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Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa | Parasites & Vectors
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa | Parasites & Vectors</title> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="The beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, causing cysticercosis in bovines and taeniosis in humans, is thought to have a global distribution. In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa. A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas T. saginata taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA. Although T. saginata has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of T. saginata are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored."/> <meta name="journal_id" content="13071"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Parasites & Vectors 2018 11:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="BioMed Central"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2018-11-06"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2018 The Author(s)."/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2018 The Author(s)."/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="reprints@biomedcentral.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, causing cysticercosis in bovines and taeniosis in humans, is thought to have a global distribution. In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa. A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas T. saginata taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA. Although T. saginata has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of T. saginata are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1756-3305"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Parasites & Vectors"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2018-11-06"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="11"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="12"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2018 The Author(s)."/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="reprints@biomedcentral.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Parasites & Vectors"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Parasites Vectors"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="BioMed Central"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1756-3305"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="11"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2018/11/06"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="12"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Review"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3"/> <meta name="size" content="391469"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, causing cysticercosis in bovines and taeniosis in humans, is thought to have a global distribution. In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa. A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas T. saginata taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA. Although T. saginata has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of T. saginata are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dermauw, Veronique"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dorny, Pierre"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Braae, Uffe Christian"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Devleesschauwer, Brecht"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Robertson, Lucy J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Saratsis, Anastasios"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Thomas, Lian F."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Parasitology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Entomology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Tropical Medicine"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Infectious Diseases"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Virology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Neurol Sci.; citation_title=Taenia solium cysticercosis - the lessons of history; citation_author=OH Del Brutto, HH García; citation_volume=359; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=392-395; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.011; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer thierischer Körper; citation_publication_date=1782; citation_id=CR2; citation_author=J Goeze; citation_publisher=Philipp Adam Pape"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Seventh annual report of the sanitary commissioner (1870) of the Government of India; citation_publication_date=1871; citation_id=CR3; citation_author=J Oliver; citation_publisher=Government Printing House"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Murrell KD. 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In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa. Methods A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Results A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas T. saginata taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA. Conclusions Although T. saginata has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of T. saginata are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6"> <!-- Please see discussion: 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In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa. A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas T. saginata taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA. Although T. saginata has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of T. saginata are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored.","datePublished":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"12","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3","keywords":["\n Taenia saginata\n ","Cestode","Beef tapeworm","Taeniosis","Bovine cysticercosis","Eastern Africa","Southern Africa","Parasitology","Entomology","Tropical Medicine","Infectious Diseases","Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science","Virology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_Fig2_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","issn":["1756-3305"],"volumeNumber":"11","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"BioMed Central","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Veronique Dermauw","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-5304","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine","address":{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"vdermauw@itg.be","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Pierre Dorny","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine","address":{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Ghent University","address":{"name":"Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Uffe Christian Braae","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine","address":{"name":"One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Trinidad and Tobago","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Brecht Devleesschauwer","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciensano","address":{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Ghent University","address":{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Lucy J. Robertson","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Anastasios Saratsis","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter","address":{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Lian F. Thomas","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)","address":{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Liverpool","address":{"name":"Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" > <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" 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class="c-context-bar__container u-container"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Epidemiology of <i>Taenia saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Veronique-Dermauw-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Veronique-Dermauw-Aff1" data-author-search="Dermauw, Veronique" data-corresp-id="c1">Veronique Dermauw<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-5304"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-5304</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pierre-Dorny-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Pierre-Dorny-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Dorny, Pierre">Pierre Dorny</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Uffe_Christian-Braae-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Uffe_Christian-Braae-Aff3" data-author-search="Braae, Uffe Christian">Uffe Christian Braae</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Brecht-Devleesschauwer-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Brecht-Devleesschauwer-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-search="Devleesschauwer, Brecht">Brecht Devleesschauwer</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lucy_J_-Robertson-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Lucy_J_-Robertson-Aff6" data-author-search="Robertson, Lucy J.">Lucy J. Robertson</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Anastasios-Saratsis-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-Anastasios-Saratsis-Aff7" data-author-search="Saratsis, Anastasios">Anastasios Saratsis</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lian_F_-Thomas-Aff8-Aff9" data-author-popup="auth-Lian_F_-Thomas-Aff8-Aff9" data-author-search="Thomas, Lian F.">Lian F. Thomas</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff8">8</a>,<a href="#Aff9">9</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>18k <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>35 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>9 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Background</h3><p>The beef tapeworm, <i>Taenia saginata</i>, causing cysticercosis in bovines and taeniosis in humans, is thought to have a global distribution. In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of <i>T. saginata</i> in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Methods</h3><p>A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Results</h3><p>A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Conclusions</h3><p>Although <i>T. saginata</i> has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of <i>T. saginata</i> are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-019-3584-7/MediaObjects/13071_2019_3584_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7">Epidemiology of <i>Taenia saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in West and Central Africa </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">27 June 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-019-3438-3/MediaObjects/13071_2019_3438_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s13071-019-3438-3?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1186/s13071-019-3438-3">Epidemiology of <i>Taenia saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in central and western Asia and the Caucasus </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">18 April 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-020-04095-1/MediaObjects/13071_2020_4095_Figa_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s13071-020-04095-1?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1186/s13071-020-04095-1">Epidemiology of <i>Taenia saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">07 May 2020</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732793149, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Background"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Background</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>The beef tapeworm, <i>Taenia saginata</i>, utilizes bovines as intermediate hosts and humans as final hosts. Although tapeworm infections have been reported since ancient times [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Del Brutto OH, García HH. Taenia solium cysticercosis - the lessons of history. J Neurol Sci. 2015;359:392–5." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e693">1</a>], it was not until 1782 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Goeze J. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer thierischer Körper. Blankenburg, Germany: Philipp Adam Pape; 1782." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e696">2</a>] that differentiation of <i>T. saginata</i> from the other well-known meat-transmitted human tapeworm, <i>Taenia solium</i>, was established. Furthermore, it was not until 1871 that the role of cattle as intermediate hosts for the parasite was established, with “measly” beef being reported as the source of infection in patients [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Oliver J. Seventh annual report of the sanitary commissioner (1870) of the Government of India. Calcutta, India: Government Printing House; 1871." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e706">3</a>].</p><p>Ingestion of raw or undercooked infected beef is indeed the mode of transmission of this zoonotic parasite to humans, in whom it develops to its adult form, a several metres long segmented worm consisting of a scolex with four suckers, neck and strobila, i.e. a chain of proglottids [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Murrell KD. Epidemiology of taeniosis and cysticercosis. In: Murrell KD, editor. WHO/FAO/OIE guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis. Paris: Office International des Epizooties (OIE); 2005. p. 27–43." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e712">4</a>]. In contrast to <i>T. solium</i>, the gravid proglottids of <i>T. saginata</i>, which contain thousands of embryonated eggs, are mobile and can migrate from the anus independently of, as well as during, defaecation [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Dorny P, Praet N. Taenia saginata in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2007;149:22–4." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e721">5</a>]. Eggs are then shed into the environment, and cattle become infected through grazing contaminated pastures, or ingesting contaminated fodder or water. After hatching, and penetration of the intestinal wall, the oncospheres reach the general circulation, distributing them throughout the body where they develop into cysticerci [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Murrell KD. Epidemiology of taeniosis and cysticercosis. In: Murrell KD, editor. WHO/FAO/OIE guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis. Paris: Office International des Epizooties (OIE); 2005. p. 27–43." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e724">4</a>]. Common predilection sites for <i>T. saginata</i> cysticerci include the heart and masseter muscles [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Scandrett B, Parker S, Forbes L, Gajadhar A, Dekumyoy P, Waikagul J, et al. Distribution of Taenia saginata cysticerci in tissues of experimentally infected cattle. Vet Parasitol. 2009;164:223–31." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e731">6</a>].</p><p>In both intermediate and definitive hosts, <i>T. saginata</i> causes few symptoms. In humans, infection is usually characterized by anal pruritus due the active migration of <i>T. saginata</i> proglottids and some mild abdominal pain [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Tembo A, Craig PS. Taenia saginata taeniosis: copro-antigen time-course in a voluntary self-infection. J Helminthol. 2015;89:612–9." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e743">7</a>]. Nevertheless, the (potential) presence of a tapeworm in the body can cause distress [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Craig P, Ito A. Intestinal cestodes. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007;20:524–32." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e746">8</a>], and some people even suffer from a pathological fear of tapeworms, often encouraged by horror stories circulating in popular media or books [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Bryce A. I have a pathological fear of tapeworms. Tonic. 2017. 
 https://tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/wj8x5z/i-have-a-pathological-fear-of-tapeworms
 
 . Accessed 26 Apr 2018." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e749">9</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Butcher N. The strange case of the walking corpse: a chronicle of medical mysteries, curious remedies, and bizarre but true healing folklore. New York, USA: Avery; 2004." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e753">10</a>]. Moreover, although rare, complications due to taeniosis, such as appendicitis, have been reported [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Karatepe O, Adas G, Tukenmez M, Battal M, Altiok M, Karahan S. Parasitic infestation as cause of acute appendicitis. G Chir. 2009;30:426–8." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e756">11</a>]. In cattle, the infection is generally asymptomatic but nevertheless may incur great economic losses for the meat sector due to carcass condemnation or treatment upon detection of cysticerci during meat inspection, as well as related insurance costs [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Laranjo-González M, Devleesschauwer B, Trevisan C, Allepuz A, Sotiraki S, Abraham A, et al. Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:349." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e759">12</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Jansen F, Dorny P, Trevisan C, Dermauw V, Laranjo-González M, Allepuz A, et al. Economic impact of bovine cysticercosis and taeniosis caused by Taenia saginata in Belgium. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:241." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e762">13</a>].</p><p><i>Taenia saginata</i> is distributed globally, with the parasite occurring in both developed and developing countries, although less frequently in countries where cultural preferences limit consumption of bovids or where adequate sanitary infrastructure reduces the likelihood of bovids ingesting human faecal matter. Thus, the prevalence of human taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis are considered particularly high in Africa, Latin America and some parts of Asia [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Murrell KD. Epidemiology of taeniosis and cysticercosis. In: Murrell KD, editor. WHO/FAO/OIE guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis. Paris: Office International des Epizooties (OIE); 2005. p. 27–43." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e770">4</a>].</p><p>In eastern and southern Africa, the cattle population was estimated at a massive 20.6 million in 2016 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Databases. 2016. 
 http://faostat3.fao.org
 
 . Accessed 26 Apr 2018." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e777">14</a>], so the parasite is thought to be of particular relevance here. In the area, bovines are essential for the livelihoods of smallholders, serving as a source of food, draft power and manure, as well as acting as a financial buffer for challenging times. Although there are indications of the widespread presence of the parasite in at least some countries in this region (e.g. Ethiopia: [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Tolossa Y, Taha A, Terefe G, Jibat T. Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in Adama town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol. 2015;S10:003." href="#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e780">15</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Terefe Y, Redwan F, Zewdu E. Bovine cysticercosis and its food safety implications in Harari People’s National Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2014;81:676." href="#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e780_1">16</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Shiferaw S, Kumar A, Amssalu K. Organs condemnation and economic loss at Mekelle municipal abattoir. Ethiopia. Haryana Vet. 2009;48:17–22." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e783">17</a>]), an extensive overview of its distribution in this region, along with epidemiological considerations regarding its presence, is still lacking. Our aim was therefore to gather recent information on the presence of <i>T. saginata</i> in eastern and southern Africa.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Search strategy</h3><p>A systematic review of published literature was conducted to collect data on the occurrence, prevalence, and geographical distribution of bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in eastern and southern Africa, published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. For the purpose of this study, eastern and southern Africa was defined as the area covered by the following countries/territories: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte (French), Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion (French), Rwanda, Seychelles, Socotra (Yemini), Somalia (including the autonomous regions Puntland and Somaliland), South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania (including the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar), Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The PRISMA guidelines were followed whilst conducting the review [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Grp P. Preferred reporting tems for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement (Reprinted from Annals of Internal Medicine). Phys Ther. 2009;89:873–80." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e801">18</a>] (Additional file <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#MOESM1">1</a>). The search protocol can be found in Additional file <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#MOESM2">2</a>.</p><p>The international bibliographic databases PubMed (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed</a>) and Web of Science (<a href="http://ipscience.thomsonreuters.com/product/web-of-science/">http://ipscience.thomsonreuters.com/product/web-of-science/</a>) were searched using the following search phrase: (cysticerc* OR cisticerc* OR “C. bovis” OR taenia* OR tenia* OR saginata OR taeniosis OR teniosis OR taeniasis OR ténia OR taeniid OR cysticerque) AND (Angola OR Botswana OR Burundi OR Comoros OR Djibouti OR Eritrea OR Ethiopia OR Kenya OR Lesotho OR Madagascar OR Malawi OR Mauritius OR Mayotte OR Mozambique OR Namibia OR Réunion OR Rwanda OR Seychelles OR Socotra OR Somalia OR South Africa OR Swaziland OR Tanzania OR Uganda OR Zanzibar OR Zambia OR Zimbabwe OR “East Africa” OR “Horn of Africa” OR “Southern Africa” OR Puntland OR Somaliland).</p><p>Furthermore, a range of databases for grey literature and MSc/PhD thesis documents were searched using keywords from the above search phrase (the full list of databases is presented in Additional file <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#MOESM3">3</a>). Data on bovine cysticercosis from the different scientific databases were complemented with data from OIE databases “Handistatius” (1996–2004) and “WAHIS” (2005) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Office International des Epizooties. OIE Handistatus II. 2018. 
 http://web.oie.int/hs2/report.asp?lang=en
 
 . Accessed 1 Apr 2018." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e833">19</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Office International des Epizooties. OIE World Animal Health Information Database (WAHIS). 2018. 
 http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Wahidhome/Home/indexcontent/newlang/en
 
 . Accessed 1 Apr 2018." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e836">20</a>]. Finally, reference lists of reviews on the topic were screened and additional relevant records were added to the database.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Selection criteria</h3><p>Upon compilation of search results from the different databases, duplicate records were removed. Thereafter, titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, applying the following exclusion criteria: (i) studies concerning a parasite other than <i>T. saginata</i>; (ii) studies conducted outside the study area; (iii) studies published outside the study period; (iv) studies reporting results outside the scope of the review question (e.g. review, experiment, intervention trial); and (v) duplicated data. After the screening process, full text articles were evaluated using the same criteria listed above (Additional file <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#MOESM4">4</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5">Data extraction and generation</h3><p>Data from included records were extracted. In reports where the numerator and denominator of the study sample were available, prevalence data were calculated, if not already provided. When not presented in the manuscript, the 95% exact confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, using the “binom.test” function (“<i>stats</i>” package) in R 3.5.1 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2018." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e864">21</a>].</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6">Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec7">Search results</h3><p>A total of 1228 records were obtained from the database search, and four additional records were added through screening of the reference lists of relevant reviews (Additional file <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#MOESM4">4</a>). After removal of duplicate records (<i>n</i> = 71), 1161 records were screened based on title and, thereafter, abstract. During title screening, 987 records were excluded, and a further 85 records were removed upon abstract screening; three of these were remaining duplicate records, whereas the other removed records focussed on a different parasite (<i>n</i> = 32) or study area (<i>n</i> = 18), were published outside the study period (<i>n</i> = 1), or had a different scope (e.g. laboratory experiments, review) (<i>n</i> = 31). Thus, 89 full text articles (<i>n</i> = 89) fulfilled the eligibility criteria for evaluation, but three of these were unavailable. During the evaluation of the remaining 86 records, eight were excluded due to having a different scope.</p><p>Thus, 78 records were included in the qualitative synthesis (journal articles: 73, online data repositories: 2, MSc thesis: 2, PhD thesis: 1). Apart from the two OIE sources describing the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis throughout the study area, the majority of records presented data from Ethiopia (<i>n</i> = 37). The others included data from Kenya (<i>n</i> = 11), Tanzania (<i>n</i> = 7), South Africa (<i>n</i> = 7), Zambia (<i>n</i> = 4), Zimbabwe (<i>n</i> = 2), Angola (<i>n</i> = 2), Uganda (<i>n</i> = 1), Swaziland (<i>n</i> = 1), Namibia (<i>n</i> = 1), Malawi (<i>n</i> = 1), Madagascar (<i>n</i> = 1) or Botswana (<i>n</i> = 1).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8">Human taeniosis occurrence</h3><p>A total of 48 records reported the presence of human taeniosis cases (excluding those with confirmed <i>T. solium</i> taeniosis). Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported from Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas known <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis cases were reported from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Fig1">1</a>). Microscopy results were included in 32 reports, most of which presented data from Ethiopia (18) (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Tab1">1</a>). Taeniosis prevalence based on microscopy alone ranged between 0.2–8.1% (villagers in Kenya [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Wardrop NA, Thomas LF, Atkinson PM, de Glanville WA, Cook EAJ, Wamae CN, et al. The influence of socio-economic, behavioural and environmental factors on Taenia spp. transmission in western Kenya: evidence from a cross-sectional survey in humans and pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004223." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e966">22</a>] and Ethiopia [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 23" title="Birrie H, Erko B, Tedla S. Intestinal helminthic infections in the southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia with special reference to schistosomiasis. East Afr Med J. 1994;71:447–52." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e970">23</a>], respectively), and one study reported the absence of taeniosis (in geophagous pregnant women in Kenya [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="Odongo AO, Moturi WN, Mbuthia EK. Heavy metals and parasitic geohelminths toxicity among geophagous pregnant women: a case study of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. Environ Geochem Health. 2016;38:123–31." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e973">24</a>]). Four records presented data from coproAg-ELISA studies conducted in Kenya and/or Zambia, with a prevalence ranging between 0.12–19.7% (villagers in Zambia [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Praet N, Verweij JJ, Mwape KE, Phiri IK, Muma JB, Zulu G, et al. Bayesian modelling to estimate the test characteristics of coprology, coproantigen ELISA and a novel real-time PCR for the diagnosis of taeniasis. Trop Med Int Heal. 2013;18:608–14." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e976">25</a>] and Kenya [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="Fèvre EM, de Glanville WA, Thomas LF, Cook EAJ, Kariuki S, Wamae CN. An integrated study of human and animal infectious disease in the Lake Victoria crescent small-holder crop-livestock production system, Kenya. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:457." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e979">26</a>], respectively) (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Tab2">2</a>), two of which involved confirmed <i>T. saginata</i> cases. Overall, common study groups were school-children, patients suffering from other diseases [e.g. HIV infection, sleeping sickness and active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)], as well as occupational groups (e.g. tobacco farm workers, food handlers). Furthermore, eight studies reported taeniosis prevalence in communities based on self-reporting by questionnaire respondents (prevalence range: 45.5–64.2%) (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Tab3">3</a>), and five records presented data on anthelmintic sales in towns (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Tab4">4</a>), both in Ethiopia. Another two records contained data on household latrine sampling, thus presenting prevalence at the household level (Malawi: 40.4% [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Kumwenda S, Msefula C, Kadewa W, Diness Y, Kato C, Morse T, et al. Is there a difference in prevalence of helminths between households using ecological sanitation and those using traditional pit latrines? A latrine based cross sectional comparative study in Malawi. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:200." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e995">27</a>]; South Africa: 18.0% [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Trönnberg L, Hawksworth D, Hansen A, Archer C, Stenström TA. Household-based prevalence of helminths and parasitic protozoa in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, assessed from faecal vault sampling. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:646–52." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e998">28</a>]). Finally, one report discussed a case of intestinal obstruction due to impaction of a <i>T. saginata</i> tapeworm in Zimbabwe, requiring enterotomy with bolus removal as well as appendectomy [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Bordon L. Intestinal obstruction due to Taenia saginata infection: a case report. J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;95:352–3." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e1004">29</a>].</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="370"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Human taeniosis in southern and eastern Africa</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Reported occurrence of taeniosis in southern and eastern Africa: microscopy studies</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Reported occurrence of taeniosis in southern and eastern Africa: coproAg-ELISA studies</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Reported occurrence of taeniosis: questionnaire studies in Ethiopia</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 Reported town level taeniicidal sales in Ethiopia</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9">Bovine cysticercosis</h3><p>Based on the retrieved data sources (both OIE databases and manuscripts/reports), the presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all of the 27 countries/territories studied, except for Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte and Seychelles. In addition, no information was available for Rwanda, Somalia, Mayotte and Socotra (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Fig2">2</a>). Data from the two OIE data sources indicating the occurrence and/or number of cases are presented in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Tab5">5</a>. Apart from the OIE data sources, a total of 39 records were found to document results on bovine cysticercosis in the study region. Meat inspection results were included in 35 records (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Tab6">6</a>), with prevalence estimates ranging between 0.02–26.3%, while two records reported the absence of positive animals (Tanzania: 2011 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 30" title="Tembo W, Nonga HE. A survey of the causes of cattle organs and/or carcass condemnation, financial losses and magnitude of foetal wastage at an abattoir in Dodoma, Tanzania. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2015;82:a855." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4351">30</a>], Zambia: 2001 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="Phiri A. Common conditions leading to cattle carcass and offal condemnations at 3 abattoirs in the Western Province of Zambia and their zoonotic implications to consumers. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2006;77:28–32." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4354">31</a>]). Seven records provided serological data, mostly based on Ag-ELISA results (prevalence range: 6.1–53.5%), while one presented Ab-ELISA data (prevalence: 10.0%) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 32" title="Onyango-Abuje JA, Nginyi JM, Rugutt MK, Wright SH, Lumumba P, Hughes G, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenya. Vet Parasitol. 1996;64:177–85." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4358">32</a>] and another IHAT results (prevalence: 25.7%) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 33" title="Kebede N, Tilahun G, Hailu A. Development and evaluation of indirect hemagglutination antibody test (IHAT) for serological diagnosis and screening of bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia. Ethiop J Sci. 2008;31:135–40." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4361">33</a>] (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#Tab7">7</a>). One study estimated the town level costs due to condemnation caused by bovine cysticercosis [Mekelle, abattoir level: 31,952 ETB/6 months (991 EUR, according to July 2018 exchange rates; 1 ETB = 0.0310 EUR) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 34" title="Kumar A, Berhe G. Occurrence of cysticercosis in cattle of parts of Tigray region of Ethiopia. Haryana Vet. 2008;47:88–90." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4367">34</a>]], and another five studies provided data on total economic losses due to condemnation for a wide variety of conditions [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Shiferaw S, Kumar A, Amssalu K. Organs condemnation and economic loss at Mekelle municipal abattoir. Ethiopia. Haryana Vet. 2009;48:17–22." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4370">17</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 30" title="Tembo W, Nonga HE. A survey of the causes of cattle organs and/or carcass condemnation, financial losses and magnitude of foetal wastage at an abattoir in Dodoma, Tanzania. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2015;82:a855." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4373">30</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Assefa A, Tesfay H. Major causes of organ condemnation and economic loss in cattle slaughtered at Adigrat municipal abattoir, northern Ethiopia. Vet World. 2013;6:734–8." href="#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4377">35</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Edo JJ, P M, Rahman MT. Investigation into major causes of organs condemnation in bovine slaughtered at Adama municipal abattoir and their economical importance. Haryana Vet. 2014;53:139–43." href="#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4377_1">36</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="Mummed Y. Beef carcass quality, yield and causes of condemnations in Ethiopia. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria; 2015." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4380">37</a>]. Overall, the majority of records presented data from Ethiopia (21/41), followed by Tanzania (8/41) and Kenya (7/41).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="381"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Bovine cysticercosis in southern and eastern Africa</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-5"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab5" data-test="table-caption">Table 5 OIE data on occurrence of bovine cysticercosis in the southern and eastern Africa (1996–2005) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Office International des Epizooties. OIE Handistatus II. 2018. 
 http://web.oie.int/hs2/report.asp?lang=en
 
 . Accessed 1 Apr 2018." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4410">19</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Office International des Epizooties. OIE World Animal Health Information Database (WAHIS). 2018. 
 http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Wahidhome/Home/indexcontent/newlang/en
 
 . Accessed 1 Apr 2018." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e4413">20</a>]</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/tables/5" aria-label="Full size table 5"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-6"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab6" data-test="table-caption">Table 6 Reported occurrence of bovine cysticercosis in southern and eastern Africa: meat inspection studies</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/tables/6" aria-label="Full size table 6"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-7"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab7" data-test="table-caption">Table 7 Reported occurrence of bovine cysticercosis in southern and eastern Africa: serological studies</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3/tables/7" aria-label="Full size table 7"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10">Taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis occurrence</h3><p>The co-occurrence of both bovine cysticercosis and taeniosis during the study period was reported in Angola, Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, but this was not the case for the other countries/territories studied. The occurrence of bovine cysticercosis or taeniosis was reported for all the countries/territories studied, except for Somalia, Rwanda and the Comoros, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles, Mayotte and Socotra islands.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec11-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec11">Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec11-content"><p>The present study aimed at describing the epidemiology of <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa (1990–2017). Based on our findings, both human taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis were widespread in the 27 countries/territories studied, except for Somalia, Rwanda and six island states/territories, indicating that <i>T. saginata</i> is present in most countries of the study area. However, lack of diagnosis and reporting, particularly in rural areas, mean that the data accrued are likely to underestimate occurrence. The absence of data for some countries does not exclude the possibility that this parasite is present there as well. For example, given that of the three countries bordering Rwanda that are included in this review (Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda) all report the presence of this parasite, it seems unlikely that Rwanda is free from <i>T. saginata</i>. On the other hand, one potential hypothesis for the lack of reported <i>T. saginata</i> in Rwanda is the remarkably higher rate of access to improved sanitation services, at 60.8% in comparison to neighbouring Burundi at 35.5% [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 38" title="Roche R, Bain R, Cumming O. A long way to go - estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0171783." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e8947">38</a>]. The Rwandan civil war, during 1990–1994, culminating in the genocide of 1994, may have impacted reporting during that period, but does not explain the more recent lack of reporting. For Somalia, the ongoing civil war might explain the lack of reported data for the country, whereas for the six island states and territories, governmental or scientific interest in reporting cases may be lacking.</p><p>Cases of taeniosis were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, yet the majority of reports on human taeniosis cases did not, unfortunately, provide species determination. Thus, cases of <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis were not differentiated from infections caused by other <i>Taenia</i> spp. The pork tapeworm, <i>T. solium</i>, for instance, is presumed to also be widely distributed throughout eastern and southern Africa [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Braae UC, Saarnak CFL, Mukaratirwa S, Devleesschauwer B, Magnussen P, Johansen MV. Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis and the co-distribution with schistosomiasis in Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:323." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e8962">39</a>] and therefore we cannot conclude that all reported, unspecified taeniosis cases are due to <i>T. saginata</i>. <i>Taenia solium</i> is known to be the causative agent of the severe condition neurocysticercosis, associated with epilepsy, severe headaches, cognitive deficits [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH. The tapeworm that turned. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:1173." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e8972">40</a>] and a major cause of deaths among the food-borne diseases [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 41" title="Havelaar A, Kirk M, Torgerson P, Gibb H, Hald T, Lake R, et al. World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001923." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e8975">41</a>]. The presence of a single <i>T. solium</i> tapeworm carrier poses a major risk for his/her surroundings, as humans acquire neurocysticercosis through the ingestion of <i>T. solium</i> eggs transmitted through poor hygiene practices resulting in faecal-oral transmission [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 42" title="Nash TE, Mahanty S, Garcia HH. Neurocysticercosis - more than a neglected disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e1964." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e8984">42</a>]. Although tapeworm infections usually have an asymptomatic course [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Tembo A, Craig PS. Taenia saginata taeniosis: copro-antigen time-course in a voluntary self-infection. J Helminthol. 2015;89:612–9." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e8988">7</a>] apart from some sporadic complications (e.g. intestinal obstruction in the Zimbabwean patient [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Bordon L. Intestinal obstruction due to Taenia saginata infection: a case report. J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;95:352–3." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e8991">29</a>]), it is thus paramount to register cases as well as to differentiate case species, to allow precise prevalence estimates, and to guide appropriate control measures. Species determination, however, is hampered by the fact that <i>Taenia</i> spp. eggs cannot be differentiated upon coprological examination. Expelled proglottids of <i>T. solium</i> and <i>T. saginata</i> can be distinguished on the basis of the number of uterine branches, but such material is not always available. Moreover, more advanced diagnostic tools (e.g. copro-PCR) to differentiate species are often lacking in resource poor settings [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 43" title="WHO. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis diagnostic tools. Report of a stakeholder meeting. Geneva, 17-18 December 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9003">43</a>], and even in developed countries are not often performed due to lack of awareness about neurocysticercosis [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Laranjo-González M, Devleesschauwer B, Trevisan C, Allepuz A, Sotiraki S, Abraham A, et al. Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:349." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9007">12</a>].</p><p>In certain countries in the study area, specific culinary habits put the consumers at great risk of contracting <i>T. saginata</i> taeniosis. For instance, in Ethiopia, “<i>kitfo</i>” is a very popular beef dish, in which the meat is usually consumed raw or lightly cooked, while “<i>tibs</i>” is another dish often containing undercooked beef. Furthermore, “<i>kurt</i>” refers to the habit of eating cubes of raw beef, finished off with local spices. Unsurprisingly, a high proportion of the Ethiopian population reports having had a tapeworm, and sales of taeniicidal drugs in Ethiopia are high [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Tolossa Y, Taha A, Terefe G, Jibat T. Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in Adama town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol. 2015;S10:003." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9025">15</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Terefe Y, Redwan F, Zewdu E. Bovine cysticercosis and its food safety implications in Harari People’s National Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2014;81:676." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9029">16</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Abunna F, Tilahun G, Megersa B, Regassa A. Taeniasis and its socio-economic implication in Awassa town and its surroundings, southern Ethiopia. East Afr J Public Health. 2007;4:73–9." href="#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9032">44</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Regassa A, Abunna F, Mulugeta A, Megersa B. Major metacestodes in cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Soddo municipal abattoir, southern Ethiopia: prevalence, cyst viability, organ distribution and socioeconomic implications. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2009;41:1495–502." href="#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9032_1">45</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Megersa B, Tesfaye E, Regassa A, Abebe R, Abunna F. Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir, South Western Ethiopia: prevalence, cyst viability and its socio-economic importance. Vet World. 2010;3:257–62." href="#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9032_2">46</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Abunna F. Prevalence, orgain distribution, viability and socioeconomic implication of bovine cysticercosis/teniasis, Ethiopia. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 2013;66:25–30." href="#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9032_3">47</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Tadesse A, Tolossa YH, Ayana D, Terefe G. Bovine cysticercosis and human taeniosis in south-west Shoa zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2013;17:121–33." href="#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9032_4">48</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 49" title="Teklemariam AD, Debash W. Prevalence of Taenia saginata/cysticercosis and community knowledge about zoonotic cestodes in and around Batu, Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol. 2015;6:273." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9035">49</a>].</p><p>Access to adequate clean water and sanitation services (WASH) is notoriously poor across the whole of sub-Saharan Africa, including the region of interest to this paper. There are large between and within-country disparities, but overall sub-Saharan Africa lags far behind the goals set out by the international community in both the millennium development and the sustainable development goals with only 25.7% (23.1–28.6%) of the population having access to improved sanitation [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 38" title="Roche R, Bain R, Cumming O. A long way to go - estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0171783." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9041">38</a>]. This lack of WASH capacity is strongly reflected by the presence of parasites such as <i>T. saginata</i> which requires ingestion of eggs passed in faecal material for the propagation of its life-cycle.</p><p>In eastern and southern Africa the cattle population is large, and bovine products, including meat, are an important protein source for humans, as well as a source of draft power and form of investment. Beef cattle are typically kept in an extensive manner; animals are basically free-ranging. The presence of human <i>T. saginata</i> carriers shedding eggs into the environment puts these cattle at risk of bovine cysticercosis, and this presumably occurs widely in the study area. In developed countries, the condition is known to cause economic losses due to freezing or condemnation of the carcass as well as related insurance costs (e.g. Belgium: 3,408,455 EUR/year [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Jansen F, Dorny P, Trevisan C, Dermauw V, Laranjo-González M, Allepuz A, et al. Economic impact of bovine cysticercosis and taeniosis caused by Taenia saginata in Belgium. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:241." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9054">13</a>]). Studies investigating the magnitude of this economic loss in the study area are, however, limited, with data available from only one abattoir in Ethiopia [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 34" title="Kumar A, Berhe G. Occurrence of cysticercosis in cattle of parts of Tigray region of Ethiopia. Haryana Vet. 2008;47:88–90." href="/article/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d97226944e9057">34</a>]. Furthermore, reporting of bovine cysticercosis to OIE appeared to be inconsistent, with large variations in number of cases reported even within the same country, and gaps in the annual reporting (e.g. no data available after 2005).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec12-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec12">Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec12-content"><p><i>Taenia saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis is a widespread, yet largely ignored, condition in southern and eastern Africa. This is probably due to the lack of symptoms in cattle, the lack of good data on its economic impact, and because human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. Nevertheless, the presence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of <i>T. saginata</i> are therefore warranted, and the infection should be properly monitored, in both humans and cattle. It should also be noted that as cattle are an important source of human protein and livelihoods in the area, ensuring optimal health and productivity of cattle is of indirect importance to human health and welfare as well as any direct impact. Species identification in tapeworm carriers is paramount to gain detailed insights in the distribution of the different <i>Taenia</i> spp. in the area, as well to avoid the development of the severe condition neurocysticercosis within communities due to ingestion of eggs shed by a <i>T. solium</i> tapeworm carrier. We conclude that in order to ensure both the safety of beef consumed in the southern and eastern Africa, and to improve the underlying sanitary conditions perpetuating the parasitic life-cycle, concerted, co-ordinated efforts must be made by integrating public, animal and environmental health in a One Health approach.</p></div></div></section> </div> <section data-title="Abbreviations"><div class="c-article-section" id="abbreviations-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="abbreviations-content"><dl class="c-abbreviation_list"><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ETB:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Ethiopian Birr</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>EUR:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Euro</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>HAART:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Highly active antiretroviral therapy</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>IHAT:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Indirect hemagglutination test</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>OIE:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>World Organisation for Animal Health/Office International des Epizooties</p> </dd></dl></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Del Brutto OH, García HH. <i>Taenia solium</i> cysticercosis - the lessons of history. 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Robertson</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Anastasios Saratsis</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Lian F. Thomas</p></li><li id="Aff9"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Lian F. Thomas</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Veronique-Dermauw-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Veronique Dermauw</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Veronique%20Dermauw" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Veronique%20Dermauw" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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Thomas</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Lian%20F.%20Thomas" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Lian%20F.%20Thomas" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Lian%20F.%20Thomas%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>VD conducted the systematic review of literature, extracted and analysed the data and drafted the first version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the design of the study, interpretation of the data and writing the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:vdermauw@itg.be">Veronique Dermauw</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">Ethics approval and consent to participate</h3> <p>Not applicable.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar4">Consent for publication</h3> <p>Not applicable.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar5">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar6">Publisher’s Note</h3> <p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional files"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec13-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec13">Additional files</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec13-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="additional file 1:" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_MOESM1_ESM.doc" data-supp-info-image="">Additional file 1:</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>PRISMA checklist. (DOC 63 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="additional file 2:" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_MOESM2_ESM.docx" data-supp-info-image="">Additional file 2:</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Search protocol of systematic review. (DOCX 18 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="additional file 3:" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_MOESM3_ESM.docx" data-supp-info-image="">Additional file 3:</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Databases used in systematic review. (DOCX 16 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM4"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="additional file 4:" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13071-018-3163-3/MediaObjects/13071_2018_3163_MOESM4_ESM.tif" data-supp-info-image="">Additional file 4:</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>PRISMA flow chart for systematic review. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Dermauw, V., Dorny, P., Braae, U.C. <i>et al.</i> Epidemiology of <i>Taenia saginata</i> taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa. <i>Parasites Vectors</i> <b>11</b>, 578 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" 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