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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_dissemination_and_New_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second dissemination and New translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_dissemination_and_New_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematization_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematization_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Systematization and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematization_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rimé_and_the_rise_of_scholasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rimé_and_the_rise_of_scholasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Rimé and the rise of scholasticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rimé_and_the_rise_of_scholasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teaching</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teaching subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nine_Yānas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_Yānas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nine Yānas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine_Yānas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sutra_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sutra_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sutra system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sutra_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_tantras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_tantras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Outer tantras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_tantras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_tantras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_tantras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Inner tantras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_tantras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preliminary_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Preliminary practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yidam_practice_and_protectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yidam_practice_and_protectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Yidam practice and protectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yidam_practice_and_protectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Other practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scriptural canon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scriptural_canon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scriptural canon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nyingma_Gyubum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyingma_Gyubum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Nyingma Gyubum</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyingma_Gyubum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mahayoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dzogchen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dzogchen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dzogchen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dzogchen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Termas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchy_and_teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy_and_teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hierarchy and teachers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hierarchy_and_teachers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hierarchy and teachers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy_and_teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Internal administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tertons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Contemporary organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_Mother_Monasteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_Mother_Monasteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Six Mother Monasteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_Mother_Monasteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nyingma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7" title="نيينغما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيينغما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="র্ন্যিং-মা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র্ন্যিং-মা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Нингма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нингма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྙིང་མ་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྙིང་མ་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%87ingmapa" title="Ňingmapa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ňingmapa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningma" title="Ningma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ningma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingmapa" title="Nyingmapa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nyingmapa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%9D%EB%A7%88%ED%8C%8C" title="닝마파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닝마파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ञिङमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ञिङमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njingmapa" title="Njingmapa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Njingmapa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingmapa" title="Nyingmapa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyingmapa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нингма-ва – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нингма-ва" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ञिङमा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ञिङमा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="ニンマ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニンマ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningma" title="Ningma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ningma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ньингма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньингма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%87ingma" title="Ňingma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ňingma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingmapa" title="Nyingmapa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nyingmapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="ญิงมา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ญิงมา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nyingma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%97%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ньїнґма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ньїнґма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninh-m%C3%A3_ph%C3%A1i" title="Ninh-mã phái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ninh-mã phái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="宁玛派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宁玛派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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href="/wiki/File:GURU_PADMASAMBHAVA_Lhuntse,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GURU_PADMASAMBHAVA_Lhuntse%2C_Bhutan.jpg/330px-GURU_PADMASAMBHAVA_Lhuntse%2C_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GURU_PADMASAMBHAVA_Lhuntse%2C_Bhutan.jpg/500px-GURU_PADMASAMBHAVA_Lhuntse%2C_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GURU_PADMASAMBHAVA_Lhuntse%2C_Bhutan.jpg/960px-GURU_PADMASAMBHAVA_Lhuntse%2C_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, founder of the Nyingma school, in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samye_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Samye Monastery">Samye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nyingma</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རྙིང་མ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rnying ma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Lhasa dialect</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[ɲ̟iŋ˥˥.ma˥˥]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">old school</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also referred to as <i>Ngangyur</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535" /><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྔ་འགྱུར་རྙིང་མ།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>snga 'gyur rnying ma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Lhasa dialect</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[ŋa˥˥.ʈ͡ʂuɹ]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">order of the ancient translations</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), is the oldest of the four major schools of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nyingma school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a><sup id="cite_ref-Arpi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the first translations of Buddhist scriptures from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> into <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> occurred in the eighth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of Tibetan Buddhism and the Nyingma tradition is collectively ascribed to Khenpo <a href="/wiki/Shantarakshita" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantarakshita">Shantarakshita</a>, Guru <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, and King <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a>, known as <i>Khen Lop Chos Sum</i> (The Three: Khenpo, Lopon, Chosgyal).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nyingma tradition traces its <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> lineage from the <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">first Buddha Samantabhadra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a>, and its other lineages from Indian <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">mahasiddhas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Singha" title="Sri Singha">Sri Singha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jnanasutra" title="Jnanasutra">Jnanasutra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–369_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–369-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a> recorded the teachings. Other great masters from the founding period include <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhaguhya" title="Buddhaguhya">Buddhaguhya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368,_371_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368,_371-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nyingma tradition was physically founded at <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye</a>, the first monastery in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Arpi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyingma teachings are also known for having been passed down through networks of lay practitioners, and of <a href="/wiki/Ngagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngagpa">Ngakmapas</a> (Skt. <i>mantrī</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherpa2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherpa2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Nyingma tradition contains most of the major elements of Tibetan Buddhism, it also has some unique features and teachings. The Nyingma teachings include a distinctive classification of the Buddhist Yanas, or vehicles to liberation, called the <i>Nine Yanas</i>. The Nyingma teachings on the <i>Great Perfection</i> or <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> is considered the highest of all Buddhist teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the Nyingmas consider the Dzogchen teachings to be the most direct and profound path to <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>. The main Dzogchen sources like the <i><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_tantras" title="Seventeen tantras">Seventeen tantras</a></i> are seen as communicating a path that goes beyond the methods of <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Unsurpassable_Yoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Highest Yoga Tantra</a>, which are seen as supreme in other schools of Tibetan Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–85_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–85-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nyingma school also has an important tradition of discovering and revealing "hidden treasure texts" called <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Termas</a>, which allows the treasure discoverers or <a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">tertöns</a> to reveal teachings according to conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375–380_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375–380-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Nyingma lineages are based on particular termas. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling Monastery</a> focuses on the revelations of <a href="/wiki/Nyangrel_Nyima_%C3%96zer" title="Nyangrel Nyima Özer">Nyangrel Nyima Özer</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Dorje_Drak" title="Dorje Drak">Dorje Drak</a> is based on the Northern Treasures of <a href="/wiki/Rigdzin_G%C3%B6dem" title="Rigdzin Gödem">Rigdzin Gödem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythos">Mythos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nyingma school recognizes <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> (Küntu Sangpo), the "primordial buddha" (<a href="/wiki/Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Buddha">Adi Buddha</a>) as an embodiment of the <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakāya</a>, the "truth body" of all buddhas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nyingma school sees the Dharmakaya as inseparable from both the <a href="/wiki/Sambhogakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhogakaya">Sambhogakaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nirmanakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirmanakaya">Nirmanakaya</a>. The origin of Nyingma's teaching (<i>bka' ma</i>) traditional is attributed to Samantabhadra, which is divided into (1) apparitional (<i>sgyu</i>), the eighteen tantric cycles of great yoga, (2) sūtra (<i>mdo</i>), the subsequent yoga, and (3) mind (<i>sems</i>), the teachings of the great perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> of the Nyingma school traces its origins to an emanation of <a href="/wiki/Amitaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitaba">Amitaba</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a>, Guru <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, whose coming and activities are believed to have been predicted by <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Shakyamuni">Buddha Shakyamuni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyingma origins are also traced to <a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>. </p><p>Nyingma also sees <a href="/wiki/Vajradhara" title="Vajradhara">Vajradhara</a> (an emanation of Samantabhadra) and other buddhas as teachers of their many doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007368_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007368-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samantabhadra's wisdom and compassion spontaneously radiate myriad teachings, all appropriate to the capacities of different beings and entrusts them to "knowledge holders" (<i>vidyadharas</i>), the chief of which is Dorjé Chörap, who gives them to <a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a> and the dakini Légi Wangmoché, who in turn disseminate them among human siddhas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first human teacher of the tradition was said to be <a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a> (b. 55 c.e.), who had visions of Vajrasattva. <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> is the most famous and revered figure of the early human teachers and there are many legends about him, making it difficult to separate history from myth. Other early teachers include <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a>, Jambel Shé Nyen, Śrī Siṃha, and Jñānasūtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these figures are associated with the Indian region of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_origins">Historical origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddhism existed in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> at least from the time of king <a href="/wiki/Thothori_Nyantsen" title="Thothori Nyantsen">Thothori Nyantsen</a> (fl.173?–300? CE), especially in the eastern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDargyay19985_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDargyay19985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> (ca.617-649/50) saw an expansion of Tibetan power, the adoption of a writing system, and the promotion of Buddhism. </p><p>Around 760, <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a> invited <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, later recognized as the most significant Nyingma teacher,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007371_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007371-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> abbot <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a> to Tibet to introduce Buddhism to the "Land of Snows." Trisong Detsen ordered the translation of all Buddhist texts into Tibetan. Padmasambhava, Śāntarakṣita, 108 translators, and 25 of Padmasambhava's nearest disciples worked for many years on a gigantic translation project. The translations from this period formed the base for the large scriptural transmission of Dharma teachings into Tibet and are known as the "Old Translations" and as the "Early Translation School". Padmasambhava supervised mainly the translation of tantras; Śāntarakṣita concentrated on the <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>. Padmasambhava and Śāntarakṣita also founded the first <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">Buddhist monastery</a> in Tibet: <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this situation would not last: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The explosive developments were interrupted in the mid-ninth century as the Empire began to disintegrate, leading to a century-long interim of civil war and decentralization about which we know relatively little.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The early <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> that was transmitted from India to Tibet may be differentiated by the specific term "Mantrayana" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sngags kyi theg pa</i>). "Mantrayana" is the Sanskrit of what became rendered in Tibetan as "Secret Mantra" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>gsang sngags</i>): this is the self-identifying term employed in the earliest literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_from_dzogchentext_The_cuckoo_of_awareness.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Text_from_dzogchentext_The_cuckoo_of_awareness.jpeg/250px-Text_from_dzogchentext_The_cuckoo_of_awareness.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Text_from_dzogchentext_The_cuckoo_of_awareness.jpeg/330px-Text_from_dzogchentext_The_cuckoo_of_awareness.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Text_from_dzogchentext_The_cuckoo_of_awareness.jpeg/500px-Text_from_dzogchentext_The_cuckoo_of_awareness.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Dzogchen text <i>The cuckoo of awareness</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From this basis, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> was established in its entirety in Tibet. From the eighth until the eleventh century, this textual tradition (which was later identified as 'Nyingma') was the only form of Buddhism in Tibet. With the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a> (836–842), the brother of King Ralpachen, a time of political instability ensued which continued over the next 300 years, during which time Buddhism was persecuted and largely forced underground because the King saw it as a threat to the indigenous Bön tradition. Langdarma persecuted monks and nuns, and attempted to wipe out Buddhism. His efforts, however, were not successful. A few monks escaped to <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> in the northeast of Tibet, where they preserved the lineage of monastic ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The period of the 9–10th centuries also saw increasing popularity of a new class of texts which would later be classified as the <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> "Mind series" (<a href="/wiki/Semde" title="Semde">Semde</a>). Some of these texts present themselves as translations of Indian works, though according to <a href="/wiki/David_Germano" title="David Germano">David Germano</a>, most are original Tibetan compositions. These texts promote the view that true nature of the mind is empty and luminous and seem to reject traditional forms of practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Germano,_David_2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germano,_David_2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An emphasis on the Dzogchen textual tradition is a central feature of the Nyingma school. </p><p>In a series of articles, Flavio Geisshuesler explores the persecution of the proponents of the Nyingma school from multiple perspectives, including trauma studies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a monograph, he suggests that Dzogchen might actually be a pre-Buddhist tradition indigenous to Tibet. Exploring a series of motifs that are found pervasively throughout the contemplative system, such as the hunting of animals, he argues that the tradition was originally associated with shamanism and the Eurasian cult of the sky-deer.<sup id="cite_ref-Geisshuesler_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisshuesler-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_dissemination_and_New_translations">Second dissemination and New translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second dissemination and New translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the eleventh century onward, there was an attempt to reintroduce Vajrayana Buddhism to Tibet. This saw new translation efforts which led to the foundation of new Vajrayana schools which are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)">Sarma</a> "New translation" schools because they reject the old translations of the Nyingma canon. It was at that time that Nyingmapas began to see themselves as a distinct group and the term "Nyingma" came into usage to refer to those who continued to use the "Old" or "Ancient" translations. Nyingma writers such as Rongzom (ca. 11th century) and Nyangrel were instrumental in defending the old texts from the critiques of the Sarma translators and in establishing a foundation for the mythology and philosophy of the Nyingma tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xviii_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xviii-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rongzom_Chokyi_Zangpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo">Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo</a> was the most influential of the 11th century Nyingma authors, writing "extensive exoteric and esoteric commentaries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He upheld the view that sutra teachings such as <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> were ultimately inferior to the teachings found in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Tantras">Buddhist Tantras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rongzom also wrote a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Guhyagarbha_tantra" title="Guhyagarbha tantra">Guhyagarbha tantra</a>, which is the main tantra in the Nyingma tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xix_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xix-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapa_Ngonshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Drapa_Ngonshe.jpg/220px-Drapa_Ngonshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Drapa_Ngonshe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Drapa Ngonshe, 11th century terton<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarry2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarry2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyangrel_Nyima_Ozer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nyangrel_Nyima_Ozer.jpg/220px-Nyangrel_Nyima_Ozer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nyangrel_Nyima_Ozer.jpg/330px-Nyangrel_Nyima_Ozer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nyangrel_Nyima_Ozer.jpg/440px-Nyangrel_Nyima_Ozer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Nyangrel Nyima Ozer, 11th century terton<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschberg2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschberg2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The period of the new dissemination of Buddhism which saw the rise of the Sarma schools also saw the proliferation of fresh Nyingma Dzogchen texts with fresh doctrines and meditative practices, mainly the 'Space class' (<a href="/wiki/Longd%C3%A9" title="Longdé">Longdé</a>) and the 'Instruction class' (<a href="/wiki/Menngagde" title="Menngagde">Menngagde</a>) (11th–14th century), particularly important were the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_tantras" title="Seventeen tantras">seventeen tantras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Germano,_David_2005_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germano,_David_2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To vitalize the legitimacy of these new texts against the criticism of the Sarma schools, the Nyingma school expanded the tradition of the "<a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a>", which are said to be revealed treasure texts by ancient masters, usually Padmasambhava, which had been hidden away and then discovered by <a href="/wiki/Tertons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertons">tertons</a> (treasure revealers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tertons dating to the 11th century were Sangyé Lama and Drapa Ngönshé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important terton, Nyangrel Nyima Özer (1136–1204), was the principal promulgator of the Padmasambhava mythos, according to <a href="/wiki/Janet_Gyatso" title="Janet Gyatso">Janet Gyatso</a>. Guru Chöwang (1212–70) was also influential in developing the myths of Padmasambhava.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGyatso2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyatso2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyangrel and Chögi Wangchuk (1212–1270) are known as the "sun and moon" of tertons, and along with Rikdsin Gödem (1337–1409), are called the "three grand tertons".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this period we see the establishment of three major classes of Nyingma literature; those translated and transmitted without interruption from the beginning of the Buddhist dissemination are called "transmitted precepts" (<i>bka' ma</i>), the hidden "treasures" are called <i>gter ma</i> and lastly there are those collected works (<i>gsung 'bum</i>) of individual Tibetan authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematization_and_growth">Systematization and growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systematization and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyingma_Jigme_Lingpa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nyingma_Jigme_Lingpa.jpg/250px-Nyingma_Jigme_Lingpa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nyingma_Jigme_Lingpa.jpg/330px-Nyingma_Jigme_Lingpa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Nyingma_Jigme_Lingpa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchen Rabjampa, Drimé Özer</a> (Longchenpa, 1308–1364, possibly 1369) is a central thinker and poet in Nyingma thought and Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>. He is mainly known for his systematized integration and exposition of the major textual cycles such as the <a href="/wiki/Menngagde" title="Menngagde">Menngagde</a> in his various writings, which by his time had become central texts in the Nyingma tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Germano,_David_2005_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germano,_David_2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main writings include the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Treasuries" title="Seven Treasuries">Seven Treasuries</a> (<i>mdzod bdun</i>), the "Trilogy of Natural Freedom" (<i>rang grol skor gsum</i>), the "Trilogy that Clears Darkness" ("mun sel skor gsum"), and the <a href="/wiki/Trilogy_of_Natural_Ease" title="Trilogy of Natural Ease">Trilogy of Natural Ease</a> (<i>ngal gso skor gsum</i>). </p><p>The 14th and 15th centuries saw the work of many tertons such as Orgyen Lingpa (1323–1360), <a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a> (1346–1405), Sangye Lingpa (1340–1396) and Ratna Lingpa (1403–1479).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key figure was <a href="/wiki/Karma_Lingpa" title="Karma Lingpa">Karma Lingpa</a> (1326–1386), who wrote down an important work called "Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation through the Intention of the Peaceful and Wrathful Ones" which includes the two texts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Thodol" title="Bardo Thodol">bar-do thos-grol</a></i>, the "Tibetan Book of the Dead".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremantle2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremantle2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lochen Dharmaśrī (1654–1717) wrote important commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Guhyagarbha_tantra" title="Guhyagarbha tantra">Guhyagarbha tantra</a> and his brother Terdak Lingpa (1646–1714) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling Monastery</a> in 1670, one of the six major Nyingma monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xix_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xix-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later seminal figure in the development of the Nyingma system was <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a> (1730–1798) "the greatest treasure finder of the eighteenth century",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose <a href="/wiki/Longchen_Nyingthig" title="Longchen Nyingthig">Longchen Nyingthig</a> ("The Heart-essence of the Vast Expanse") is a systematization of the path which is one of the most widely used Nyingma <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> teachings today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rimé_and_the_rise_of_scholasticism"><span id="Rim.C3.A9_and_the_rise_of_scholasticism"></span>Rimé and the rise of scholasticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rimé and the rise of scholasticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiphamNew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MiphamNew.jpg/220px-MiphamNew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/MiphamNew.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1848, the Nyingma monastic college of Dzogchen Shri Sengha (rdzogs chen srwi sengha), was founded in Kham by a charismatic teacher, Zhanphan Thaye (gzhan phan mtha' yas, 1800–), in association with the active participation of Do Kyentse (rndo mkhyen rtse). According to Georges Dreyfus, the Nyingma school had traditionally "relied on non-ordained tantric practitioners to transmit its teachings through authorized lineages."<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation of this monastic school was a major shift in the Nyingma tradition, and is seen as a response to the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school's hegemony which was based on a well organized system of monastic <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a> and education.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sort of study and learning in this monastery was mostly based on exegetical commentary, a contrast to the more debate based Gelug education. In this way, the Nyingma school revitalized itself and presented itself as a legitimate rival to the Gelug school.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century also saw the rise of the non-sectarian '<a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a>' movement, led by <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a> (1820–1892) and <a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Kongtr%C3%BCl" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgön Kongtrül">Jamgön Kongtrül</a> (1813–1899) which sought to collect and print the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> and Nyingma schools in response to the hegemonic influence of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyfusMcClintock2003320_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyfusMcClintock2003320-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso</a> ("Mipham the Great", 1846–1912) was born into an aristocratic family in 1846 in Kham, a province of eastern Tibet. Mipham was a student of Rime scholars like Kongtrül. Mipham composed authoritative works on both the Sutra and Vajrayana teachings as understood in the Nyingma tradition, writing extensively on <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a>. According to Karma Phuntsho, Mipham's work "completely revolutionised rNying ma pa scholasticism in the late nineteenth century, raising its status after many centuries as a comparative intellectual backwater, to arguably the most dynamic and expansive of philosophical traditions in all of Tibetan Buddhism, with an influence and impact far beyond the rNying ma pa themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mipham's works have become the foundation of study for not only the Nyingma lineage, but the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> lineage as well. They hold a central position in all Nyingma monasteries and monastic colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxvi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxvi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following in the footsteps of Mipham, <a href="/wiki/Khenpo_Shenga" title="Khenpo Shenga">Khenpo Shenga</a> was also an important figure in the revitalization of Nyingma monastic education by establishing the study of exoteric philosophy at Dzogchen Shri Sengha<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon#Five_traditional_topics_of_study" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">classic Indian texts</a>, which include the major works of <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Aryadeva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khenpo Shenga composed commentaries on these key texts and scholastic textbooks. He focused on the study of these texts as a way to avoid sectarian disputes by appealing to classic Indian material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxi_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century also saw the production of new Terma texts, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokgyur_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa">Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa</a> (1829–1870), Péma Ösel Dongak Lingpa (1820–1892), and <a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a> (1835–1904). Another important figure is <a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a> (b. 1808), who wrote <i>The Words of My Perfect Teacher</i>, a key text on Nyingma preliminaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching">Teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_Yānas"><span id="Nine_Y.C4.81nas"></span>Nine Yānas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nine Yānas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doxography employed by the Nyingma tradition to categorize the whole of the Buddhist path is unique. Nyingmapas divide the Buddhist path into nine <a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">yanas</a>, as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sutra_system">Sutra system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sutra system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na" title="Śrāvakayāna">Śrāvakayāna</a>, the Vehicle of the Listeners or disciples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a> (Hinayana), the Vehicle of the Solitary Buddhas, the way of solitary meditation.</li> <li>Bodhisattvayāna (<a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>), the Great or Causal Vehicle, the Vehicle of Enlightened Beings, is the way of those who seek or attain enlightenment for the sake or intention of liberating not just oneself, but all sentient beings from <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outer_tantras">Outer tantras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Outer tantras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bya ba'i rgyud</i>), Tantra of Action which involves ritual, mantra repetition and visualization.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangharakshita-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charya_tantra_yana" class="mw-redirect" title="Charya tantra yana">Carya or Ubhaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>u pa'i rgyud</i> or <i>spyod pa'i rgyud</i>), Tantra of Conduct — equal amounts of meditation and symbolic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangharakshita-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogatantra">Yogatantra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rnal 'byor gyi rgyud</i>), Tantra of Union.</li></ul> <p>Passed down into Tibet by the disciples of Buddhaguhya, each is linked to a complete enjoyment body Buddha: Vajrasattva for Kriyā, Mañjuśrī for Carya, and Avalokiteśvara for Yogatantra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007376_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007376-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inner_tantras">Inner tantras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inner tantras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>chen po'i rnal 'byor</i>), Great Yoga.</li> <li>Subsequent yoga.</li> <li>Atiyoga (<a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lhag pa'i rnal 'byor</i> or <i>rdzogs chen</i>), Ultimate Yoga; the Great Perfection — often practised in monasteries kept specially for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangharakshita-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The eighteen major works of the Inner Tantra were transmitted and translated by Padmasambhava and Vimalamitra, with Samantabhadra as the origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007376_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007376-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later schools the inner tantric teachings are known as <i> <a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Anuttarayoga Tantra</a></i>, which corresponds to Mahayoga in the Nyingma system, while the <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a> teachings of the later schools are said to lead to similar results as the Dzogchen teachings. </p><p>The first two of the nine vehicles are seen as Hinayana, the third as Mahayana and the remaining six as specifically Vajrayana.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangharakshita-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" title="Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje</a> emphasized the eight lower vehicles are intellectually fabricated and contrived,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Rongzom held that the views of sutra such as Madhyamaka were inferior to that of tantra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nine vehicles are further categorized into four divisions: (1) Basis Continuum (<i>gzhi rgyud</i>), referring to Samantabhadra, the primordially awakened truth body; (2) Path Continuum (<i>lam rgyud</i>), practices aimed at eliminating afflictions through the accumulation of merit and wisdom; (3) Result Continuum ('<i>bras bu rgyud</i>), the attainment of awakening following bodhisattva training; and (4) Method Continuum (<i>thabs rgyud</i>), the awakened being’s capacity to benefit sentient beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007377-8_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007377-8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajrakilaya_(8557221604).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vajrakilaya_%288557221604%29.jpg/220px-Vajrakilaya_%288557221604%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vajrakilaya_%288557221604%29.jpg/330px-Vajrakilaya_%288557221604%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vajrakilaya_%288557221604%29.jpg/440px-Vajrakilaya_%288557221604%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="2983" /></a><figcaption>Vajrakilaya</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preliminary_practices">Preliminary practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Preliminary practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like in other schools of Tibetan Buddhism, Nyingma teaches various forms of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">ngöndro</a>, or preliminary practices which help prepare the mind for later meditations. These include the cultivation of "<a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a>", the "four thoughts that turn the mind", and <a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a> purification practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yidam_practice_and_protectors">Yidam practice and protectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yidam practice and protectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deity_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Deity Yoga">Deity Yoga</a> is also a feature of Nyingma. The foremost deities (<a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">yidam</a>) practiced by the Nyingma masters are <a href="/wiki/Vajrak%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrakīla">Vajrakīla</a> (Tib. <i>Dorje Phurba</i>) and Vajra Heruka (also <i>Vishuddha Heruka</i>; Tib. <i>Yangdak Tratung</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>yang dag khrag 'thung</i>), the third of the <a href="/wiki/Heruka#Eight_Herukas_of_the_Nyingma_Mahayoga" title="Heruka">Eight Herukas</a> who closely resembles Śrī Heruka of the <a href="/wiki/Chakrasamvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakrasamvara">Chakrasamvara</a> tantra. The three principle protectors of the Nyingma lineage are said to be <a href="/wiki/Ekajati" title="Ekajati">Ekajaṭī</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>e ka dza ti</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rāhula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>gza' ra hu la</i>) and Dorje Legpa (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rdo rje legs pa</i>, Sanskrit: <i>Vajrasādhu</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_practices">Other practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other forms of practice like <a href="/wiki/Lojong" title="Lojong">Lojong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> practices such as <a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Trul khor</a> are also taught in Nyingma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptural_canon">Scriptural canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scriptural canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)">Sarma</a> traditions into Tibet, various proponents of the new systems cast aspersions on the Indic origins of much of the Nyingma esoteric corpus. Indic origin was an important component of perceived legitimacy at the time. As a result, much of the Nyingma esoteric corpus was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a>, a compilation of texts by <a href="/wiki/Buton_Rinchen_Drub" title="Buton Rinchen Drub">Buton Rinchen Drub</a> that became the established canon for the Sarma traditions. This means that while Nyingma accept the Tengyur scriptures they also include writings that other schools reject as not being authentic for having no Indic sources—though Sanskrit originals of some have been discovered in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangharakshita-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nyingma school acknowledges two primary types of transmission lineages: (1) Teachings (<i>bka' ma</i>)—kama, unbroken instructions passed down from the Buddha, and (2) Hidden Treasures (gter ma)—termas, which were concealed by past masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007378_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007378-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Kama lineage, which begins with Padmasambhava, <a href="/wiki/Shantarakshita" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantarakshita">Shantarakshita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vairochana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vairochana">Vairochana</a>, is the oral transmission lineage and is called the "source of Nyingma tradition" by Nyingma scholar <a href="/wiki/Palden_Sherab" class="mw-redirect" title="Palden Sherab">Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche</a>. It is further stated by Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche that, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the time of Guru Padmasambhava and for at least three centuries afterwards, everyone who attained enlightenment in Tibet did so by practicing the kama lineage teachings of the Nyingma School.<sup id="cite_ref-Khenchen_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khenchen-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The Kama lineage remained predominant from the 8th to 11th century, and Kama masters taught from the lineage's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Khenchen_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khenchen-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a> lineage is the revealed transmission lineage where <a href="/wiki/Tertons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertons">Tertons</a>, or treasure revealers, realize the teachings. The arising of the Terma lineage began in the 11th century, and by the 14th century Tertons were more sought as teachers than Kama masters.<sup id="cite_ref-Khenchen_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khenchen-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Terma lineage was established by Guru <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>, through the hiding of teachings for the purpose of future discovery. The Kama is the basis of the Terma.<sup id="cite_ref-Khenchen_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khenchen-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nyingma_Gyubum"><i>Nyingma Gyubum</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nyingma Gyubum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></div> <p>The Nyingmapas organized their esoteric corpus, comprising mostly <a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a>, Atiyoga (Dzogchen) Mind class <a href="/wiki/Semde" title="Semde">Semde</a> and Space Class (<a href="/wiki/Longd%C3%A9" title="Longdé">Longdé</a>) texts, into an alternate collection, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></i> (the Hundred Thousand Tantras of the Ancient School, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rnying ma rgyud ‘bum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhuntshon.d._44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuntshon.d.-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the Gyubum contains Kahma (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bka' ma</i>) and very little terma (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>gter ma</i>). The third class of Atiyoga, the Secret Oral Instructions (Menngagde), are mostly terma texts. </p><p>Various editions of the Gyubum are extant, but one typical version is the thirty-six Tibetan-language folio volumes published by <a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche">Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche</a> in New Delhi, 1974. It contains: </p> <ul><li>10 volumes of Ati Yoga (Dzogchen)</li> <li>3 volumes of Anu Yoga</li> <li>6 volumes of the tantra Section of Mahayoga</li> <li>13 volumes of the sadhana Section of Mahayoga</li> <li>1 volume of protector tantras</li> <li>3 volumes of catalogues and historical background</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mahayoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></div> <p>There are 'eighteen great tantras' (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bshad pa dang cha mthun gyi rgyud tantra sde bco brgyad</i>) at the heart of the 'Mahayoga' (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rnal 'byor chen po</i>) tradition, grouped into 'five root tantras' (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rtsa ba sku gsung thugs yon tan phrin las kyi rgyud chen po lnga</i>), 'five practice tantras' (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sgrub pa lag len du bstan pa rol pa' rgyud chen po lnga</i>), and 'five activity tantras' (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>spyod pa'i yan lag tu 'gro ba'i rgyud chen po lnga</i>), and the 'two supplementary tantras' (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>ma tshang kha bskong ba'i rgyud chen po gnyis</i>). Together they are known as the <i>Māyājāla</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Guhyagarbha_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyagarbha Tantra">Guhyagarbha Tantra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rDo rje sems dpa' sgyu 'phrul drwa ba gSang ba snying po</i>) is the foremost of all of these and it abridges the content of the seventeen others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dzogchen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> ("Great Perfection") is the central distinctive practice and view which is the focus of Nyingma and it is seen by this school as the supreme practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–384_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–384-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is seen as the ultimate understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Nature_of_mind_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature of mind (Buddhism)">nature of mind</a>, which is known as <a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">rigpa</a>. Dzogchen seeks to understand the nature of mind without the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> practices and visualizations of other tantric forms, and Dzogchen tantras state that visualization practices are inferior to Dzogchen, which directly works with the nature of the mind itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007384_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007384-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A main feature of Dzogchen is the practice of "cutting through" (<i>khregs chod</i>) the everyday mind and its obscurations to reach the primordial nature of mind or <a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">rigpa</a>, which is essential purity (<i>ka dag</i>) and spontaneity (<i>lhun grub</i>), and is associated with emptiness (<i><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">shunyata</a></i>). The second form of Dzogchen practice is referred to as "direct approach" (<i>thod rgal</i>) and involves making an effort at recognizing spontaneity through the use of visions or appearances. This is said to be associated with skillful means (<i><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">upaya</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007386–387_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007386–387-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nyingma <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> lineage was transmitted directly from <a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a> to Padmasambhava.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. The most influential Nyingma scholar yogi of the Great Perfection is <a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a> (1308–1364), and his voluminous works mark a turning point in the scholastic systematization and refinement of the Nyingma Dzogchen system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994301_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994301-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koppl notes that although later Nyingma authors such as <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a> attempted to harmonize the view of Dzogchen with <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a>, the earlier Nyingma author <a href="/wiki/Rongzom_Chokyi_Zangpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo">Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo</a> did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> literature is usually divided into three categories, which more or less reflect the historical development of Dzogchen: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Semde" title="Semde">Semde</a> (Wylie: <i>sems sde</i>; Skt: <i>cittavarga</i>), the "Mind Series"; this category contains the earliest Dzogchen teachings from the 9th century and later. It includes texts like the <i>Harbinger of Awareness</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Kulayar%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Kulayarāja Tantra">Kunjed Gyalpo</a> (Sanskrit: <i>Kulayarāja Tantra</i>; The Great Leveler) Tantra, the most significant of the 'mind' tantras. Twenty-one main tantras are listed, though the Great Leveler contains five of them and other similar texts are included in different recensions of the Mind Section.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longd%C3%A9" title="Longdé">Longdé</a> (Wylie: <i>klong sde</i>; Skt: <i>abhyantaravarga</i>), the series of Space; dating from the 11th–14th centuries. These texts emphasize emptiness (<a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">shunyata</a>) or spaciousness. The most important text in this division is "Samantabhadra’s Royal Tantra of All-Inclusive Vastness" (Sanskrit: Mahāvarntaprasaranirajatantranāma).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunsang201276_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunsang201276-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menngagde" title="Menngagde">Menngagde</a> (Wylie: <i>man ngag sde</i>, Skt: <i>upadeshavarga</i>), the series of secret Oral Instructions, 11th–14th centuries. This division, including the important "<a href="/wiki/Seventeen_tantras" title="Seventeen tantras">Seventeen tantras</a>", focuses on two major forms of practice, <i>kadag trekchö</i>, "the cutting through of primordial purity", and <i>lhündrub tögal</i>, "the direct crossing of spontaneous presence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder_Schmidt200238_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder_Schmidt200238-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Termas">Termas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Termas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Nyingma-tradition, Padmasambhava and his main disciples hid hundreds of scriptures, ritual objects and relics in secret places to protect Buddhism during the time of decline, under King Langdarma, and when the dharma would need revitalizing in the future. These termas were later rediscovered. This system is effective in revitalizing the Nyingma order while preserving its connection to tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Termas are often encoded in "ḍākini language," which can only be deciphered by those trained in its interpretation. Additionally, safeguards are said to be in place to prevent their discovery before the appropriate time, ensuring that they are revealed only by the right individuals at the right moment. The core terma texts are the eight Heruka sādhanas, brought to Tibet by Padmasambhava.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380-1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380-1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Rinchen Terdzod (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535" /><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རིན་ཆེན་གཏེར་མཛོད།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rin chen gter mdzod</i>) is the most important collection of terma treasure to Nyingmapas. This collection<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakyong_Foundation2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakyong_Foundation2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the assemblage of thousands of the most important terma texts from all across Tibet made by <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul_Lodro_Thaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye">Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye</a>, at the behest of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo in the nineteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hierarchy_and_teachers">Hierarchy and teachers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hierarchy and teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_administration">Internal administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Internal administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nyingma school traditionally had no centralized authority or Nyingma-wide hierarchy. There was never a single "head of the lineage" in the manner of either the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> school, or the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> school, or the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a> following the Chinese invasion of Tibet, the Nyingma school temporarily had a head of the school. The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dudjom Rinpoche">Dudjom Rinpoche</a> to the position in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClellan2024_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClellan2024-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a semi-official status. Dudjom Rinpoche led efforts until his passing in 1987 to stabilize the exile community and gather Tibetan Buddhist texts. The temporary Nyingma leadership position lasted from 1960 until 2018 and was largely administrative, but the Rinpoches who served in this role are among the most universally highly regarded. </p><p>They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" title="Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje</a> Rinpoche (c. 1904–1987), served from 1960 until his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a> Rinpoche (c. 1910–1991), served from 1987 until his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a> (1932–2009), served from 1991 until retirement in 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Trichen" title="Mindrolling Trichen">Mindrolling Trichen</a> Rinpoche (c. 1930–2008), served from 2003 until his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trulshik_Rinpoche" title="Trulshik Rinpoche">Trulshik Rinpoche</a> (1923–2011), served from 2010 until his death on September 2, 2011. Selected after <a href="/wiki/Chatral_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatral Rinpoche">Chatral Rinpoche</a> declined the position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMindrolling_News_Staff2010_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindrolling_News_Staff2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklung_Tsetrul_Rinpoche" title="Taklung Tsetrul Rinpoche">Taklung Tsetrul Rinpoche</a> (1926–2015), served from 2012 until his death.</li></ul> <p>Afterwards, it was unanimously decided that the internal administration would revolve between the head lamas of the six principle Nyingma monasteries – Kathok, Dzogchen, Shechen, Mindrolling, Dorje Drak and Palyul. The representatives were appointed for three-year terms at the annual Nyingma Monlam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisman2019_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisman2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katok_Getse_Rinpoche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katok Getse Rinpoche (page does not exist)">Katok Getse Rinpoche</a> (1954–2018), appointed during the 29th Nyingma Monlam in Bodh Gaya in January 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2018_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2018-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served until his death in November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2018_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Rinpoche">Dzogchen Rinpoche</a> (born 1964), appointed during the 30th Nyingma Monlam in Bodh Gaya, India on 15 January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisman2019_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisman2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rinpoche declined the position, owing to his health concerns.</li></ul> <p>The internal administration recently changed. During the 31st Nyingma Monlam in 2020, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shechen_Rabjam_Rinpoche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shechen Rabjam Rinpoche (page does not exist)">Shechen Rabjam Rinpoche</a> was requested to accept the position. Rinpoche did not accept, and expressed his concerns about how the continued appointment of a "head of the tradition" would be problematic. Upon his suggestion, the representatives of major Nyingma monasteries decided that the position of "head of Nyingma tradition" would thenceforth not be selected. Instead, representatives would be selected for the Nyingma Monlam Committee, which would look after the welfare of the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2020_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nyingma school is therefore decentralized and often individual monastery administration decisions are made by the community of the lamas together with senior sangha members. The Nyingma school is also historically characterized and distinguished by this decentralization and by their general wider political disinterest. They have a dual sangha -'red and white'.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'red sangha' is composed of ordained <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuns">nuns</a>, usually residing in monasteries and nunneries; the 'white sangha' is composed of vow-holding <a href="/wiki/Ngagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngagpa">ngakmapas</a>, who can be householders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherpa2008_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherpa2008-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertons">Tertons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tertons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appearance of <i>terma</i> ("hidden treasures") is of particular significance to the Nyingma tradition. Although there have been a few Kagyupa "<a href="/wiki/Terton" class="mw-redirect" title="Terton">tertons</a>" (treasure revealers) and the practice is endemic to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6npo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bönpo">Bönpo</a> as well, the vast majority of Tibetan Buddhist tertons have been Nyingmapas. It is held that past masters, principally Padmasambhava and Yeshe Tsogyal, secreted objects and hid teachings for discovery by later tertons at appropriate and auspicious times such that the teaching would be beneficial. These teachings may be physically discovered, often in rocks and caves, or they may be "mind terma," appearing directly within the mindstream of the terton. </p><p>The terma tradition had antecedents in India; <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, for example, rediscovered the last part of the "<a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfection of Wisdom">Prajnaparamita-Sutra</a> in one hundred thousand verses" in the realm of the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāgas</a>, where it had been kept since the time of Buddha <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a>. Special terma lineages were established throughout Tibet. The foremost revealers of these termas were the five terton kings from the eleventh to the fourteenth century and the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Lingpas" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Lingpas">eight Lingpas</a> in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Nyingma tradition, tertons are often mindstream emanations of the 25 main disciples of Padmasambhava. A vast system of transmission lineages developed through the ages. Nyingma scriptures were updated when the time was appropriate. Terma teachings guided many Buddhist practitioners to realisation and enlightenment. </p><p>The rediscovering of terma began with the first terton, Sangye Lama (1000–1080). Tertons of outstanding importance were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyangral_Nyima_Oser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyangral Nyima Oser (page does not exist)">Nyangral Nyima Oser</a> (1124–1192), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Chowang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guru Chowang (page does not exist)">Guru Chowang</a> (1212–1270), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigdzin_Godem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigdzin Godem (page does not exist)">Rigdzin Godem</a> (1307–1408), <a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a> (1450–1521), <a href="/wiki/Mingyur_Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingyur Dorje">Mingyur Dorje</a> (1645–1667), <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a> (1820–1892) and <a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokyur_Lingpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgyen Chokyur Lingpa">Orgyen Chokyur Lingpa</a> (1829–1870). In the nineteenth century some of the most famous were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khen_Kong_Chok_Sum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khen Kong Chok Sum (page does not exist)">Khen Kong Chok Sum</a> referring to <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamyang Khyentse">Jamyang Khyentse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chokgyur_Lingpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chokgyur Lingpa">Chokgyur Lingpa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_organizations">Contemporary organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contemporary organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the largest international Nyingma organizations are <a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a>'s Dzogchen community and <a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rigpa_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigpa organization">Rigpa organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2017303–304_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2017303–304-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the major monasteries in Tibet, there are also now various Nyingma institutions of the Tibetan exile community in India including Thekchok Namdrol Shedrub Dargye Ling, in Bylakuppe, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> State; Ngedon Gatsal Ling, in Clementown, Dehradun; Palyul Chokhor Ling, E-Vam Gyurmed Ling, Nechung Drayang Ling, and Thubten E-vam Dorjey Drag in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2018_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2018-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Six_Mother_Monasteries">Six Mother Monasteries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Six Mother Monasteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindroling1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mindroling1.jpg/220px-Mindroling1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mindroling1.jpg/330px-Mindroling1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mindroling1.jpg/440px-Mindroling1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Mindrolling Monastery, Tibet</figcaption></figure> <p>Of great importance to the Nyingma lineage is <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye monastery</a> (787), the first Tibetan and Nyingma monastery, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a>. In addition, the Nyingma tradition has held that there were also "Six Mother Monasteries" out of which developed a large number of branch monasteries throughout Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal. Of these six, <a href="/wiki/Katok_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Katok Monastery">Katok Monastery</a> is credited with being the original monastery, after which the five grew. </p><p>The Nyingma's Six Mother Monasteries are located across Tibet while institutions have been centered in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a>. Many monasteries were destroyed before and after the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, and most recently demolished at <a href="/wiki/Larung_Gar" title="Larung Gar">Larung Gar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarchen_Gar" title="Yarchen Gar">Yarchen Gar</a> while nuns and monks face arrests and re-education camps. Nyingma monasteries have been rebuilt in Nepal and throughout India, while the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a> has also spread Nyingma Vajrayana masters to the west and in Europe and the Americas. It has also been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a>. </p><p>There have been slightly different formulations of the six. At one time they included <a href="/wiki/Dorje_Drak" title="Dorje Drak">Dorje Drak Monastery</a> (14th century, relocated 1632), <a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling Monastery</a> (1676), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palri_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palri Monastery (page does not exist)">Palri Monastery</a> (1571;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeroche2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeroche2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formal name Chonggye Pelri Thekchen Ling) in Upper Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Katok_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Katok Monastery">Katok Monastery</a> (1159), <a href="/wiki/Palyul_Monastery" title="Palyul Monastery">Palyul Monastery</a> (1665), and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a> (1684), in Lower Tibet. </p><p>After the decline of Palri and the flourishing of <a href="/wiki/Shechen_Monastery" title="Shechen Monastery">Shechen Monastery</a> (1695), the Six Mother Monasteries were Dorje Drak and Mindrolling in the upper region, Shechen and Dzogchen in the center, and Kathok and Palyul in the lower part of Tibet. The last four monasteries were all located in Kham<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Shechen Monastery was rebuilt in Nepal in 1985, after the Chinese destroyed the monastery in Tibet during the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokling_Tersar" title="Chokling Tersar">Chokling Tersar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namch%C3%B6" title="Namchö">Namchö</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arpi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arpi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arpi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Arpi, <i>A Glimpse of the History of Tibet</i>, Dharamsala: Tibet Museum, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarnath International Nyingma Institute, "Khen Lop Chos Sum", 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–369-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–369_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, pp. 367–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368,_371-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368,_371_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, pp. 367–368, 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007367–368_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, pp. 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherpa2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherpa2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherpa2008">Sherpa 2008</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–85-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–85_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, pp. 383–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375–380-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007375–380_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, pp. 375–380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007369_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992">Palden Sherab Rinpoche 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007368-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007368_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDargyay19985-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDargyay19985_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDargyay1998">Dargyay 1998</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007371-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007371_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2002_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2002">Germano 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tergar.org/about/tergar-lineage/nyingma/">"The Nyingma Lineage"</a>. <i>tergar.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tergar.org&rft.atitle=The+Nyingma+Lineage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftergar.org%2Fabout%2Ftergar-lineage%2Fnyingma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germano,_David_2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Germano,_David_2005_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Germano,_David_2005_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Germano,_David_2005_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2005">Germano 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeisshuesler2020" class="citation journal cs1">Geisshuesler, Flavio A. (7 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11030114">"Luminous Bodies, Playful Children, and Abusive Grandmothers: Trauma, Dissociation, and Disorganized Attachment in the Early History of Great Perfection (rDzogs Chen) Buddhism"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>11</b> (3). MDPI AG: 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11030114">10.3390/rel11030114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Luminous+Bodies%2C+Playful+Children%2C+and+Abusive+Grandmothers%3A+Trauma%2C+Dissociation%2C+and+Disorganized+Attachment+in+the+Early+History+of+Great+Perfection+%28rDzogs+Chen%29+Buddhism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11030114&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Geisshuesler&rft.aufirst=Flavio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11030114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeisshuesler2020" class="citation journal cs1">Geisshuesler, Flavio A. (30 June 2020). "From Grounded Identity to Receptive Creativity The Mythical-Historical Formation of the Nyingma School and the Potential of Collective Trauma". <i>International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (1). International Association for Buddhist Thought and Culture: <span class="nowrap">233–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16893%2Fijbtc.2020.06.30.1.233">10.16893/ijbtc.2020.06.30.1.233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-7914">1598-7914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Buddhist+Thought+and+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Grounded+Identity+to+Receptive+Creativity+The+Mythical-Historical+Formation+of+the+Nyingma+School+and+the+Potential+of+Collective+Trauma&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16893%2Fijbtc.2020.06.30.1.233&rft.issn=1598-7914&rft.aulast=Geisshuesler&rft.aufirst=Flavio+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeisshuesler2019" class="citation journal cs1">Geisshuesler, Flavio A. (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311908.2019.1707055">"When Buddhas dissociate: A psychological perspective on the origins of great perfection Buddhism (rDzogs Chen)"</a>. <i>Cogent Psychology</i>. <b>6</b> (1). Informa UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311908.2019.1707055">10.1080/23311908.2019.1707055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2331-1908">2331-1908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cogent+Psychology&rft.atitle=When+Buddhas+dissociate%3A+A+psychological+perspective+on+the+origins+of+great+perfection+Buddhism+%28rDzogs+Chen%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23311908.2019.1707055&rft.issn=2331-1908&rft.aulast=Geisshuesler&rft.aufirst=Flavio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23311908.2019.1707055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geisshuesler-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geisshuesler_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeisshuesler2024" class="citation book cs1">Geisshuesler, Flavio (2024). <i>Tibetan Sky-Gazing Meditation and the Pre-History of Great Perfection Buddhism</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-42881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-42881-2"><bdi>978-1-350-42881-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Sky-Gazing+Meditation+and+the+Pre-History+of+Great+Perfection+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-42881-2&rft.aulast=Geisshuesler&rft.aufirst=Flavio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xviii-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xviii_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuckworth2008">Duckworth 2008</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöppl2008ch._4_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKöppl2008">Köppl 2008</a>, ch. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xix-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xix_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xix_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuckworth2008">Duckworth 2008</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarry2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarry2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarry2007">Garry 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschberg2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschberg2013_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirschberg2013">Hirschberg 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyatso2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGyatso2006_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGyatso2006">Gyatso 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremantle2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremantle2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFremantle2001">Fremantle 2001</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyfus,_Georges_2006_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyfus2006">Dreyfus 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyfusMcClintock2003320-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyfusMcClintock2003320_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyfusMcClintock2003">Dreyfus & McClintock 2003</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer2006-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer2006_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer2006">Mayer 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxvi-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxvi_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuckworth2008">Duckworth 2008</a>, p. xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxi-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxi_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2008xxi_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuckworth2008">Duckworth 2008</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sangharakshita-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangharakshita_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangharakshita1996">Sangharakshita 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007376-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007376_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007376_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche2005">Dudjom Rinpoche 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007377-8-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007377-8_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 377-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007378-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007378_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khenchen-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khenchen_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khenchen_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khenchen_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khenchen_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche2013">Palden Sherab Rinpoche & Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche 2013</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhuntshon.d.-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhuntshon.d._44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhuntshon.d.">Phuntsho n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–384-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007383–384_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, pp. 383–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007384-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007384_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007386–387-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007386–387_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, pp. 386–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche1998">Palden Sherab Rinpoche & Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche 1998</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994301-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994301_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano1994">Germano 1994</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunsang201276-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunsang201276_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunsang2012">Kunsang 2012</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinder_Schmidt200238-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinder_Schmidt200238_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBinder_Schmidt2002">Binder Schmidt 2002</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380-1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007380-1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 380-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakyong_Foundation2008-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakyong_Foundation2008_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakyong_Foundation2008">Sakyong Foundation 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClellan2024-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClellan2024_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClellan2024">McClellan 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindrolling_News_Staff2010-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMindrolling_News_Staff2010_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMindrolling_News_Staff2010">Mindrolling News Staff 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisman2019-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisman2019_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisman2019_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWisman2019">Wisman 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2018-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2018_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2018">Atwood 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2018-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2018_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2018">Lewis 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2020-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker2020_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitaker2020">Whitaker 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje. <i>The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History</i>. Written 1964. Translated by Gyurme Dorje with Matthew Kapstein. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-86171-087-8. Two Volumes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherpa2008-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherpa2008_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherpa2008">Sherpa 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-3-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007382-3_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowers2007">Powers 2007</a>, p. 382-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2017303–304-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2017303–304_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel2017">Samuel 2017</a>, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2018-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2018_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2018">O'Brien 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeroche2011-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeroche2011_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeroche2011">Deroche 2011</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2018" class="citation news cs1">Atwood, Hal (31 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lionsroar.com/kathok-getse-rinpoche-appointed-as-7th-nyingma-head/">"Kathok Getse Rinpoche appointed as 7th Nyingma head"</a>. <i>Lion's Roar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lion%27s+Roar&rft.atitle=Kathok+Getse+Rinpoche+appointed+as+7th+Nyingma+head&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsroar.com%2Fkathok-getse-rinpoche-appointed-as-7th-nyingma-head%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder_Schmidt2002" class="citation book cs1">Binder Schmidt, Marcia, ed. (2002). <i>The Dzogchen Primer: Embracing The Spiritual Path According To The Great Perfection</i>. Shambhala Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-829-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-829-7"><bdi>1-57062-829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dzogchen+Primer%3A+Embracing+The+Spiritual+Path+According+To+The+Great+Perfection&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57062-829-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013). <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDargyay1998" class="citation book cs1">Dargyay, Eva M. (1998). Wayman, Alex (ed.). <i>The Rise of Esoteric Buddhism in Tibet</i>. Buddhist Tradition Series. Vol. 32 (2nd rev. ed.). Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1579-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1579-3"><bdi>81-208-1579-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Esoteric+Buddhism+in+Tibet&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.series=Buddhist+Tradition+Series&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Pvt+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-1579-3&rft.aulast=Dargyay&rft.aufirst=Eva+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeroche2011" class="citation serial cs1">Deroche, Marc Henri (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Sherab-Wozer/8964"><i>Sherab Ozer</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Treasury_of_Lives" title="The Treasury of Lives">The Treasury of Lives</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2332-077X">2332-077X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherab+Ozer&rft.date=2011-12&rft.issn=2332-077X&rft.aulast=Deroche&rft.aufirst=Marc+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FSherab-Wozer%2F8964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dreyfus, Georges (2006). "Where do Commentarial Schools come from? Reflections on the History of Tibetan Scholasticism". <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Where+do+Commentarial+Schools+come+from%3F+Reflections+on+the+History+of+Tibetan+Scholasticism&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDreyfusMcClintock2003" class="citation book cs1">Dreyfus, Georges B. J.; McClintock, Sara L., eds. (2003). <i>The Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?</i>. Wisdom Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Svatantrika-Prasangika+Distinction%3A+What+Difference+Does+a+Difference+Make%3F&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuckworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Duckworth, Douglas (2008). <i>Mipam on Buddha-Nature: The Ground of the Nyingma Tradition</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791475218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791475218"><bdi>978-0791475218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mipam+on+Buddha-Nature%3A+The+Ground+of+the+Nyingma+Tradition&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0791475218&rft.aulast=Duckworth&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" title="Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Dudjom Rinpoche</a> (2005). <i>Wisdom Nectar : Dudjom Rinpoche's Heart Advice</i>. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559392242" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559392242"><bdi>978-1559392242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisdom+Nectar+%3A+Dudjom+Rinpoche%27s+Heart+Advice&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1559392242&rft.au=Dudjom+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFremantle2001" class="citation book cs1">Fremantle, Francesca (2001). <i>Luminous Emptiness: Understanding the Tibetan Book of the Dead</i>. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-450-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-450-X"><bdi>1-57062-450-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luminous+Emptiness%3A+Understanding+the+Tibetan+Book+of+the+Dead&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57062-450-X&rft.aulast=Fremantle&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarry2007" class="citation serial cs1">Garry, Ron (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Drapa-Ngonshe/7114"><i>Drapa Ngonshe</i></a>. <i>The Treasury of Lives</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2332-077X">2332-077X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drapa+Ngonshe&rft.date=2007-08&rft.issn=2332-077X&rft.aulast=Garry&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FDrapa-Ngonshe%2F7114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGermano1994" class="citation journal cs1">Germano, David F. (Winter 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8826/2733">"Architecture and Absence in the Secret Tantric History of rDzogs Chen"</a>. <i>The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+Absence+in+the+Secret+Tantric+History+of+rDzogs+Chen&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Germano&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8826%2F2733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGermano2002" class="citation web cs1">Germano, David (25 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216180024/http://www.thdl.org/collections/literature/nyingma.html">"A Brief History of Nyingma Literature"</a>. <i>The Samantabhadra Collection of Nyingma Literature</i>. University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thdl.org/collections/literature/nyingma.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Samantabhadra+Collection+of+Nyingma+Literature&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Nyingma+Literature&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft.aulast=Germano&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thdl.org%2Fcollections%2Fliterature%2Fnyingma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGermano2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Germano, David (2005). "Dzogchen". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). <i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 4. MacMillan Reference USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dzogchen&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Germano&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyatso2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gyatso, Janet (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/collections/texts/jiats/#!jiats=/02/gyatsoj/">"A Partial Genealogy of the Lifestory of Ye shes mtsho rgyal"</a>. <i>The Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies</i> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Review of <i>Mipham's Dialectics and the Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither</i>". <i>Buddhist Studies Review</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhist+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Mipham%E2%80%99s+Dialectics+and+the+Debates+on+Emptiness%3A+To+Be%2C+Not+to+Be+or+Neither&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcClellan2024" class="citation serial cs1">McClellan, Joseph (February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Dudjom-Rinpoche/10019"><i>Dudjom Rinpoche Jigdrel Yeshe Dorje</i></a>. <i>The Treasury of Lives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kaye, Joan (ed.). <i>Lion's Gaze: A Commentary on Tsig Sum Nedek</i>. Translated by Sarah Harding. Sky Dancer Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880975053" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880975053"><bdi>978-1880975053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion%27s+Gaze%3A+A+Commentary+on+Tsig+Sum+Nedek&rft.pub=Sky+Dancer+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1880975053&rft.aulast=Palden+Sherab+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Khenchen&rft.au=Tsewang+Dongyal+Rinpoche%2C+Khenpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche2013" class="citation book cs1">Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen; Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche, Khenpo (2013). <i>The Beauty of Awakened Mind: Dzogchen Lineage of the Great Master Shigpo Dudtsi</i>. 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Kathmandu, Nepal: Vajra Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-506205" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-506205"><bdi>978-9937-506205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+a+Sherpa+Window%3A+Illustrated+Guide+to+Sherpa+Culture&rft.place=Kathmandu%2C+Nepal&rft.pub=Vajra+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9937-506205&rft.aulast=Sherpa&rft.aufirst=Lhakpa+Norbu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2020" class="citation news cs1">Whitaker, Justin (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/nyingma-tibetan-buddhist-tradition-to-remain-leaderless-as-kyabje-shechen-rabjam-rinpoche-declines-position/">"Nyingma Tibetan Buddhist Tradition to Remain Leaderless as Kyabje Shechen Rabjam Rinpoche Declines Position"</a>. <i>Buddhistdoor Global</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhistdoor+Global&rft.atitle=Nyingma+Tibetan+Buddhist+Tradition+to+Remain+Leaderless+as+Kyabje+Shechen+Rabjam+Rinpoche+Declines+Position&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Fnews%2Fnyingma-tibetan-buddhist-tradition-to-remain-leaderless-as-kyabje-shechen-rabjam-rinpoche-declines-position%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWisman2019" class="citation news cs1">Wisman, Anne (22 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/dzogchen-rinpoche-jigme-losel-wangpo-selected-as-eighth-nyingma-head/">"Dzogchen Rinpoche Jigme Losel Wangpo Selected as Eighth Nyingma Head"</a>. <i>Buddhistdoor Global</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhistdoor+Global&rft.atitle=Dzogchen+Rinpoche+Jigme+Losel+Wangpo+Selected+as+Eighth+Nyingma+Head&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.aulast=Wisman&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Fnews%2Fdzogchen-rinpoche-jigme-losel-wangpo-selected-as-eighth-nyingma-head%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje (1991). <i>The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: its Fundamentals and History</i>. Translated by Gyurme Dorje with Matthew Kapstein. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-087-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-087-8"><bdi>0-86171-087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyingma+School+of+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+its+Fundamentals+and+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-86171-087-8&rft.aulast=Dudjom+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Jikdrel+Yeshe+Dorje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span> Two Volumes.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1">Germano, David (25 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collab.its.virginia.edu/wiki/tibetantexts/history%20of%20ngb.html">"History and Nature of The Collected Tantras of the Ancients"</a>. <i>collab.its.virginia.edu</i>. University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collab.its.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=History+and+Nature+of+The+Collected+Tantras+of+the+Ancients&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft.aulast=Germano&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollab.its.virginia.edu%2Fwiki%2Ftibetantexts%2Fhistory%2520of%2520ngb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Thondup, Tulku (1986). <i>Hidden Teachings of Tibet: An Explanation of the Terma Tradition of the Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism</i>. London: Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861710416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861710416"><bdi>978-0861710416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Teachings+of+Tibet%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Terma+Tradition+of+the+Nyingma+School+of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0861710416&rft.aulast=Thondup&rft.aufirst=Tulku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyingma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyingma&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kagyuoffice.org/buddhism/buddhism-in-tibet/the-nyingma-school/">The Nyingma School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katog_Choling" class="mw-redirect" title="Katog Choling">Katog Choling</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katog.org/nyingma-lineage/">Nyingma Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava_Buddhist_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhava Buddhist Center">Padmasambhava Buddhist Center</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.padmasambhava.org/the-nyingma-lineage/">The Nyingma Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payul_Ling" class="mw-redirect" title="Payul Ling">Payul Ling</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palyul.org/wp/nyingma/">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyingmatrust.org/">Nyingma Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tergar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tergar">Tergar</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tergar.org/about/tergar-lineage/nyingma/">The Nyingma Lineage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zangthal.co.uk/">Zangthal: Translations of Tibetan texts into English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#990000;color:yellow;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:yellow">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template talk:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:yellow">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:yellow">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_Buddhism243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kālacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamdre" title="Lamdre">Lamdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala#Vajrayana" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Buddhism" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">Preparatory practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Roots">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81#Buddhism" title="Sādhanā">Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Dharmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tibetan tantric practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">Transfer of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo" title="Khenpo">Khenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngakpa" title="Ngakpa">Ngakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigdzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigdzin">Rigdzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara_(Buddhism)" title="Vidyadhara (Buddhism)">Vidyadhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nyingma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje_(2nd_Dudjom_Rinpoche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)">Dudjom Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sakya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6n_K%C3%B6nchok_Gyalpo" title="Khön Könchok Gyalpo">Khön Könchok Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kagyu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Thang Tong Gyalpo">Thang Tong Gyalpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gelug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akong_Rinpoche" title="Akong Rinpoche">Akong Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Govinda" title="Anagarika Govinda">Anagarika Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Arjia_Rinpoche" title="8th Arjia Rinpoche">Arija Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche">Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatral_Sangye_Dorje" title="Chatral Sangye Dorje">Chatral Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetsang_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetsang Rinpoche">Chetsang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima_Rinpoche" title="Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampa_Sangye" title="Dampa Sangye">Dampa Sangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhung_Rinpoche" title="Dezhung Rinpoche">Dezhung Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Kunley" title="Drukpa Kunley">Drukpa Kunley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzigar_Kongtrul_Rinpoche" title="Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche">Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Ponlop_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche">Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6" title="Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö">Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">Gampopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa Sonam Sengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalwang_Drukpa" title="Gyalwang Drukpa">Gyalwang Drukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Thinley_Rinpoche" title="Karma Thinley Rinpoche">Karma Thinley Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamtrul_Rinpoche" title="Khamtrul Rinpoche">Khamtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo_Tsultrim_Gyamtso_Rinpoche" title="Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche">Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Jampa_Thaye" title="Lama Jampa Thaye">Lama Jampa Thaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling_Rinpoche" title="Ling Rinpoche">Ling Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa Lotsawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoshul_Khenpo_Rinpoche" title="Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche">Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokgyur_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa">Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Tobgyal" title="Orgyen Tobgyal">Orgyen Tobgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Phabongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmo_Drupa_Dorje_Gyalpo" title="Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo">Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratna_Vajra_Sakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratna Vajra Sakya">Ratna Vajra Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechung_Dorje_Drakpa" title="Rechung Dorje Drakpa">Rechung Dorje Drakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Rinpoche" title="Reting Rinpoche">Reting Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse" title="Second Beru Khyentse">Second Beru Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenga_Rinpoche" title="Tenga Rinpoche">Tenga Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Palmo" title="Tenzin Palmo">Tenzin Palmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche" title="Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita" title="Tenzin Ösel Hita">Tenzin Ösel Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinley_Norbu" title="Thinley Norbu">Thinley Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Zopa_Rinpoche" title="Thubten Zopa Rinpoche">Thubten Zopa Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traleg_Kyabgon_Rinpoche" title="Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche">Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso">Trijang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trulshik_Rinpoche" title="Trulshik Rinpoche">Trulshik Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangny%C3%B6n_Heruka" title="Tsangnyön Heruka">Tsangnyön Heruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsele_Natsok_Rangdr%C3%B6l" title="Tsele Natsok Rangdröl">Tsele Natsok Rangdröl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudra_Nyingpo" title="Yudra Nyingpo">Yudra Nyingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zong_Rinpoche" title="Zong Rinpoche">Zong Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Gyubum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6da" class="mw-redirect" title="Chöda">Chöda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serkyem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serkyem (page does not exist)">Serkyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">Yidam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery" title="Dzongsar Monastery">Dzongsar Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathok_Monastery" title="Kathok Monastery">Kathok Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdroling_Monastery" title="Namdroling Monastery">Namdroling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyul" class="mw-redirect" title="Palyul">Palyul Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechen_Monastery" title="Shechen Monastery">Shechen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala#Establishment_of_Tibetan_exile_community" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Shambhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva#Religion" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/40px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/60px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size: 85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size: 85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size: 85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size: 85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size: 85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a 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