CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: rain drop</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: rain drop"> <meta name="keywords" content="rain drop"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="rain drop" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="rain drop"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 996</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: rain drop</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">996</span> Rain Dropsize Distribution from Individual Storms and Variability in Nigeria Topical Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinyemi%20Tomiwa">Akinyemi Tomiwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The microstructure of rainfall is important for predicting and modeling various environmental processes, such as rainfall interception by vegetation, soil erosion, and radar signals in rainfall. This rain microstructure was studied with a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) located at a tropical location in Akure South West Nigeria (7o 15’ N, 5o 15’ E). This research utilizes two years of data (2018 and 2019), and the data obtained comprises rainfall parameters such as Rain rates, radar reflectivity, liquid water content, fall velocity and Drop Size Distribution (DSD) based on vertical profiles. The measurement and variations of rain microstructure of these parameters with heights for different rain types were presented from ground level up to the height of 4800 m at 160 m range gates. It has been found that the convective, stratiform and mixed, which are the three major rain types, have different rain microstructures at different heights and were evaluated in this research. The correlation coefficient and the regression line equation were computed for each rain event. The highest rain rate and liquid water content were observed within the height range of 160-4800. It was found that a good correlation exists between the measured parameters. Hence it shows that specific liquid water content increases with increasing rain rate for both stratiform and convective rain types in this part of the world. The results can be very useful for a better understanding of rain structure over tropical regions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20microstructure" title="rain microstructure">rain microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20size%20distribution" title=" drop size distribution"> drop size distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20rates" title=" rain rates"> rain rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratiform" title=" stratiform"> stratiform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective." title=" convective."> convective.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187435/rain-dropsize-distribution-from-individual-storms-and-variability-in-nigeria-topical-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">995</span> Empirical Prediction of the Effect of Rain Drops on Dbs System Operating in Ku-Band (Case Study of Abuja)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tonga%20Agadi%20Danladi">Tonga Agadi Danladi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajao%20Wasiu%20Bamidele"> Ajao Wasiu Bamidele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terdue%20Dyeko"> Terdue Dyeko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent advancement in microwave communications technologies especially in telecommunications and broadcasting have resulted in congestion on the frequencies below 10GHz. This has forced microwave designers to look for high frequencies. Unfortunately for frequencies greater than 10GHz rain becomes one of the main factors of attenuation in signal strength. At frequencies from 10GHz upwards, rain drop sizes leads to outages that compromises the availability and quality of service this making it a critical factor in satellite link budget design. Rain rate and rain attenuation predictions are vital steps to be considered when designing microwave satellite communication link operating at Ku-band frequencies (112-18GHz). Unreliable rain rates data in the tropical regions of the world like Nigeria from radio communication group of the international Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) makes it difficult for microwave engineers to determine a realistic rain margin that needs to be accommodated in satellite link budget design in such region. This work presents an empirical tool for predicting the amount of signal due to rain on DBS signal operating at the Ku-band. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation" title="attenuation">attenuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ku-Band" title=" Ku-Band"> Ku-Band</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20communication" title=" microwave communication"> microwave communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20rates" title=" rain rates"> rain rates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28730/empirical-prediction-of-the-effect-of-rain-drops-on-dbs-system-operating-in-ku-band-case-study-of-abuja" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">994</span> Numerical Modeling on the Vehicle Interior Noise Produced by Rain-the-Roof Excitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zilong%20Peng">Zilong Peng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Fan"> Jun Fan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the improvement of the living standards, the requirement on the acoustic comfort of the vehicle interior environment is becoming higher. The rain-the-roof producing interior noise is a common phenomenon for the vehicle, which usually discourages the conversation, especially for the heavy rain. This paper presents some numerical results about the rain-the-roof noise. The impact of each water drop is modeled as a short pulse, and the excitation locations on the roof are generated randomly. The vehicle body is simplified to a box closed with some certain-thickness shells. According to the main frequency components of the rain excitation, the analyzing frequency range is divided as low, high and middle frequency domains, which makes the vehicle body are modeled using finite element method (FEM), statistical energy analysis (SEA) and hybrid FE-SEA method, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of spatial distribution density and size of the rain on the sound pressure level are also discussed. These results may provide a guide for designing a more silent vehicle in the special weather. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain-the-roof%20noise" title="rain-the-roof noise">rain-the-roof noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle" title=" vehicle"> vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20energy%20analysis" title=" statistical energy analysis"> statistical energy analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90695/numerical-modeling-on-the-vehicle-interior-noise-produced-by-rain-the-roof-excitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">993</span> Understanding the Classification of Rain Microstructure and Estimation of Z-R Relationship using a Micro Rain Radar in Tropical Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomiwa">Tomiwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinyemi%20Clement"> Akinyemi Clement</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tropical regions experience diverse and complex precipitation patterns, posing significant challenges for accurate rainfall estimation and forecasting. This study addresses the problem of effectively classifying tropical rain types and refining the Z-R (Reflectivity-Rain Rate) relationship to enhance rainfall estimation accuracy. Through a combination of remote sensing, meteorological analysis, and machine learning, the research aims to develop an advanced classification framework capable of distinguishing between different types of tropical rain based on their unique characteristics. This involves utilizing high-resolution satellite imagery, radar data, and atmospheric parameters to categorize precipitation events into distinct classes, providing a comprehensive understanding of tropical rain systems. Additionally, the study seeks to improve the Z-R relationship, a crucial aspect of rainfall estimation. One year of rainfall data was analyzed using a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) located at The Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, measuring rainfall parameters from ground level to a height of 4.8 km with a vertical resolution of 0.16 km. Rain rates were classified into low (stratiform) and high (convective) based on various microstructural attributes such as rain rates, liquid water content, Drop Size Distribution (DSD), average fall speed of the drops, and radar reflectivity. By integrating diverse datasets and employing advanced statistical techniques, the study aims to enhance the precision of Z-R models, offering a more reliable means of estimating rainfall rates from radar reflectivity data. This refined Z-R relationship holds significant potential for improving our understanding of tropical rain systems and enhancing forecasting accuracy in regions prone to heavy precipitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title="remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitation" title=" precipitation"> precipitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20size%20distribution" title=" drop size distribution"> drop size distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20rain%20radar" title=" micro rain radar"> micro rain radar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187411/understanding-the-classification-of-rain-microstructure-and-estimation-of-z-r-relationship-using-a-micro-rain-radar-in-tropical-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">992</span> Harvesting of Kinetic Energy of the Raindrops</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20R.Perera">K. C. R.Perera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20P.%20C%20Dassanayake"> V. P. C Dassanayake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Hapuwatte"> B. M. Hapuwatte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20G.%20Smapath"> B. G. Smapath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a methodology to harvest the kinetic energy of the raindrops using piezoelectric devices. In the study 1m×1m PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric membrane, which is fixed by the four edges, is considered for the numerical simulation on deformation of the membrane due to the impact of the raindrops. Then according to the drop size of the rain, the simulation is performed classifying the rainfall types into three categories as light stratiform rain, moderate stratiform rain and heavy thundershower. The impact force of the raindrop is dependent on the terminal velocity of the raindrop, which is a function of raindrop diameter. The results were then analyzed to calculate the harvestable energy from the deformation of the piezoelectric membrane. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raindrop" title="raindrop">raindrop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoelectricity" title=" piezoelectricity"> piezoelectricity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation" title=" deformation"> deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terminal%20velocity" title=" terminal velocity"> terminal velocity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4366/harvesting-of-kinetic-energy-of-the-raindrops" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">991</span> Real Time Detection, Prediction and Reconstitution of Rain Drops</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Burahee">R. Burahee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Chassinat"> B. Chassinat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20de%20Laclos"> T. de Laclos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20D%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"> A. Dépée</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sastim"> A. Sastim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to propose a solution to detect, predict and reconstitute rain drops in real time – during the night – using an embedded material with an infrared camera. To prevent the system from needing too high hardware resources, simple models are considered in a powerful image treatment algorithm reducing considerably calculation time in OpenCV software. Using a smart model – drops will be matched thanks to a process running through two consecutive pictures for implementing a sophisticated tracking system. With this system drops computed trajectory gives information for predicting their future location. Thanks to this technique, treatment part can be reduced. The hardware system composed by a Raspberry Pi is optimized to host efficiently this code for real time execution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconstitution" title="reconstitution">reconstitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop" title=" rain drop"> rain drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20time" title=" real time"> real time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raspberry" title=" raspberry"> raspberry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared" title=" infrared"> infrared</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12821/real-time-detection-prediction-and-reconstitution-of-rain-drops" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">990</span> Zamzam Water as Corrosion Inhibitor for Steel Rebar in Rainwater and Simulated Acid Rain </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Elshami">Ahmed A. Elshami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephanie%20Bonnet"> Stephanie Bonnet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhafid%20Khelidj"> Abdelhafid Khelidj </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corrosion inhibitors are widely used in concrete industry to reduce the corrosion rate of steel rebar which is present in contact with aggressive environments. The present work aims to using Zamzam water from well located within the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia 20 m (66 ft) east of the Kaaba, the holiest place in Islam as corrosion inhibitor for steel in rain water and simulated acid rain. The effect of Zamzam water was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization techniques in Department of Civil Engineering - IUT Saint-Nazaire, Nantes University, France. Zamzam water is considered to be one of the most important steel corrosion inhibitor which is frequently used in different industrial applications. Results showed that zamzam water gave a very good inhibition for steel corrosion in rain water and simulated acid rain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zamzam%20water" title="Zamzam water">Zamzam water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20inhibitor" title=" corrosion inhibitor"> corrosion inhibitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20water" title=" rain water"> rain water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulated%20acid%20rain" title=" simulated acid rain"> simulated acid rain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14797/zamzam-water-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-steel-rebar-in-rainwater-and-simulated-acid-rain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">989</span> Classification of Precipitation Types Detected in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Badron">K. Badron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20F.%20Ismail"> A. F. Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20L.%20Asnawi"> A. L. Asnawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20F.%20A.%20Malik"> N. F. A. Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Z.%20Abidin"> S. Z. Abidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Dzulkifly"> S. Dzulkifly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The occurrences of precipitation, also commonly referred as rain, in the form of "convective" and "stratiform" have been identified to exist worldwide. In this study, the radar return echoes or known as reflectivity values acquired from radar scans have been exploited in the process of classifying the type of rain endured. The investigation use radar data from Malaysian Meteorology Department (MMD). It is possible to discriminate the types of rain experienced in tropical region by observing the vertical characteristics of the rain structure. .Heavy rain in tropical region profoundly affects radiowave signals, causing transmission interference and signal fading. Required wireless system fade margin depends on the type of rain. Information relating to the two mentioned types of rain is critical for the system engineers and researchers in their endeavour to improve the reliability of communication links. This paper highlights the quantification of percentage occurrences over one year period in 2009. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratiform" title="stratiform">stratiform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective" title=" convective"> convective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tropical%20region" title=" tropical region"> tropical region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation%20radar%20reflectivity" title=" attenuation radar reflectivity"> attenuation radar reflectivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11600/classification-of-precipitation-types-detected-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">988</span> Optimization of the Rain Harvest Using Multi-Purpose Valley Tanks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Hashad">Ahmad Hashad </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Valley tanks are a kind of rain harvest which is used as ground water storage to overcome drought seasons in some countries. This research displays the rain harvest evolution and introduces some ideas to develop the valley tanks to be more than water storage. These ideas developed the current valley tanks design to become an integrated renaissance project. The suggested design has some changes making it different than the traditional design of valley tanks. These changes allow for the new design to be more flexible for adding additional capacity, water purification units and water pumping units. The suggested valley tanks project will be designed based on studying the rainfall and evaporation rates, as well as land topography and designed agricultural map linked to seasons of rain and drought. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valley%20tanks" title="valley tanks">valley tanks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20harvest" title=" rain harvest"> rain harvest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatile%20nature" title=" volatile nature"> volatile nature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20renaissance%20project" title=" integrated renaissance project"> integrated renaissance project</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14152/optimization-of-the-rain-harvest-using-multi-purpose-valley-tanks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">987</span> Mobile Based Long Range Weather Prediction System for the Farmers of Rural Areas of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeeshan%20Muzammal">Zeeshan Muzammal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usama%20Latif"> Usama Latif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fouzia%20Younas"> Fouzia Younas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Muhammad%20Hassan"> Syed Muhammad Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Razaq"> Samia Razaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unexpected rainfall has always been an issue in the lifetime of crops and brings destruction for the farmers who harvest them. Unfortunately, Pakistan is one of the countries in which untimely rain impacts badly on crops like wash out of seeds and pesticides etc. Pakistan’s GDP is related to agriculture, especially in rural areas farmers sometimes quit farming because leverage of huge loss to their crops. Through our surveys and research, we came to know that farmers in the rural areas of Pakistan need rain information to avoid damages to their crops from rain. We developed a prototype using ICTs to inform the farmers about rain one week in advance. Our proposed solution has two ways of informing the farmers. In first we send daily messages about weekly prediction and also designed a helpline where they can call us to ask about possibility of rain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICTD" title="ICTD">ICTD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farmers" title=" farmers"> farmers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20based" title=" mobile based"> mobile based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20areas" title=" rural areas"> rural areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weather%20prediction" title=" weather prediction "> weather prediction </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60473/mobile-based-long-range-weather-prediction-system-for-the-farmers-of-rural-areas-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">572</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">986</span> Coalescence Cascade of Vertically-aligned Water Drops on a Super-hydrophobic Surface in Silicone Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Brik">M. Brik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Harmand"> S. Harmand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Zaaroura"> I. Zaaroura </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This report, an experimental investigation, concerns the sessile daughter drop remaining during the coalescence of water drops in a liquid-liquid (LL) system. The two drops are initially vertically aligned where the sessile drop is deposited on a chemically treated super-hydrophobic surface of a cube fill of silicone oil. In order to analyze the coalescence dynamics, a series of experiments have been performed using a generation droplets system (KRUSS) that measures contact angles as well coupled with a high-speed camera (Keyence VW-9000E) to record the process at a frame rate of 15000s-1. It’s depicted that in such configuration, the head drop volume has a primordial impact on the dynamics of the coalescence process, especially at the last stage. It’s found that for a sessile drop deposited on a super-hydrophobic surface, where the contact angle is about θ ≈ 145°, the coalescence process is remarked to be complete without any recoiling of the coalesced drop or a generation of a sessile daughter drop at the super-hydrophobic surface when the head drop volume is small enough (Vₐᵦ< Vₛ up to Vₐᵦ = 3Vₛ). On the other side, the coalescence process starts to be followed by jumping off the resulted drop as well as a remaining of a small sessile daughter drop on the bottom surface of the cube from a head drop volume Vₐᵦ of about 4 times than that of the sessile drop Vₛ. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drops%20coalescence" title="drops coalescence">drops coalescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersed%20multiphase%20flow" title=" dispersed multiphase flow"> dispersed multiphase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drops%20dynamics" title=" drops dynamics"> drops dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid-liquid%20system" title=" liquid-liquid system"> liquid-liquid system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137757/coalescence-cascade-of-vertically-aligned-water-drops-on-a-super-hydrophobic-surface-in-silicone-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">985</span> Development and Comparative Analysis of a New C-H Split and Recombine Micromixer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Viktorov">Vladimir Viktorov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Readul%20Mahmud"> Readul Mahmud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carmen%20Visconte"> Carmen Visconte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, a new passive micromixer based on SAR principle, combining the operation concepts of known Chain and H mixers, called C-H micromixer, is developed and studied. The efficiency and the pressure drop of the C-H mixer along with two known SAR passive mixers named Chain and Tear-drop were investigated numerically at Reynolds numbers up to 100, taking into account species transport. At the same time experimental tests of the Chain and Tear-drop mixers were carried out at low Reynolds number, in the 0.1≤Re≤4.2 range. Numerical and experimental results coincide considerably, which validate the numerical simulation approach. Results show that mixing efficiency of the Tear-drop mixer is good except at the middle range of Reynolds number but pressure drop is too high; conversely the Chain mixer has moderate pressure drop but relatively low mixing efficiency at low and middle Re numbers. Whereas, the C-H mixer gives excellent mixing efficiency at all range of Re numbers. In addition, the C-H mixer shows respectively about 3 and 2 times lower pressure drop than the Tear-drop mixer and the Chain mixer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title="CFD">CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micromixing" title=" micromixing"> micromixing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passive%20micromixer" title=" passive micromixer"> passive micromixer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAR" title=" SAR"> SAR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22531/development-and-comparative-analysis-of-a-new-c-h-split-and-recombine-micromixer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22531.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">984</span> Simulation Analysis of Optical Add Drop Multiplexer in a Ring Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surinder%20Singh">Surinder Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meenakshi"> Meenakshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper MZI-FBG based optical add drop multiplexer is designed and its performance is analyzed in the ring network. In the ring network nodes are composed of optical add drop multiplexer, transmitter and receiver. OADM is used to add or drop any frequency at intermediate nodes without affecting other channels. In this paper the performance of the ring network is carried out by varying various kinds of fiber with or without amplifiers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OADM" title="OADM">OADM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ring%20network" title=" ring network"> ring network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MZI-FBG" title=" MZI-FBG"> MZI-FBG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmitter" title=" transmitter "> transmitter </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15948/simulation-analysis-of-optical-add-drop-multiplexer-in-a-ring-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15948.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">574</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">983</span> Research Attitude: Its Factor Structure and Determinants in the Graduate Level</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janet%20Lynn%20S.%20Montemayor">Janet Lynn S. Montemayor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dropping survivability and rising drop-out rate in the graduate school is attributed to the demands that come along with research-related requirements. Graduate students tend to withdraw from their studies when confronted with such requirements. This act of succumbing to the challenge is primarily due to a negative mindset. An understanding of students’ view towards research is essential for teachers in facilitating research activities in the graduate school. This study aimed to develop a tool that accurately measures attitude towards research. Psychometric properties of the Research Attitude Inventory (RAIn) was assessed. A pool of items (k=50) was initially constructed and was administered to a development sample composed of Masters and Doctorate degree students (n=159). Results show that the RAIn is a reliable measure of research attitude (k=41, αmax = 0.894). Principal component analysis using orthogonal rotation with Kaiser normalization identified four underlying factors of research attitude, namely predisposition, purpose, perspective, and preparation. Research attitude among the respondents was analyzed using this measure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graduate%20education" title="graduate education">graduate education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principal%20component%20analysis" title=" principal component analysis"> principal component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20attitude" title=" research attitude"> research attitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scale%20development" title=" scale development"> scale development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82401/research-attitude-its-factor-structure-and-determinants-in-the-graduate-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">982</span> [Keynote Speech]: Experimental Study on the Effects of Water-in-Oil Emulsions to the Pressure Drop in Pipeline Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Dol">S. S. Dol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Chan"> M. S. Chan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20F.%20Wong"> S. F. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20S.%20Lim"> J. S. Lim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emulsion formation is unavoidable and can be detrimental to an oil field production. The presence of stable emulsions also reduces the quality of crude oil and causes more problems in the downstream refinery operations, such as corrosion and pipeline pressure drop. Hence, it is important to know the effects of emulsions in the pipeline. Light crude oil was used for the continuous phase in the W/O emulsions where the emulsions pass through a flow loop to test the pressure drop across the pipeline. The results obtained shows that pressure drop increases as water cut is increased until it peaks at the phase inversion of the W/O emulsion between 30% to 40% water cut. Emulsions produced by gradual constrictions show a lower stability as compared to sudden constrictions. Lower stability of emulsions in gradual constriction has the higher influence of pressure drop compared to a sudden sharp decrease in diameter in sudden constriction. Generally, sudden constriction experiences pressure drop of 0.013% to 0.067% higher than gradual constriction of the same ratio. Lower constriction ratio cases cause larger pressure drop ranging from 0.061% to 0.241%. Considering the higher profitability in lower emulsion stability and lower pressure drop at the developed flow region of different constrictions, an optimum design of constriction is found to be gradual constriction with a ratio of 0.5. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constriction" title="constriction">constriction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title=" pressure drop"> pressure drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulence" title=" turbulence"> turbulence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-in-oil%20emulsions" title=" water-in-oil emulsions"> water-in-oil emulsions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64500/keynote-speech-experimental-study-on-the-effects-of-water-in-oil-emulsions-to-the-pressure-drop-in-pipeline-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">981</span> Simulation Studies of Solid-Particle and Liquid-Drop Erosion of NiAl Alloy </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rong%20Liu">Rong Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuiying%20Chen"> Kuiying Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ju%20Chen"> Ju Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingrong%20Zhao"> Jingrong Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming%20Liang"> Ming Liang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article presents modeling studies of NiAl alloy under solid-particle erosion and liquid-drop erosion. In the solid particle erosion simulation, attention is paid to the oxide scale thickness variation on the alloy in high-temperature erosion environments. The erosion damage is assumed to be deformation wear and cutting wear mechanisms, incorporating the influence of the oxide scale on the eroded surface; thus the instantaneous oxide thickness is the result of synergetic effect of erosion and oxidation. For liquid-drop erosion, special interest is in investigating the effects of drop velocity and drop size on the damage of the target surface. The models of impact stress wave, mean depth of penetration, and maximum depth of erosion rate (Max DER) are employed to develop various maps for NiAl alloy, including target thickness vs. drop size (diameter), rate of mean depth of penetration (MDRP) vs. drop impact velocity, and damage threshold velocity (DTV) vs. drop size. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid-drop%20erosion" title="liquid-drop erosion">liquid-drop erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NiAl%20alloy" title=" NiAl alloy"> NiAl alloy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxide%20scale%20thickness" title=" oxide scale thickness"> oxide scale thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid-particle%20erosion" title=" solid-particle erosion"> solid-particle erosion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15516/simulation-studies-of-solid-particle-and-liquid-drop-erosion-of-nial-alloy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">575</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">980</span> Effect of Number of Baffles on Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Falavand%20Jozaei">A. Falavand Jozaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ghafouri"> A. Ghafouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mosavi%20Navaei"> M. Mosavi Navaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper for a given heat duty, study of number of baffles on pressure drop and heat transfer is considered in a STHX (Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger) with single segmental baffles. The effect of number of baffles from 9 to 52 baffles (baffle spacing variations from 4 to 24 inches) over OHTC (Overall Heat Hransfer Coefficient) to pressure drop ratio (U/Δp ratio). The results show that U/Δp ratio is low when baffle spacing is minimum (4 inches) because pressure drop is high; however, heat transfer coefficient is very significant. Then, with the increase of baffle spacing, pressure drop rapidly decreases and OHTC also decreases, but the decrease of OHTC is lower than pressure drop, so (U/Δp) ratio increases. After increasing baffles more than 12 inches, variation in pressure drop is gradual and approximately constant and OHTC decreases; Consequently, U/Δp ratio decreases again. If baffle spacing reaches to 24 inches, STHX will have minimum pressure drop, but OHTC decreases, so required heat transfer surface increases and U/Δp ratio decreases. After baffle spacing more than 12 inches, variation of shell side pressure drop is negligible. So optimum baffle spacing is suggested between 8 to 12 inches (43 to 63 percent of inside shell diameter) for a sufficient heat duty and low pressure drop. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shell%20and%20tube%20heat%20exchanger" title="shell and tube heat exchanger">shell and tube heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20segmental%20baffle" title=" single segmental baffle"> single segmental baffle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overall%20heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title=" overall heat transfer coefficient"> overall heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title=" pressure drop"> pressure drop</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18303/effect-of-number-of-baffles-on-pressure-drop-and-heat-transfer-in-a-shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">546</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">979</span> Evaluation of Satellite and Radar Rainfall Product over Seyhan Plain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaz%C4%B1m%20Kaba">Kazım Kaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdem%20Erdi"> Erdem Erdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Akif%20Erdo%C4%9Fan"> M. Akif Erdoğan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mustafa%20Kand%C4%B1rmaz"> H. Mustafa Kandırmaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rainfall is crucial data source for very different discipline such as agriculture, hydrology and climate. Therefore rain rate should be known well both spatial and temporal for any area. Rainfall is measured by using rain-gauge at meteorological ground stations traditionally for many years. At the present time, rainfall products are acquired from radar and satellite images with a temporal and spatial continuity. In this study, we investigated the accuracy of these rainfall data according to rain-gauge data. For this purpose, we used Adana-Hatay radar hourly total precipitation product (RN1) and Meteosat convective rainfall rate (CRR) product over Seyhan plain. We calculated daily rainfall values from RN1 and CRR hourly precipitation products. We used the data of rainy days of four stations located within range of the radar from October 2013 to November 2015. In the study, we examined two rainfall data over Seyhan plain and the correlation between the rain-gauge data and two raster rainfall data was observed lowly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meteosat" title="meteosat">meteosat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radar" title=" radar"> radar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain-gauge" title=" rain-gauge"> rain-gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61709/evaluation-of-satellite-and-radar-rainfall-product-over-seyhan-plain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">978</span> Evaluation of IMERG Performance at Estimating the Rainfall Properties through Convective and Stratiform Rain Events in a Semi-Arid Region of Mexico</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Mu%C3%B1oz%20de%20la%20Torre">Eric Muñoz de la Torre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juli%C3%A1n%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Trinidad"> Julián González Trinidad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efr%C3%A9n%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Ram%C3%ADrez"> Efrén González Ramírez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rain varies greatly in its duration, intensity, and spatial coverage, it is important to have sub-daily rainfall data for various applications, including risk prevention. However, the ground measurements are limited by the low and irregular density of rain gauges. An alternative to this problem are the Satellite Precipitation Products (SPPs) that use passive microwave and infrared sensors to estimate rainfall, as IMERG, however, these SPPs have to be validated before their application. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the IMERG: Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurament final run V06B SPP in a semi-arid region of Mexico, using 4 automatic rain gauges (pluviographs) sub-daily data of October 2019 and June to September 2021, using the Minimum inter-event Time (MIT) criterion to separate unique rain events with a dry period of 10 hrs. for the purpose of evaluating the rainfall properties (depth, duration and intensity). Point to pixel analysis, continuous, categorical, and volumetric statistical metrics were used. Results show that IMERG is capable to estimate the rainfall depth with a slight overestimation but is unable to identify the real duration and intensity of the rain events, showing large overestimations and underestimations, respectively. The study zone presented 80 to 85 % of convective rain events, the rest were stratiform rain events, classified by the depth magnitude variation of IMERG pixels and pluviographs. IMERG showed poorer performance at detecting the first ones but had a good performance at estimating stratiform rain events that are originated by Cold Fronts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMERG" title="IMERG">IMERG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20gauge" title=" rain gauge"> rain gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20evaluation" title=" statistical evaluation"> statistical evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176595/evaluation-of-imerg-performance-at-estimating-the-rainfall-properties-through-convective-and-stratiform-rain-events-in-a-semi-arid-region-of-mexico" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">977</span> Effect of Drop Impact Behavior on Spray Retention</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassina%20Hafida%20Boukhalfa">Hassina Hafida Boukhalfa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathieu%20Massinon"> Mathieu Massinon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fr%C3%A9deric%20Lebeau"> Fréderic Lebeau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Belhamra"> Mohamed Belhamra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drop behaviour during impact affects retention. The increase of adhesion is usually seen as the objective when applying crop protection products, while bouncing and shattering are seen as detrimental to spray retention. However, observation of drop impacts using high speed shadow graphy shows that fragmentation can occur in Wenzel wetting regime. In this case, a part of the drop sticks on the surface, what contributes to retention. Using simultaneous measurements of drop impacts with high speed imaging and of retention with fluorometry for 3 spray mixtures on excised barley leaves allowed us to observe that about 50% of the drops fragmented in Wenzel state remain on the leaf. Depending on spray mixture, these impact outcomes accounted for 25 to 50% of retention, the higher contribution being correlated with bigger VMD (Volume Median Diameter). This contribution is non-negligible and should be considered when a modelling of spray retention process is performed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20impact" title="drop impact">drop impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retention" title=" retention"> retention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluorometry" title=" fluorometry"> fluorometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20imaging" title=" high speed imaging"> high speed imaging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47237/effect-of-drop-impact-behavior-on-spray-retention" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">976</span> Chaotic Analysis of Acid Rains with Times Series of pH Degree, Nitrate and Sulphate Concentration on Wet Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysegul%20Sener">Aysegul Sener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gonca%20Tuncel%20Memis"> Gonca Tuncel Memis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirac%20Kamislioglu"> Mirac Kamislioglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chaos theory is one of the new paradigms of science since the last century. After determining chaos in the weather systems by Edward Lorenz the popularity of the theory was increased. Chaos is observed in many natural systems and studies continue to defect chaos to other natural systems. Acid rain is one of the environmental problems that have negative effects on environment and acid rains values are monitored continuously. In this study, we aim that analyze the chaotic behavior of acid rains in Turkey with the chaotic defecting approaches. The data of pH degree of rain waters, concentration of sulfate and nitrate data of wet rain water samples in the rain collecting stations which are located in different regions of Turkey are provided by Turkish State Meteorology Service. Lyapunov exponents, reconstruction of the phase space, power spectrums are used in this study to determine and predict the chaotic behaviors of acid rains. As a result of the analysis it is found that acid rain time series have positive Lyapunov exponents and wide power spectrums and chaotic behavior is observed in the acid rain time series. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20rains" title="acid rains">acid rains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title=" chaos"> chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaotic%20analysis" title=" chaotic analysis"> chaotic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lypapunov%20exponents" title=" Lypapunov exponents"> Lypapunov exponents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105814/chaotic-analysis-of-acid-rains-with-times-series-of-ph-degree-nitrate-and-sulphate-concentration-on-wet-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">975</span> Resilience Perspective on Response Strategies for Super-Standard Rain and Flood Disasters: A Case Study of the “Zhengzhou 7.20 Heavy Rain” Event</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luojie%20Tang">Luojie Tang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article takes the "7.20 Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou" as a starting point, collects relevant disaster data, reproduces the entire process of the disaster, and identifies the main problems exposed by the city in responding to super-standard rain and flood disasters. Based on the review of resilience theory, the article proposes a shift in thinking about the response to super-standard rain and flood disasters from the perspective of resilience, clarifies the differences in the emphasis on resilience at different stages of disasters, and preliminarily constructs a response system for super-standard rain and flood disasters based on the guidance of resilience theory. Finally, combined with the highlighted problems in the 7.20 Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou, the article proposes targeted response strategies from three perspectives: institutional management, technological support, and infrastructure, under the perspective of resilience. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilient%20city" title="resilient city">resilient city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exceedance-based%20stormwater%20management" title=" exceedance-based stormwater management"> exceedance-based stormwater management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20risk%20reduction" title=" disaster risk reduction"> disaster risk reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=megalopolis" title=" megalopolis"> megalopolis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165248/resilience-perspective-on-response-strategies-for-super-standard-rain-and-flood-disasters-a-case-study-of-the-zhengzhou-720-heavy-rain-event" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">974</span> Functional Electrical Stimulator and Neuromuscular Electro Stimulator System Analysis for Foot Drop</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCl%20Fatma%20T%C3%BCrker">Gül Fatma Türker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatice%20Akman"> Hatice Akman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Portable muscle stimulators for real-time applications has first introduced by Liberson in 1961. Now these systems has been advanced. In this study, FES (Functional Electrical Stimulator) and NMES (Neuromuscular Electrostimulator) systems are analyzed through their hardware and their quality of life improvements for foot drop patients. FES and NMES systems are used for people whose leg muscles and leg neural connections are healty but not able to walk properly because of their injured central nervous system like spinal cord injuries. These systems are used to stimulate neurons or muscles by getting information from other movements and programming these stimulations to get natural walk and it is accepted as a rehabilitation method for the correction of drop foot. This systems support person to approach natural form of walking. Foot drop is characterized by steppage gait. It is a gait abnormality. This systems helps to person for plantar and dorse reflection movements which are hard to done for foot drop patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FES" title="FES">FES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foot%20drop" title=" foot drop"> foot drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NMES" title=" NMES"> NMES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stimulator" title=" stimulator"> stimulator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48613/functional-electrical-stimulator-and-neuromuscular-electro-stimulator-system-analysis-for-foot-drop" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">973</span> 'Call Drop': A Problem for Handover Minimizing the Call Drop Probability Using Analytical and Statistical Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anshul%20Gupta">Anshul Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Shankar"> T. Shankar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we had analyzed the call drop to provide a good quality of service to user. By optimizing it we can increase the coverage area and also the reduction of interference and congestion created in a network. Basically handover is the transfer of call from one cell site to another site during a call. Here we have analyzed the whole network by two method-statistic model and analytic model. In statistic model we have collected all the data of a network during busy hour and normal 24 hours and in analytic model we have the equation through which we have to find the call drop probability. By avoiding unnecessary handovers we can increase the number of calls per hour. The most important parameter is co-efficient of variation on which the whole paper discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coefficient%20of%20variation" title="coefficient of variation">coefficient of variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean" title=" mean"> mean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard%20deviation" title=" standard deviation"> standard deviation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=call%20drop%20probability" title=" call drop probability"> call drop probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=handover" title=" handover"> handover</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10404/call-drop-a-problem-for-handover-minimizing-the-call-drop-probability-using-analytical-and-statistical-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10404.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">972</span> Effects of Convective Momentum Transport on the Cyclones Intensity: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Davi%20Oliveira%20De%20Moura">José Davi Oliveira De Moura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chou%20Sin%20Chan"> Chou Sin Chan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effect of convective momentum transport (CMT) on the life of cyclone systems and their organization is analyzed. A case of strong precipitation, in the southeast of Brazil, was simulated using Eta model with two kinds of convective parameterization: Kain-Fritsch without CMT and Kain-fritsch with CMT. Reanalysis data from CFSR were used to compare Eta model simulations. The Wind, mean sea level pressure, rain and temperature are included in analysis. The rain was evaluated by Equitable Threat Score (ETS) and Bias Index; the simulations were compared among themselves to detect the influence of CMT displacement on the systems. The result shows that CMT process decreases the intensity of meso cyclones (higher pressure values on nuclei) and change the positions and production of rain. The decrease of intensity in meso cyclones should be caused by the dissolution of momentum from lower levels from up levels. The rain production and rain distribution were altered because the displacement of the larger systems scales was changed. In addition, the inclusion of CMT process is very important to improve the simulation of life time of meteorological systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title="convection">convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kain-Fritsch" title=" Kain-Fritsch"> Kain-Fritsch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=momentum" title=" momentum"> momentum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameterization" title=" parameterization"> parameterization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63535/effects-of-convective-momentum-transport-on-the-cyclones-intensity-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63535.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">971</span> Vaporization of a Single N-Pentane Liquid Drop in a Flowing Immiscible Liquid Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hameed%20B.%20Mahood">Hameed B. Mahood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Sh.%20Baqir"> Ali Sh. Baqir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vaporization of a single n-pentane drop in a direct contact with another flowing immiscible liquid (warm water) has been experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out utilising a cylindrical Perspex tube of diameter 10 cm and height and 150 cm. Saturated liquid n-pentane and warm water at 45oC were used as the dispersed and continuous phases, respectively. Photron FASTCAM SA 1.1high speed camera (75,000f/s) with software V. 321 was implemented during the experiments. Five different continuous phase flow rates (warm water) (10, 20, 30, 40, and 46 L⁄h) were used in the study. The results indicated that the increase of the continuous phase (warm water) flow rate results in increasing of the drop/bubble diameter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20evaporation" title="drop evaporation">drop evaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20contact%20heat%20transfer" title=" direct contact heat transfer"> direct contact heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%2Fbubble%20growth" title=" drop/bubble growth"> drop/bubble growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20technique" title=" experimental technique"> experimental technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56753/vaporization-of-a-single-n-pentane-liquid-drop-in-a-flowing-immiscible-liquid-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">970</span> 3D Model of Rain-Wind Induced Vibration of Inclined Cable</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viet-Hung%20Truong">Viet-Hung Truong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Eock%20Kim"> Seung-Eock Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rain–wind induced vibration of inclined cable is a special aerodynamic phenomenon because it is easily influenced by many factors, especially the distribution of rivulet and wind velocity. This paper proposes a new 3D model of inclined cable, based on single degree-of-freedom model. Aerodynamic forces are firstly established and verified with the existing results from a 2D model. The 3D model of inclined cable is developed. The 3D model is then applied to assess the effects of wind velocity distribution and the continuity of rivulets on the cable. Finally, an inclined cable model with small sag is investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20model" title="3D model">3D model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20-%20wind%20induced%20vibration" title=" rain - wind induced vibration"> rain - wind induced vibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rivulet" title=" rivulet"> rivulet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20model" title=" analytical model"> analytical model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24366/3d-model-of-rain-wind-induced-vibration-of-inclined-cable" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">969</span> The Effect of Soil Surface Slope on Splash Distribution under Water Drop Impact</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Aissa">H. Aissa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Mouzai"> L. Mouzai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Bouhadef"> M. Bouhadef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of down slope steepness on soil splash distribution under a water drop impact have been investigated in this study. The equipment used are the burette to simulate a water drop, a splash cup filled with sandy soil which forms the source area and a splash board to collect the ejected particles. The results found in this study have shown that the apparent mass increased with increasing downslope angle following a linear regression equation with high coefficient of determination. In the same way, the radial soil splash distribution over the distance has been analyzed statistically, and an exponential function was the best fit of the relationship for the different slope angles. The curves and the regressions equations validate the well known FSDF and extend the theory of Van Dijk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splash%20distribution" title="splash distribution">splash distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20drop" title=" water drop"> water drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20steepness" title=" slope steepness"> slope steepness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20detachment" title=" soil detachment"> soil detachment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10476/the-effect-of-soil-surface-slope-on-splash-distribution-under-water-drop-impact" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">968</span> Effect of Testing Device Calibration on Liquid Limit Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20O.%20Bayram">M. O. Bayram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20B.%20Gencdal"> H. B. Gencdal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20O.%20Fercan"> N. O. Fercan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Basbug"> B. Basbug</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Liquid limit, which is used as a measure of soil strength, can be detected by Casagrande and fall-cone testing methods. The two methods majorly diverge from each other in terms of operator dependency. The Casagrande method that is applied according to ASTM D4318-17 standards may give misleading results, especially if the calibration process is not performed well. To reveal the effect of calibration for drop height and amount of soil paste placement in the Casagrande cup, a series of tests were carried out by multipoint method as it is specified in the ASTM standards. The tests include the combination of 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, and 12 mm drop heights and under-filled, half-filled, and full-filled Casagrande cups by kaolinite samples. It was observed that during successive tests, the drop height of the cup deteriorated; hence the device was recalibrated before and after each test to provide the accuracy of the results. Besides, the tests by under-filled and full-filled samples for higher drop heights revealed lower liquid limit values than the lower drop heights revealed. For the half-filled samples, it was clearly seen that the liquid limit values didn’t change at all as the drop height increased, and this explains the function of standard specifications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calibration" title="calibration">calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=casagrande%20cup%20method" title=" casagrande cup method"> casagrande cup method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20height" title=" drop height"> drop height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaolinite" title=" kaolinite"> kaolinite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20limit" title=" liquid limit"> liquid limit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=placing%20form" title=" placing form"> placing form</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151571/effect-of-testing-device-calibration-on-liquid-limit-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151571.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">967</span> Liquid Bridges in a Complex Geometry: Microfluidic Drop Manipulation Inside a Wedge</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Baratian">D. Baratian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Cavalli"> A. Cavalli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20van%20den%20Ende"> D. van den Ende</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Mugele"> F. Mugele </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The morphology of liquid bridges inside complex geometries is the subject of interest for many years. These efforts try to find stable liquid configuration considering the boundary condition and the physical properties of the system. On the other hand precise manipulation of droplets is highly significant in many microfluidic applications. The liquid configuration in a complex geometry can be switched by means of external stimuli. We show manipulation of droplets in a wedge structure. The profile and position of a drop in a wedge geometry has been calculated analytically assuming negligible contact angle hysteresis. The characteristic length of liquid bridge and its interfacial tension inside the surrounding medium along with the geometrical parameters of the system determine the morphology and equilibrium position of drop in the system. We use electrowetting to modify one the governing parameters to manipulate the droplet. Electrowetting provides the capability to have precise control on the drop position through tuning the voltage and consequently changing the contact angle. This technique is employed to tune drop displacement and control its position inside the wedge. Experiments demonstrate precise drop movement to its predefined position inside the wedge geometry. Experimental results show promising consistency as it is compared to our geometrical model predictions. For such a drop manipulation, appealing applications in microfluidics have been considered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20bridges" title="liquid bridges">liquid bridges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfluidics" title=" microfluidics"> microfluidics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20manipulation" title=" drop manipulation"> drop manipulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetting" title=" wetting"> wetting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrowetting" title=" electrowetting"> electrowetting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capillarity" title=" capillarity "> capillarity </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23905/liquid-bridges-in-a-complex-geometry-microfluidic-drop-manipulation-inside-a-wedge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23905.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=33">33</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=34">34</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20drop&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>