68">[65]</a> He referred to the expatriate Chinese as "<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>" people (唐人; Tángrén). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KangnidoMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/220px-KangnidoMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/330px-KangnidoMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/440px-KangnidoMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kangnido_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangnido map">Kangnido map</a> (1402) predates Zheng's voyages and suggests that he had quite detailed geographical information on much of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and moderate information on the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FraMauro1420Ship.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FraMauro1420Ship.png/220px-FraMauro1420Ship.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FraMauro1420Ship.png/330px-FraMauro1420Ship.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FraMauro1420Ship.png/440px-FraMauro1420Ship.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map" title="Fra Mauro map">Fra Mauro map</a> relating the travels of a <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a> into the Atlantic Ocean in 1420. The ship also is illustrated above the text.</figcaption></figure> The fleet did not engage in conquest or colonization; though it included troops, their purpose was to demonstrate the Middle Kingdom's strength.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a>: 48  However, a contemporary reported that Zheng He "walked like a tiger" and did not shrink from violence when he considered it necessary to impress foreign peoples with China's military might.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> He ruthlessly suppressed pirates, who had long plagued Chinese and Southeast Asian waters. For example, he defeated <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zuyi" title="Chen Zuyi">Chen Zuyi</a>, one of the most feared and respected pirate captains, and returned him to China for execution.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> He also waged a <a href="/wiki/Ming-Kotte_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming-Kotte War">land war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, and he made displays of military force when local officials threatened his fleet in Arabia and East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira2012265-72">[69]</a> From his fourth voyage, he brought envoys from 30 states, who traveled to China and paid their respects at the Ming court.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. His successor, the <a href="/wiki/Hongxi_Emperor" title="Hongxi Emperor">Hongxi Emperor</a> (r. 1424–1425), stopped the voyages during his short reign. Zheng He made one more voyage during the reign of Hongxi's son, the <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuande Emperor of China">Xuande Emperor</a> (r. 1426–1435) but, the voyages of the Chinese treasure ship fleets then ended. Xuande believed his father's decision to halt the voyages had been meritorious and thus "there would be no need to make a detailed description of his grandfather's sending Zheng He to the Western Ocean."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed">attribution needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-HuiChunHing-52">[49]</a> The voyages "were contrary to the rules stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ming_Zuxun" class="mw-redirect" title="Huang Ming Zuxun">Huang Ming Zuxun</a>" (皇明祖訓), the dynastic foundation documents laid down by the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>:<a href="#cite_note-HuiChunHing-52">[49]</a> <blockquote>Some far-off countries pay their tribute to me at much expense and through great difficulties, all of which are by no means my own wish. Messages should be forwarded to them to reduce their tribute so as to avoid high and unnecessary expenses on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a></blockquote> They further violated longstanding Confucian principles. They were only made possible by (and therefore continued to represent) a triumph of the Ming's eunuch faction over the administration's <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrat">scholar-bureaucrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1974-50">[47]</a> Upon Zheng He's death and his faction's fall from power, his successors sought to minimize him in official accounts, along with continuing attempts to destroy all records related to the Jianwen Emperor or the manhunt to find him.<a href="#cite_note-HuiChunHing-52">[49]</a> Although unmentioned in the official dynastic histories, Zheng He probably died during the treasure fleet's last voyage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1974-50">[47]</a> Although he has a tomb in China, it is empty since he was <a href="/wiki/Buried_at_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buried at sea">buried at sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%80%8A%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%B8%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82_%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Treasury ship.Zheng He." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E3%80%8A%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%B8%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82_%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB_2018.jpg/250px-%E3%80%8A%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%B8%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82_%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E3%80%8A%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%B8%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82_%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB_2018.jpg/330px-%E3%80%8A%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%B8%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82_%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E3%80%8A%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%B8%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82_%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB_2018.jpg/500px-%E3%80%8A%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%B8%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8B%E3%80%82_%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>Artist's illustration of Zheng He's fleet</figcaption></figure> Zheng He led seven expeditions to the "Western" or Indian Ocean. Zheng He brought back to China many trophies and envoys from more than thirty kingdoms, including King <a href="/wiki/Vira_Alakesvara_of_Gampola" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Alakesvara of Gampola">Vira Alakeshwara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, who came to China as a captive to apologize to the Emperor for offenses against his mission. Zheng He wrote of his travels: <blockquote>We have traversed more than 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a> of immense water spaces and have beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising in the sky, and we have set eyes on barbarian regions far away hidden in a blue transparency of light vapors, while our sails, loftily unfurled like clouds day and night, continued their course [as rapidly] as a star, traversing those savage waves as if we were treading a public thoroughfare....<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sailing_charts">Sailing charts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sailing charts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese geography">Chinese geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Kun_map" title="Mao Kun map">Mao Kun map</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WuBeiZhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WuBeiZhi.jpg/220px-WuBeiZhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WuBeiZhi.jpg/330px-WuBeiZhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WuBeiZhi.jpg/440px-WuBeiZhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>One of a set of maps of Zheng He's missions (郑和航海图), also known as the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Kun_map" title="Mao Kun map">Mao Kun map</a>, 1628</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif/250px-Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif/330px-Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif/500px-Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>A section of the Wubei Zhi oriented east: India in the upper left, Sri Lanka upper right, and Africa along the bottom.</figcaption></figure> Zheng He's sailing charts, the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Kun_map" title="Mao Kun map">Mao Kun map</a>, were published in a book entitled the <a href="/wiki/Wubei_Zhi" title="Wubei Zhi">Wubei Zhi</a> (A Treatise on Armament Technology) written in 1621 and published in 1628 but traced back to Zheng He's and earlier voyages.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> It was originally a strip map 20.5 cm by 560 cm that could be rolled up, but was divided into 40 pages which vary in scale from 7 miles/inch in the Nanjing area to 215 miles/inch in parts of the African coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills1970-68">[65]</a> Investigation into folios 19V to 20R of the Mao Kun Map, which cover the Indian Ocean including South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and East Africa, suggests that the map is a composite of four maps, one for Sri Lanka, one for South India one for the Maldives and one for around 400 km of the East African coast, no further south than 6 degrees south of the Equator. Each of these maps is positioned at a different orientation to fit with the ocean currents and winds required of a sailing chart, rather than a formal map. The analysis also suggests that Arabic-speaking pilots with a detailed knowledge of the African coast were involved in the cartography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira2012273–277-77">[74]</a> There is little attempt to provide an accurate 2-D representation; instead, the sailing instructions are given using a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese directions">24-point compass system</a> with a Chinese symbol for each point, together with a sailing time or distance, which takes account of the local currents and winds. Sometimes depth soundings are also provided. It also shows bays, estuaries, capes and islands, ports and mountains along the coast, important landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagodas</a> and temples, and <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoal</a> rocks. Of 300 named places outside China, more than 80% can be confidently located. There are also fifty observations of stellar altitude. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_of_ships">Size of ships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Size of ships">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luo_Maodeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luo Maodeng (page does not exist)">Luo Maodeng</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%87%8B%E7%99%BB" class="extiw" title="zh:羅懋登">zh</a>]'s novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanbao_Taijian_Xia_Xiyang_Ji_Tongsu_Yanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi (page does not exist)">Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi</a> (Eunuch Sanbao Western Records Popular Romance, published 1597), the first expedition had:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20056-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Treasure ships</a>" (宝船, Bǎo Chuán) nine-masted, 44.4 by 18 zhang, about 127 metres (417 feet) long and 52 metres (171 feet) wide.</li> <li>Equine ships (馬船, Mǎ Chuán), carrying horses and tribute goods and repair material for the fleet, eight-masted, 37 by 15 zhang, about 103 m (338 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide.</li> <li>Supply ships (粮船, Liáng Chuán), containing staple for the crew, seven-masted, 28 by 12 zhang, about 78 m (256 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide.</li> <li>Transport ships (坐船, Zuò Chuán), six-masted, 24 by 9.4 zhang, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide.</li> <li>Warships (战船, Zhàn Chuán), five-masted, 18 by 6.8 zhang, about 50 m (160 ft) long.</li></ul> On the ships were navigators, explorers, sailors, doctors, workers, and soldiers, along with the translator and diarist <a href="/wiki/Gong_Zhen" title="Gong Zhen">Gong Zhen</a>. Six more expeditions took place from 1407 to 1433, with fleets thought to be of comparable size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> both described multi-masted ships carrying 500 to 1,000 passengers in their translated accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971460–470-82">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a>, a contemporary of Zheng He, was also an eyewitness of ships in Southeast Asia, claiming to have seen five-masted junks weighing about 2,000 vegetes, that is <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> butt. Christopher Wake estimated a burthen of 1300 tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake199758-83">[80]</a> The ship of Conti may have been a Burmese or Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">jong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1973248-84">[81]</a> The largest ships in the fleet, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese treasure ships">Chinese treasure ships</a> described in Chinese chronicles, would have been nearly <a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_largest_wooden_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's largest wooden ships">twice as long as any other wooden ship</a> recorded thereafter until the 20th century, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Nelson">Admiral Nelson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, 69.34 metres (227 ft 6 in) long, which was launched in 1765, and the 68.88-metre (226 ft) <a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)">Vasa</a> of 1627. The first ships to attain 126 m (413 ft) long were 19th century steamers with iron hulls. Many scholars consider it unlikely that any of Zheng He's ships were 135 m (450 ft) in length and have proposed much shorter lengths, as low as 60–75 m (200–250 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch2005-85">[82]</a> Zhao Zhigang claimed that he has solved the debate of the size difference, and stated that Zheng He's largest ship was about 70 m (230 ft) in length.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes_of_historical_records_of_length">Disputes of historical records of length</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disputes of historical records of length">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg/250px-Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg/330px-Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg/500px-Gall_Trilingual_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galle_Trilingual_Inscription" title="Galle Trilingual Inscription">Galle Trilingual Inscription</a>, left by Zheng He in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in 1409</figcaption></figure> Edward L. Dreyer claims that Luo Maodeng's novel is unsuitable as historical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-79">[76]</a> The novel contains a number of fantasy element; for example the ships were "constructed with divine help by the immortal Lu Ban".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20057-87">[84]</a> One explanation for the seemingly-inefficient size of the colossal ships was that the 44 zhang treasure ships were used only by the Emperor and imperial bureaucrats to travel along the Yangtze for court business, including reviewing Zheng He's expedition fleet. The Yangtze river, with its calmer waters, may have been navigable by these treasure ships. Zheng He, a court eunuch, would not have had the privilege in rank to command the largest of the ships, seaworthy or not. The main ships of Zheng He's fleet were instead six-masted 2000-liao ships.<a href="#cite_note-Technical1-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> That would give <a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">burthen</a> of 500 tons and a displacement tonnage of about 800 tons.<a href="#cite_note-Technical1-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481-90">[87]</a> Traditional and popular accounts of Zheng He's voyages have described a great fleet of gigantic ships far larger than any other wooden ships in history. The most grandiose claims for Zheng He's 1405 fleet are entirely based on a calculation derived from an account that was written three centuries later and was accepted as fact by one modern writer; rejected by numerous naval experts.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a>: 128  There are even some sources that claim some of the treasure ships might have been as long as 183 m (600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The claims that the Chinese treasure ships reached such size is disputed because other 17th century Ming records stated that European <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a> were 30, 40, 50, and 60 zhang (90, 120, 150, and 180 m) in length.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaiming201656–57-93">[90]</a> It is also possible that the measure of zhang (丈) used in the conversions was mistaken. The length of a Dutch ship recorded in the History of Ming was 30 zhang. If the zhang is taken to be 3.2 m, the Dutch ship would be 96 m long. Also the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Hongyipao" title="Hongyipao">Hongyi cannon</a> was recorded to be more than 2 zhang (6.4 m) long. Comparative study by Hu Xiaowei (2018) concluded that 1 zhang would be equal to 1.5–1.6 m, this means the Dutch ship would be 45–48 m long and the cannon would be 3–3.2 m long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018111–112-94">[91]</a> Taking 1.6 m for 1 zhang, Zheng He's 44 zhang treasure ship would be 70.4 m (230.97 ft) long and 28.8 m (94.49 ft) wide, or 22 zhang long and 9 zhang wide if the zhang is taken to be 3.2 m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018113-95">[92]</a> It is known that the measure unit during the Ming era was not unified: A measurement of East and West Pagoda in Quanzhou resulted in a zhang unit of 2.5–2.56 m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018110-96">[93]</a> According to Chen Cunren, one zhang in the Ming Dynasty is only half a zhang in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunren200860-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasure_Shipyard_excavation">Treasure Shipyard excavation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treasure Shipyard excavation">edit</a>]</div> From 2003 to 2004, the Treasure Shipyard was excavated in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (the former capital of the Ming Dynasty), near the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>. Despite the site being referred to as the "Longjiang Treasure Shipyard" (龍江寶船廠) in the official names, the site is distinct from the actual Longjiang Shipyard, which was located on a different site and produced different types of ships. The Treasure Shipyard, where Zheng He's fleet is believed to have been built in the Ming Dynasty, once consisted of thirteen basins (based on a 1944 map), most of which have now been covered by the construction of buildings in the 20th century. The basins are believed to have been connected to the Yangtze via a series of gates. Three long basins survive, each with wooden structures inside, interpreted to be frames onto which the ships to be built on. The largest basin extends for a length of 421 metres (1,381 ft). While they were long enough to accommodate the largest claimed Zheng He treasure ship, they were not wide enough to fit even a ship half the claimed size. The basin was only 41 metres (135 ft) wide at most, with only a 10 metres (33 ft) width showing evidence of structures. They were also not deep enough, being only 4 metres (13 ft) deep. Other remains of ships in the site indicate that the ships were only slightly larger than the frames that supported them. Moreover, the basin structures were grouped into clusters with large gaps between them, if each cluster was interpreted as a ship framework, then the largest ship would not exceed 75 metres (246 ft) at most, probably less.<a href="#cite_note-church2010-98">[95]</a> The 2003–2004 excavation also recovered two complete wooden rudderposts from the Treasure Shipyard, in addition to another recovered in 1957. They are made of <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> and measure around 10 to 11 metres (33 to 36 ft) in length. Zhou Shide (1962) claimed that the first rudderpost recovered was proof of the enormous dimensions of the ships based on his calculations on how big the rudderblade would be. However Church (2010) points out that Zhou was using calculations based on modern steel propeller-driven ships, not wooden ships; as well as the fact that Zhou's hypothetical rudder shape was based on the flat-bottomed shachuan (沙船) ship type, not the sea-going fuchuan (福船). The rudderposts cannot be used to infer the actual size of the rudder blades. Church notes that in traditional wooden Chinese ships, rudderposts were necessarily long in order for them to extend from the water level up unto the ship deck, where it was controlled by the tiller. Church compares it with modern wooden junks built in the traditional Lümeimao ("green eyebrow", 綠眉毛) style, which also have rudderposts that are 11 metres (36 ft) long, but are only 31 metres (102 ft) in overall length.<a href="#cite_note-church2010-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> One theory is that Admiral Zheng He died in 1433, during or shortly after his seventh voyage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007165-99">[96]</a> Another is that Zheng He continued to serve as the defender of Nanjing, and died in 1435.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19706-100">[97]</a> A tomb was built for Zheng He at the southern slope of Cattle Head Hill, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. The original tomb was a horseshoe-shaped grave. It is a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> believed to contain his clothes and headgear. In 1985, the tomb was rebuilt following a Muslim style.<a href="#cite_note-lin05-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Zheng's voyages were long neglected in official Chinese histories but have become well known in China and abroad since the publication of <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>'s Biography of Our Homeland's Great Navigator, Zheng He in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-HMZX-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Imperial China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen_Zhang%27s_painting_of_a_giraffe_and_its_attendant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chen_Zhang%27s_painting_of_a_giraffe_and_its_attendant.jpg/250px-Chen_Zhang%27s_painting_of_a_giraffe_and_its_attendant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chen_Zhang%27s_painting_of_a_giraffe_and_its_attendant.jpg/330px-Chen_Zhang%27s_painting_of_a_giraffe_and_its_attendant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Chen_Zhang%27s_painting_of_a_giraffe_and_its_attendant.jpg/500px-Chen_Zhang%27s_painting_of_a_giraffe_and_its_attendant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The pet giraffe of the <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Sultan of Bengal</a>, brought from the Somali <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a>, and later taken to China<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> in the thirteenth year of Yongle (1415).</figcaption></figure> In the decades after the last voyage, Imperial officials minimized the importance of Zheng He and his expeditions throughout the many regnal and dynastic histories they compiled. The information in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Taizong_Shilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Taizong Shilu">Yongle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_Xuanzong_Shilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Xuanzong Shilu">Xuande Emperors' official annals</a> was incomplete and even erroneous, and other official publications omitted them completely.<a href="#cite_note-HMZX-103">[100]</a> Although some have seen that as a conspiracy seeking to eliminate memories of the voyages,<a href="#cite_note-heyhei-105">[102]</a> it is likely that the records were dispersed throughout several departments and the expeditions, unauthorized by and in fact counter to the <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ming_Zu_Xun" class="mw-redirect" title="Huang Ming Zu Xun">injunctions of the dynastic founder</a>, presented a kind of embarrassment to the dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-HMZX-103">[100]</a> State-sponsored Ming naval efforts declined dramatically after Zheng's voyages. Starting in the early 15th century, China experienced increasing pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">surviving Yuan Mongols</a> from the north. The relocation of the capital to Beijing in the north exacerbated this threat dramatically. At considerable expense, China launched annual military expeditions from Beijing to weaken the Mongolians. The expenditures necessary for the land campaigns directly competed with the funds necessary to continue naval expeditions. Further, in 1449, Mongolian cavalry ambushed a land expedition personally led by the <a href="/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengtong Emperor">Zhengtong Emperor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tumu_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tumu Fortress">Tumu Fortress</a>, less than a day's march from the walls of the capital. The Mongolians wiped out the Chinese army and captured the emperor. The battle had two salient effects. Firstly, it demonstrated the clear threat posed by the northern nomads. Secondly, the Mongols caused a political crisis in China when they released the emperor after his half-brother had already ascended and declared the new <a href="/wiki/Jingtai_Emperor" title="Jingtai Emperor">Jingtai era</a>. Not until 1457 and the restoration of the former emperor would political stability return. Upon his return to power, China abandoned the strategy of annual land expeditions and instead embarked upon a massive and expensive expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. In that environment, funding for naval expeditions was simply absent. However, missions from Southeastern Asia continued to arrive for decades. Depending on local conditions, they could reach such frequency that the court found it necessary to restrict them. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a> records imperial edicts forbade Java, Champa, and Siam from sending their envoys more often than once every three years.<a href="#cite_note-Tata-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mi%E1%BA%BFu_Nh%E1%BB%8B_Ph%E1%BB%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mi%E1%BA%BFu_Nh%E1%BB%8B_Ph%E1%BB%A7.jpg/220px-Mi%E1%BA%BFu_Nh%E1%BB%8B_Ph%E1%BB%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mi%E1%BA%BFu_Nh%E1%BB%8B_Ph%E1%BB%A7.jpg/330px-Mi%E1%BA%BFu_Nh%E1%BB%8B_Ph%E1%BB%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mi%E1%BA%BFu_Nh%E1%BB%8B_Ph%E1%BB%A7.jpg/440px-Mi%E1%BA%BFu_Nh%E1%BB%8B_Ph%E1%BB%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The Ông Bổn Temple, built to venerate Zheng He, or Bổn Đầu Công in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veneration">Veneration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Veneration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cakra_Donya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cakra_Donya.JPG/250px-Cakra_Donya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cakra_Donya.JPG/330px-Cakra_Donya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cakra_Donya.JPG/500px-Cakra_Donya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>The Cakra Donya Bell, a gift from Zheng He to <a href="/wiki/Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasai">Pasai</a>, now kept at the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Museum" title="Aceh Museum">Aceh Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>.</figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diaspora">Chinese diaspora</a> in Southeast Asia, Zheng He became a figure of folk veneration.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Even some of his crew members who happened to stay in some port sometimes did so as well, such as "Poontaokong" on <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tata-106">[103]</a> The temples of the cult, called after either of his names, Cheng Hoon or Sam Po, are peculiar to overseas Chinese except for a single temple in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongjian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongjian (page does not exist)">Hongjian</a> originally constructed by a returned <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> Chinese in the Ming dynasty and rebuilt by another Filipino Chinese after the original was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tata-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malacca">Malacca</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malacca">edit</a>]</div> The oldest and most important Chinese temple in Malacca is the 17th-century Cheng Hoon Teng, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonial rule</a>, the head of the Cheng Hoon Temple was appointed as chief over the community's Chinese inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Tata-106">[103]</a> Following Zheng He's arrival, the sultan and the sultana of Malacca visited China at the head of over 540 of their subjects, bearing ample tribute. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mansur Shah of Malacca">Mansur Shah</a> (r. 1459–1477) later dispatched Tun Perpatih Putih as his envoy to China, carrying a letter from the sultan to the Ming emperor. The letter requested the hand of an imperial daughter in marriage. Malay (but not Chinese) annals record that in 1459, a princess named <a href="/wiki/Hang_Li_Po" title="Hang Li Po">Hang Li Po</a> or Hang Liu was sent from China to marry the sultan. She came with 500 high-ranking young men and a few hundred handmaidens as her entourage. They eventually settled in <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Cina" title="Bukit Cina">Bukit Cina</a>. It is believed that a significant number of them married into the local populace, creating the descendants now known as the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-malacca-108">[105]</a> Owing to this supposed lineage, the Peranakan still use special honorifics: <a href="/wiki/Baba_(honorific)" title="Baba (honorific)">Baba</a> for the men and <a href="/wiki/Nyonya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyonya">Nyonya</a> for the women. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Indonesia,_026-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stamps_of_Indonesia%2C_026-05.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Indonesia%2C_026-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stamps_of_Indonesia%2C_026-05.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Indonesia%2C_026-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stamps_of_Indonesia%2C_026-05.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Indonesia%2C_026-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Stamp from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> commemorating Zheng He's voyages to secure the maritime routes, usher urbanisation and assist in creating a common prosperity throughout continents and cultures.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheng_Hoo1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Cheng_Hoo1.JPG/220px-Cheng_Hoo1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Cheng_Hoo1.JPG/330px-Cheng_Hoo1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Cheng_Hoo1.JPG/440px-Cheng_Hoo1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>The Zheng Hoo Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Chinese">Chinese Indonesian</a> community have established temples dedicated to Zheng He in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tata-106">[103]</a> In 1961, the Indonesian Islamic leader and scholar <a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a> credited Zheng He for playing an important role in the development of Islam in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The Brunei Times credits Zheng He with building Chinese Muslim communities in <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> and along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. These Muslims allegedly followed the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school in the Chinese language.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_scholarship">Western scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Western scholarship">edit</a>]</div> In the 1950s, historians such as <a href="/wiki/John_King_Fairbank" title="John King Fairbank">John Fairbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> popularized the idea that after Zheng He's voyages China turned away from the seas due to the <a href="/wiki/Haijin" title="Haijin">Haijin</a> edict and was isolated from European technological advancements. Modern historians point out that Chinese maritime commerce did not totally stop after Zheng He, that Chinese ships continued to participate in Southeast Asian commerce until the 19th century, and that active Chinese trading with India and East Africa continued long after the time of Zheng. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist historians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldstone" title="Jack Goldstone">Jack Goldstone</a> argue that the Zheng He voyages ended for practical reasons that did not reflect the technological level of China.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Although the Ming dynasty prohibited shipping with the Haijin edict, it was a policy of the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> that long preceded Zheng He and the ban, so obviously disregarded by the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a>, was eventually lifted entirely. However, the ban on maritime shipping forced countless numbers of people into smuggling and <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">piracy</a>. Neglect of the imperial navy and Nanjing dockyards after Zheng He's voyages left the coast highly vulnerable to Japanese <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">wokou</a> during the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2013-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grygiel2006-113">[110]</a> Richard von Glahn, a <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> professor of Chinese history, commented that most treatments of Zheng He present him wrongly, "offer counterfactual arguments," and "emphasize China's missed opportunity" by focusing on failures, instead of accomplishments. In contrast, Glahn asserts that "Zheng He reshaped Asia" because maritime history in the 15th century was essentially the Zheng He story and the effects of his voyages.<a href="#cite_note-glaan-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> Despite the official neglect, the adventures of the fleet captured the imagination of some Chinese with some writing novelisations of the voyages, such as the Romance of the Three-Jeweled Eunuch in 1597.<a href="#cite_note-heyhei-105">[102]</a> On his travels, Zheng He built mosques<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> and also spread the worship of <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He apparently never found time for a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> but sent sailors there on his last voyage. He played an important part in developing relations between China and Islamic countries.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Zheng He also visited Muslim shrines of Islamic holy men in the <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In modern times, interest in Zheng He has revived substantially. In <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a>'s 1999 science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky" title="A Deepness in the Sky">A Deepness in the Sky</a>, an interstellar society of commercial traders in human space are named the Qeng Ho, after the admiral. The expeditions featured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Heather_Terrell" title="Heather Terrell">Heather Terrell</a>'s 2005 novel The Map Thief. For the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's voyages in 2005, <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> produced a special television series, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He_Xia_Xiyang_(TV_series)" title="Zheng He Xia Xiyang (TV series)">Zheng He Xia Xiyang</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Gallen_Lo" title="Gallen Lo">Gallen Lo</a> as Zheng He. He is also mentioned in part of the main storyline of the first-person shooter game <a href="/wiki/Far_Cry_3" title="Far Cry 3">Far Cry 3</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> series <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Picard" title="Star Trek: Picard">Picard</a> further featured an advanced starship named USS Zheng He. There was even a <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> boat that was acquired for picket duty during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> that was named <a href="/wiki/USS_Cheng_Ho_(IX-52)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Cheng Ho (IX-52)">Cheng Ho</a> by its previous owner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics">Relics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Zheng He built the Tianfei Palace (天妃宫; Tiānfēigōng; 'Palace of the Celestial Wife'), a temple in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazu (goddess)">Mazu</a>, in Nanjing after the fleet returned from its first western voyage in 1407.</li> <li>The "Deed of Foreign Connection and Exchange" (通番事跡) or "Tongfan Deed Stele" is located in the Tianfei Palace in <a href="/wiki/Liuhe,_Taicang" title="Liuhe, Taicang">Liuhe, Taicang</a>, whence the expeditions first departed. The <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> was submerged and lost but has been rebuilt.</li> <li>To thank the <a href="/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazu (goddess)">Celestial Wife</a> for her blessings, Zheng He and his colleagues rebuilt the Tianfei Palace in Nanshan, <a href="/wiki/Changle" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle">Changle</a> County, Fujian Province as well before they left on their last voyage. At the renovated temple, they raised a stele, "A Record of Tianfei Showing Her Presence and Power" (天妃靈應之記; Tiānfēi Líng Yīng zhī Jì), discussing their earlier voyages.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Galle_Trilingual_Inscription" title="Galle Trilingual Inscription">Galle Trilingual Inscription</a> in Sri Lanka was discovered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a> in 1911 and is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Colombo">National Museum of Colombo</a>. The three languages used in the inscription were Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. The inscription praises <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and describes the fleet's donations to the famous <a href="/wiki/Tondeswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondeswaram temple">Tenavarai Nayanar temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tondeswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondeswaram">Tondeswaram</a> frequented by both <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a></li> <li>Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing has been repaired and a small museum built next to it, but his body was buried at sea off the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> near Calicut, in western India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes1996172-122">[119]</a> However, his sword and other personal possessions were interred in a Muslim tomb inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. The tomb of Zheng He's assistant <a href="/wiki/Hong_Bao" title="Hong Bao">Hong Bao</a> was recently unearthed in Nanjing as well.</li> <li>Seven large sunken ships were found in the sea near <a href="/wiki/Dongsha_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongsha Island">Dongsha Island</a>, which were confirmed to belong to Zheng He's fleet. The types of the seven sunken ships were Shachuan (沙船), Fuchuan (福船), and Zhanzuochuan (戰座船).<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> In the People's Republic of China, 11 July is <a href="/wiki/China_National_Maritime_Day" title="China National Maritime Day">Maritime Day</a> (中国航海日, Zhōngguó Hánghǎi Rì) and is devoted to the memory of Zheng He's first voyage. Initially <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Changshui_International_Airport" title="Kunming Changshui International Airport">Kunming Changshui International Airport</a> was to be named Zheng He International Airport. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Emotion_Media_Factory" title="Emotion Media Factory">Emotion Media Factory</a> dedicated a special multimedia show "Zheng He is coming" for amusement park <a href="/wiki/Romon_U-Park" title="Romon U-Park">Romon U-Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, China). The show became a finalist of the amusement industry prestigious Brass Rings Awards by <a href="/wiki/IAAPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAPA">IAAPA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Zheng He is the namesake of the <a href="/wiki/ROCS_Cheng_Ho_(PFG2-1103)" class="mw-redirect" title="ROCS Cheng Ho (PFG2-1103)">ROCS Cheng Ho</a> missile frigate in Taiwan. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">People's Liberation Army Navy</a> ship <a href="/wiki/Type_679_training_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 679 training ship">Zheng He (AX-81)</a> is a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">training ship</a> named for him. Like her namesake, she serves as a goodwill ambassador for China, becoming the first Chinese Navy ship to visit the United States in 1989 and completing a circumnavigation of the globe in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> The proposed <a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample-return</a> spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> was originally named ZhengHe. Its mission to explore <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Near-Earth_asteroids" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/469219_Kamo%CA%BBoalewa" title="469219 Kamoʻoalewa">2016 HO3</a> is scheduled to launch in 2025. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zheng_He%27s_tomb,_Nanjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing"><img alt="Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Zheng_He%27s_tomb%2C_Nanjing.jpg/120px-Zheng_He%27s_tomb%2C_Nanjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Zheng_He%27s_tomb%2C_Nanjing.jpg/180px-Zheng_He%27s_tomb%2C_Nanjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Zheng_He%27s_tomb%2C_Nanjing.jpg/240px-Zheng_He%27s_tomb%2C_Nanjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="922" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zheng He's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_in_honour_of_Zheng_He_in_Nanjing.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum to honour Zheng He, Nanjing"><img alt="Museum to honour Zheng He, Nanjing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Museum_in_honour_of_Zheng_He_in_Nanjing.jpeg/120px-Museum_in_honour_of_Zheng_He_in_Nanjing.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Museum_in_honour_of_Zheng_He_in_Nanjing.jpeg/250px-Museum_in_honour_of_Zheng_He_in_Nanjing.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum to honour Zheng He, Nanjing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zheng_He_Gallery_in_Malacca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gallery of Admiral Cheng Ho in Malacca"><img alt="Gallery of Admiral Cheng Ho in Malacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zheng_He_Gallery_in_Malacca.JPG/120px-Zheng_He_Gallery_in_Malacca.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zheng_He_Gallery_in_Malacca.JPG/180px-Zheng_He_Gallery_in_Malacca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zheng_He_Gallery_in_Malacca.JPG/240px-Zheng_He_Gallery_in_Malacca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Admiral_Cheng_Ho" title="Gallery of Admiral Cheng Ho">Gallery of Admiral Cheng Ho</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Zhenghe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zheng He wax statue in the Quanzhou Maritime Museum"><img alt="Zheng He wax statue in the Quanzhou Maritime Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Admiral_Zhenghe.jpg/120px-Admiral_Zhenghe.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Admiral_Zhenghe.jpg/250px-Admiral_Zhenghe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zheng He <a href="/wiki/Wax_sculpture" title="Wax sculpture">wax statue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_Maritime_Museum" title="Quanzhou Maritime Museum">Quanzhou Maritime Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Yuchun" title="Chang Yuchun">Chang Yuchun</a> – Chinese generalPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">Chinese exploration</a> – 2nd century BC – 15th century travels abroad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMA_CGM_Zheng_He" title="CMA CGM Zheng He">CMA CGM Zheng He</a> – container ship built in 2015Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xin" title="Fei Xin">Fei Xin</a> – Ming dynasty explorer and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galle_Trilingual_Inscription" title="Galle Trilingual Inscription">Galle Trilingual Inscription</a> – Stone tablet erected in 1411 in Galle, Sri Lanka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Bao" title="Hong Bao">Hong Bao</a> – Chinese explorerPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> – Ethnoreligious Chinese-speaking ethnic group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> – Chinese translator, voyager and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-cheti" title="Man-cheti">Man-cheti</a> – 14th century cotton stuff from India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> – Imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Ming Veritable Records</a> – Imperial annals of Ming dynasty emperors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romon_U-Park" title="Romon U-Park">Romon U-Park</a> – Amusement park in Ningbo, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Timeline of the Ming treasure voyages">Timeline of the Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Man" title="Zhou Man">Zhou Man</a> – Chinese admiralPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Di">Zhu Di</a> – Emperor of China from 1402 to 1424Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> A chi is thought to vary between 26.5–30 cm / 10.5–12 inches<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200719-25">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The Taizong Shilu 27 February 1424 entry reports that Zheng He was sent to deliver the seal because the old seal was destroyed in a fire. The Xuanzong Shilu 17 September 1425 entry reports that Zhang Funama delivered a seal, because the old seal was destroyed in a fire. The later Mingshi compilers seem to have combined the accounts, remarking that Shi Jisun's succession was approved in 1424 and that a new seal was delivered in 1425, suggesting that only one seal was destroyed by fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200796-36">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Unnamed official who served as a Department Director under the Ministry of Works, who had departed for Nanjing to supervise the renovation of government buildings and to reward the skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007141-46">[44]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200722–23-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer200722–23_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711,_148Mills19705Ray198766Levathes199661-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711,_148Mills19705Ray198766Levathes199661_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, pp. 11, 148; <a href="#CITEREFMills1970">Mills 1970</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFRay1987">Ray 1987</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFLevathes1996">Levathes 1996</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711Mills19705Levathes199662Perkins2000621-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer200711Mills19705Levathes199662Perkins2000621_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFMills1970">Mills 1970</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFLevathes1996">Levathes 1996</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFPerkins2000">Perkins 2000</a>, p. 621. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007148,_150"The_inscriptions_[...]_devotion_to_Tianfei,_the_goddess_of_seafarers,_had_become_the_dominant_strand_in_his_eclectic_religious_heritage."-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007148,_150"The_inscriptions_[...]_devotion_to_Tianfei,_the_goddess_of_seafarers,_had_become_the_dominant_strand_in_his_eclectic_religious_heritage."_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, pp. 148, 150, "The inscriptions [...] devotion to Tianfei, the goddess of seafarers, had become the dominant strand in his eclectic religious heritage.". </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuy2010" class="citation book cs1">Guy, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCIPD1V39QkC&pg=PA163">"Quanzhou: Cosmopolitan City of Faiths"</a>. The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty. Yale University Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16656-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16656-9"><bdi>978-0-300-16656-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quanzhou%3A+Cosmopolitan+City+of+Faiths&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Khubilai+Khan%3A+Chinese+Art+in+the+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16656-9&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCIPD1V39QkC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsai2002" class="citation book cs1">Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98124-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98124-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98124-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Happiness%3A+The+Ming+Emperor+Yongle&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98124-6&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Shih-Shan+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aU5hBMxNgWQC&pg=PA38">restricted online copy</a>, p. 38, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuFooSiew2005" class="citation book cs1">Fu, Chunjiang; Foo, Choo Yen; Siew, Yaw Hoong (2005). The great explorer Cheng Ho. Ambassador of peace. 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Shanghai 2002, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel-silkroad.com/english/marine/ZhengHe.html">The Archeological Researches into Zheng He's Treasure Ships</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], SilkRoad webpage. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1971">Needham 1971</a>, p. 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowring2019" class="citation book cs1">Bowring, Philip (2019). Empire of the Winds. London, New York: I B Tauris & Co. 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Columbia University Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52240-3"><bdi>978-0-231-52240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmony+and+War%3A+Confucian+Culture+and+Chinese+Power+Politics&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52240-3&rft.au=Yuan-Kang+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxVfTuKsaJQC%26pg%3DPT286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grygiel2006-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Grygiel2006_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJakub_J._Grygiel2006" class="citation book cs1">Jakub J. 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JHU Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8480-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Powers+and+Geopolitical+Change&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8480-1&rft.au=Jakub+J.+Grygiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZjpcHnxH2QC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glaan-114"><a href="#cite_ref-glaan_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.ucla.edu/china/article.asp?parentid=10387">"Zheng He's Voyages of Discovery – UCLA center for Chinese Study"</a>. 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Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-837-5"><bdi>978-981-230-837-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/427974635">427974635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheng+Ho+and+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F427974635&rft.isbn=978-981-230-837-5&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Dasheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F427974635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTan_Ta_Sen2009" class="citation book cs1">Tan Ta Sen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA171">Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia</a>. 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National Sun Yat-sen University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsysu.edu.tw/p/404-1000-52738.php?Lang=zh-tw">the original</a> on 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%89%93%E6%92%88%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%B2%89%E8%88%B9+%E6%92%88%E8%88%B9+%E6%9C%89%E5%AE%A3%E7%A4%BA%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9+%E5%86%8D%E9%80%A0%E9%90%B5%E9%81%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%82%B3%E5%A5%87+%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8%E5%A7%94%E8%A8%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD+%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E6%8E%A2%E5%8B%98%E5%B0%87%E8%8A%B1%E8%B2%BB%E6%95%B8%E5%84%84%E5%85%83&rft.pub=National+Sun+Yat-sen+University&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsysu.edu.tw%2Fp%2F404-1000-52738.php%3FLang%3Dzh-tw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923192214/http://www.blooloop.com/news/emotion-media-factory-multimedia-romon-u-park/29189">"Theme Park, Museum, Zoo Industry News for Professionals"</a>. 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China Daily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Naval+training+ship+going+round+the+globe&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaomin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2F2012-04%2F17%2Fcontent_25160837.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang1974" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Kuei-Sheng (July–September 1974). 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Melaka: Perbadanan Muzium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-11386-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-11386-0-1"><bdi>978-967-11386-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zheng+He+and+the+African+Horizon%3A+An+Investigative+Study+into+the+Chinese+Geography+of+Early+Fifteenth-Century+Eastern+Africa&rft.btitle=Zheng+He+and+the+Afro-Asian+World&rft.place=Melaka&rft.pub=Perbadanan+Muzium&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-967-11386-0-1&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWake1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wake, Christopher (December 1997). "The Great Ocean-Going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries". International Journal of Maritime History. 9 (2): 51–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F084387149700900205">10.1177/084387149700900205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130906334">130906334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Maritime+History&rft.atitle=The+Great+Ocean-Going+Ships+of+Southern+China+in+the+Age+of+Chinese+Maritime+Voyaging+to+India%2C+Twelfth+to+Fifteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F084387149700900205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130906334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wake&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXiaowei2018" class="citation journal cs1">Xiaowei, Hu (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc88.com/p-7728721680403.html">"郑和宝船尺度新考 – 从泉州东西塔的尺度谈起"</a> [A New Research on the Scale of Zheng He's Treasure Ship – From the Scale of Quanzhou East-West Pagoda]. 海交史研究 (Journal of Maritime History Studies) (2): 107–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%28Journal+of+Maritime+History+Studies%29&rft.atitle=%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%9D%E8%88%B9%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E8%80%83+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B%E4%BB%8E%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E4%B8%9C%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%B0%88%E8%B5%B7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Xiaowei&rft.aufirst=Hu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc88.com%2Fp-7728721680403.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChan1998" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Hok-lam (1998). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435". The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2"><bdi>978-0-521-24332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chien-wen%2C+Yung-lo%2C+Hung-hsi%2C+and+Hs%C3%BCan-te+reigns%2C+1399%E2%80%931435&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+7%3A+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24332-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Hok-lam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSu2005" class="citation book cs1">Su, Ming-Yang (2005). Seven epic voyages of Zheng He in Ming China, 1405–1433: facts, fiction and fabrication. Torrance, CA: self-published. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62515238">62515238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+epic+voyages+of+Zheng+He+in+Ming+China%2C+1405%E2%80%931433%3A+facts%2C+fiction+and+fabrication&rft.place=Torrance%2C+CA&rft.pub=self-published&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62515238&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Ming-Yang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050623222048/http://chinaheritagenewsletter.org/articles.php?searchterm=002_zhenghe.inc&issue=002">"Shipping News: Zheng He's Sexcentenary"</a>. China Heritage Newsletter, June 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1833-8461">1833-8461</a>. Published by the China Heritage Project of The Australian National University.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViviano2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Viviano, Frank (July 2005). "China's Great Armada". National Geographic. Vol. 208, no. 1. pp. 28–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=China%27s+Great+Armada&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2005-07&rft.aulast=Viviano&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_He&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zheng_He" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Zheng He">Zheng He</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Zheng He <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=72199054">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=72199054&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1334/the-seven-voyages-of-zheng-he/">World History Encyclopedia – The Seven Voyages of Zheng He</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=218">Zheng He – The Chinese Muslim Admiral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310203031/http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2245/2005-6-13/Zt119%40569.htm">Zheng He 600th Anniversary</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/swimming_dragons.shtml">BBC radio programme "Swimming Dragons".</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010913001234/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/journey2001/">TIME magazine special feature on Zheng He (August 2001)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221135224/http://www.elibraryhub.com/zhengHe/home.html">Virtual exhibition</a> from elibraryhub.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/25/eng20060925_306133.html">Ship imitates ancient vessel navigated by Zheng He</a> at peopledaily.com (25 September 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahn2005" class="citation news cs1">Kahn, Joseph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/international/asia/20letter.html">"China Has an Ancient Mariner to Tell You About"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Has+an+Ancient+Mariner+to+Tell+You+About&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F07%2F20%2Finternational%2Fasia%2F20letter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+He" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118011340/http://proj.ncku.edu.tw/chengho/">Newsletter, in Chinese, on academic research on the Zheng He voyages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Qin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a> (255 BC–210 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> (164 BC–113 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a> (1st century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ying" title="Gan Ying">Gan Ying</a> (1st century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (337–422)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (602–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> (fl. 751–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xuance" title="Wang Xuance">Wang Xuance</a> (fl. 7th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakuen" title="Jakuen">Jakuen</a> (1207–1299)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yuan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a> (1220–1294)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> (1270-?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dayuan" title="Wang Dayuan">Wang Dayuan</a> (fl. 1311–1350)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Chen Cheng (Ming dynasty)">Chen Cheng</a> (1365–1457)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zheng He</a> (1371–1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> (1380–1460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xin" title="Fei Xin">Fei Xin</a> (1385–1436)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_An" title="Fu An">Fu An</a> (fl. 1385–1429)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Nu" title="Lin Nu">Lin Nu</a> (fl. 14th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishiha" title="Yishiha">Yishiha</a> (1409–1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Bao" title="Hong Bao">Hong Bao</a> (1412–1433)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiake" title="Xu Xiake">Xu Xiake</a> (1587–1641)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_geography" title="Template talk:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world">Geographers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">Ya'qubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani">Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashkhash_Ibn_Saeed_Ibn_Aswad" title="Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad">Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih" title="Ibn al-Faqih">Ibn al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ramhormuzi" title="Al-Ramhormuzi">Al-Ramhormuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudama_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Qudama ibn Ja'far">Qudama ibn Ja'far</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%CA%BF%C4%ABd_Gard%C4%93z%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī">Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domiyat" title="Domiyat">Domiyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Zuhri" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri">al-Zuhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Abbas_al-Hijazi" title="Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi">Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Said_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Said al-Maghribi">Ibn Said al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mujawir" title="Ibn al-Mujawir">Ibn al-Mujawir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wardi" title="Ibn al-Wardi">Ibn al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Nu" title="Lin Nu">Lin Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Razz%C4%81q_Samarqand%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī">Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiy%C4%81th_al-d%C4%ABn_Naqq%C4%81sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh">Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Mājid">Ahmad ibn Mājid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zheng He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xin" title="Fei Xin">Fei Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Al_Mahri" title="Sulaiman Al Mahri">Sulaiman Al Mahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ahmed_Nasrallah_Thattvi" title="Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi">Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C4%ABn_R%C4%81z%C4%AB" title="Amīn Rāzī">Amīn Rāzī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(al-Bakr%C4%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(ibn_Khordadbeh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Rawd_al-Mitar" title="Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar">Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_Al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'jam Al-Buldan">Mu'jam Al-Buldan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">Piri Reis map</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_al-Kharaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab al-Kharaj (page does not exist)">Kitab al-Kharaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography (Ptolemy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7333#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7333#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7333#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116701918">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000444580000">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72199054">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/70354/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmPjGHyjCPvwPpD9xqwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119209365">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035680">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120817039">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120817039">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00625620">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an40174718">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20050815004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4814139">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p136579450">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000221229&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202108438">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gkqrcn3bmhgn6">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007302562405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614458406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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