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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bord%C3%B3_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Bordó (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bordó (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodleva_(hudba)" title="Prodleva (hudba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prodleva (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordun" title="Bordun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bordun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordun" title="Bordun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bordun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdoon" title="Burdoon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Burdoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Pedal (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedal (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borduno" title="Borduno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Borduno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="زمینه‌نوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمینه‌نوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourdon_(musique)" title="Bourdon (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bourdon (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%A0_(%EC%86%8C%EB%A6%AC)" title="드론 (소리) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드론 (소리)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordone_(musica)" title="Bordone (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bordone (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdo_(musica)" title="Burdo (musica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Burdo (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Бордун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бордун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(muziek)" title="Drone (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drone (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="ドローン (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドローン (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordun" title="Bordun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bordun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordun" title="Bordun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bordun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burdon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Pedal (música) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedal (música)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Бурдон (музыка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бурдон (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(music)" title="Drone (music) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drone (music)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borduna" title="Borduna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Borduna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordun" title="Bordun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bordun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(ses)" title="Drone (ses) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Drone (ses)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бурдон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бурдон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(music)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone (music)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Harmonic or monophonic effect or accompaniment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"drone (music)" redirects here. For the genre, see <a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a>. For the musical subgenre, see <a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">drone metal</a>. For other music topics, see <a href="/wiki/Drone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Drone (disambiguation)">drone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Skye_Boat_Song.ogg" title="File:Skye Boat Song.ogg">"Skye Boat Song"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Skye_Boat_Song.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Skye_Boat_Song.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Skye_Boat_Song.ogg/Skye_Boat_Song.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An adaptation of "<a href="/wiki/The_Skye_Boat_Song" title="The Skye Boat Song">The Skye Boat Song</a>" for Great Highland bagpipes played by the Clan Stewart Pipe Band. A drone on the dominant (B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) is heard throughout.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, a <b>drone</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> effect or <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> where a <a href="/wiki/Note_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Note (music)">note</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> is continuously sounded throughout most or all of a piece. A drone may also be any part of a musical instrument used to produce this effect; an archaic term for this is <i><b>burden</b></i> (<i><b>bourdon</b></i> or <i><b>burdon</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a "drone [pipe] of a <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipe</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pedal_point" title="Pedal point">pedal point</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a>, or the lowest <a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">course</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>. Α <i>burden</i> is also part of a song that is repeated at the end of each <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a>, such as the chorus or <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brabner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brabner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_effect">Musical effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(sound)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Musical effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Of all harmonic devices, it [a drone] is not only the simplest, but probably also the most fertile."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A drone effect can be achieved through a <a href="/wiki/Sustain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustain">sustained</a> sound or through <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">repetition</a> of a note. It most often establishes a <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> upon which the rest of the piece is built. A drone can be instrumental, vocal or both. Drone (both instrumental and vocal) can be placed in different ranges of the polyphonic texture: in the lowest part, in the highest part, or in the middle. The drone is most often placed upon the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">dominant</a> (play "Row, Row, Row Your Boat" with a drone on the <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/Row_Your_Boat_drone_tonic.mid\/Row_Your_Boat_drone_tonic.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"tonic"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Row Your Boat drone tonic.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Row_Your_Boat_drone_tonic.mid/Row_Your_Boat_drone_tonic.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">tonic</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_Your_Boat_drone_tonic.mid" title="File:Row Your Boat drone tonic.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, on the <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/Row_Your_Boat_drone_dominant.mid\/Row_Your_Boat_drone_dominant.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"dominant"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Row Your Boat drone dominant.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Row_Your_Boat_drone_dominant.mid/Row_Your_Boat_drone_dominant.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">dominant</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_Your_Boat_drone_dominant.mid" title="File:Row Your Boat drone dominant.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, or on <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/49\/Row_Your_Boat_drone_both.mid\/Row_Your_Boat_drone_both.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"both"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Row Your Boat drone both.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Row_Your_Boat_drone_both.mid/Row_Your_Boat_drone_both.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">both</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_Your_Boat_drone_both.mid" title="File:Row Your Boat drone both.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span>. Compare with <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Row_Your_Boat_chords.mid\/Row_Your_Boat_chords.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"changing chords"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Row Your Boat chords.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Row_Your_Boat_chords.mid/Row_Your_Boat_chords.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">changing chords</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_Your_Boat_chords.mid" title="File:Row Your Boat chords.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span>.). A drone on the same pitch as a melodic note tends to both hide that note and to bring attention to it by increasing its importance. </p><p>A drone differs from a <a href="/wiki/Pedal_point" title="Pedal point">pedal tone</a> or point in degree or quality. A pedal point may be a form of <a href="/wiki/Nonchord_tone" title="Nonchord tone">nonchord tone</a> and thus required to <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(music)" title="Resolution (music)">resolve</a> unlike a drone, or a pedal point may simply be considered a shorter drone, a drone being a longer pedal point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_distribution">History and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(sound)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Lady_Playing_the_Tanpura,_ca._1735.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/A_Lady_Playing_the_Tanpura%2C_ca._1735.jpg/110px-A_Lady_Playing_the_Tanpura%2C_ca._1735.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/A_Lady_Playing_the_Tanpura%2C_ca._1735.jpg/165px-A_Lady_Playing_the_Tanpura%2C_ca._1735.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/A_Lady_Playing_the_Tanpura%2C_ca._1735.jpg/220px-A_Lady_Playing_the_Tanpura%2C_ca._1735.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption><i>A Lady Playing the Tanpura</i>, ca. 1735.</figcaption></figure> <p>The systematic use of drones originated in instrumental music of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Southwest Asia">ancient Southwest Asia</a>, and spread north and west to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a> and is played with the tanpura (or <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tambura</a>) and other Indian drone instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Ottu_(instrument)" title="Ottu (instrument)">ottu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">dotara</a> (or dotar; <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dutar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian Central Asia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Surpeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Surpeti">surpeti</a>, the surmandal (or <a href="/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">swarmandal</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Dakshinavarti_Shankh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshinavarti Shankh">shankh</a> (conch shell). Most of the types of bagpipes that exist worldwide have up to three drones, making this one of the first instruments that comes to mind when speaking of drone music. In America, most forms of the African-influenced <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> contain a drone string. Since the 1960s, the drone has become a prominent feature in <a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">drone music</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde music</a>. </p><p>In vocal music drone is particularly widespread in traditional musical cultures, particularly in Europe, Polynesia and Melanesia. It is also present in some isolated regions of Asia (like among Pearl-divers in the Persian Gulf, some national minorities of South-West China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Afghanistan).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part(s)_of_a_musical_instrument"><span id="Part.28s.29_of_a_musical_instrument"></span>Part(s) of a musical instrument</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(sound)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Part(s) of a musical instrument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golowan_Festival_Penzance_June_2005_Mid-Argyl_band2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Golowan_Festival_Penzance_June_2005_Mid-Argyl_band2.jpg/220px-Golowan_Festival_Penzance_June_2005_Mid-Argyl_band2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Golowan_Festival_Penzance_June_2005_Mid-Argyl_band2.jpg/330px-Golowan_Festival_Penzance_June_2005_Mid-Argyl_band2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Golowan_Festival_Penzance_June_2005_Mid-Argyl_band2.jpg/440px-Golowan_Festival_Penzance_June_2005_Mid-Argyl_band2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Highland bagpipes, with drone pipes over the pipers' left shoulders</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Drone</i> is also the term for the part of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> intended to produce the drone effect's sustained <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, generally without the ongoing attention of the player. Different melodic Indian instruments (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">sarangi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">rudra veena</a>) contain a drone. For example, the sitar features three or four resonating drone strings, and Indian notes (<a href="/wiki/Swara" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara">sargam</a>) are practiced to a drone. <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">Bagpipes</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Great_Highland_Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Highland Bagpipe">Great Highland Bagpipe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zampogna" title="Zampogna">Zampogna</a>) feature a number of drone pipes, giving the instruments their characteristic sounds. A <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a> has one or more drone strings. The fifth string on a five-string <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> is a drone string with a separate tuning peg that places the end of the string five <a href="/wiki/Fret_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fret (music)">frets</a> down the neck of the instrument; this string is usually tuned to the same note as that which the first string produces when played at the fifth fret. The bass strings of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Drone_zither" title="Drone zither">drone zither</a> also freely resonate as a drone. The Welsh <a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">Crwth</a> also features two drone strings. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.png/300px-Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.png/450px-Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.png/600px-Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Melody to "<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>" without and with drone notes as played on the banjo<sup id="cite_ref-Erbsen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erbsen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/Banjo_Yankee_Doodle.mid\/Banjo_Yankee_Doodle.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play without"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Banjo Yankee Doodle.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Banjo_Yankee_Doodle.mid/Banjo_Yankee_Doodle.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play without</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Banjo_Yankee_Doodle.mid" title="File:Banjo Yankee Doodle.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span> and <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.mid\/Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"with drone"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Banjo drone in Yankee Doodle.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.mid/Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">with drone</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Banjo_drone_in_Yankee_Doodle.mid" title="File:Banjo drone in Yankee Doodle.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_musical_compositions">Use in musical compositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(sound)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in musical compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composers of <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western classical music</a> occasionally used a drone (especially one on open fifths) to evoke a rustic or archaic atmosphere, perhaps echoing that of Scottish or other <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early</a> or <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. Examples include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._104_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 104 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 104, "London"</a>, opening of finale, accompanying a folk melody.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 6, "Pastoral"</a>, opening and trio section of scherzo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, Symphony No. 3 in A minor, opus 56, 'Scottish', especially the finale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold in Italy">Harold in Italy</a>, accompanying oboes as they imitate the <a href="/wiki/Piffero" title="Piffero">piffero</a> of Italian peasants<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra">Also sprach Zarathustra</a>, Introduction: the opening grows out of a drone effect in the orchestra.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 1</a>, introduction; a seven-octave drone on A evokes "the awakening of nature at the earliest dawn".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, in his adaptations for piano of Hungarian and other folk music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The best-known drone piece in the concert repertory is the Prelude to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> (1854) wherein low horns and bass instruments sustain an E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> throughout the entire movement.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atmospheric ostinato effect that opens Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, which inspired similar gestures in the opening of all the symphonies of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, represents a gesture derivative of drones. </p><p>One consideration for composers of <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice</a> keyboard music was <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a>. The adjustments lead to slight <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">mistunings</a> as heard against a sustained drone. Even so, drones have often been used to spotlight <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a> purposefully. </p><p>Modern concert musicians make frequent use of drones, often with just or other non-equal tempered tunings. Drones are a regular feature in the music of composers indebted to the <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a> tradition, such as <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a>. The single-tones that provided the impetus for <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a> through the music of <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a> and many of his students qualify as drones. <a href="/wiki/David_First" title="David First">David First</a>, the band <a href="/wiki/Coil_(band)" title="Coil (band)">Coil</a>, the early experimental compilations of <a href="/wiki/John_Cale" title="John Cale">John Cale</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blindness_Music" title="Sun Blindness Music">Sun Blindness Music</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dream_Interpretation_(album)" title="Dream Interpretation (album)">Dream Interpretation</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Stainless_Gamelan" title="Stainless Gamelan">Stainless Gamelan</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros" title="Pauline Oliveros">Pauline Oliveros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Dempster" title="Stuart Dempster">Stuart Dempster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Lucier" title="Alvin Lucier">Alvin Lucier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Music_On_A_Long_Thin_Wire" title="Music On A Long Thin Wire">Music On A Long Thin Wire</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Fullman" title="Ellen Fullman">Ellen Fullman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Chandler" title="Lawrence Chandler">Lawrence Chandler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dreyblatt" title="Arnold Dreyblatt">Arnold Dreyblatt</a> all make notable use of drones. The music of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Scelsi" title="Giacinto Scelsi">Giacinto Scelsi</a> is essentially drone-based. Shorter drones or the general concept of a continuous element are often used by many other composers. Other composers whose music is entirely based on drones include <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Palestine" title="Charlemagne Palestine">Charlemagne Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phill_Niblock" title="Phill Niblock">Phill Niblock</a>. <i>The Immovable Do</i> by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a> contains a sustained high C (heard in the upper woodwinds) that lasts for the entirety of the piece. Drone pieces also include <a href="/wiki/Loren_Rush" title="Loren Rush">Loren Rush</a>'s <i>Hard Music</i> (1970) <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Folke_Rabe" title="Folke Rabe">Folke Rabe</a>'s <i>Was??</i> (1968),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Erickson" title="Robert Erickson">Robert Erickson</a>'s <i>Down at Piraeus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The avant-garde guitarist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Branca" title="Glenn Branca">Glenn Branca</a> also used drones extensively. French singer <a href="/wiki/Camille_(French_singer)" title="Camille (French singer)">Camille</a> uses a continuous B throughout her album <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Fil_(album)" title="Le Fil (album)">Le Fil</a></i>. </p><p>Drones continue to be characteristic of folk music. Early songs by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> employ the effect with a retuned guitar in "<a href="/wiki/Masters_of_War" title="Masters of War">Masters of War</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Mr._Tambourine_Man" title="Mr. Tambourine Man">Mr. Tambourine Man</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The song "<a href="/wiki/You_Will_Be_My_Ain_True_Love" title="You Will Be My Ain True Love">You Will Be My Ain True Love</a>", written by Sting for the 2003 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(film)" title="Cold Mountain (film)">Cold Mountain</a></i> and performed by Alison Krauss and Sting, uses drone bass.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Drones are used widely in the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and blues-derived genres. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a> featured drones in solos and fills.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drones were virtually absent in original <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> music,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but gained popularity after <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> used drones in a few popular compositions (for example, "<a href="/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)" title="Blackbird (Beatles song)">Blackbird</a>" has a drone in the middle of a texture throughout the whole song, "<a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows" title="Tomorrow Never Knows">Tomorrow Never Knows</a>" makes use of <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tambura</a>). They also used high drone for the dramatic effect in some sections of several of their compositions (like the last verses of "<a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(Beatles_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yesterday (Beatles song)">Yesterday</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rigby" title="Eleanor Rigby">Eleanor Rigby</a>").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rock band <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> uses drones in their compositions particularly widely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> song "<a href="/wiki/In_The_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="In The Light">In The Light</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard</a> drone is used throughout the song, mostly in the intro.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A drone can't be used through but mostly in one section (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>American musician <a href="/wiki/Roy_Ayers" title="Roy Ayers">Roy Ayers</a> used this technique in most of his repertoire. Examples being<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Loves_the_Sunshine" title="Everybody Loves the Sunshine">Everybody Loves the Sunshine</a></i> (1976) and Searching (1976)) which have a high sustained synth string note through most of their duration. </p><p>Afrocentric acts influenced by Ayers like <a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">acid jazz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">neo soul</a> tend to use this technique very often. compositions like <a href="/wiki/Erykah_Badu" title="Erykah Badu">Erykah Badu</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Otherside_of_the_Game" title="Otherside of the Game">Otherside of the Game</a>", <a href="/wiki/Slum_Village" title="Slum Village">Slum Village</a>'s "Untitled/Fantastic" or <a href="/wiki/Jamiroquai" title="Jamiroquai">Jamiroquai</a>'s "Everyday" (in a lower extent for that case) use a synthesized or acoustic high sustained string. Scott Walker - "It's Raining Today" from 1969's SCOTT 3 Uses a drone and this song was used in Tv. Shows as a hunting effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_for_musical_training">Use for musical training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(sound)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use for musical training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ear_training" title="Ear training">Ear training</a></div> <p>Drones are used by a number of music education programs for ear training and pitch awareness, as well as a way to improvise ensemble music.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Shruti_box" title="Shruti box">shruti box</a> is often used by vocalists in this style of musical training. Drones, owing to their <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> properties and following their longstanding use in <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> and chant, can be useful in constructing aural structures outside <a href="/wiki/Common_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Common practice">common practice</a> expectations of <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">harmony and melody</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Source does not mention "human" or "experient". What exercises would not be humanistic or experiential? (October 2015)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(sound)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a> - a form of heavy metal music focusing almost entirely on droning, heavily downtuned <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>, often lacking vocals or drums.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drone_(sound)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gove, Philip Babcock (1961). <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a></i>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Riverside Press. [ISBN unspecified].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, John (1816). <i>Encyclopaedia Perthensis; Or Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, &c. Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference, Volume 4</i>, p.487. 2nd edition. [ISBN unspecified].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd, Edward (1896). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=054RAAAAIAAJ&q=burden+drone">Lloyd's Encyclopaedic Dictionary: A New and Original Work of Reference to the Words in the English Language, Volume 1</a></i>, p.743. [ISBN unspecified].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wedgwood, H. (1859). <i>A dictionary of English etymology</i>, p.210. Рипол Классик. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785874642921" title="Special:BookSources/9785874642921">9785874642921</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brabner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brabner_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brabner, John H F., ed. (1884). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tynSs1__uR8C&q=drone">The national encyclopædia</a></i>, Vol. V, p.99. Libr. ed. William McKenzie. [ISBN unspecified].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_der_Merwe_(musicologist)" title="Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)">Peter van der Merwe</a> (1989). <i>Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music</i>, p.65. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-316121-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-316121-4">0-19-316121-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Merwe (1989), p.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Jordania2006" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Jordania (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Asked_the_First_Question%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Asked the First Question?">Who Asked the First Question?</a> The Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech</i>. Tbilisi: Logos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99940-31-81-3" title="Special:BookSources/99940-31-81-3"><bdi>99940-31-81-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Asked+the+First+Question%3F+The+Origins+of+Human+Choral+Singing%2C+Intelligence%2C+Language+and+Speech&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=99940-31-81-3&rft.au=Joseph+Jordania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrone+%28sound%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erbsen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erbsen_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erbsen, Wayne (2004). <i>Bluegrass Banjo for the Complete Ignoramus</i>, p.13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883206-44-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-883206-44-8">1-883206-44-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, Robert (1976). <i>Sound Structure in Music</i>, p.94. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02376-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02376-5">0-520-02376-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson 1976, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson 1976, p. 95 & 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson 1976, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, Mark (2003). <i>Blues Piano: Hal Leonard Keyboard Style Series</i>, <sup><i>[unpaginated]</i></sup>. Hal Leonard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476816036" title="Special:BookSources/9781476816036">9781476816036</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nextbop.com/blog/everybodylovesthesunshineacriticalanalysisofcovers">"Everybody Loves the Sunshine: A Critical Analysis of Covers"</a>. <i>Nextbop</i>. 2014-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nextbop&rft.atitle=Everybody+Loves+the+Sunshine%3A+A+Critical+Analysis+of+Covers&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnextbop.com%2Fblog%2Feverybodylovesthesunshineacriticalanalysisofcovers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrone+%28sound%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshinsky2008" class="citation book cs1">Oshinsky, James (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ReturnToChild.com/"><i>Return to Child - Music for People's Guide to Improvising Music and Authentic Group Leadership</i></a> (Second ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+to+Child+-+Music+for+People%27s+Guide+to+Improvising+Music+and+Authentic+Group+Leadership&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Oshinsky&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ReturnToChild.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrone+%28sound%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClint_Goss2011" class="citation web cs1">Clint Goss (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Flutopedia.com/reference_drones.htm">"Reference Drones"</a>. <i>Flutopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flutopedia&rft.atitle=Reference+Drones&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Clint+Goss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FFlutopedia.com%2Freference_drones.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrone+%28sound%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). "Burden". <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burden&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrone+%28sound%29" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FClef.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="F (bass) clef symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/30px-FClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/45px-FClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/60px-FClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques and styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberti_bass" title="Alberti bass">Alberti bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_roll" title="Banjo roll">Banjo roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">Bassline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Basso continuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">Chord</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">Triadic chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power chord</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comping_(jazz)" title="Comping (jazz)">Comping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-melody" title="Counter-melody">Counter-melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_(music)" title="Figure (music)">Figuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_(music)" title="Fill (music)">Fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonization" title="Harmonization">Harmonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obbligato" title="Obbligato">Obbligato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">Riff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamp_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vamp (music)">Vamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Music ensemble">Music ensembles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">Pit orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banjo83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banjo" title="Template:Banjo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banjo" title="Template talk:Banjo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banjo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banjo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banjo83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_roll" title="Banjo roll">Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clawhammer" title="Clawhammer">Clawhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_run" title="G run">G run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_style" title="Keith style">Keith style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scruggs_style" title="Scruggs style">Scruggs style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_guitar" title="Banjo guitar">Banjo guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_ukulele" title="Banjo ukulele">Banjo ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin-banjo" title="Mandolin-banjo">Mandolin-banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_banjo" title="Bass banjo">Bass banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjeaurine" title="Banjeaurine">Banjeaurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Traditional Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-String_Banjo_Hall_of_Fame_Members" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members">Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon_Giddens" title="Rhiannon Giddens">Rhiannon Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Strayer" title="Emily Strayer">Emily Strayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_(guitar_company)" title="Gibson (guitar company)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Slingerland">Slingerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Cümbüş">Cümbüş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bass_(sound)72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bass_(sound)" title="Template:Bass (sound)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bass_(sound)" title="Template talk:Bass (sound)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bass_(sound)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bass (sound)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bass_(sound)72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">Bass (sound)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_bass_guitar" title="Acoustic bass guitar">Acoustic bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass (voice type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">Bass clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_pedals" title="Bass pedals">Bass pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_saxophone" title="Bass saxophone">Bass saxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass synthesizer">Bass synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">Bass trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">Contrabassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">Contrabass trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">Euphonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarr%C3%B3n_mexicano" title="Guitarrón mexicano">Guitarrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_bass" title="Keyboard bass">Keyboard bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">Octobass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washtub_bass" title="Washtub bass">Washtub bass</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FClef.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="F (bass) clef symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/40px-FClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/60px-FClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/80px-FClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance/<br />notation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_bass" title="Alternate bass">Alternate bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass clef">Bass clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_effects" title="Bass effects">Bass effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_chorus" title="Bass chorus">Bass chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">Fuzz bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_note" title="Bass note">Bass note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">Bassline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfigured_bass" title="Unfigured bass">Unfigured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partimento" title="Partimento">Partimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lament_bass" title="Lament bass">Lament bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slap bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkdown" title="Walkdown">Walkdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">Walking bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound<br />reproduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_effects" title="Low-frequency effects">Low-frequency effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bass" title="Sub-bass">Sub-bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woofer" title="Woofer">Woofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minimal_music116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minimal_music" title="Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minimal_music" title="Template talk:Minimal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minimal_music116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimalist_composers" title="List of minimalist composers">Composers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ten_Holt" title="Simeon ten Holt">Simeon ten Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Tom Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">Holy minimalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_music" title="Phase music">Phasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">Repetition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapping_Music" title="Clapping Music">Clapping Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Different_Trains" title="Different Trains">Different Trains</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Lines" title="Eight Lines">Eight Lines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Organs" title="Four Organs">Four Organs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_C" title="In C">In C</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Rain" title="It's Gonna Rain">It's Gonna Rain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi" title="Koyaanisqatsi">Koyaanisqatsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Gates" title="Phrygian Gates">Phrygian Gates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piano_Phase" title="Piano Phase">Piano Phase</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rainbow_in_Curved_Air" title="A Rainbow in Curved Air">A Rainbow in Curved Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tuned_Piano" title="The Well-Tuned Piano">The Well-Tuned Piano</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetitive music">Repetitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_strings,_wires,_and_instruments254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strings_(music)" title="Template:Strings (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strings_(music)" title="Template talk:Strings (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strings_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strings (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_strings,_wires,_and_instruments254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Musical <a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">strings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">wires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_string_instruments" title="List of string instruments">List</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chordophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of chordophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number"> Hornbostel–Sachs numbers</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list 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