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The Efficacy of Measles Vaccination: A Review of Historical and Recent Outbreaks – Vaccine Studies
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class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-92" class="post-92 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-measles-vaccination tag-covid-19-vaccine tag-historical-measles-outbreaks tag-measles-vaccination tag-measles-vaccination-efficacy tag-measles-vaccine-effectiveness tag-measles-vaccine-review tag-recent-measles-outbreaks" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-13-min-scaled-e1729753078255.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">The Efficacy of Measles Vaccination: A Review of Historical and Recent Outbreaks</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2024-10-25T17:21:53+05:30" itemprop="dateModified">October 25, 2024</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-24T12:28:08+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 24, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/author/vaccine-studies/" title="View all posts by vaccine-studies" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">vaccine-studies</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <h3><b>Introduction</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Measles is one of the most easily transmissible viral diseases affecting people for centuries and has a history of causing a great many severe consequences to public health. Measles elimination near the entire world can be accredited to the introduction of the measles vaccine in the early 1960s, where the frequency of incidences has dramatically been reduced. Yet, measles is still as deadly and contagious as it was years ago and still attacks people worldwide, including those who could have been protected after getting the vaccine. These outbreaks make it clear that there is no reason to let the immunization programs, which take a lot of effort and serious planning, be weakened or become less stringent. Exploring the historical outbreak in recent years as well as the effectiveness of the vaccine on the one hand and the various factors that still impede efforts to achieve measles control on the other hand is the focus of this article.</span></p> <h3><b>Historical Overview of Measles Vaccination</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first licensed measles vaccine was in 1963, and measles immunization campaigns caused a prompt reduction in measles cases occurrence all over the globe. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">At the time before the vaccine’s availability, measles caused millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. For instance, while the yearly cases were estimated to be at 4 million before the vaccine, measles cases were going down, and in the late 1990s, less than 100 cases were reported in the United States. The same result was achieved in many other countries, especially in countries of the developed world with high coverage of vaccination.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The measles vaccine is one of the most successful vaccines in the world, and its reach is massive. The measles vaccine results indicate that measles vaccination reduced the measles death rate by 79 percent from 2000 to 2014. This accomplishment is especially important given the fact that measles is easily transmissible; this is a disease that can infect a large number of people in a given population within a short span if the immunity level is low; vaccination remains the only optimal and probably the only feasible approach to measles prevention.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/measles vaccination" target="_blank" title="measles vaccination - yearwise publication trends">measles vaccination</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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These outbreaks usually affect a population that may have received poor coverage in prior immunization activities because of many reasons, such as vaccine refusal, inadequate infrastructure in delivering vaccines to the targeted population, or religious or political influence on non-immunization.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A good example is the measles outbreak in Milan, Italy, that started in March and ended in August 2017. In this period, 203 were laboratory-confirmed, and there were two hospital transmissions. The occurrence was a result of poor measles vaccinations and the presence of two distinct genotypes of measles: genotype D8 and genotype B3. This heightens the need and importance of high vaccination coverage, especially among children, as well as vigilance in the implementation of surveillance measures to curtail the spread of the virus.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In Romania, the </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">difficulties of measles control have been peculiar. The country has, however, had different large epidemics, including one extending from 1996 to 1998 that produced 33,053 reported cases and 21 deaths. Other attempts to enhance vaccination coverage, such as a national immunization campaign in 1998, have reduced the cases of measles. However, the series of outbreaks in recent years, especially for the period 2008 to 2012 shows that there are continued efforts to attain sustainable herd immunity, especially in regions with social and economic disparities together with restricted access to health care facilities.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The case of the United States also shows the great deal of balance that is required to continue controlling measles. Measles was declared to have been eliminated in the U.S. in the year 2000, but this simply refers to the failure of the virus to transmit from one person to another for more than 12 months; however, cases of the outbreak have occurred due to imported cases. For instance, in the 2014/2015 multi-state outbreak, which originated in California, the outbreak involved people who had not been vaccinated, hence the importance of vaccination in controlling outbreaks.</span></p> <h3><b>Vaccine Efficacy and Public Health Responses</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The effectiveness of the MMR vaccine has been confirmed in practice: the first dose of the vaccine gives about 93% protection against measles, while the second dose gives up to 97%. Yet in the vaccination programs, not only the vaccine effectiveness is crucial but the coverage rates in the population as well. It is so communicable that a great degree of herd immunity is needed, usually above 95%, to avoid the spread of the disease.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Where the vaccination rates are below this level, epidemics can and do take place, which is quite evident from the current occurrence of Ebola. For instance, the outbreak of the disease in Quebec, Canada, in 2011 maintained a population immunity of nearly 95%. This outbreak comprised ninety-four cases and was characteristic in the sense that it impacted different, unrelated networks of unvaccinated persons in the population. The two examples described above are consistent with a meta-population model, which shows how local pockets of low vaccination can cause continuous transmission in otherwise well-vaccinated populations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This is accompanied by a public health response during the outbreak, which also affects the efficiency of vaccination. For instance, quick recognition and quarantine of infected individuals, identification of contacts, and especially immunization of vulnerable groups are parts of controlling outbreaks. The identification of measles virus genotypes has been made easier through the use of the molecular technique, the real-time RT-PCR, and this has played a crucial role in being able to differentiate between actual wild-type measles fever and reaction to the measles vaccine; this has helped in avoiding unnecessary controversies such as case isolation and contact investigations.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/measles vaccination" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="measles vaccination - yearwise publication list">measles vaccination</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "The impact of temperature, humidity and closing school on the mumps epidemic: a case study in the mainland of China.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38898424", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Relationship between parental acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine and attitudes towards measles vaccination for children: A cross-sectional study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38880690", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Detection of Viral RNA and DNA and Immune Response Following Administration of Live Attenuated Measles and Varicella Vaccines in Children with Chronic Liver Disease.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38901562", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Seroprevalence status of vaccine-preventable diseases in migrants living in shelter centers in Barcelona, Spain.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38902155", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Measles Infection Dose Responses: Insights from Mathematical Modeling.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38853189", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Possible Changes and Trends in Non-COVID-19 Vaccine-Prescribing Patterns before and during COVID-19 Pandemic.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932311", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Breakthrough Measles among Vaccinated Adults Born during the Post-Soviet Transition Period in Mongolia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932425", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Progress and Challenges in Measles and Rubella Elimination in the WHO European Region.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932424", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Feasibility and acceptability of collecting dried blood spots (DBS) from children after vaccination during supplementary immunization activities to estimate measles and rubella seroprevalence.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38941295", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Measles Vaccination Coverage and Estimated Catch-Up Efforts for Serbia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39105529", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Reply to the letter to the editor concerning reexamining the measles outbreak in the Philippines: Strengthening the vaccination program through women.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38860701", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Measles vaccination.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38649166", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Gut microbial features may influence antiviral IgG levels after vaccination against viral respiratory infectious diseases: the evidence from two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38654203", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Measles Outbreaks in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Urgent Need for Strengthened Vaccination Efforts.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38662132", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Seroprevalence of measles antibodies in the Italian general population in 2019-2020.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38821819", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Shedding of measles vaccine RNA in children after receiving measles, mumps and rubella vaccination.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38823291", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "[Space-time heterogeneity of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination indicators in children from BrazilHeterogeneidad espaciotemporal de los indicadores de inmunizaci\u00f3n con la vacuna triple viral en la poblaci\u00f3n infantil de Brasil].", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38686134", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Global Measles Surveillance: Trends, Challenges, and Implications for Public Health Interventions.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38667754", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Contact tracing management of a measles case in a paediatric hospital: experience of the local public health unit, Portugal, January 2024.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38666402", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "COVID-19 epidemiology, health services utilisation and health care seeking behaviour during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mweso health zone, Democratic Republic of Congo.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38665056", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Measles","Vaccination","Outbreaks","Herd immunity","Public Health","Vaccine Efficacy","Immunization Programs","Global Health"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Challenges to Measles Elimination</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nonetheless, many barriers still make it difficult to eliminate measles all over the world, even though the measles vaccine has been accredited to have a high success rate in preventing measles. The problem of hesitancy in taking vaccines is also persistent due to disinformation and lack of trust in related authorities in many geographical areas. This has been made worse by myths such as the MMR vaccine causing autism when, in actual sense, there is no scientific foundation for this.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Logistical factors also come into consideration, especially where there is weak health infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries for mass vaccination. In such settings, challenges like stock, storage, and even handling and transportation of vaccines do influence the eventual vaccination rates.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This is made worse by socio-economic measures such as poverty, precluded healthcare, and education incomprehensibleness. These lead to multiple sporadic subpopulations that are not vaccinated and are vulnerable to acquiring the disease as well as transmitting it. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The problem is even worse in areas of conflict or political insecurity, where health problems can be aggravated by ineffective action or outright destruction of the public health infrastructure.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The history of the measles vaccine is evidence of applying vaccines to combat and possibly eradicate communicable illnesses. The decline in measles incidence and death after vaccine implementation is one of the largest success rates in the twentieth century in the sphere of public health. However, cases in the recent past are a wake-up call that measles is still very much alive and kicking. These challenges make it difficult to have high levels of vaccination coverage, which in turn are important for eliminating measles worldwide in the future.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Such concepts as vaccination have to remain crucial measures within the context of public health, both for personal and for keeping the general immunity against further evolution of the virus. From a further perspective, the experience of historical as well as recent measles epidemics would serve as the basis for the activities that continue to strive for the completion of this vaccine-preventable disease, which is highly infectious and lethal if left unaddressed.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Amendola, A., Bianchi, S., Frati, E.R., Ciceri, G., Faccini, M., Senatore, S., Colzani, D., Lamberti, A., Baggieri, M., Cereda, D. and Gramegna, M., 2017. <a href="https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.33.30596?crawler=true">Ongoing large measles outbreak with nosocomial transmission in Milan, northern Italy, March–August 2017.</a> <i>Eurosurveillance</i>, <i>22</i>(33), p.30596.</li> <li>Pistol, A., Hennessey, K., Pitigoi, D., Ion‐Nedelcu, N., Lupulescu, E., Walls, L., Bellini, W. and Strebel, P., 2003. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/187/Supplement_1/S217/2044170">Progress toward measles elimination in Romania after a mass vaccination campaign and implementation of enhanced measles surveillance.</a> <i>Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>, <i>187</i>(Supplement_1), pp.S217-S222.</li> <li>Roy, F., Mendoza, L., Hiebert, J., McNall, R.J., Bankamp, B., Connolly, S., Lüdde, A., Friedrich, N., Mankertz, A., Rota, P.A. and Severini, A., 2017. <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jcm.01879-16">Rapid identification of measles virus vaccine genotype by real-time PCR. </a><i>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</i>, <i>55</i>(3), pp.735-743.</li> <li>Penedos, A.R., Myers, R., Hadef, B., Aladin, F. and Brown, K.E., 2015. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143081">Assessment of the utility of whole genome sequencing of measles virus in the characterisation of outbreaks.</a> <i>PloS one</i>, <i>10</i>(11), p.e0143081.</li> <li>Necula, G., Lazar, M., Stanescu, A., Pistol, A., Santibanez, S., Mankertz, A. and Lupulescu, E., 2013. <a href="https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.50.20658">Transmission and molecular characterisation of wild measles virus in Romania, 2008 to 2012. </a><i>Eurosurveillance</i>, <i>18</i>(50).</li> <li>Kriss, J.L., Stanescu, A., Pistol, A., Butu, C. and Goodson, J.L., 2017. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/risa.12669">The World Health Organization measles programmatic risk assessment tool—Romania, 2015</a>. <i>Risk Analysis</i>, <i>37</i>(6), pp.1096-1107.</li> <li>Avila-Aguero, M.L., Camacho-Badilla, K. and Ulloa-Gutierrez, R., 2015. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14760584.2015.1055325">Measles outbreaks: what does it represent for the elimination strategy in the region of the Americas? A call for the action.</a> <i>Expert Review of Vaccines</i>, <i>14</i>(8), pp.1043-1045.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">measles vaccination</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "rhQ4K4wBWBy50K-rQPqD": { "aid": "rhQ4K4wBWBy50K-rQPqD", "name": "P. 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