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C. R. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborgs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/150px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/225px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/300px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cyborgology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bionics" title="Bionics">Bionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_cognition" title="Distributed cognition">Distributed cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecosystem" title="Human ecosystem">Human ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_brain_emulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole brain emulation">Whole brain emulation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyborg" title="Template:Cyborg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyborg" title="Template talk:Cyborg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyborg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyborg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Intelligence amplification</b> (<b>IA</b>) (also referred to as <b>cognitive augmentation</b>, <b>machine augmented intelligence</b> and <b>enhanced intelligence</b>) is the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> in augmenting <a href="/wiki/Intelligence#Human_intelligence" title="Intelligence">human intelligence</a>. The idea was first proposed in the 1950s and 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Computer_pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer pioneer">computer pioneers</a>. </p><p>IA is sometimes contrasted with AI (<a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>), that is, the project of building a human-like intelligence in the form of an autonomous technological system such as a computer or robot. AI has encountered many fundamental obstacles, practical as well as theoretical, which for IA seem moot, as it needs technology merely as an extra support for an autonomous intelligence that has already proven to function. Moreover, IA has a long history of success, since all forms of information technology, from the abacus to writing to the Internet, have been developed basically to extend the <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">information processing</a> capabilities of the human mind (see <a href="/wiki/Extended_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended mind">extended mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_cognition" title="Distributed cognition">distributed cognition</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_contributions">Major contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Ross_Ashby:_Intelligence_Amplification">William Ross Ashby: <i>Intelligence Amplification</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: William Ross Ashby: Intelligence Amplification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>intelligence amplification</i> (IA) has enjoyed a wide currency since <a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a> wrote of "amplifying intelligence" in his <i>Introduction to Cybernetics</i> (1956). Related ideas were explicitly proposed as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hao_Wang_(academic)" title="Hao Wang (academic)">Hao Wang</a> from the early days of <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">automatic theorem provers</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... "<a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a>" is largely, perhaps entirely, a matter of appropriate <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/selection" class="extiw" title="wikt:selection">selection</a>. Take, for instance, any popular book of problems and <a href="/wiki/Puzzles" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzzles">puzzles</a>. Almost every one can be reduced to the form: out of a certain set, indicate one element. ... It is, in fact, difficult to think of a problem, either playful or serious, that does not ultimately require an appropriate selection as necessary and sufficient for its solution. </p><p>It is also clear that many of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence tests">tests used for measuring "intelligence"</a> are scored essentially according to the candidate's power of appropriate selection. ... Thus it is not impossible that what is commonly referred to as "intellectual power" may be equivalent to "power of appropriate selection". Indeed, if a talking <a href="/wiki/Black_box" title="Black box">Black Box</a> were to show high power of appropriate selection in such matters—so that, when given difficult problems it persistently gave correct answers—we could hardly deny that it was showing the '<a href="/wiki/Behavioral" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral">behavioral</a>' equivalent of "high intelligence". </p><p> If this is so, and as we know that power of selection can be amplified, it seems to follow that intellectual power, like physical power, can be amplified. Let no one say that it cannot be done, for the gene-patterns do it every time they form a brain that grows up to be something better than the gene-pattern could have specified in detail. What is new is that we can now do it synthetically, consciously, deliberately.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">W. Ross Ashby</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/IntroCyb.pdf">An Introduction to Cybernetics</a></i>, Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 1956. Reprinted, Methuen and Company, London, UK, 1964.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J._C._R._Licklider:_Man-Computer_Symbiosis">J. C. R. Licklider: <i>Man-Computer Symbiosis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: J. C. R. Licklider: Man-Computer Symbiosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Man-Computer Symbiosis" is a key speculative paper published in 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/J.C.R._Licklider" class="mw-redirect" title="J.C.R. Licklider">J.C.R. Licklider</a>, which envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly-coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's strengths to a high degree: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Man-computer <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> is a subclass of man-machine systems. There are many man-machine systems. At present, however, there are no man-computer symbioses. The purposes of this paper are to present the concept and, hopefully, to foster the development of man-computer symbiosis by analyzing some problems of interaction between men and computing machines, calling attention to applicable principles of man-machine engineering, and pointing out a few questions to which research answers are needed. The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly, and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103053540/http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html">"Man-Computer Symbiosis"</a>, <i>IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics</i>, vol. HFE-1, 4-11, March 1960.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Licklider's vision, many of the pure artificial intelligence systems envisioned at the time by over-optimistic researchers would prove unnecessary. (This paper is also seen by some historians as marking the genesis of ideas about <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a> which later blossomed into the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Douglas_Engelbart:_Augmenting_Human_Intellect">Douglas Engelbart: <i>Augmenting Human Intellect</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Douglas Engelbart: Augmenting Human Intellect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Licklider's research was similar in spirit to his <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> contemporary and <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégé">protégé</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>. Both men’s work helped expand the utility of computers beyond mere <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computational</a> machines by conceiving and demonstrating them as a primary interface for humans to process and manipulate information.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for <a href="/wiki/Knowledge-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge-work">knowledge-work</a>. Engelbart's philosophy and research agenda is most clearly and directly expressed in the 1962 research report: <i>Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework</i><sup id="cite_ref-E3906_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E3906-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of network augmented intelligence is attributed to Engelbart based on this pioneering work. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems. </p><p>Increased capability in this respect is taken to mean a mixture of the following: more-rapid comprehension, better comprehension, the possibility of gaining a useful degree of comprehension in a situation that previously was too complex, speedier solutions, better solutions, and the possibility of finding solutions to problems that before seemed insolvable. And by complex situations we include the professional problems of diplomats, executives, social scientists, life scientists, physical scientists, attorneys, designers--whether the problem situation exists for twenty minutes or twenty years. </p><p> We do not speak of isolated clever tricks that help in particular situations. We refer to a way of life in an integrated domain where hunches, cut-and-try, intangibles, and the human feel for a situation usefully co-exist with powerful concepts, streamlined terminology and notation, sophisticated methods, and high-powered electronic aids.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>, <i>Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework</i>, Summary Report AFOSR-3233, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>, Menlo Park, CA, October 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-E3906_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E3906-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the same research report he addresses the term "Intelligence Amplification" as coined by Ashby, and reflects on how his proposed research relates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engelbart subsequently implemented these concepts in his <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augmented Human Intellect Research Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>, developing essentially an intelligence amplifying system of tools (<a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a>) and co-evolving organizational methods, in full operational use by the mid-1960s within the lab. As intended,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his R&D team experienced increasing degrees of intelligence amplification, as both rigorous users and rapid-prototype developers of the system. For a sampling of research results, see their 1968 <a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">Mother of All Demos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_contributions">Later contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a> worked at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> in the 1980s and was introduced to both <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Bob Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>; Rheingold wrote about "mind amplifiers" in his 1985 book, <i><a href="/wiki/Tools_for_Thought" title="Tools for Thought">Tools for Thought</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrews Samraj mentioned in "Skin-Close Computing and Wearable Technology" 2021, about Human augmentation by two varieties of cyborgs, namely, Hard cyborgs and Soft cyborgs. A humanoid walking machine is an example of the soft cyborg and a pace-maker is an example for augmenting human as a hard cyborg. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arnav_Kapur" title="Arnav Kapur">Arnav Kapur</a> working at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> wrote about human-AI coalescence: how AI can be integrated into human condition as part of "human self": as a tertiary layer to the human brain to augment human cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He demonstrates this using a peripheral nerve-computer interface, <a href="/wiki/AlterEgo" title="AlterEgo">AlterEgo</a>, which enables a human user to silently and internally converse with a personal AI.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 the technology of Artificial Swarm Intelligence was developed to amplify the intelligence of networked human groups using AI algorithms modeled on biological swarms. The technology enables small teams to make predictions, estimations and medical diagnoses at accuracy levels that significantly exceed natural human intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shan Carter and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nielsen" title="Michael Nielsen">Michael Nielsen</a> introduce the concept of artificial intelligence augmentation (AIA): the use of AI systems to help develop new methods for intelligence augmentation. They contrast cognitive outsourcing (<i>AI as an oracle, able to solve some large class of problems with better-than-human performance</i>) with cognitive transformation (<i>changing the operations and representations we use to think</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A calculator is an example of the former; a spreadsheet of the latter. </p><p>Ron Fulbright describes human cognitive augmentation in human/cog ensembles involving humans working in collaborative partnership with cognitive systems (called cogs). By working together, human/cog ensembles achieve results superior to those obtained by the humans working alone or the cognitive systems working alone. The human component of the ensemble is therefore cognitively augmented. The degree of augmentation depends on the proportion of the total amount of cognition done by the human and that done by the cog. Six Levels of Cognitive Augmentation have been identified: <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Levels of Human Cognitive Augmentation</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 450px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levels_of_Augmentation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Levels_of_Augmentation.png/320px-Levels_of_Augmentation.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Levels_of_Augmentation.png 1.5x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science_fiction">In science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In science fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augmented intelligence has been a repeating theme in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>. A positive view of <a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">brain implants</a> used to communicate with a computer as a form of augmented intelligence is seen in <a href="/wiki/Algis_Budrys" title="Algis Budrys">Algis Budrys</a> 1976 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Michaelmas_(novel)" title="Michaelmas (novel)">Michaelmas</a></i>. Fear that the technology will be misused by the government and military is an early theme. In the 1981 BBC serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Man_(TV_series)" title="The Nightmare Man (TV series)">The Nightmare Man</a></i> the pilot of a high-tech mini submarine is linked to his craft via a brain implant but becomes a savage killer after ripping out the implant. </p><p>Perhaps the most well known writer exploring themes of intelligence augmentation is <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>, in work such as his 1981 story "<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mnemonic" title="Johnny Mnemonic">Johnny Mnemonic</a>", in which the title character has computer-augmented memory, and his 1984 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Computer_hackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer hackers">computer hackers</a> interface through brain-computer interfaces to computer systems. <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a>, as discussed earlier, looked at intelligence augmentation as a possible route to the <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, a theme which also appears in his fiction. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon" title="Flowers for Algernon">Flowers for Algernon</a></i> is an early example of augmented intelligence in science fiction literature.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First published as a short story in 1959, the plot concerns an <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectually disabled</a> man who undergoes an experiment to increase his intelligence to genius levels. His rise and fall is detailed in his journal entries, which become more sophisticated as his intelligence increases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_chess" title="Advanced chess">Advanced chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_learning" title="Augmented learning">Augmented learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic transhumanism">Democratic transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotiv_Systems" title="Emotiv Systems">Emotiv Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extelligence" title="Extelligence">Extelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocortex">Exocortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">Mechanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neuroenhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensemaking_(information_science)" title="Sensemaking (information science)">Sensemaking (information science)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wisdom_of_Crowds" title="The Wisdom of Crowds">The Wisdom of Crowds</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2013" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (2013-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html">"Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Computer+Visionary+Who+Invented+the+Mouse&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F04%2Ftechnology%2Fdouglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E3906-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E3906_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E3906_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html">"Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504035147/http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (October 1962), DougEngelbart.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html#2c2">"Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504035147/http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html#4d">Archived</a> 2011-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Section C: Detailed Discussion of the H-LAM/T System, in D. C. Engelbart Summary Report AFOSR-3233, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>, Menlo Park, CA, October 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html#4d">"Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504035147/http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html#4d">Archived</a> 2011-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Section D: Regenerative Feature, in D. C. Engelbart Summary Report AFOSR-3233, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>, Menlo Park, CA, October 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheingold2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Rheingold, Howard</a> (2000) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toolsforthoughth00rhei"><i>Tools for thought: the history and future of mind-expanding technology</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262681155" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262681155"><bdi>978-0262681155</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43076809">43076809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+for+thought%3A+the+history+and+future+of+mind-expanding+technology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43076809&rft.isbn=978-0262681155&rft.aulast=Rheingold&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoolsforthoughth00rhei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span> See also Rheingold's site: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rheingold.com/about/">"About Howard Rheingold"</a>. <i>rheingold.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rheingold.com&rft.atitle=About+Howard+Rheingold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frheingold.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Kapur, Arnav (April 2019). <i>Human-machine cognitive coalescence through an internal duplex interface</i> (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F120883">1721.1/120883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Human-machine+cognitive+coalescence+through+an+internal+duplex+interface&rft.inst=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F120883&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Arnav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/alterego/overview/">"AlterEgo"</a>. <i>MIT Media Lab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Media+Lab&rft.atitle=AlterEgo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.media.mit.edu%2Fprojects%2Falterego%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapurKapurMaes2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Arnav; Kapur, Shreyas; Maes, Pattie (2018). "AlterEgo". <i>23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces</i>. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 43–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3172944.3172977">10.1145/3172944.3172977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450349451" title="Special:BookSources/9781450349451"><bdi>9781450349451</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3777401">3777401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AlterEgo&rft.btitle=23rd+International+Conference+on+Intelligent+User+Interfaces&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=43-53&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3777401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3172944.3172977&rft.isbn=9781450349451&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Arnav&rft.au=Kapur%2C+Shreyas&rft.au=Maes%2C+Pattie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcoxRosenberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Willcox, G.; Rosenberg, L. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9027782">"Short Paper: Swarm Intelligence Amplifies the IQ of Collaborating Teams"</a>. <i>2019 Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Industries (AI4I)</i>. pp. 111–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAI4I46381.2019.00036">10.1109/AI4I46381.2019.00036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-4087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7281-4087-2"><bdi>978-1-7281-4087-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212646000">212646000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Short+Paper%3A+Swarm+Intelligence+Amplifies+the+IQ+of+Collaborating+Teams&rft.btitle=2019+Second+International+Conference+on+Artificial+Intelligence+for+Industries+%28AI4I%29&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212646000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FAI4I46381.2019.00036&rft.isbn=978-1-7281-4087-2&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9027782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergWillcoxAskayMetcalf2018" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, L.; Willcox, G.; Askay, D.; Metcalf, L.; Harris, E. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8665698">"Amplifying the Social Intelligence of Teams Through Human Swarming"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=it_fac"><i>2018 First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Industries (AI4I)</i></a>. pp. 23–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAI4I.2018.8665698">10.1109/AI4I.2018.8665698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-9209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-9209-7"><bdi>978-1-5386-9209-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:77385269">77385269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amplifying+the+Social+Intelligence+of+Teams+Through+Human+Swarming&rft.btitle=2018+First+International+Conference+on+Artificial+Intelligence+for+Industries+%28AI4I%29&rft.pages=23-26&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A77385269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FAI4I.2018.8665698&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-9209-7&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Willcox%2C+G.&rft.au=Askay%2C+D.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+L.&rft.au=Harris%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8665698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergPescetelli2017" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, L.; Pescetelli, N. (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8324329">"Amplifying prediction accuracy using Swarm A.I."</a>. <i>2017 Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys)</i>. pp. 61–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIntelliSys.2017.8324329">10.1109/IntelliSys.2017.8324329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-6435-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-6435-9"><bdi>978-1-5090-6435-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4366745">4366745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amplifying+prediction+accuracy+using+Swarm+A.I.&rft.btitle=2017+Intelligent+Systems+Conference+%28IntelliSys%29&rft.pages=61-65&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4366745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIntelliSys.2017.8324329&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-6435-9&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Pescetelli%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8324329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2018" class="citation web cs1">Liu, Fan (2018-09-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stanforddaily.com/2018/09/27/artificial-swarm-intelligence-diagnoses-pneumonia-better-than-individual-computer-or-doctor/">"Artificial swarm intelligence diagnoses pneumonia better than individual computer or doctor"</a>. <i>The Stanford Daily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&rft.atitle=Artificial+swarm+intelligence+diagnoses+pneumonia+better+than+individual+computer+or+doctor&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanforddaily.com%2F2018%2F09%2F27%2Fartificial-swarm-intelligence-diagnoses-pneumonia-better-than-individual-computer-or-doctor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterNielsen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Shan; Nielsen, Michael (2017). "Using artificial intelligence to augment human intelligence". <i>Distill</i>. <b>2</b> (12): e9. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04468">1609.04468</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23915%2Fdistill.00009">10.23915/distill.00009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distill&rft.atitle=Using+artificial+intelligence+to+augment+human+intelligence&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e9&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1609.04468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23915%2Fdistill.00009&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Shan&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbright2020" class="citation book cs1">Fulbright, Ron (2020). <i>Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367859459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367859459"><bdi>978-0367859459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+of+Expertise%3A+How+Cognitive+Systems+Will+Revolutionize+Your+Life&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0367859459&rft.aulast=Fulbright&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbright2020" class="citation book cs1">Fulbright, Ron (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_3">"Synthetic Expertise"</a>. <i>Augmented Cognition. Human Cognition and Behavior</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12197. pp. 27–48. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.03244">2212.03244</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-50439-7_3">10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-50438-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-50438-0"><bdi>978-3-030-50438-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220519330">220519330</a> – via Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Expertise&rft.btitle=Augmented+Cognition.+Human+Cognition+and+Behavior&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=27-48&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2212.03244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220519330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-50439-7_3&rft.isbn=978-3-030-50438-0&rft.aulast=Fulbright&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-50439-7_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2023" class="citation news cs1">Langer, Emily (2023-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/daniel-keyes-author-of-the-classic-book-flowers-for-algernon-dies-at-86/2014/06/18/646e30d6-f6f4-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html">"Daniel Keyes, author of the classic book 'Flowers for Algernon,' dies at 86"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Daniel+Keyes%2C+author+of+the+classic+book+%E2%80%98Flowers+for+Algernon%2C%E2%80%99+dies+at+86&rft.date=2023-01-22&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fdaniel-keyes-author-of-the-classic-book-flowers-for-algernon-dies-at-86%2F2014%2F06%2F18%2F646e30d6-f6f4-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelbartLandauClegg2009" class="citation book cs1">Engelbart, D.; Landau, V.; Clegg, E. (2009). <i>The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart</i>. NextPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615308906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615308906"><bdi>978-0615308906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Engelbart+Hypothesis%3A+Dialogs+with+Douglas+Engelbart&rft.pub=NextPress&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0615308906&rft.aulast=Engelbart&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Landau%2C+V.&rft.au=Clegg%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsaro2008" class="citation book cs1">Asaro, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peterasaro.org/writing/Asaro%20Ashby.pdf">"From Mechanisms of Adaptation to Intelligence Amplifiers: The Philosophy of W. Ross Ashby"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Husbands, P.; Holland, O.; Wheeler, M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mechanicalmindin00phil"><i>The Mechanical Mind in History</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08377-5"><bdi>978-0-262-08377-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Mechanisms+of+Adaptation+to+Intelligence+Amplifiers%3A+The+Philosophy+of+W.+Ross+Ashby&rft.btitle=The+Mechanical+Mind+in+History&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-08377-5&rft.aulast=Asaro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeterasaro.org%2Fwriting%2FAsaro%2520Ashby.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">Ashby, W.R.</a> (2013) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc4hBQAAQBAJ"><i>Design for a Brain: The origin of adaptive behaviour</i></a> (2nd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-1320-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-015-1320-3"><bdi>978-94-015-1320-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+for+a+Brain%3A+The+origin+of+adaptive+behaviour&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-015-1320-3&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDc4hBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkagestad1993" class="citation journal cs1">Skagestad, Peter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070522213854/http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/aboutcsp/skagesta/thinking.htm">"Thinking with Machines: Intelligence Augmentation, Evolutionary Epistemology, and Semiotic"</a>. <i>Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 157–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1061-7361%2893%2990026-N">10.1016/1061-7361(93)90026-N</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/aboutcsp/skagesta/thinking.htm">the original</a> on 2007-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Evolutionary+Systems&rft.atitle=Thinking+with+Machines%3A+Intelligence+Augmentation%2C+Evolutionary+Epistemology%2C+and+Semiotic&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-180&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F1061-7361%2893%2990026-N&rft.aulast=Skagestad&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cspeirce.com%2Fmenu%2Flibrary%2Faboutcsp%2Fskagesta%2Fthinking.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2007" class="citation book cs1">Bray, David A. (2007). "Smart Business Networks (or, Let's Create 'Life' from Inert Information)". <i>Smart Business Network Initiative (SBNi) Conference — Beijing, May 2008</i>. SSRN. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.991163">10.2139/ssrn.991163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113291050">113291050</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=991163">991163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smart+Business+Networks+%28or%2C+Let%27s+Create+%27Life%27+from+Inert+Information%29&rft.btitle=Smart+Business+Network+Initiative+%28SBNi%29+Conference+%E2%80%94+Beijing%2C+May+2008&rft.pub=SSRN&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A113291050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D991163%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.991163&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2001" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreammachinejcrl00wald"><i>The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution that Made Computing Personal</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-89976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-89976-0"><bdi>978-0-670-89976-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine%3A+J.C.R.+Licklider+and+the+Revolution+that+Made+Computing+Personal&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-670-89976-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdreammachinejcrl00wald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntelligence+amplification" class="Z3988"></span> Licklider's biography, contains discussion of the importance of this paper.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_amplification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnkeylinux.org/blog/practical-intelligence-amplification">Intelligence Amplification using speech synthesis technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail378.html">IT Conversations: Doug Engelbart - Large-Scale Collective IQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rossashby.info/journal/page/3609.html">7 December 1951, Ashby first wrote about the possibility to build an 'information amplifier'.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rossashby.info/journal/page/4584.html">12 August 1953, Ashby mentioned an objection to his 'intelligence-amplifier'.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="BrainGate">BrainGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainport" title="Brainport">Brainport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">Cyberware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocortex">Exocortex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">Optogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_substitution" title="Sensory substitution">Sensory substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentrode">Stentrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_telepathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic telepathy">Synthetic telepathy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer 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ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies#Acronyms" title="Emerging technologies">NBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Nagle" title="Matt Nagle">Matt Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Donald" title="Merlin Donald">Merlin Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyberd" title="Peter Kyberd">Peter Kyberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoky_Matsuoka" title="Yoky Matsuoka">Yoky Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyden" title="Edward Boyden">Edward Boyden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Again_Project" title="Walk Again Project">Walk Again Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Category:Brain–computer interface">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain-computer_interfaces" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brain-computer interfaces"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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