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id="toc-Northern_Electric_and_Manufacturing_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Electric_and_Manufacturing_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Electric_and_Manufacturing_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Electric_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Electric_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Northern Electric Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Electric_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_from_Western_Electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_from_Western_Electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Independence from Western Electric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_from_Western_Electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Telecom_and_"Digital_World"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Telecom_and_"Digital_World""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Northern Telecom and "Digital World" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Telecom_and_"Digital_World"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Deregulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_boom_and_bust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_boom_and_bust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Optical boom and bust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_boom_and_bust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Internet_bubble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Internet_bubble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 After the Internet bubble </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Internet_bubble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accounting_restatements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounting_restatements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 Accounting restatements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounting_restatements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owens_and_Zafirovski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owens_and_Zafirovski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2 Owens and Zafirovski </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owens_and_Zafirovski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Liquidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection_from_creditors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_from_creditors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 Protection from creditors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_from_creditors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.2 Wind-up </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criticism and controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Payments_to_lawyers_and_accountants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payments_to_lawyers_and_accountants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Payments to lawyers and accountants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payments_to_lawyers_and_accountants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kathleen_Peterson_Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kathleen_Peterson_Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kathleen Peterson Case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kathleen_Peterson_Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Environmental damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_bailouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_bailouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Government bailouts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_bailouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_breach_of_trust_in_Nortel's_Health_and_Welfare_Trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_breach_of_trust_in_Nortel's_Health_and_Welfare_Trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Illegal breach of trust in Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_breach_of_trust_in_Nortel's_Health_and_Welfare_Trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bookkeeping_irregularities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bookkeeping_irregularities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Bookkeeping irregularities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bookkeeping_irregularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_Nortel_pensioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_Nortel_pensioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Treatment of Nortel pensioners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_Nortel_pensioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ex-CEO_as_creditor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ex-CEO_as_creditor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Ex-CEO as creditor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ex-CEO_as_creditor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Conflicts of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters_bugging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters_bugging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Headquarters bugging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters_bugging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Corporate information </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate information subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Headquarters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_worksites,_partners,_and_customers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_worksites,_partners,_and_customers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Global worksites, partners, and customers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_worksites,_partners,_and_customers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Business structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Corporate governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_members_of_the_board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_members_of_the_board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Former members of the board of directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_members_of_the_board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Past leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nortel</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3" title="نورتل نيتووركس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورتل نيتووركس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84" title="نورتل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورتل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Нортел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нортел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84" title="نورتل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورتل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%ED%85%94" title="노텔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노텔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C" title="נורטל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורטל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ノーテルネットワークス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーテルネットワークス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel_Networks" title="Nortel Networks – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Nortel Networks" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel_Networks" title="Nortel Networks – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nortel Networks" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel_Networks" title="Nortel Networks – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Nortel Networks" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nortel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%94%B5%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="北电网络 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北电网络" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nortel Networks Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Nortel_Networks_(whitespace).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Logo_Nortel_Networks_%28whitespace%29.svg/220px-Logo_Nortel_Networks_%28whitespace%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Logo_Nortel_Networks_%28whitespace%29.svg/330px-Logo_Nortel_Networks_%28whitespace%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Logo_Nortel_Networks_%28whitespace%29.svg/440px-Logo_Nortel_Networks_%28whitespace%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="171" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">formerly <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">TSX</a>: NT.TO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Networking_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Networking equipment">Networking equipment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1895 (1895-12-07) <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">February 2, 2013; 11 years ago (2013-02-02)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Bankruptcy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (1895–1956) <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (1956–1983)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/BCE_Inc." title="BCE Inc.">BCE Inc.</a> (1983–2000)</td></tr></tbody></table> Nortel Networks Corporation (Nortel), formerly Northern Telecom Limited, was a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and data <a href="/wiki/Networking_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Networking equipment">networking equipment</a> manufacturer headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada. It was founded in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in 1895 as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company, or simply Northern Electric. Until an <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> settlement in 1949, Northern Electric was owned mostly by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric Company</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>, producing large volumes of telecommunications equipment based on licensed Western Electric designs.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all companies listed on the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a> (TSX), employing 94,500 people worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Third_of_TSX-3">[3]</a> In 2009, Nortel filed for bankruptcy protection in Canada and the United States, triggering a 79% decline in its corporate stock price. The bankruptcy case was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals" title="List of corporate collapses and scandals">largest in Canadian history</a> and left pensioners, shareholders, and former employees with enormous losses. By 2016, Nortel had sold billions of dollars in assets.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_2016-4">[4]</a> Courts in the U.S. and Canada approved a negotiated settlement of bankruptcy proceedings in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-PR-2009Jan-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NN-PR20120727-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> conceived the technical aspects of the telephone in July 1874, while residing with his parents at their farm in Tutela Heights, on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patten-Bell-8">[8]</a> He later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford, was a three-story brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>, leading to the city's style as The Telephone City.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[note 1]</a> After Cowherd's death in 1881 which resulted in the closure of his Brantford factory, a mechanical production department was created within the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a> and production of Canadian telephone equipment was transferred to Montreal in 1882 to compensate for the restrictions on importing telephone equipment from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1874-1900-13">[13]</a> <a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In addition to telephones, four years later, the department started manufacturing switchboards, at first the 50-line Standard Magneto Switchboard.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1874-1900-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129-17">[16]</a> The small manufacturing department expanded yearly with the growth and popularity of the telephone to 50 employees in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129-132-18">[17]</a> By 1890 it had been transformed into its own branch of operations with 200 employees, and a new factory was under construction.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1874-1900-13">[13]</a> As the manufacturing branch expanded, its production ability increased beyond the demand for telephones, and it faced closure for several months a year without manufacturing other products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001130-19">[18]</a> The Bell Telephone Company of Canada's (later renamed to Bell Canada) charter prohibited the company to build other products. In 1895, the Bell Telephone of Canada spun off its manufacturing arm to build telephones for sale to other companies, as well as other products, such as <a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire alarm">fire alarm</a> boxes, <a href="/wiki/Police_box" title="Police box">police street call boxes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">fire department call equipment</a>. This company was incorporated as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1874-1900-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Electric_and_Manufacturing_Company">Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company">edit</a>]</div> Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited was incorporated on December 7, 1895. The initial stock capital was $50,000 at $100 per share, with 93% held by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and the remainder held by seven corporate directors.<a href="#cite_note-Sessional_Papers-20">[19]</a> The first general stockholders meeting was held on March 24, 1896. In December 1899, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada bought a cabling company for $500,000; a Canadian charter named it The Wire and Cable Company.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Northern Electric and Manufacturing further expanded its product line in 1900, manufacturing the first Canadian wind-up <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">gramophones</a> that played <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">flat discs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1900-1919-22">[21]</a> In 1911 the Wire and Cable Company changed its name to the Imperial Wire and Cable Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001132-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Electric_Company">Northern Electric Company</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Northern Electric Company">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NE1951Logo_NationalService.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/NE1951Logo_NationalService.png/155px-NE1951Logo_NationalService.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/NE1951Logo_NationalService.png/233px-NE1951Logo_NationalService.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/NE1951Logo_NationalService.png/310px-NE1951Logo_NationalService.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption> 1950 Logo</figcaption></figure> The construction of a new manufacturing plant started in 1913 at Shearer Street in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, as preparations began for the two manufacturing companies' integration. Then, in January 1914, the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company and the Imperial Wire and Cable Company merged into the Northern Electric Company, commonly known simply as Northern Electric. The new company opened the doors on a new manufacturing plant in January 1915. This facility, located on Shearer Street, was the primary manufacturing centre until the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1900-1919-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fleetford_Sise" title="Edward Fleetford Sise">Edward Fleetford Sise</a> was the president and his brother <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleetford_Sise" title="Paul Fleetford Sise">Paul Fleetford Sise</a> was the vice-president and general manager.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129–132-24">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Electric_Audio_Amplifier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Northern_Electric_Audio_Amplifier.jpg/220px-Northern_Electric_Audio_Amplifier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Northern_Electric_Audio_Amplifier.jpg/330px-Northern_Electric_Audio_Amplifier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Northern_Electric_Audio_Amplifier.jpg/440px-Northern_Electric_Audio_Amplifier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5129" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>An audio amplifier manufactured by Northern Electric</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> Northern Electric manufactured the <a href="/wiki/Portable_Commutator" title="Portable Commutator">Portable Commutator</a>, a one-wire telegraphic switchboard for military operations in the field.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In 1922, Northern started to produce, for $5, the "Peanut" vacuum tube, which required only a single dry-cell battery. The use of alternating current was still under development during this time. The "Northern Electric Peanut tube was the smallest tube made, and drew only one-tenth of an ampere and was the most remarkable radio frequency amplifier ever made."<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> During the 1920s Northern Electric made <a href="/wiki/Kettle" title="Kettle">kettles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">toasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a> lighters, electric <a href="/wiki/Stove" title="Stove">stoves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1920-1929-28">[27]</a> In January 1923, Northern Electric started to operate an AM radio station with call letters <a href="/wiki/CHYC-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="CHYC-AM">CHYC</a>, in the Shearer Street plant, and much of the programming was religious services for the Northern Electric employees and families in the community. In July 1923, CHYC-AM was the first radio station to provide entertainment to the riders of the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental train</a>, in a parlor car fitted with a radio set to receive the broadcast as it left Montreal and traveled west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001197-29">[28]</a> Later in the 1920s, Northern created the first <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talking movie sound system</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> for a theater in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1920-1929-28">[27]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s, Northern Electric was affected, like most other companies. From the beginning of 1930 through the end of 1933, sales dropped from $34 million to $8.2 million, with employees dropping from 6,100 to 2,400.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_from_Western_Electric">Independence from Western Electric</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence from Western Electric">edit</a>]</div> In 1949, an <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> suit in the U.S. forced <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>/<a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> to sell its stake in Northern Electric to Bell Canada. AT&T spun off Northern Electric in 1956. Deprived of its Western Electric tie, Northern began developing its own products. In 1953, Northern Electric produced its first television sets using <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">tubes</a> made by <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1950-1959-31">[30]</a> Bell Canada acquired 100 percent of Northern Electric in 1964; through public stock offerings starting in 1973, Bell's ownership of Northern Electric and its successors would be reduced, though it continued to have majority control.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In 1966, the Northern Electric research lab, Northern Electric Laboratories (the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Bell-Northern_Research" title="Bell-Northern Research">Bell-Northern Research</a>), started looking into the possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic cable</a>, and in 1969, began work on digitizing telephone communications. Also in 1969, Northern began making inroads into the U.S. market with its switching systems. In 1972, it opened its first factory in the U.S. in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Northern began shipping its first <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switch#Digital_switches" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone switch">digital switching systems</a>, one of the earliest such systems to be sold.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Northern Telecom was, with Bell-Northern Research, in the early 1970s a part owner of <a href="/wiki/MicroSystems_International" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroSystems International">MicroSystems International</a>, a semiconductor manufacturer based in Nepean, outside Ottawa.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Telecom_and_"Digital_World"">Northern Telecom and "Digital World"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Northern Telecom and "Digital World"">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Telecom_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo used from the mid-1970s to 1995"><img alt="Logo used from the mid-1970s to 1995" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northern_Telecom_logo.svg/220px-Northern_Telecom_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northern_Telecom_logo.svg/330px-Northern_Telecom_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northern_Telecom_logo.svg/440px-Northern_Telecom_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="475" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Logo used from the mid-1970s to 1995 </div> </div> </div> In March 1976, the company name was changed to Northern Telecom Limited, and management announced its intention to concentrate the company's efforts on digital technology.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Northern Telecom was the first company in its industry to announce and deliver a complete line of fully digital telecommunications products.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The product line was branded "Digital World" and included the <a href="/wiki/DMS-100" title="DMS-100">DMS-100</a>, a fully digital central office switch serving as many as 100,000 lines, which was a key contributor to the company's revenue for close to 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Starting in 1977, Nortel grew rapidly after the introduction of its DMS line of digital central office telephone switches, especially after the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">AT&T</a> breakup in 1984. Northern Telecom became a significant supplier in Europe and China<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and was the first non-Japanese supplier to <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deregulation">Deregulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deregulation">edit</a>]</div> In 1983, due to deregulation, Bell Canada Enterprises (later shortened to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Canada Enterprises">BCE</a>) was formed as the parent company to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> and Northern Telecom. <a href="/wiki/Bell-Northern_Research" title="Bell-Northern Research">Bell-Northern Research</a> was jointly owned 50–50 by Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. The combined three companies were referred to as the tricorporate.<a href="#cite_note-BellSystemMemorial-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> As Nortel, the streamlined identity it adopted for its 100th anniversary in 1995, the company set out to dominate the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">global market</a> for <a href="/wiki/Public_Switched_Telephone_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Switched Telephone Network">public</a> and private networks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_boom_and_bust">Optical boom and bust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Optical boom and bust">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nortel_technician_in_lab_Belleville_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nortel_technician_in_lab_Belleville_2001.jpg/220px-Nortel_technician_in_lab_Belleville_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nortel_technician_in_lab_Belleville_2001.jpg/330px-Nortel_technician_in_lab_Belleville_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nortel_technician_in_lab_Belleville_2001.jpg/440px-Nortel_technician_in_lab_Belleville_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Technician working in a Nortel lab in <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a>, 2001</figcaption></figure> In 1998, with the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Bay_Networks" title="Bay Networks">Bay Networks</a>, the company's name was changed to Nortel Networks to emphasize its ability to provide complete solutions for multiprotocol, multiservice, global networking over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and other communications networks. As a consequence of the stock transaction used to purchase Bay Networks, BCE ceased to be the majority shareholder of Nortel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1999, Nortel outsourced several of its manufacturing operations to North American contractors.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In 2000, BCE <a href="/wiki/Spin-out#U.S._SEC_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-out">spun out</a> Nortel, distributing its holdings of Nortel to its shareholders. Bell-Northern Research was gradually absorbed into Nortel, as it first acquired a majority share in BNR, and eventually acquired the entire company.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the late 1990s, stock market <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculators</a>, hoping that Nortel would reap increasingly lucrative profits from the sale of <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic network">fibre optic network</a> gear, began pushing up the company's share price to unheard-of levels despite the company's repeated failure to turn a profit.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO) <a href="/wiki/John_Roth_(businessman)" title="John Roth (businessman)">John Roth</a>, sales of optical equipment had been robust in the late 1990s, but the market was soon saturated. When the speculative telecom <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">bubble of the late 1990s</a> reached its pinnacle late in the year 2000, Nortel was to become one of the most major casualties.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Nortel's revenues would be dented by a saturated market and the failure of <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a>, which was a major customer.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all the companies listed on the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a> (TSX), employing 94,500 worldwide, with 25,900 in Canada alone.<a href="#cite_note-Third_of_TSX-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Nortel's market capitalization fell from <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">C$</a>398 billion in September 2000 to less than C$5 billion in August 2002, as Nortel's stock price plunged from C$124 to C$0.47. When Nortel's <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock crashed</a>, it took with it a wide swath of Canadian investors and <a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">pension funds</a> and left 60,000 Nortel employees unemployed. Roth was criticized after it was revealed that he cashed in his own <a href="/wiki/Stock_option" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock option">stock options</a> for a personal gain of C$135 million in 2000 alone.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> CEO John Roth retired in 2001. His planned successor and <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a> (COO), Clarence Chandran, already on sick leave due to complications following his 1997 stabbing in Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-CBC-Chandran-medicalleave-50">[49]</a> decided to quit, however.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-Chandran-quit-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a> (CFO) <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dunn" title="Frank Dunn">Frank Dunn</a> was eventually chosen as Roth's permanent replacement.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Internet_bubble">After the Internet bubble</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After the Internet bubble">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accounting_restatements">Accounting restatements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accounting restatements">edit</a>]</div> Frank Dunn presided over a dramatic restructuring of Nortel, which included laying off two-thirds of its workforce (60,000 staff)<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Write-off#Write-down" title="Write-off">writedowns</a> of nearly US$16 billion in 2001 alone.This had some initial perceived success in turning the company around, with an unexpected return to profitability reported in the first quarter of 2003. The black ink triggered a total of $70 million in bonuses to the top 43 managers,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> with $7.8 million going to Dunn alone,<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> $3 million to chief financial officer Douglas Beatty, and $2 million to controller Michael Gollogly.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Independent auditor <a href="/wiki/Deloitte_%26_Touche" class="mw-redirect" title="Deloitte & Touche">Deloitte & Touche</a> advised audit committee chairman <a href="/wiki/John_Cleghorn" title="John Cleghorn">John Cleghorn</a> and board chairman <a href="/wiki/Lynton_Wilson" title="Lynton Wilson">"Red" Wilson</a> to look into the suspicious results, who promptly hired the law firm WilmerHale to vet the financial statements.<a href="#cite_note-Nortel_Nailed_Coffin-57">[56]</a> In late October 2003, Nortel announced that it intended to restate approximately $900 million of liabilities carried on its previously reported balance sheet as of June 30, 2003, following a comprehensive internal review of these liabilities. The company stated that the restatement's principal effects would be a reduction in previously reported net losses for 2000, 2001, and 2002 and an increase in shareholders' equity and net assets previously reported on its balance sheet. A dozen of the company's most senior executives returned $8.6 million of bonuses they were paid based on the erroneous accounting. Investigators ultimately found about $3 billion in revenue had been booked improperly in 1998, 1999, and 2000. More than $2 billion was moved into later years, about $750 million was pushed forward beyond 2003 and about $250 million was wiped away completely. The accounting scandal hurt both Nortel's reputation and finances, as Nortel spent an estimated US$400 million on outside auditors and management consultants to retrain staff.<a href="#cite_note-Nortel_Nailed_Coffin-57">[56]</a> To improve its liquidity, in 2003 Nortel arranged a US$750 million credit support facility with <a href="/wiki/Export_Development_Canada" title="Export Development Canada">Export Development Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2003-EDC-58">[57]</a> Walter Robinson of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation" title="Canadian Taxpayers Federation">Canadian Taxpayers Federation</a> denounced the line of credit, calling it "<a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">corporate welfare</a> at its worst."<a href="#cite_note-SunMedia-EDC2003-59">[58]</a> On April 28, 2004 amidst the accounting scandal, three of Nortel's top lieutenants—Douglas Beatty, CEO Frank Dunn and Michael Gollogly—were fired for <a href="/wiki/Financial_mismanagement" title="Financial mismanagement">financial mismanagement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_2013-60">[59]</a> They were later charged with fraud by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-ExecsArrested-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Citizen-20080620-62">[61]</a> The trial began on January 16, 2012,<a href="#cite_note-Gazette-20111003-63">[62]</a> ending with acquittals for all three.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_2013-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Globe-DunnTrialVerdict-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Securities and Exchange Commission">United States Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) also filed charges against them and four vice-presidents for civil fraud.<a href="#cite_note-Citizen-20080620-62">[61]</a> On December 19, 2014, remaining civil charges from the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Securities_Commission" title="Ontario Securities Commission">Ontario Securities Commission</a> and SEC were simultaneously dropped.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Owens_and_Zafirovski">Owens and Zafirovski</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Owens and Zafirovski">edit</a>]</div> After Dunn's firing, retired United States Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Owens_(Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Owens (Admiral)">Bill Owens</a> – at the time a member of the board of directors – was appointed interim CEO.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Nortel Networks subsequently returned to using the Nortel name for branding purposes only (the official company name was not changed). Nortel acquired PEC Solutions, a provider of information technology and telecommunications services to various government agencies and departments, in June 2005 and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Nortel_Government_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Government Solutions">Nortel Government Solutions</a> Incorporated (NGS).<a href="#cite_note-NGS-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-N-PEC-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> and Nortel formed a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> in August 2005, with Nortel owning 51%, to offer telecom and networking solutions in the wireline, optical, wireless and enterprise areas for South Korean and global customers.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Peter W. Currie, previously the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a>, was named CFO of Nortel in 2005, having previously served as Northern Telecom's CFO in the 1990s. Gary Daichendt, the former Chief Operating Officer of <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, was hired as president and COO, and was expected to succeed Owens as CEO. Shortly afterward, Daichendt appointed ex-Cisco <a href="/wiki/Chief_Science_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Science Officer">Chief Science Officer</a> Gary Kunis as <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">chief technology officer</a> (CTO). Both Garys were concerned about the overall direction of Nortel, especially when compared to Cisco, their previous employer. Just three months later, Daichendt resigned after both his restructuring plan and his suggestion that Owens and Currie leave the company immediately were rejected by the board of directors. Kunis quit shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> At the year's end, directors Lynton "Red" Wilson and John Cleghorn retired from the board. <a href="/wiki/Mike_S._Zafirovski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike S. Zafirovski">Mike S. Zafirovski</a>, who had served as president and CEO of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">GE Lighting</a> and then as <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> President and COO, succeeded Owens as president and CEO on November 15, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-MW-Zafirovski-72">[71]</a> Motorola filed a suit against Zafirovski's hiring, alleging that his new position would break the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a> he had signed. Nortel agreed to pay $11.5 million on his behalf to settle the lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-SUITSETTLE-73">[72]</a> Nortel also paid out US$575 million and 629 million common shares in 2006 to settle a class-action lawsuit that accused the company of misleading investors about the company's health. Currie stepped down as Executive Vice President and CFO in early 2007.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In February 2007, Nortel announced its plans to reduce its workforce by 2,000 employees, and to transfer an additional 1,000 jobs to lower-cost job sites.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The Securities and Exchange Commission filed civil fraud charges against Nortel for accounting fraud from 2000 to 2003; the fraud was allegedly to close gaps between its true performance, its internal targets and Wall Street expectations. Nortel settled the case, paying $35 million, which the Commission distributed to affected shareholders, and reported periodically to the commission on remedial measures to improve its financial accounting.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Nortel announced plans in February 2008 to eliminate 2,100 jobs, and to transfer another 1,000 jobs to lower-cost centres.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-200802-jobcuts-77">[76]</a> As part of the reductions, Nortel shut down its Calgary campus in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-200805-Calgary-78">[77]</a> During its reporting of third quarter 2008 results, Nortel announced it would restructure into three vertically-integrated business units: Enterprise, Carrier Networks, and Metro Ethernet Networks. As part of the decentralization of its organization, four executive positions were eliminated, effective January 1, 2009: Chief Marketing Officer – Lauren Flaherty; Chief Technology Officer – John Roese; Global Services President – Dietmar Wendt; and Executive Vice President Global Sales – Bill Nelson. A net reduction of 1,300 jobs was also announced.<a href="#cite_note-PR-Nortel2008Q3-79">[78]</a> As its stock price dropped below $1, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> notified Nortel that it would be <a href="/wiki/Listing_(finance)#Delisting" title="Listing (finance)">delisted</a> if its common shares failed to rise above $1 per share within 6 months.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Rumours continued to persist of Nortel's poor financial health, amid the <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession">late 2000s recession</a>, and its bids for government funds were turned down.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> There is suspicion that industrial espionage and knockoff Asian products brought down Nortel or at least accelerated its demise. An extensive analysis by University of Ottawa professor Jonathan Calof and recollections of former Nortel executive Tim Dempsey have placed the blame mostly on strategic mistakes and poor management at the company.<a href="#cite_note-nationalpost.com-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquidation">Liquidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liquidation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protection_from_creditors">Protection from creditors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protection from creditors">edit</a>]</div> On January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from creditors, in the United States under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code</a>, in Canada under the <a href="/wiki/Companies%27_Creditors_Arrangement_Act" title="Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act">Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act</a>, and in the United Kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Insolvency_Act_1986" title="Insolvency Act 1986">Insolvency Act 1986</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PR-2009Jan-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-2009-ComputerWorld-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-2009Jan-NetworkWorld-84">[83]</a> Nortel was the first major technology company to seek bankruptcy protection during the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Nortel had an interest payment of $107 million due the next day, approximately 4.6% of its cash reserves of approximately $2.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-2009Jan-CBC-86">[85]</a> After the announcement, the share price fell more than 79% on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Export Development Canada agreed to provide up to C$30 million in short-term financing through its existing credit support facility with Nortel. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.<a href="#cite_note-Not_a_bailout-87">[86]</a> Nortel initially hoped to re-emerge from bankruptcy, implementing a retention bonus plan in an effort to retain its top executives during the restructuring period. These bonuses, totaling US$45 million, were targeted at 1,000 executive positions.<a href="#cite_note-NationalPost-2009Retention-88">[87]</a> At the end of January 2009, Nortel announced that it would be discontinuing its <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> business and its agreement with <a href="/wiki/Alvarion" title="Alvarion">Alvarion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PR-WiMAXDiscontinue-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-TBJ-2009Jan-90">[89]</a> Nortel subsequently sold its Layer 4–7 application delivery business to Israeli technology firm <a href="/wiki/Radware" title="Radware">Radware</a> for $18 million, after Radware had initially placed a <a href="/wiki/Stalking_horse_bid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalking horse bid">stalking horse bid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RadwareNortel-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-RadwarePurchase-92">[91]</a> Nortel had acquired the application switch product line in October 2000 when it purchased Alteon WebSystems.<a href="#cite_note-PR-ApplicationDelivery-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind-up">Wind-up</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wind-up">edit</a>]</div> With the worsening recession and stock market decline deterring potential companies from bidding for Nortel's assets, and many of Nortel's major customers reconsidering their relationships with the restructuring company,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> in June Nortel announced that it no longer planned to emerge from bankruptcy protection, and would seek buyers for all of its business units.<a href="#cite_note-19JUN2009-PR-95">[94]</a> After announcing it planned to sell off all of its assets, Nortel shares were delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange on June 26, 2009 at a price of $0.185 per share, down from its high in 2000 when it comprised a third of the S&P/TSX composite index.<a href="#cite_note-19JUN2009-PR-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-22JUN2009-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FP-Delisting-97">[96]</a> Mike Zafirovski subsequently resigned in August, and Nortel's board of directors was reorganized with three members instead of nine.<a href="#cite_note-PRNortel-2009Aug-restructure-98">[97]</a> Nortel handed out $14.2 million in cash compensation to seven executives in 2009. Nortel also paid out $1.4 million to 10 former and current directors, and paid $140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee the company's bankruptcy proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-phoneplusmag.com-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Siemens_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Siemens Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Stalking_horse_offer" title="Stalking horse offer">stalking horse bid</a> to purchase Nortel's <a href="/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code division multiple access">CDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a> assets for $650 million.<a href="#cite_note-19JUN2009-PR-95">[94]</a> By the July 21 deadline for additional bids, <a href="/wiki/MatlinPatterson" title="MatlinPatterson">MatlinPatterson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> had made offers,<a href="#cite_note-CDMABidders-100">[99]</a> and Ericsson emerged as the victor in the following auction, with a purchase price of $1.13 billion.<a href="#cite_note-PR-CDMASale-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-OttawaCitizen-CDMASale-102">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a> won an auction for Nortel's Enterprise Solutions business, including Nortel's stake in Nortel Government Solutions and <a href="/wiki/DiamondWare" class="mw-redirect" title="DiamondWare">DiamondWare</a>, for $900 million,<a href="#cite_note-PR-EnterpriseSale-103">[102]</a> after having placed a stalking horse bid of $475 million.<a href="#cite_note-PR-EnterpriseBid-104">[103]</a> In November, Nortel sold its MEN (Metro Ethernet Networks) unit to <a href="/wiki/Ciena_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciena Corporation">Ciena Corporation</a> for US$530 million in cash and US$239 million in convertible notes,<a href="#cite_note-PR-MENSale-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> business at auction to <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapsch" title="Kapsch">Kapsch</a> for US$103 million.<a href="#cite_note-PR-GSMSale-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-PR-GSMAuction-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-PR-GSMAuctionDelayed-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> purchased the Next Generation Packet Core assets.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> As insurance against judgments in class action lawsuits filed by former employees, John Roth filed in December 2009 for a US$1 billion indemnification from Nortel, joining the list of U.S. creditors.<a href="#cite_note-2009-John-Roth-112">[111]</a> In February 2010, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst & Young</a>, the court-appointed monitor of Nortel's Canadian bankruptcy proceedings, reported that the assets of Nortel's <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Welfare_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Welfare Trust">Health and Welfare Trust</a> had a shortfall of $37 million in its net assets as of December 31, 2008. The trust supports pensioners' medical, dental and life insurance benefits, as well as income support for some groups such as long-term disability recipients.<a href="#cite_note-OttawaCitizen-HWT-113">[112]</a> Also in February, Nortel negotiated a $57 million deal to wind up the health care and other benefits provided to former Canadian employees. Shortly afterwards, Nortel proposed spending $92.3M on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Nortel Business Services and Corporate groups, with $2.5 million in incentives going to Christopher Ricaute, president of Nortel Business Services; $27 million allocated for Canadian employees; and $55 million allocated for U.S. employees.<a href="#cite_note-Citizen2010FebRetention-114">[113]</a> The proposed plan was later extended by an additional $27 million.<a href="#cite_note-Citizen2010FebRetentionExtension-115">[114]</a> Claiming that the retention bonuses proposal was extraordinary, acting US trustee Roberta DeAngelis objected to the payment of $55.6 million to 866 employees.<a href="#cite_note-businessweek.com-116">[115]</a> However, court-appointed representatives for Nortel's former employees, who are creditors in the Ontario bankruptcy court, have <a href="/wiki/Nortel_Retirees_and_former_employees_Protection_Canada#February_8,_2010,_agreement_reached_with_Nortel_on_behalf_of_all_former_employees" title="Nortel Retirees and former employees Protection Canada">signed an agreement</a> to not oppose any employee incentive program. <a href="/wiki/GENBAND" class="mw-redirect" title="GENBAND">GENBAND</a> purchased the Carrier VoIP and Application Solutions (CVAS) unit in May 2010, as Nortel accepted its stalking horse bid of $282 million, with adjustments that decreased the net sale price to about $100 million, without a formal bidding process.<a href="#cite_note-PR-GenbandPurchase-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-PR-CVAS-bid-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-CVAS-bid-Genband-119">[118]</a> Ericsson purchased Nortel's share in its joint venture with LG Electronics for US$242 million, forming <a href="/wiki/LG-Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="LG-Ericsson">LG-Ericsson</a>, in June 2010.<a href="#cite_note-PR-LGPurchase-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-PR-LGSale-121">[120]</a> Ericsson also purchased Nortel's final operating unit, the Multi-Service Switch division, in September 2010 for US$65 million.<a href="#cite_note-PR-MSSPurchase-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-PR-MSSSale-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSS-Sale-Citizen-124">[123]</a> Nortel's <a href="/wiki/Carling_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carling Campus">Ottawa campus on Carling Avenue</a> was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_and_Government_Services_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works and Government Services Canada">Public Works and Government Services Canada</a> (PWGSC) in October 2010 for a cash purchase price of CDN$208 million,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> to serve as the new home of Canada's <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Headquarters_(Canada)" title="National Defence Headquarters (Canada)">National Defence Headquarters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Nortel's 53.13% stake in Turkish company Nortel Netaş was acquired by <a href="/wiki/One_Equity_Partners" title="One Equity Partners">One Equity Partners</a> (OEP) and Rhea Investments for $68 million in December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The last major asset of Nortel, approximately 6,000 patents and patent applications encompassing technologies such as wireless, wireless 4G, data networking, optical, voice, Internet, and semiconductors, was sold for $4.5 billion to a consortium including <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, EMC, Ericsson, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">BlackBerry Limited</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, pending American and Canadian court approval.<a href="#cite_note-CNET-PatentSale-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Google-PatentSale-130">[129]</a> (Google had placed the initial stalking horse bid of $900 million<a href="#cite_note-GlobeAndMail-PatentBid-131">[130]</a> and later upped the bid to $1,902,160,540, then $2,614,972,128, and eventually $3.14159 billion, which are references to <a href="/wiki/Brun%27s_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Brun's constant">Brun's constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meissel%E2%80%93Mertens_constant" title="Meissel–Mertens constant">Meissel–Mertens constant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-Google-PatentBid-132">[131]</a> Bankruptcy filings state that Nortel owed former Canadian engineers $285,000 for patent awards that were not paid.<a href="#cite_note-Citizen-PatentAwardsOutstanding-133">[132]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In October 2011, the administrators of Nortel's British subsidiary lost their appeal to overturn a court order requiring them to pay £2.1 billion into Nortel's underfunded pension plan.<a href="#cite_note-Citizen-PensionPlanUKAppeal-134">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nortel's U.S. retirement income plan is now managed by <a href="/wiki/PBGC" class="mw-redirect" title="PBGC">PBGC</a> <a href="/wiki/Pension_Benefit_Guaranty_Corporation" title="Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation">Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In January 2014, a pact between the U.S. and European divisions of Nortel was approved by a U.S. court.<a href="#cite_note-U.S.-136">[135]</a> However, litigation continued. In April 2016, Nortel went back to court for a fresh round of legal arguments in a seven-year-old bankruptcy which cost creditors about $2 billion including attorney fees.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Courts in the U.S. and Canada approved a negotiated settlement among competing creditors in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Products">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Nortel_products" title="Category:Nortel products">Category:Nortel products</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft%E2%80%93Nortel_Innovative_Communications_Alliance_products" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Microsoft–Nortel Innovative Communications Alliance products">List of Microsoft–Nortel Innovative Communications Alliance products</a></div> Nortel made <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> equipment and <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">software</a>. It served both general businesses and communications carriers (<a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">landline telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable TV</a> carriers). Technologies included <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephonic</a> (voice) equipment, <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">local wireless</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>. Past products included: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Telephone Systems </th> <th>Telephone sets and terminals </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network">MAN</a> equipment </th></tr> <tr> <td>Application Server 5200 and <a href="/wiki/Nortel_Application_Server_5300" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Application Server 5300">Application Server 5300 (AS5300)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_business_phones" title="Nortel business phones">Nortel business phones</a>, digital sets for Meridian and Norstar </td> <td>Baystack and ERS (Ethernet Routing Switch), managed <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switches</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nortel_ERS_8600" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel ERS 8600">ERS-8600</a>, ERS-8300, ERS-5600, <a href="/wiki/Nortel_ERS_5500" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel ERS 5500">ERS-5500</a>, ERS-4500, ERS-2500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Multiplex_System" title="Digital Multiplex System">Digital Multiplex System</a> (DMS and SL-100 families) large-scale digital carrier phone switch </td> <td>Northern Electric home phones </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiservice_Switch" title="Multiservice Switch">Multiservice Switch (MSS)</a> (formerly Passport); MSS20000, MSS15000, MSS7400, MSS6400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Meridian" title="Nortel Meridian">Meridian 1</a> (SL-1) medium-to-large-scale <a href="/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Private branch exchange">PBX</a> </td> <td>Northern Telecom home phones </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Ethernet_Routing_Switch_8600" title="Metro Ethernet Routing Switch 8600">Metro Ethernet Routing Switch 8600</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Norstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian Norstar">Meridian Norstar</a> small-to-medium-scale digital <a href="/wiki/Key_telephone_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Key telephone system">key telephone system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_payphones" title="Nortel payphones">Nortel payphones</a> </td> <td>Nortel Secure Network Access (switch and software) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Communication_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Communication Servers">Nortel Communication Servers</a>, medium-to-large-scale <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a> PBX Systems; CS2100, CS2000, CS1500, CS1000 </td> <td>Nortel IP Phone 1120E </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallan_Computer" title="Parallan Computer">Meridian Data</a> Networking System (DV-1) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridian_M4020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridian M4020 (page does not exist)">Meridian M4020</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SG-1 analog wired logic control PBX </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SP-1 analog stored program control carrier switch </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Routers</a> </th> <th>Software </th> <th>Other WAN equipment </th></tr> <tr> <td>Secure Router 1000 Systems; SR1004, SR1002, SR1001S, SR1001 </td> <td>Visualization Performance & Fault Manager (VPFM) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Mbit/s_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Mbit/s modem">1 Mbit/s modem</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secure Router 3120 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Enterprise_Switch_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Enterprise Switch Manager">Nortel Enterprise Switch Manager</a> </td> <td>S/DMS <a href="/wiki/SONET" class="mw-redirect" title="SONET">SONET</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Secure_Router_4134" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Secure Router 4134">Secure Router 4134</a> </td> <td>Nortel File and Inventory Manager </td> <td>OPTera Long Haul </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secure Router 8000 Systems; SR8002, SR8004, SR8008, SR8012 </td> <td>Nortel Multi-link Trunking Manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VPN Routers; 1750, 2700, 2750, 5000 </td> <td>Nortel Multicast Manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Speech_Server" title="Nortel Speech Server">Nortel Speech Server</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passport_Carrier_Release" title="Passport Carrier Release">Passport Carrier Release</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Nortel Routing Manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Nortel Security Manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Nortel VLAN manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DiamondWare" class="mw-redirect" title="DiamondWare">DiamondWare</a> 3D Voice Platform </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Unified_Communications_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Unified Communications Management">Unified Communications Management</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agile_Communication_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Communication Environment">Agile Communication Environment</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversy">Criticism and controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payments_to_lawyers_and_accountants">Payments to lawyers and accountants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Payments to lawyers and accountants">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> reported that lawyers and accountants received CA$2.5 billion from Nortel's estate.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kathleen_Peterson_Case">Kathleen Peterson Case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kathleen Peterson Case">edit</a>]</div> In 2001 Nortel's director of information services <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peterson_trial" title="Michael Peterson trial">Kathleen Peterson</a> was found dead at the bottom of a staircase in her home in Durham, NC. Nortel had been enduring heavy layoffs during this time, and family members report that Kathleen was worried she may too be laid off at Nortel.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> This was used by the prosecution as motive for Kathleen's husband, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peterson_trial" title="Michael Peterson trial">Michael Peterson</a>, to murder Kathleen due to her 1.3 million-dollar life insurance policy (partly provided by Nortel) and the couple's $143,000 in credit card debt. <a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_damage">Environmental damage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental damage">edit</a>]</div> After bankruptcy, Nortel's estate faced CA$300 million in claims to pay for environmental damage at various sites, including Belleville, Brockville, Kingston and London.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hacks">Hacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange#Hacking" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange § Hacking</a></div> In September 1991, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a> was discovered in the act of hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> In 2001 Nortel identified knockoff products circulating in the Chinese market, where they did not compete.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The management chose not to press the issue.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Brian Shields, former chief security officer at Nortel, said his company was compromised in 2004 by China-based hackers; executive credentials were accessed remotely, and entire computers were taken over.<a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-146">[145]</a> Nortel's own specialist did not find any abnormality. In 2008, Shields decided to approach an outside expert, who reported finding sophisticated malware in the company's machines and activities traced to Chinese IP addresses and discussions on a Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a>. Shields had tried to escalate the issue within the company, but senior staff members did not take any action. <a href="/wiki/Mike_Zafirovski" title="Mike Zafirovski">Mike Zafirovski</a>, one of Nortel's top executives at the time, was skeptical, citing Shields' reputation for exaggeration.<a href="#cite_note-FinPo_2012-147">[146]</a> Nortel sought for but failed to receive help from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a>. A former <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a> official said the agency approached the company but was rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-Globe_and_Mail_2012-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wall-Street-Hacker-149">[148]</a> Nortel allegedly failed to disclose the problem to potential buyers of its business, a "despicable" omission according to Shields. <a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genband" class="mw-redirect" title="Genband">Genband</a> both acquired parts of Nortel, and some employees used old Nortel machines connected to the new companies' networks. Avaya says it has dealt with the issue after Shields informed the new companies of his investigation.<a href="#cite_note-Wall-Street-Hacker-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-The-Verge-Hacker-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Cybersecurity experts have some doubts about a hack of such magnitude as described by Shields, calling it "unlikely". Shields does not think <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> was directly involved, but industry insiders, including him, believe that Huawei and <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a> were beneficiaries of the hack.<a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_bailouts">Government bailouts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government bailouts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003">2003</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2003">edit</a>]</div> On February 16, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun" title="Winnipeg Sun">Winnipeg Sun</a> published an article criticising the Canadian Federal government for propping up "mega-loser Nortel" through <a href="/wiki/Export_Development_Canada" title="Export Development Canada">Export Development Canada</a> (EDC). The article interviewed Walter Robinson of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation" title="Canadian Taxpayers Federation">Canadian Taxpayers Federation</a> who termed this EDC support as "corporate welfare at its worst". Mr. Robinson was appalled that Canadians who already lost billions on Nortel on the stock market would be asked for even more money through their taxes to support Nortel.<a href="#cite_note-SunMedia-EDC2003-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009">2009</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2009">edit</a>]</div> The EDC had agreed to provide up to CA$30 million in short-term financing through an existing bonding facility. This money was previously available to Nortel, and no special funding was made available. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_breach_of_trust_in_Nortel's_Health_and_Welfare_Trust">Illegal breach of trust in Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Illegal breach of trust in Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust">edit</a>]</div> There have been reports of financial irregularities at Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust. <a href="/wiki/Diane_Urquhart" title="Diane Urquhart">Diane Urquhart</a>, a financial analyst, testified before a parliamentary committee that $100 million is missing from the HWT and that a $37 million loan to the corporation has not been paid back.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The HWT was an unregistered trust maintained by Nortel to provide medical, dental, life insurance, long-term disability and survivor income and pension transition benefits.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Until 2005 Nortel fully funded the disability insurance in its HWT. However, it is alleged that since then, the HWT Governance Committees and third party <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Trust" title="Northern Trust">Northern Trust</a>, breached their <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> duties to protect Nortel's disabled employees and survivors of deceased employees by allowing Nortel to misdirect over CA$100 million from the HWT for purposes inconsistent with the terms of the HWT.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> As of March 1, 2012, Northern Trust continues to act as the paying agent for Canadian <a href="/wiki/Nortel_Retirees_and_former_employees_Protection_Canada" title="Nortel Retirees and former employees Protection Canada">Nortel pensioners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bookkeeping_irregularities">Bookkeeping irregularities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bookkeeping irregularities">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, both the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Securities_Commission" title="Ontario Securities Commission">Ontario Securities Commission</a> laid charges against former senior financial officials from Nortel including Frank Dunn who was fired from Nortel in 2004. Frank Dunn was promoted from <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a> to replace John A. Roth as <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> in November 2001. According to the SEC, Dunn and three other financial officers began to fudge revenue by misusing "<a href="/wiki/Bill_and_hold" title="Bill and hold">bill and hold</a>" transactions starting "no later than September, 2000". The SEC said that at least a year's worth of the alleged misconduct took place while John Roth was still CEO of Nortel, though no charges were laid against him.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_Nortel_pensioners">Treatment of Nortel pensioners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Treatment of Nortel pensioners">edit</a>]</div> On June 23, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer" title="The News & Observer">News and Observer</a> published a story criticizing treatment pensioners have been receiving from their former employer, Nortel. According to the article, Nortel has asked a federal court to terminate medical coverage, prescription drug coverage, long-term disability, and life insurance of 4,000 retirees and dependents, claiming the benefits are costing the company $2 million per month. Nortel blamed the company's creditors for this decision.<a href="#cite_note-Triagle-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ex-CEO_as_creditor">Ex-CEO as creditor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ex-CEO as creditor">edit</a>]</div> In the middle of the decade several class-action lawsuits were filed against <a href="/wiki/John_Roth_(businessman)" title="John Roth (businessman)">John Roth</a> and others, by former employees who felt that their 401K company plans were depleted due to misrepresentation by the defendants. They claimed they were duped into investing in Nortel stock, when those who encouraged them to do so allegedly knew that the company was ailing. John Roth left Nortel in 2001 with more than CA$130 million. In 2009, Roth filed a claim for CA$1 billion, aiming to become a creditor to the assets of Nortel along with all other Nortel employees, in case the class action lawsuits against him succeeded.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_of_interest">Conflicts of interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conflicts of interest">edit</a>]</div> During Nortel's 2002 annual <a href="/wiki/Shareholders%27_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shareholders' meeting">shareholders' meeting</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> (including <a href="/wiki/J_Robert_Verdun" title="J Robert Verdun">Robert Verdun</a>) complained about non-arms-length relationships with service providers such as director <a href="/wiki/Yves_Fortier_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Fortier (lawyer)">Yves Fortier</a>, who provided legal services to Nortel while sitting on its board, and Nortel's auditors, <a href="/wiki/Deloitte_%26_Touche_LLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Deloitte & Touche LLP">Deloitte & Touche LLP</a>, who were paid $15 million for non-auditing services.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters_bugging">Headquarters bugging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Headquarters bugging">edit</a>]</div> In 2013 workers preparing the former Nortel headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a> discovered electronic eavesdropping devices.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The bugs found were older and non-operational leading Canadian intelligence to draw the conclusion that the former tenant Nortel and not the future tenant MND was the target.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_information">Corporate information</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Corporate information">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Headquarters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nortel_-_Carling_Campus_(3443785027).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nortel_-_Carling_Campus_%283443785027%29.jpg/220px-Nortel_-_Carling_Campus_%283443785027%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nortel_-_Carling_Campus_%283443785027%29.jpg/330px-Nortel_-_Carling_Campus_%283443785027%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nortel_-_Carling_Campus_%283443785027%29.jpg/440px-Nortel_-_Carling_Campus_%283443785027%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Nortel's former head office at 60 Moodie Drive</figcaption></figure> During Nortel's dissolution the headquarters was relocated to 5945 Airport Road in <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NortelCanadaOffices-171">[170]</a> Previous locations of its head offices included 60 Moodie Drive in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> (now headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>), 8200 Dixie Road<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton, Ontario</a> (sold to <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications</a> in 2006 and now known as <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Park,_Brampton" title="Rogers Park, Brampton">Rogers Park, Brampton</a>) and 195 The West Mall in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> (now used by <a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin" class="mw-redirect" title="SNC-Lavalin">SNC-Lavalin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-WestMall-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_worksites,_partners,_and_customers">Global worksites, partners, and customers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Global worksites, partners, and customers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namco_Nortel_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Namco_Nortel_USA.jpg/220px-Namco_Nortel_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Namco_Nortel_USA.jpg/330px-Namco_Nortel_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Namco_Nortel_USA.jpg/440px-Namco_Nortel_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Former campus in California</figcaption></figure> Nortel expanded into the U.S. in 1971. The company eventually had employees in over 100 locations in the U.S. with <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, and sales centres in many states including <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Nortel's full-service R&D centres were located in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> (its <a href="/wiki/Carling_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carling Campus">R&D headquarters</a>), Beijing, and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nortel-RandDLocations-174">[173]</a> In Canada, Nortel also had R&D sites in Montreal, <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>. In the United States, Nortel's major R&D sites were in <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a> (North Carolina), <a href="/wiki/Richardson,_Texas" title="Richardson, Texas">Richardson</a> (Texas), <a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica</a> (Massachusetts), and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a>. Nortel had a significant presence in Europe, Middle East, Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Nortel delivered network infrastructure and communication services to customers across Asia in (mainland) China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey (Nortel owned 53.17% of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neta%C5%9F_Telekom%C3%BCnikasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netaş Telekomünikasyon (page does not exist)">Nortel Netaş</a>, originally established as a joint venture with Turkish <a href="/wiki/PTT_(Turkey)" title="PTT (Turkey)">PTT</a> in 1967).<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> In addition, the company had three joint ventures in the People's Republic of China, including Guangdong Nortel Telecommunications Equipment (GDNT), which operated Nortel's full service R&D centres in China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_structure">Business structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Business structure">edit</a>]</div> At the start of 2010, based on membership in Nortel's benefit plan, there were 1,637 employees working for Nortel Networks and 982 working for Nortel Technology in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-MonitorReport-2010-02-23-176">[175]</a> In February 2008, Nortel employed approximately 32,550 people worldwide, including 6,800 employees in Canada and 11,900 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-200802-jobcuts-77">[76]</a> Nortel operations were divided into the following segments:<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <ul><li>Carrier Networks (CN): Mobility networking solutions, including <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">GSM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>, and carrier networking solutions, both circuit and packet based.</li> <li>Enterprise Solutions (ES): Enterprise networking solutions, including circuit and packet based voice, data, security, multimedia messaging and conferencing, and call centres.</li> <li>Metro Ethernet Networks (MEN): Optical and metropolitan area networking solutions, for carrier and enterprise customers.</li> <li>Global Services (GS): Services in four areas: network implementation, network support, network management, and network applications (including web services).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Corporate governance">edit</a>]</div> Nortel's board of directors resigned and the board disbanded effective October 3, 2012. All remaining executive officers also resigned effective this date. As part of the wind-down process, a court order was issued providing Ernst & Young Inc., the court-appointed monitor in Nortel's creditor protection proceedings, the ability to exercise any powers which may be properly exercised by a board of directors of Nortel.<a href="#cite_note-NortelBoardResigns-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_members_of_the_board_of_directors">Former members of the board of directors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Former members of the board of directors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nortel_people" title="List of Nortel people">List of Nortel people</a></div> <a href="#cite_note-NortelBoard-180">[179]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalynn_Bennett" title="Jalynn Bennett">Jalynn H. Bennett</a>, CM</li> <li>Dr. Manfred Bischoff</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blanchard">James Blanchard</a></li> <li>Robert Ellis Brown</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Carlucci" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank C. Carlucci">Frank C. Carlucci</a>, former chairman of the board</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleghorn" title="John Cleghorn">John Cleghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dunn" title="Frank Dunn">Frank Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Fortier_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Fortier (lawyer)">Yves Fortier</a></li> <li>Hon. James B. Hunt Jr.</li> <li>Robert Alexander Ingram<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alan_MacNaughton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alan MacNaughton">John Alan MacNaughton</a></li> <li>Hon. <a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John P. Manley</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._McCormick" title="Richard D. McCormick">Richard David McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Mongeau" title="Claude Mongeau">Claude Mongeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Owens_(Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Owens (Admiral)">William Owens (Admiral)</a></li> <li>Harry Jonathan Pearce, former chairman of the board</li> <li>David Richardson, former chairperson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roth_(businessman)" title="John Roth (businessman)">John Andrew Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guylaine_Saucier" title="Guylaine Saucier">Guylaine Saucier</a></li> <li>Sherwood Smith</li> <li>John D. Watson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynton_Wilson" title="Lynton Wilson">Lynton "Red" Wilson</a>, former chairman of the board</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Zafirovski" title="Mike Zafirovski">Mike Zafirovski</a>, former president and CEO</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_leadership">Past leadership</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Past leadership">edit</a>]</div> <a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fleetford_Sise" title="Edward Fleetford Sise">Edward Fleetford Sise</a>, President of the Northern Electric Company (1914–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleetford_Sise" title="Paul Fleetford Sise">Paul Fleetford Sise</a>, President of the Northern Electric Company (1919–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Holley_Keefler" title="Ralph Holley Keefler">Ralph Holley Keefler</a>, President of the Northern Electric Company (1948 –1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Oswald_Marquez" title="Vernon Oswald Marquez">Vernon Oswald Marquez</a>, President of the Northern Electric Company (1967–1971)</li> <li>John C. Lobb, President (1971–1974)</li> <li>David G. Vice, President and COO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frederick_Light" title="Walter Frederick Light">Walter Frederick Light</a>, President of Northern Telecom (1974–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_B._Fitzgerald" title="Edmund B. Fitzgerald">Edmund B. Fitzgerald</a>, President (1982–1989)</li> <li>Paul G. Stern, CEO (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monty" title="Jean Monty">Jean Monty</a>, President<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li> <li>Roy Merrills, President</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roth_(businessman)" title="John Roth (businessman)">John Roth</a>, President, CEO and chairman of the Board of Nortel Networks (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dunn" title="Frank Dunn">Frank Dunn</a>, President and CEO of Nortel Networks (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Owens_(Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Owens (Admiral)">Bill Owens</a>, President and CEO of Nortel Networks (2004–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_S._Zafirovski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike S. Zafirovski">Mike Zafirovski</a>, President and CEO of Nortel Networks (2005–2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Meg_Modem" title="1-Meg Modem">1-Meg Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Networks" title="Bay Networks">Bay Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell labs">Bell labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-Northern_Research" title="Bell-Northern Research">Bell-Northern Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy_override" title="Busy override">Busy override</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_industrial_research_and_development_organizations" title="Canadian industrial research and development organizations">Canadian Industrial Research and Development Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data 100 (page does not exist)">Data 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nortel_products" title="List of Nortel products">List of Nortel products</a></li> <li>List of Nortel protocols</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitel" title="Mitel">Mitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiservice_Switch" title="Multiservice Switch">Multiservice Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Government_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Government Solutions">Nortel Government Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Retirees_and_former_employees_Protection_Canada_(NRPC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Retirees and former employees Protection Canada (NRPC)">Nortel Retirees and former employees Protection Canada (NRPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_Carrier_Release" title="Passport Carrier Release">Passport Carrier Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and technology in Canada</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Alexander Graham Bell had originally asked Boston manufacturer Charles Williams to provide an initial order of 1,000 telephones for use in Canada, but Williams' small shop was only able to produce a fraction of that number. Bell then spoke with a Brantford friend, James Cowherd (1849? – Feb. 1881), who set up Canada's first telephone factory which produced 2,398 telephones to Bell's specifications by 1881. Bell sent Cowherd to Boston in 1878 to study Williams manufacturing processes for a number of months; Cowherd then returned to Brantford to produce Bell's production telephones, and help develop newer models. Among Cowherd's designs was a transmitter fitted with a triple mouthpiece allowing three people to talk, and sing, simultaneously. Cowherd's untimely early death from tuberculosis was noted in major technical journals and led to the closure of the Bell Systems' manufacturing supplier plant in Brantford. Telephone production later resumed in Montreal, eventually leading to the creation of Northern Electric, later renamed Northern Telecom and then Nortel.<a href="#cite_note-B.H.S.-Reville.c-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-NortelHistory1874-1900-13">[13]</a> A Brantford Expositor article later noted of the historic factory building's demise: "[Brantford] City officials and heritage committee members hung their heads in shame in 1992 when it was learned that a building that once housed the first telephone factory in the world had been approved for demolition. The embarrassing oversight came to light too late to stop wrecking crews, who were already tearing down the aged building at 32 Wharfe St... The building, where equipment for Alexander Graham Bell's first telephone was made, had even been pictured and written about in a city-printed brochure about the great inventor. A plaque erected by [the] <a href="/wiki/Telephone_Pioneers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone Pioneers of America">Telephone Pioneers of America</a> heralding the building's significance had been stripped from the structure in the mid-1980s and given to the Brant County Museum".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822110913/http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/northern_electric_history.html">"Northern Electric- A Brief History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/northern_electric_history.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Electric-+A+Brief+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beatriceco.com%2Fbti%2Fporticus%2Fbell%2Fnorthern_electric_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-intel-nortel-antitrust-idUSTRE75N39N20110624">"Intel gets antitrust approval for Nortel asset buy"</a>. Reuters. June 24, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312031146/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-intel-nortel-antitrust-idUSTRE75N39N20110624">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Intel+gets+antitrust+approval+for+Nortel+asset+buy&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-intel-nortel-antitrust-idUSTRE75N39N20110624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Third_of_TSX-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Third_of_TSX_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Third_of_TSX_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasselbackTedesco2014" class="citation news cs1">Hasselback, Drew; Tedesco, Theresa (September 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2014/09/27/the-fate-of-once-mighty-nortels-last-billions-lies-in-the-hands-of-two-men/">"The fate of once-mighty Nortel's last billions lies in the hands of two men"</a>. Financial Post. National Post. Retrieved November 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=The+fate+of+once-mighty+Nortel%27s+last+billions+lies+in+the+hands+of+two+men&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft.aulast=Hasselback&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Theresa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2014%2F09%2F27%2Fthe-fate-of-once-mighty-nortels-last-billions-lies-in-the-hands-of-two-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_2016-4"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2016_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreton2016" class="citation news cs1">Ireton, Julie (October 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/nortel-bankruptcy-pension-executives-bonuses-1.3792904">"Nortel executives continue drawing bonuses years after bankruptcy: Since 2009 bankruptcy, Nortel executives have collected $190M US in retention bonuses"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007210946/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/nortel-bankruptcy-pension-executives-bonuses-1.3792904">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nortel+executives+continue+drawing+bonuses+years+after+bankruptcy%3A+Since+2009+bankruptcy%2C+Nortel+executives+have+collected+%24190M+US+in+retention+bonuses&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft.aulast=Ireton&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fnortel-bankruptcy-pension-executives-bonuses-1.3792904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PR-2009Jan-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PR-2009Jan_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PR-2009Jan_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/090114/0466136.html">"Nortel Obtains Court Orders for Creditor Protection"</a> (Press release). Nortel Networks Corporation. January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nortel+Obtains+Court+Orders+for+Creditor+Protection&rft.pub=Nortel+Networks+Corporation&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiz.yahoo.com%2Fiw%2F090114%2F0466136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-NN-PR20120727-6"><a href="#cite_ref-NN-PR20120727_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104082643/http://www.nortel-canada.com/2012/10/nortel-obtains-further-extension-of-stay-period-under-ccaa-10/">"Nortel Obtains Further Extension of Stay Period Under CCAA"</a> (Press release). Nortel Networks. October 30, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortel-canada.com/2012/10/nortel-obtains-further-extension-of-stay-period-under-ccaa-10/">the original</a> on November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nortel+Obtains+Further+Extension+of+Stay+Period+Under+CCAA&rft.pub=Nortel+Networks&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortel-canada.com%2F2012%2F10%2Fnortel-obtains-further-extension-of-stay-period-under-ccaa-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Bruce 1990, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Patten-Bell-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Patten-Bell_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten1926" class="citation book cs1">Patten, Gulielmus (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KzVAAAAMAAJ">Pioneering the Telephone in Canada</a>. Privately printed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneering+the+Telephone+in+Canada&rft.pub=Privately+printed&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Gulielmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4KzVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod1999" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Elizabeth (April 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Alexander_Graham_Bell.html?id=lyRQIqrMqXQC">Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life</a>. Kids Can Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55074-458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55074-458-3"><bdi>978-1-55074-458-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+An+Inventive+Life&rft.pub=Kids+Can+Press&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55074-458-3&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FAlexander_Graham_Bell.html%3Fid%3DlyRQIqrMqXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe" class="citation web cs1">Sharpe, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.ourontario.ca/brant/images.ourontario.ca/brant/page/ID=82662&po=82&n=">"Soldiers and Warriors: The Early Volunteer Militia of Brant County, 1856–1866, p. 80"</a>. images.ourontario.ca. Retrieved July 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=images.ourontario.ca&rft.atitle=Soldiers+and+Warriors%3A+The+Early+Volunteer+Militia+of+Brant+County%2C+1856%E2%80%931866%2C+p.+80&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ourontario.ca%2Fbrant%2Fimages.ourontario.ca%2Fbrant%2Fpage%2FID%3D82662%26po%3D82%26n%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] <ul><li>Field, F.A. "The First Telephone Factory", Blue Bell (magazine), <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">The Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a>, January 1931. Retrieved April 22, 2012.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-B.H.S.-Reville.c-11"><a href="#cite_ref-B.H.S.-Reville.c_11-0">^</a> Reville 1920, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Prevey, W. Harry (ed.); Collins, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/2/23/Electricity_The_Magic_Medium%2C_IEEE_Canadian_Region.pdf">Electricity, The Magic Medium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106011650/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/2/23/Electricity_The_Magic_Medium%2C_IEEE_Canadian_Region.pdf">Archived</a> November 6, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thornhill, ON: IEEE, Canadian Region, 1985, p. 4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9692316-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9692316-0-1">0-9692316-0-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NortelHistory1874-1900-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1874-1900_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1874-1900_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1874-1900_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1874-1900_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1874-1900_13-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortel_Networks2011" class="citation web cs1">Nortel Networks (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619193948/http://www.nortel-canada.com/about/history/1874-to-1899/">"History of Nortel: 1874 to 1899"</a>. Nortel Networks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortel-canada.com/about/history/1874-to-1899/">the original</a> on June 19, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Nortel%3A+1874+to+1899&rft.pub=Nortel+Networks&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Nortel+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortel-canada.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F1874-to-1899%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Ibbotson, Heather. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2012/04/05/fires-have-claimed-many-historic-city-buildings">City Has Lost Many Historic Buildings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107010952/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2012/04/05/fires-have-claimed-many-historic-city-buildings">Archived</a> November 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brantford_Expositor" title="Brantford Expositor">Brantford Expositor</a>, April 5, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1993" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, George Joseph (1993). A History of Canadian Accounting Thought and Practice. Taylor & Francis. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1248-2"><bdi>978-0-8153-1248-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Canadian+Accounting+Thought+and+Practice&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1248-2&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=George+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRensRoth2001">Rens & Roth 2001</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129-132-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129-132_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRensRoth2001">Rens & Roth 2001</a>, p. 129-132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001130-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001130_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRensRoth2001">Rens & Roth 2001</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sessional_Papers-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Sessional_Papers_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Parliament1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canadian Parliament</a> (1896). Sessional Papers. Vol. 29. C. H. Parmelee. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sessional+Papers&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=C.+H.+Parmelee&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Canadian+Parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabe1990" class="citation book cs1">Babe, Robert E. (1990). Telecommunications in Canada: technology, industry, and government. University of Toronto Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802067388" title="Special:BookSources/9780802067388"><bdi>9780802067388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telecommunications+in+Canada%3A+technology%2C+industry%2C+and+government&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780802067388&rft.aulast=Babe&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NortelHistory1900-1919-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1900-1919_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1900-1919_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortel_Networks2009" class="citation web cs1">Nortel Networks (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020107115011/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/corptime/1900.html">"Corporate information: Nortel History – 1900 to 1919"</a>. Nortel Networks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortel.com/corporate/corptime/1900.html">the original</a> on January 7, 2002. Retrieved April 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+information%3A+Nortel+History+%E2%80%93+1900+to+1919&rft.pub=Nortel+Networks&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Nortel+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortel.com%2Fcorporate%2Fcorptime%2F1900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001132-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001132_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRensRoth2001">Rens & Roth 2001</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129–132-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001129–132_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRensRoth2001">Rens & Roth 2001</a>, pp. 129–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Hunter2018" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Hunter (January 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nortel">"Nortel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214224240/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nortel">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nortel&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.au=Douglas+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnortel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavid_Vye2012" class="citation web cs1">Savid Vye (May 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/17532-goliath-s-fall">"Goliath's Fall"</a>. Microwave Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801175920/https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/17532-goliath-s-fall">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goliath%27s+Fall&rft.pub=Microwave+Journal&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft.au=Savid+Vye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microwavejournal.com%2Farticles%2F17532-goliath-s-fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, H. Spencer (1998). The Mystic Triangle: A Modern Magazine of Rosicrucian Philosophy. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766107052" title="Special:BookSources/9780766107052"><bdi>9780766107052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystic+Triangle%3A+A+Modern+Magazine+of+Rosicrucian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780766107052&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=H.+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-NortelHistory1920-1929-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1920-1929_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1920-1929_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortel_Networks2009" class="citation web cs1">Nortel Networks (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121010752/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/corptime/1920.html">"Corporate information: Nortel History – 1920 to 1929"</a>. Nortel Networks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortel.com/corporate/corptime/1920.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+information%3A+Nortel+History+%E2%80%93+1920+to+1929&rft.pub=Nortel+Networks&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Nortel+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortel.com%2Fcorporate%2Fcorptime%2F1920.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001197-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERensRoth2001197_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRensRoth2001">Rens & Roth 2001</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapuisJoel2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapuis, Robert J.; Joel, Amos E. (2003). 100 Years of Telephone Switching: Manual and Electromechanical Switching, 1878-1960s (2, illustrated ed.). IOS Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586033491" title="Special:BookSources/9781586033491"><bdi>9781586033491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Telephone+Switching%3A+Manual+and+Electromechanical+Switching%2C+1878-1960s&rft.pages=282&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781586033491&rft.aulast=Chapuis&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Joel%2C+Amos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NortelHistory1950-1959-31"><a href="#cite_ref-NortelHistory1950-1959_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortel_Networks2007" class="citation web cs1">Nortel Networks (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218193405/http://www.nortel.com/corporate/corptime/1950.html">"Corporate information: Nortel History – 1950 to 1959"</a>. Nortel Networks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortel.com/corporate/corptime/1950.html">the original</a> on February 18, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+information%3A+Nortel+History+%E2%80%93+1950+to+1959&rft.pub=Nortel+Networks&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Nortel+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortel.com%2Fcorporate%2Fcorptime%2F1950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinheiro1987" class="citation journal cs1">Pinheiro, John (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24122300">"At&t Divestiture & the Telecommunications Market"</a>. High Technology Law Journal. 2 (2): 303–355. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-2715">0885-2715</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24122300">24122300</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517124905/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24122300">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2023. 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Retrieved February 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Investors+Are+Taking+Long%2C+Hard+Look+at+Nortel%27s+Board&rft.date=2004-05-13&rft.aulast=Belson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Simon%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F05%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Finvestors-are-taking-long-hard-look-at-nortel-s-board.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortel" class="citation web cs1">Nortel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101083924/http://www.nortel-canada.com/about/history/past-leadership/">"Nortel's Past Leadership"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortel-canada.com/about/history/past-leadership/">the original</a> on January 1, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nortel%27s+Past+Leadership&rft.au=Nortel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortel-canada.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fpast-leadership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523152609/http://people.forbes.com/profile/jean-c-monty/131208">"Profile: Jean C. Monty"</a>. Forbes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.forbes.com/profile/jean-c-monty/131208">the original</a> on May 23, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Jean+C.+Monty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fjean-c-monty%2F131208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bruce, Robert V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC">Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101083924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC">Archived</a> January 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University Press</a>, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9691-8">0-8014-9691-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2002" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Douglas (2002). The Bubble and the Bear: How Nortel Burst the Canadian Dream. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-65918-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-65918-0"><bdi>0-385-65918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bubble+and+the+Bear%3A+How+Nortel+Burst+the+Canadian+Dream&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-385-65918-0&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2000" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Larry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nortelnetworksho00macd">Nortel Networks</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-64542-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-64542-7"><bdi>0-471-64542-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nortel+Networks&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-471-64542-7&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnortelnetworksho00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRensRoth2001" class="citation book cs1">Rens, Jean-Guy; Roth, Käthe (2001). The Invisible Empire: A History of the Telecommunications Industry in Canada. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2052-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-2052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Empire%3A+A+History+of+the+Telecommunications+Industry+in+Canada&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2052-3&rft.aulast=Rens&rft.aufirst=Jean-Guy&rft.au=Roth%2C+K%C3%A4the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortel" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Reville, F. Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419162041/http://brantford.library.on.ca/localhistory/pdfs/reville1.pdf">History of the County of Brant: Illustrated With Fifty Half-Tones Taken From Miniatures And Photographs</a>, Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920. Retrieved from Brantford.Library.on.ca May 4, 2012.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Nortel at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Nortel" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Nortel">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nortel" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nortel">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nortel" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nortel">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nortel" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Nortel">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nortel" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Nortel">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nortel-canada.com/">Official website</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116011906/http://www.nortel-us.com/">Nortel Networks Inc., the US subsidiary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bellsystemmemorial.com/northern_electric_history.html">Northern Electric – A Brief History (from Bell System Memorial)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207214827/https://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/northern_electric_history.html">Archived</a> February 7, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Business data for Nortel: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1119664">SEC filings</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network"> MAN</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network"> WAN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiservice_Switch" title="Multiservice Switch">Multiservice Switch</a></li> <li>Virtual Service Platform 9000 (VSP9000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Ethernet_Routing_Switch_8600" title="Metro Ethernet Routing Switch 8600"> MERS-8600 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_ERS_8600" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel ERS 8600"> ERS-8600 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaya_ERS-5600_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Avaya ERS-5600 Systems">ERS-5600 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_ERS_5500" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel ERS 5500"> ERS-5500 Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Optical_Multiservice_Edge_6500" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Optical Multiservice Edge 6500">Optical Multiservice Edge 6500 (OME6500)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DMS-10" class="mw-redirect" title="DMS-10">DMS-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMS-100" title="DMS-100">DMS-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Communication_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Communication Servers"> Communication Servers (VoIP & TDM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Meridian" title="Nortel Meridian">Nortel Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Norstar" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian Norstar">Meridian Norstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaya_Application_Server_5300" class="mw-redirect" title="Avaya Application Server 5300">Application Server 5300 (AS5300)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_Communication_Server_2100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel Communication Server 2100 (page does not exist)"> Communication Server 2100 (CS2100)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_Secure_Network_Access&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel Secure Network Access (page does not exist)"> Secure Network Access System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Secure_Router_4134" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Secure Router 4134"> Secure Router 4134</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_VPN_Router&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel VPN Router (page does not exist)"> VPN Router</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Unified_Communications_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Unified Communications Management"> Unified Communications Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Visualization_Performance_%26_Fault_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Visualization Performance & Fault Manager"> Visualization Performance & Fault Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Enterprise_Switch_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Enterprise Switch Manager">Enterprise Switch Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_Device_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel Device Manager (page does not exist)">Device Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_VLAN_manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel VLAN manager (page does not exist)">VLAN Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_Multicast_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel Multicast Manager (page does not exist)">Multicast Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_Security_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel Security Manager (page does not exist)">Security Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_File_and_Inventory_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel File and Inventory Manager (page does not exist)">File & Inventory Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_Routing_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel Routing Manager (page does not exist)">Routing Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_Multi-link_Trunking_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel Multi-link Trunking Manager (page does not exist)">Multi-link Trunking Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Proactive_Voice_Quality_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Proactive Voice Quality Management">Proactive Voice Quality Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nortel_FAST_Stacking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nortel FAST Stacking (page does not exist)">FAST Stacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Discovery_Protocol" title="Nortel Discovery Protocol">Nortel Discovery Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_trunking" title="Multi-link trunking">MLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Multi-Link_Trunking" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Multi-Link Trunking">DMLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_multi-link_trunking" class="mw-redirect" title="Split multi-link trunking">SMLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Split_Multi-Link_Trunking" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking">DSMLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-SMLT" class="mw-redirect" title="R-SMLT">RSMLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterSwitch_Trunk" title="InterSwitch Trunk">IST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Simple_Loop_Prevention_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Simple Loop Prevention Protocol">Simple Loop Prevention Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Provider Backbone Transport">PBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Provider Backbone Bridges"> PBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIStim" title="UNIStim">UNIStim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLACP" class="mw-redirect" title="VLACP">VLACP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Certifications" title="Nortel Certifications">Nortel Certifications</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BCE_Inc." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bell_Canada" title="Template:Bell Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bell_Canada" title="Template talk:Bell Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bell_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bell Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BCE_Inc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BCE_Inc." title="BCE Inc.">BCE Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporate</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirko_Bibic" title="Mirko Bibic">Mirko Bibic</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_B%C3%A9rard" title="André Bérard">André Bérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_S._Fell" title="Anthony S. Fell">Anthony S. Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Ed Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._McArthur" title="John H. McArthur">John H. McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Pattison" title="Jim Pattison">Jim Pattison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sabia" title="Michael Sabia">Michael Sabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tellier" title="Paul Tellier">Paul Tellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Currie" title="Richard Currie">Richard Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pozen" title="Robert Pozen">Robert Pozen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fixed-line telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Aliant" title="Bell Aliant">Bell Aliant</a> (Atlantic Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (urban ON & QC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Internet" title="Bell Internet">Bell Internet</a> (ISP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_MTS" title="Bell MTS">Bell MTS</a> (MB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributel" title="Distributel">Distributel</a> (ISP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryden_Municipal_Telephone_Service" title="Dryden Municipal Telephone Service">DMTS</a> (Dryden, Ontario area)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBOX" title="EBOX">EBOX</a> (ISP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NorthernTel" title="NorthernTel">NorthernTel</a> (northern ON)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestel" title="Northwestel">Northwestel</a> (northern Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontera" title="Ontera">Ontera</a> (northern ON)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9bec" title="Télébec">Télébec</a> (rural QC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Mobility" title="Bell Mobility">Bell Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_MTS" title="Bell MTS">Bell MTS Wireless</a> (MB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inukshuk_Wireless" title="Inukshuk Wireless">Inukshuk Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Mobile" title="Lucky Mobile">Lucky Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NorthernTel" title="NorthernTel">NorthernTel Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestel" title="Northwestel">Northwestel</a> (including Latitude Wireless)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Mobile" title="PC Mobile">PC Mobile</a> (prepaid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Mobile" title="Solo Mobile">Solo Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9bec_Mobilit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Télébec Mobilité">Télébec Mobilité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mobile Canada">Virgin Mobile Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Fibe_TV" title="Bell Fibe TV">Bell Fibe TV</a> (IPTV – urban ON & QC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Mobile_TV" title="Bell Mobile TV">Bell Mobile TV</a> (mobile IPTV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a> (satellite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablevision_(Canada)" title="Cablevision (Canada)">Cablevision</a> (northern QC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibe_(Bell_Aliant)" title="Fibe (Bell Aliant)">FibreOP</a> (IPTV – Bell Aliant regions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_MTS" title="Bell MTS">MTS TV</a> (IPTV – MB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlarmForce" title="AlarmForce">AlarmForce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Media" title="Bell Media">Bell Media</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bell_Media" title="Template:Bell Media">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Sports_%26_Entertainment" title="Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment">Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment</a> (28%)2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a> (18%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Buy_Express_(retail_chain)" title="Best Buy Express (retail chain)">Best Buy Express</a> (franchise with <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glentel" title="Glentel">Glentel</a> (50%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising and sponsorships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Centre" title="Bell Centre">Bell Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Let%27s_Talk" title="Bell Let's Talk">Bell Let's Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_MTS_Iceplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell MTS Iceplex">Bell MTS Iceplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Bell_(Laval,_Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Place Bell (Laval, Quebec)">Place Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_and_Gordon" title="Frank and Gordon">Frank and Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids_Help_Phone" title="Kids Help Phone">Kids Help Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF_Bell_Lightbox" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF Bell Lightbox">TIFF Bell Lightbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T Corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nortel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Music_Publishers_of_Canada_v._Bell_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Bell Canada">Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Bell Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesat" title="Telesat">Telesat Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>2An additional 9.5% interest is held by the BCE Master Trust Fund (Bell's pension plan).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Electronics_industry_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronics_industry_in_Canada" title="Template:Electronics industry in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronics_industry_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Electronics industry in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics_industry_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics industry in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Electronics_industry_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Electronics industry in Canada</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avigilon" title="Avigilon">Avigilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">BlackBerry Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestica" title="Celestica">Celestica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataWind" class="mw-redirect" title="DataWind">DataWind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evertz_Microsystems" title="Evertz Microsystems">Evertz Microsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Electronics" title="Future Electronics">Future Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Rakuten Kobo Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitel" title="Mitel">Mitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Video" title="Ross Video">Ross Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Wireless" title="Sierra Wireless">Sierra Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Technologies" title="Smart Technologies">Smart Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkville_Sound" title="Yorkville Sound">Yorkville Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aastra_Technologies" title="Aastra Technologies">Aastra Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BreconRidge" title="BreconRidge">BreconRidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_General_Electric" title="Canadian General Electric">GE Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nortel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>EPTECH</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spinoffs_of_American_Telephone_&amp;_Telegraph_Company" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AT%26T_Spinoffs" title="Template:AT&T Spinoffs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AT%26T_Spinoffs" title="Template talk:AT&T Spinoffs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AT%26T_Spinoffs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AT&T Spinoffs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spinoffs_of_American_Telephone_&amp;_Telegraph_Company" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spinoffs of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="First_generation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First generation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1929</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graybar_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Graybar Electric Company">Graybar Electric Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1956</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Electric</a> (via Western Electric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1984 <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Divestiture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ameritech" title="Ameritech">Ameritech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Bell Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Bell Communications Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BellSouth" title="BellSouth">BellSouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYNEX" title="NYNEX">NYNEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Telesis" title="Pacific Telesis">Pacific Telesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">Southwestern Bell Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_West" title="US West">US West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1991–1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR_Voyix" title="NCR Voyix">NCR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Submarine_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Submarine Systems">AT&T Submarine Systems</a> <ul><li>sold to <a href="/wiki/Tyco_International" title="Tyco International">Tyco International</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Wireless_Services" title="AT&T Wireless Services">AT&T Wireless Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Broadband" title="AT&T Broadband">AT&T Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Second_generation_spinoffs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Second generation spinoffs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_American_Telephones" title="Advanced American Telephones">Advanced American Telephones</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QLT_Consumer_Lease_Services" title="QLT Consumer Lease Services">QLT Consumer Lease Services</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agere_Systems" title="Agere Systems">Agere Systems</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/MediaOne" title="MediaOne">MediaOne Group</a> (f/k/a US West)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U_S_WEST" class="mw-redirect" title="U S WEST">U S WEST</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/NCR_Voyix" title="NCR Voyix">NCR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Telesis" title="Pacific Telesis">Pacific Telesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirTouch" title="AirTouch">AirTouch</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/Qwest" title="Qwest">Qwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dex_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Dex Media">Dex Media</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Telcordia Technologies</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">SBC Communications / AT&T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEX_One" title="DEX One">R.H. Donnelley Publishing and Advertising of Illinois</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YP_Holdings" title="YP Holdings">YP Holdings</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_New_England_Telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern New England Telephone">Southern New England Telephone</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon Communications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SuperMedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SuperMedia (page does not exist)">Idearc</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications_of_Northern_New_England" title="Consolidated Communications of Northern New England">Northern New England Telephone Operations</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Communications_ILEC_Holdings" title="Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings">New Communications Holdings</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_California" title="Frontier California">Frontier California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Florida" title="Frontier Florida">Frontier Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Southwest" title="Frontier Southwest">Frontier Southwest</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Recession" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Recession" title="Template:Great Recession"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Recession" title="Template talk:Great Recession"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Recession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Recession"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Recession" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Africa" title="Great Recession in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_Americas" title="Great Recession in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_South_America" title="Great Recession in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Asia" title="Great Recession in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe" title="Great Recession in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">Iceland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Oceania" title="Great Recession in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_California_budget_crisis" title="2008–2012 California budget crisis">California budget crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing bubble">Housing bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_market_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing market correction">Housing market correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking losses and fraud</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libor_scandal" title="Libor scandal">Libor scandal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayes_(trader)" title="Tom Hayes (trader)">Tom Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_trading_loss" title="2008 Société Générale trading loss">Société Générale trading loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forex_scandal" title="Forex scandal">Forex scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Madoff" title="Bernie Madoff">Bernie Madoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Petters" title="Tom Petters">Tom Petters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Rothstein" title="Scott W. Rothstein">Scott W. Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Stanford" title="Allen Stanford">Allen Stanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="Consumer Financial Protection Bureau">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Banks" title="Federal Home Loan Banks">Federal Home Loan Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="Federal Housing Finance Agency">Federal Housing Finance Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Board" title="Federal Housing Finance Board">Federal Housing Finance Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_National_Mortgage_Association" title="Government National Mortgage Association">Government National Mortgage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Asset_Management_Agency" title="National Asset Management Agency">National Asset Management Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Federal_Housing_Enterprise_Oversight" title="Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight">Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Financial_Stability" title="Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability">Office of Financial Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Financial_Investments" title="UK Financial Investments">UK Financial Investments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_policy_and_spending_responses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government policy and spending responses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and finance stability and reform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_(Special_Provisions)_Act_2008" title="Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008">Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_emergency_budget,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish emergency budget, 2009">Irish emergency budget, 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Liquidity_Guarantee_Program" title="Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program">Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_Asset-Backed_Securities_Loan_Facility" title="Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility">Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bank_stress_tests" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bank stress tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_European_Union_bank_stress_test" title="2010 European Union bank stress test">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Supervisory_Capital_Assessment_Program" title="2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stimulus and recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_European_Union_stimulus_plan" title="2008 European Union stimulus plan">2008 European Union stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Keynesian_resurgence" title="2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence">2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">Chinese economic stimulus program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009" title="Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009">Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2008" title="Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008">Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_fiscal_policy_response_to_the_Great_Recession" class="mw-redirect" title="National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession">National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_interest-rate_policy" title="Zero interest-rate policy">Zero interest-rate policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government interventions, rescues, and acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_acquired_or_bankrupted_during_the_Great_Recession" title="List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession">List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-banking" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-banking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Securities involved and financial markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction_rate_security" title="Auction rate security">Auction rate securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation" title="Collateralized debt obligation">Collateralized debt obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateralized_mortgage_obligation" title="Collateralized mortgage obligation">Collateralized mortgage obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">Credit default swaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage-backed_security" title="Mortgage-backed security">Mortgage-backed securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_mortgage_market" title="Secondary mortgage market">Secondary mortgage market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a> (United States; c. 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_May_Day_protests" title="2009 May Day protests">2009 May Day protests</a> (Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia; 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> (MENA; 2010–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> (worldwide; 2011–2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Central_Asia_energy_crisis" title="2008 Central Asia energy crisis">2008 Central Asia energy crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Great_Recession_on_museums" title="Effects of the Great Recession on museums">Effects of the Great Recession on museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_newspapers" title="Decline of newspapers">Decline of newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">Retail apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by public debt">List of countries by public debt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464996#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000087815157">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127544924">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98042545">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nortel&oldid=1256278897">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nortel&oldid=1256278897</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nortel" title="Category:Nortel">Nortel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_telecommunications_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:Defunct telecommunications companies of Canada">Defunct telecommunications companies of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_manufacturing_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of Canada">Defunct manufacturing companies of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_VoIP_companies" title="Category:Defunct VoIP companies">Defunct VoIP companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_scandals" title="Category:Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bell_System" title="Category:Bell System">Bell System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BCE_Inc._acquisitions" title="Category:BCE Inc. acquisitions">BCE Inc. acquisitions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:Electronics companies of Canada">Electronics companies of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Networking_companies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Networking companies of the United States">Networking companies of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Networking_hardware_companies" title="Category:Networking hardware companies">Networking hardware companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_equipment_vendors" title="Category:Telecommunications equipment vendors">Telecommunications equipment vendors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:VoIP_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:VoIP companies of Canada">VoIP companies of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_telecommunications" title="Category:History of telecommunications">History of telecommunications</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_spin-offs" title="Category:Corporate spin-offs">Corporate spin-offs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_companies_established_in_1895" title="Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1895">Telecommunications companies established in 1895</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_disestablished_in_2013" title="Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2013">Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1895_establishments_in_Quebec" title="Category:1895 establishments in Quebec">1895 establishments in Quebec</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2013_disestablishments_in_Ontario" title="Category:2013 disestablishments in Ontario">2013 disestablishments in Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_formerly_listed_on_the_Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Category:Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange">Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_that_filed_for_Chapter_11_bankruptcy_in_2009" title="Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009">Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_that_have_filed_for_bankruptcy_in_Canada" title="Category:Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada">Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_companies_of_Ontario" title="Category:Defunct companies of Ontario">Defunct companies of Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_companies_disestablished_in_2013" title="Category:Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2013">Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_companies_disestablished_in_2013" title="Category:Canadian companies disestablished in 2013">Canadian companies disestablished in 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_companies_established_in_1895" title="Category:Canadian companies established in 1895">Canadian companies established in 1895</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_computer_hardware_companies" title="Category:Defunct computer hardware companies">Defunct computer hardware companies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead 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7.09% 141.733 6 Template:Sfn"," 5.57% 111.428 11 Template:Navbox"," 5.46% 109.137 26 Template:Cite_press_release"," 5.44% 108.650 18 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.255","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10639950,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlbanesius2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAusten2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabe1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagnall2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBagnall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBale2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelsonSimon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackwell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrickley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCATAUDELLA2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Parliament1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapuisJoel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChellel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDALESIO2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDabrowski2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamouni,_Nadia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_Hunter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrew2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst_\u0026amp;_Young2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasselbackTedesco2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2010\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHill2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreton2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKarleff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehoe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatchadourian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Maistre2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlow2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKibbon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinsky_LLP\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusgrove2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusil2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Government_Solutions2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Networks\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Networks2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Networks2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Networks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Networks2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Networks2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortel_Networks_Corporation2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovakowskiTremblay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObiko_Pearson2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOliverScheffinan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPatten1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinheiro1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostmedia_News2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugliese2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRensRoth2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicknäs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavid_Vye2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStechyson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTedescoSturgeon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Hulme2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahl2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitte2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_de_KaaGreeven2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"2008 economic crisis\"] = 1,\n [\"AT\u0026T Spinoffs\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bell Canada Enterprises\"] = 1,\n [\"CAD\"] = 6,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 50,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 9,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Electronics industry in Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"End date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Finance links\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox company\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 6,\n [\"NortelSystems\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Pic\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"TSX was\"] = 1,\n [\"Telecommunications\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","15.7"],["?","160","11.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","11.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","4.3"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","2.9"],["reformatter \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation:922\u003E","40","2.9"],["makeCheckSelfFunction \u003ClibraryUtil.lua:59\u003E","40","2.9"],["gsub","40","2.9"],["assert","40","2.9"],["[others]","500","35.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qpbcg","timestamp":"20241124053312","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nortel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nortel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q464996","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q464996","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-04T00:41:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T03:20:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c2\/Logo_Nortel_Networks_%28whitespace%29.svg","headline":"Multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer"}</script> </body> </html>