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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الهولوكوست في ألبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهولوكوست في ألبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniyada_holokost" title="Albaniyada holokost – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albaniyada holokost" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هولوکاست در آلبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هولوکاست در آلبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah_en_Albanie" title="Shoah en Albanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shoah en Albanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հոլոքոստն Ալբանիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլոքոստն Ալբանիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaus_di_Albania" title="Holokaus di Albania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Holokaus di Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olocausto_in_Albania" title="Olocausto in Albania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olocausto in Albania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="שואת יהודי אלבניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שואת יהודי אלבניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჰოლოკოსტი ალბანეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოლოკოსტი ალბანეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaustas_Albanijoje" title="Holokaustas Albanijoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Holokaustas Albanijoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Холокаустот во Албанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холокаустот во Албанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="البانيا کې د يهودو ټولوژنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البانيا کې د يهودو ټولوژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaustul_%C3%AEn_Albania" title="Holocaustul în Albania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Holocaustul în Albania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Холокост в Албании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холокост в Албании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausti_n%C3%AB_Shqip%C3%ABri" title="Holokausti në Shqipëri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holokausti në Shqipëri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Холокауст у Албанији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холокауст у Албанији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutluk%27ta_Holokost" title="Arnavutluk'ta Holokost – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutluk'ta Holokost" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Голокост в Албанії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голокост в Албанії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_%E1%BB%9F_Albania" title="Holocaust ở Albania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Holocaust ở Albania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4499389#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defenders</th><td class="infobox-data">Local <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian population</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(of which 75 recognized by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>)</span> and defective <a href="/wiki/Albanian_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian fascist">Albanian fascist</a> authorities</td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> saw crimes committed against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a> while Albania was under <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)">German</a> occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Throughout the war, nearly 2,000 Jews sought refuge in Albania-proper. Most of these <a href="/wiki/Jewish_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish refugee">Jewish refugees</a> were treated well by the local population, despite the fact that Albania-proper was occupied first by <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, and then by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Albanians often sheltered Jewish refugees in mountain villages and transported them to <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> ports from where they fled to Italy. Other Jews joined resistance movements throughout the country. </p><p>For the 500 Jews who lived in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, the experience was starkly different, and about 40 percent did not survive the war. With the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">surrender of Italy</a> in September 1943, Germany occupied Albania. In 1944, an Albanian <i><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i> division, the <a href="/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg" title="21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg">21st <i>Waffen</i> Mountain Division of the SS <i>Skanderbeg</i></a> was formed, which arrested and handed over to the Germans 281 Jews from Kosovo who were subsequently deported to the <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>, where many were killed. In late 1944, the Germans were driven out of Albania-proper and the country became a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> state under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>. Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces in the Albanian-annexed regions of Kosovo and western <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>, who subsequently reincorporated these areas into <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>Approximately 600 Jews were killed in Axis-occupied Albania during the Holocaust. In Albania-proper, five Jews from the same family were killed by the Germans, the only native Jews to be killed there over the course of the war. Albania-proper emerged from the war with a population of Jews eleven times greater than at the beginning, numbering around 1,800. Most of these subsequently emigrated to Israel. Several hundred remained in Albania until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">fall of Communism</a> in the early 1990s before doing the same. There is no academic consensus as to why Jewish survival rates in Albania-proper differed so drastically from those in Kosovo. Some scholars have argued that the traditional code of honour known as <i><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">besa</a></i>, an important part of the culture of Albania-proper, played a role. Other academics have suggested the cause was the relative lenience of the Italian occupying authorities in 1941–1943, Germany's failure to seek out Jews in Albania-proper in 1943–1944 as thoroughly as they had in other countries, and also the Kosovo Albanians' distrust of foreigners. As of 2018, 75 citizens of Albania had been recognized by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> as <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Ottoman_period">Post-Ottoman period</h3></div> <p>According to the Albanian census of 1930, 24 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(1928%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Albania (1928–39)">Albania</a>. In 1937, the Jewish community, which then numbered nearly 300, was granted official recognition in the country by King <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">Zog</a>. Before the war, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albanian Jews</a> predominantly lived in the southern part of the country, mostly in the city of <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, which had been approximately one-third Jewish in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheib_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheib-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish community in Albanian-majority <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, part of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, numbered approximately 500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> era, Albanian national ideology had developed in such a way that it claimed affiliation with no one religion and aimed for reconciliation among the various faiths in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings200261–62_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings200261–62-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Albania's independence in 1912, the country's government began implementing an ideology of religious reconciliation, and this became marked under Zog's rule, when the equality of "all faiths" was codified and greater religious diversity promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–101_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–101-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s, the Jewish community became increasingly integrated into Albanian society, with official government recognition on 2 April 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zog went further and aided Jewish immigration to Albania and helped the integration of new Jewish arrivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–97_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–97-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Bernstein" title="Herman Bernstein">Herman Bernstein</a>, the American ambassador to Albania, who was Jewish himself, remarked that Jews were not discriminated against in the country because it "happens to be one of the rare lands in Europe today where religious prejudice and hate do not exist".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of Nazism, a number of <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Jews">Austrian Jews</a> took refuge in Albania, and the Albanian embassy in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> continued to issue <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visas</a> to Jews until the end of 1938, at a time when no other European country was willing to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010218_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010218-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernstein played a critical role in persuading the Albanian government to continue issuing Jews tourist and transit visas. From 1933 onward, Bernstein's efforts resulted in many Jews escaping from Germany and Austria as the Nazi Party consolidated power, some of whom used Albania as a transit point from which to escape to the United States, Turkey, or South America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–97_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–97-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_occupation">Italian occupation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg/180px-Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg/270px-Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg/360px-Ahmet-Zogu-1895---1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">Zog</a> was deposed as Albania's ruler following the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> in April 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The least-developed country in Europe, Albania was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> economic and political hegemony throughout the 1930s. On 25 March 1939, Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> delivered Zog an ultimatum, demanding the acceptance of an Italian military <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> over Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200730–31_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200730–31-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zog refused, and on 7 April, Italy <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Albania">invaded</a> Albania and deposed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199921–57_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199921–57-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">quisling</a> government was installed shortly thereafter, headed by Albania's wealthiest and most powerful landowner, <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci" title="Shefqet Vërlaci">Shefqet Vërlaci</a>. Also formed was an Albanian "national assembly", which quickly voted in favour of an economic and political union with Italy, thereby making the country an Italian <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200731_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200731-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of viceroy general <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Jacomoni" title="Francesco Jacomoni">Francesco Jacomoni</a>, the Italian occupational authorities implemented laws that prohibited Jewish immigration to Albania, and mandated the deportation of all foreign Jews living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201326_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201326-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a month of the Italian occupation, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Partia Fashiste e Shqipërisë</i>, or PFSh) was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin2008102_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008102-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enacted laws that prevented Jews from joining it, and excluded them from professions such as education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201097_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201097-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composed of ethnic Albanians and Italians residing in Albania,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199945–46_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199945–46-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the party existed as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascist Party">Italian Fascist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Partito Nazionale Fascista</i>, or PNF) and its members were required to swear an oath of loyalty to Mussolini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin2008102_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008102-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Albanian civil servants were required to join and it became the only legal political party in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200731_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200731-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> progressed, Italy permitted occupied Albania to annex adjacent Albanian-inhabited territories to form <a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a>, a protectorate of Italy that included most of Kosovo and a portion of western Macedonia, which had been detached from Yugoslavia after the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> powers <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded</a> that country in April 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although officially under Italian rule, the Albanians in Kosovo were given control of the region and were encouraged to open Albanian schools, which had been prohibited under Yugoslav rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah200227–28_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200227–28-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also given Albanian citizenship by the Italian authorities, and permitted to fly the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">flag of Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006141_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006141-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians stationed hundreds of thousands of soldiers in Greater Albania. Approximately 20,000 Italian soldiers and 5,000 policemen and frontier guards were stationed in Kosovo alone. An additional 12,000 soldiers and 5,000 policemen and border guards were stationed in the Albanian-annexed areas of modern-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001152_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001152-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian occupational authorities warned that at least ten hostages would be shot for every Italian soldier killed or wounded in the occupied Yugoslav territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodogno2006345_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno2006345-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939–1943"><span id="1939.E2.80.931943"></span>1939–1943</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WannseeList.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/WannseeList.jpg/200px-WannseeList.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/WannseeList.jpg/300px-WannseeList.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/WannseeList.jpg/400px-WannseeList.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>A list of European Jews compiled at the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> in January 1942. Albania is listed as having 200 Jews.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the invasion of Yugoslavia, the Jewish community in Greater Albania grew as Jews from Macedonia and northern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish refugees">Jewish refugees</a> from Germany, Austria, and Poland, came to Italian-controlled, Albanian-annexed Kosovo and settled in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1evac" class="mw-redirect" title="Uroševac">Uroševac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 1,000 refugees arrived, attributed by German sources to a Jewish organization which was responsible for smuggling Jews into the country. The refugees did not experience persecution at the level that Jews were experiencing in the German-controlled territories, because the Italians considered them to be of economic importance and "representative of Italian interests abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodogno2006387_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno2006387-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians did arrest approximately 150 Jewish refugees and transfer them to the town of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, in Albania-proper, where they were given a chance to work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also arrested were 192 Jews from the Italian-annexed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, who were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> in Albania-proper on 27/28 July 1941. They were subsequently transferred to camps in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001597_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001597-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of Albania-proper was very protective of the Jewish refugees. Many were transported to Albanian ports on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> from where they could travel to Italy. Others hid in remote mountain villages, while some joined resistance movements across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of Jews received false documents from the Albanian authorities and were smuggled to Albania to safety. On other occasions, Jews were transferred to Albania-proper under the false pretext that they had <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and needed hospital treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010144–145_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010144–145-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of viceroy general <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Jacomoni" title="Francesco Jacomoni">Francesco Jacomoni</a>, the Italian administration implemented laws that prohibited Jewish immigration to Greater Albania, and mandated the deportation of all foreign Jews in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201326_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201326-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these laws were implemented in a half-hearted manner, as evidenced by the fact that no Jews were deported under them, and while leaving the country became more difficult, immigration of foreign Jews to Greater Albania continued apace. When Jews were found crossing the border, they were usually released by the Albanian authorities to find shelter among local families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200798_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200798-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On some occasions, they were robbed and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1942, the Germans estimated at the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> that Albania-proper was inhabited by 200 Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAradGutmanMargaliot1999254_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAradGutmanMargaliot1999254-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That month, Jews were interned by the Italians at a camp in Pristina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201338_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201338-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they feared that they would be handed over to the Germans, the camp's Italian commander promised that this would never happen. On 14 March 1942, the Italians blockaded the camp and arrested the Jews that had been detained there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty-one were handed over to the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010144–145_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010144–145-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were subsequently transported to the <a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište concentration camp</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, together with <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, were taken to a camp in Berat, where they were held until Italy's capitulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201338_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201338-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 500 Jews were interned at the camps in Berat, <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kavaj%C3%AB" title="Kavajë">Kavajë</a> during the Italian occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201327_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201327-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943–1945"><span id="1943.E2.80.931945"></span>1943–1945</h3></div> <p>When Italy <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">surrendered</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in September 1943, all concentration camps in Greater Albania were dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, the Germans invaded and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)">occupied</a> Greater Albania, and most of the Italian soldiers stationed in the country surrendered to the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers1999152_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1999152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German occupational authorities then began to target for extermination all of the Jews living in Albania-proper and the Albanian-dominated regions of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes200994_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes200994-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish community in western Macedonia, which had remained untouched under Italian occupation, was targeted and several groups of Jews were dispatched to extermination camps. Their property and belongings were later expropriated by multiple institutions, as well as by individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001712_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel2001712-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans arranged for Greater Albania's collaborationist government to be reorganized shortly after occupying the country. On 15 September, the Albanian National Committee was established under German sponsorship. It governed until a regency council was established and recognized by Germany as the country's official government on 3 November. <a href="/wiki/Xhafer_Deva" title="Xhafer Deva">Xhafer Deva</a>, a Kosovo Albanian collaborator and German ally, was then appointed the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_Affairs_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Interior Affairs (Albania)">Minister of Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001152_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001152-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deva subsequently founded the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Prizren" title="Second League of Prizren">Second League of Prizren</a> in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201097_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201097-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreseeing the arrival of German troops, beginning in September 1943, the Jews of Albania-proper fled the cities and hid in the countryside, where they were concealed by rural Albanians. Some Jews feigned conversion to either Christianity or Islam while still maintaining a Jewish identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafa201738_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafa201738-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a new administration in place, the Germans demanded that the Albanian authorities provide them with lists of Jews to be deported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local authorities did not comply, and even provided Jewish families with forged documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECama_27_December_2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECama_27_December_2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1944, the German occupational authorities again demanded that Albanian officials produce a list of all the Jews living in the country. Two local Jewish leaders subsequently approached Albania's collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mehdi Frashëri">Mehdi Frashëri</a>, for assistance. Frashëri referred them to Deva, who had both a reputation for protecting Jews, as well as for ordering gratuitous acts of violence against his political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafa201739_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafa201739-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deva reportedly told the Jewish delegates that he already possessed a list of Jews living in Albania-proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafa201739_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafa201739-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused to hand the list over to the Germans and rejected their requests to gather all the country's Jews in one place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deva informed the Germans that he would not provide them with such a list because such demands constituted "interference in Albanian affairs". Shortly thereafter, Deva informed the leaders of the Jewish community that he had successfully refused the German request. In June 1944, the Germans once again demanded that the Albanian collaborationist government produce a list of the country's Jews and the Albanian authorities refused once more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafa201740_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafa201740-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation in Kosovo was quite different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010219_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010219-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Deva began recruiting Kosovo Albanians to join the <i><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1999215_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1999215-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg_(1st_Albanian)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)">21st <i>Waffen</i> Mountain Division</a>, nicknamed <i>Skanderbeg</i>, was formed on 1 May 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger199221_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger199221-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 May,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201327_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201327-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the division raided Jewish homes in Pristina, arrested 281 native and foreign Jews, and handed them over to the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1999187_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1999187-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah200229_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200229-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 June, 249 of these Jews were taken to the <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> concentration camp, where many were murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201327–28_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201327–28-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 2,000 Jews sought refuge in Greater Albania during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECama_27_December_2012_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECama_27_December_2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Jews who successfully used Greater Albania for transit is difficult to estimate because of the clandestine nature of the rescue networks, but estimates range between 600 and 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200797_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200797-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 210 Kosovo Jews were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199683_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199683-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents a fatality rate of about 40 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010144–145_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010144–145-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 600 Jews were killed in all the Albanian-controlled territories over the course of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartrop201716_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop201716-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 177 of these were murdered at Bergen-Belsen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201328_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201328-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A somewhat greater number survived the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel20011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueurBaumel20011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtually all of the native Jews in Albania-proper survived the Holocaust, as did almost all the foreign Jews who sought refuge there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only native Jews killed in Albania-proper were five members of the Ardet family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2000113_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2000113-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sixth family member survived the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERozettSpector2013104_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERozettSpector2013104-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Albania-proper was one of the only Axis-occupied European countries where the majority of Jews were saved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2></div> <p>Opinions differ among scholars, as well as in public discourse, with regard to how to interpret the high survival rate of Jews in Albania-proper, as well as the stark contrast in survival rates in Albania-proper and Kosovo. Some experts have attributed the "exceptional difference" in Albania-proper to the <i><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">besa</a></i>, a traditional code of honour that was an important part of the culture of the Albanian highlands. The <i>besa</i> obligated Albanians to provide shelter and safe passage for anyone seeking protection, especially if they had sworn to do so. Failure to provide safe passage would result in a loss of prestige. Testimony from Jewish survivors, as well as from Albanian rescuers, has shown that many individual rescuers justified their actions by citing the <i>besa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger_18_November_2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, Albanian historiography has also emphasized the role of the <i>besa</i>, as well as other Albanian cultural values present at the turn of the century, to explain the high survival rate. The <i>besa</i> hypothesis has also been espoused by multiple foreign scholars. It has since come under criticism as an "almost folk explication" that is in fact "thoroughly limited", according to the historian Monika Stafa, who argues that "Albanian popular virtues" on their own could not possibly have successfully resisted the power of Nazi Germany's almost mathematical execution of its racial philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafa201738_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafa201738-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stafa argues that the high rate of survival must also be attributed to a more complicated combination of factors. She cites the failure of the German occupational authorities to acquire detailed lists of Jews living in Albania-proper, the inaction of the Italian occupational authorities, as well as individual altruism, especially by individuals in positions of power. Stafa stresses the importance of the repeated refusal of the Albanian collaborationist authorities to hand over to the Germans a list of the country's Jews, noting that across Europe, the obstruction of German attempts to obtain comprehensive lists was associated with a 10 percent increase in a country's Jewish survival rate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafa201738–40_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafa201738–40-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kosovo differed from Albania-proper in that the Germans managed to obtain lists of Jews, despite efforts by some Kosovo Albanian officials to prevent this. Fischer notes that the Germans acquiesced to the Albanian collaborationist government's refusal to hand over the lists because they wished to maintain the appearance that Germany was allowing Albania "relative independence". He also attributes the lack of an organized German effort to hunt down local Jews to this policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200799_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200799-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kosovo Albanians tended to be more hostile towards foreigners, an attitude that the Professor Paul Mojzes attributes to the Albanian–Serbian conflict and persecution suffered at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. As a result, most Kosovo Albanians welcomed the defeat and partitioning of Yugoslavia, and were particularly grateful to any power that offered them their "dream of Greater Albania" and opportunities to "settle scores" with the local Serb population. Mojzes attributes the protection Jews received in Kosovo in the early years of the war to the relatively lenient attitude of the Italian occupational authorities rather than to the efforts of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Albania-proper, Mojzes argues that <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> was not widespread because there were very few Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194–95_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201194–95-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stafa, anti-Semitic legislation was often not enacted in Albania-proper by the Italian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafa201736–37_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafa201736–37-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fischer notes that when anti-Semitic legislation was adopted, as it was in 1940, it was applied in a half-hearted way. He also states that Jews felt little need to hide their identities during the Italian period, and even celebrated their traditional holidays in public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200798–99_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200798–99-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fischer instead attributes the Albanians' relative tolerance towards the Jews to "deeper religious tolerance" that was encouraged by Albania-proper's religious diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2007101_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2007101-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holocaust_Memorial_Tirana_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Holocaust_Memorial_Tirana_2022.jpg/220px-Holocaust_Memorial_Tirana_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Holocaust_Memorial_Tirana_2022.jpg/330px-Holocaust_Memorial_Tirana_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Holocaust_Memorial_Tirana_2022.jpg/440px-Holocaust_Memorial_Tirana_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Holocaust Memorial in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Park_of_Tirana" title="Grand Park of Tirana">Grand Park of Tirana</a>. It was designed by Stephen Jacobs and unveiled in 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>From October to November 1944, the Yugoslav Partisans, supported by both the Western Allies and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and assisted by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Bulgarian Fatherland Front</a> and two brigades of Albanian partisans, retook the region of Kosovo as the Germans withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001156_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001156-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was reincorporated into <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201097_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201097-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no chance of victory, the withdrawing Germans helped Albanian collaborators escape the country as the communists drew near. Many failed to escape and were executed by the communists upon capture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1999237_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1999237-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 November 1944, the Albanian Partisans, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, emerged victorious in Albania-proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010194_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010194-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha subsequently implemented a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> government that outlawed all religious activity in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1996180_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut1996180-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that there were 1,800 Jews in Albania-proper at the end of the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1999187_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1999187-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albania's Jewish population increased eleven-fold between 1939 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010219_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010219-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish community in Kosovo never fully recovered from the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201099_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201099-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few Jews remained in Kosovo, and many emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> during the communist period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201097_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201097-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, most of Albania's Jews decided to emigrate following the communist takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrlich2009945_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrlich2009945-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, Israel airlifted a group of Kosovo Albanians to safety and housed them in <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah</a> (Holocaust Remembrance Day). The descendant of a Kosovo Albanian family that had sheltered Jews during the war stayed with the descendants of the family that they had sheltered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrounson_13_April_1999_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrounson_13_April_1999-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg_2_May_1999_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg_2_May_1999-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only public space in Albania dedicated to the Holocaust is a small display inside Tirana's <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Museum_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Museum (Albania)">National Historical Museum</a>. Consisting of photographs, texts, maps, and wartime documents, it was opened on 29 November 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201340–41_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201340–41-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A documentary film titled <i>Rescue in Albania</i>, about the survival of Albania's Jews, was released in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarzouk_11_May_2009_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarzouk_11_May_2009-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the Government of Kosovo erected a plaque in memory of the Kosovo Jews who perished during the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeci_24_May_2013_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeci_24_May_2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, 75 Albanians had been recognized by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> as Righteous Among the Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiphshiz_19_January_2018_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiphshiz_19_January_2018-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a monument to Albanian rescuers of Jews was unveiled in Tirana's Grand Park.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the Albanian government announced that in Tirana a museum will be established in honor of Albanian rescuers of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, a Wall of Honor monument was erected in Prishtina's City Park (<i>Parku i Qytetit</i>) to commemorate the 23 Kosova Albanians who rescued Jews during the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Albania–Israel relations">Albania–Israel relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> that appears to have originated in the 21st century contends that the physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> used Albania as a transit point out of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, that he was sheltered in Tirana and was issued an Albanian passport by King Zog, which he subsequently used to escape to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrasniqi_7_April_2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrasniqi_7_April_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibit dedicated to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in Tirana's National History Museum contains a photograph of Einstein, accompanied by a caption making this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201341_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201341-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim later appeared in the documentary <i>Rescue in Albania</i>, as well as in numerous social media posts, and several mainstream news articles. Edith Harxhi, Albania's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, repeated the claim during an <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> conference on tolerance and anti-discrimination in May 2013. According to Barbara Wolff, the director of the Albert Einstein Archives at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, there is no archival evidence to support the assertion that Einstein ever set foot in Albania or was issued an Albanian passport. The Einstein biographer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a> concurs, stating that Einstein never visited Albania and that he used a Swiss passport to sail to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrasniqi_7_April_2017_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrasniqi_7_April_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A comprehensive list of Jewish fatalities in Kosovo is non-existent. An official Yugoslav state report published in 1964 recorded 74 wartime deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank201097–98_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank201097–98-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheib-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheib_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheib">Scheib</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes201193_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMojzes2011">Mojzes 2011</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings200261–62-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings200261–62_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2002">Duijzings 2002</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–101-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–101_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2007">Fischer 2007</a>, pp. 95–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen_2_April_2013_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen_2_April_2013">Green 2 April 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–97-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–97_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer200795–97_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2007">Fischer 2007</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010218-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010218_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2010">Elsie 2010</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrasniqi_7_April_2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrasniqi_7_April_2017_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrasniqi_7_April_2017_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrasniqi_7_April_2017">Krasniqi 7 April 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201341-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201341_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerez2013">Perez 2013</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200730–31-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200730–31_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer199921–57-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer199921–57_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1999">Fischer 1999</a>, pp. 21–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200731-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200731_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries200731_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez201326-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201326_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez201326_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerez2013">Perez 2013</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008102-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin2008102_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="https://www.algemeiner.com/2020/07/09/memorial-dedicated-to-albanians-who-rescued-jews-during-holocaust-an-inspiring-story-of-humanity-courage-and-honor/">Memorial Dedicated to Albanians Who Rescued Jews During Holocaust: ‘An Inspiring Story of Humanity, Courage and Honor’. 2020. <i>Allgemeiner</i>. 9 Jul.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-733034">Zvika Klein. 2023. Albanian gov't announces museum celebrating Albanians who rescued Jews in WWII. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. 1 Mar.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85818/albanian-museum-to-celebrate-jewish-life-and-righteous-who-gave-shelter-during-holocaust">Harun Karčić. 2023. Albanian Museum to Celebrate Jewish Life and “Righteous” Who Gave Shelter During Holocaust. <i>Just Security</i>. 4 Apr.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/kosovo-inaugurates-wall-of-honor-for-23-albanians-who-rescued-jews-from-holocaust/">SYLEJMAN KLLOKOQI and LLAZAR SEMINI. 2023. Kosovo inaugurates ‘Wall of Honor’ for 23 Albanians who rescued Jews from Holocaust. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. 24 Aug.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <dl><dt>Academic literature</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAradGutmanMargaliot1999" class="citation book cs1">Arad, Yitsḥaḳ; Gutman, Yisrael; <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Margaliot" title="Abraham Margaliot">Margaliot, Abraham</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_4PlAy7kdwC"><i>Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union</i></a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5937-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-5937-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+Holocaust%3A+Selected+Sources+on+the+Destruction+of+the+Jews+of+Germany+and+Austria%2C+Poland%2C+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-5937-9&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Yits%E1%B8%A5a%E1%B8%B3&rft.au=Gutman%2C+Yisrael&rft.au=Margaliot%2C+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_4PlAy7kdwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bartrop, Paul R. 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Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44084-084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44084-084-5"><bdi>978-1-44084-084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-44084-084-5&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4I2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6iBAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Balkans: A Post-Communist History</i></a>. London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3"><bdi>978-0-203-96911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96911-3&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6iBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Cohen" title="Philip J. 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College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-760-7"><bdi>978-0-89096-760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%27s+Secret+War%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Deceit+of+History&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-760-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFz1PW_wnHYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuijzings2002" class="citation book cs1">Duijzings, Ger (2002). "Religion and the Politics of 'Albanism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Schwandler-Stevens, Stephanie; Jürgen Fischer, Bernd (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC"><i>Albanian Identities: Myth and History</i></a>. London, England: C. Hurst & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25334-189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25334-189-1"><bdi>978-0-25334-189-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Politics+of+%27Albanism%27&rft.btitle=Albanian+Identities%3A+Myth+and+History&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-25334-189-1&rft.aulast=Duijzings&rft.aufirst=Ger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRASDq3rc-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2009" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NoPZu79hqaEC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences and Culture</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-874-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-874-3"><bdi>978-1-85109-874-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Jewish+Diaspora%3A+Origins%2C+Experiences+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-874-3&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Mark+Avrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNoPZu79hqaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaFlGXIg8uoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd_J%C3%BCrgen_Fischer" title="Bernd Jürgen Fischer">Fischer, Bernd Jürgen</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C"><i>Albania at War, 1939–1945</i></a>. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8506-5531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8506-5531-2"><bdi>978-1-8506-5531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-8506-5531-2&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-MiG9ngCp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2007" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd J. (2007). "The Jews of Albania During the Zogist Period and the Second World War". In Pettifer, James; Nazarko, Mentor (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMhg8VwMs7QC"><i>Strengthening Religious Tolerance for a Secure Civil Society in Albania and the Southern Balkans</i></a>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-779-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-779-6"><bdi>978-1-58603-779-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jews+of+Albania+During+the+Zogist+Period+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Strengthening+Religious+Tolerance+for+a+Secure+Civil+Society+in+Albania+and+the+Southern+Balkans&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58603-779-6&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMhg8VwMs7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2010" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Chaim (2010). "Antisemitism in Yugoslavia". In Petersen, Hans-Christian; Salzborn, Samuel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6sqlTGHpsAC"><i>Antisemitism in Eastern Europe: History and Present in Comparison</i></a>. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-59828-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-59828-3"><bdi>978-3-631-59828-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+in+Yugoslavia&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+History+and+Present+in+Comparison&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-631-59828-3&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk6sqlTGHpsAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neveragainhistor00gilb"><i>Never Again: A History of the Holocaust</i></a></span>. New York City: Universe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78930-409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78930-409-4"><bdi>978-0-78930-409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Again%3A+A+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Universe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-78930-409-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneveragainhistor00gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2009" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaAtH_yKTHAC"><i>The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust</i></a> (4th ed.). London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1351-0851-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1351-0851-9"><bdi>978-1-1351-0851-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-1351-0851-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaAtH_yKTHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Israeli" title="Raphael Israeli">Israeli, Raphael</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M66fG2bhi1AC"><i>The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945</i></a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4975-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4975-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-4975-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+Camps+of+Croatia%3A+Visions+and+Revisions%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4975-3&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM66fG2bhi1AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Judah" title="Tim Judah">Judah, Tim</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVf1na3FN_UC"><i>Kosovo: War and Revenge</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09725-2"><bdi>978-0-300-09725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+War+and+Revenge&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09725-2&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVf1na3FN_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueurBaumel2001" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter Ze'ev; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPbr0XzlTzcC"><i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08432-0"><bdi>978-0-300-08432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08432-0&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter+Ze%27ev&rft.au=Baumel%2C+Judith+Tydor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPbr0XzlTzcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphael</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C"><i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i></a>. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe&rft.place=Clark%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebel2008" class="citation book cs1">Lebel, Jennie (2008). <i>Tide and Wreck: History of the Jews of Vardar Macedonia</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Avotaynu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-88622-337-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-88622-337-0"><bdi>978-1-88622-337-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tide+and+Wreck%3A+History+of+the+Jews+of+Vardar+Macedonia&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Avotaynu&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-88622-337-0&rft.aulast=Lebel&rft.aufirst=Jennie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2009" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2009). "The Genocidal Twentieth Century in the Balkans". In Jacobs, Steven L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2UdOMWoQ2MC"><i>Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3590-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-3590-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Genocidal+Twentieth+Century+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=Confronting+Genocide%3A+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3590-7&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2UdOMWoQ2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwW2O7v7CUcC"><i>Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0665-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0665-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-0665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0665-6&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwW2O7v7CUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafziger1992" class="citation journal cs1">Nafziger, George (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/939GXWA.pdf">"Organizational History of the German SS Formations 1939–1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Organizational+History+of+the+German+SS+Formations+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2FCGSC%2FCARL%2Fnafziger%2F939GXWA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2013" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Daniel (2013). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Our Conscience is Clean": Albanian Elites and the Memory of the Holocaust in Postsocialist Albania". In Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya7RMPN9-ZsC"><i>Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe</i></a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: Nebraska University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4647-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4647-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-4647-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Our+Conscience+is+Clean%22%3A+Albanian+Elites+and+the+Memory+of+the+Holocaust+in+Postsocialist+Albania&rft.btitle=Bringing+the+Dark+Past+to+Light%3A+The+Reception+of+the+Holocaust+in+Postcommunist+Europe&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Nebraska+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4647-8&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYa7RMPN9-ZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut1996" class="citation book cs1">Plaut, Joshua Eli (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VpWK_N3qnNQC"><i>Greek Jewry in the Twentieth Century, 1913–1983: Patterns of Jewish Survival in the Greek Provinces Before and After the Holocaust</i></a>. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3911-5"><bdi>978-0-8386-3911-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Jewry+in+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+1913%E2%80%931983%3A+Patterns+of+Jewish+Survival+in+the+Greek+Provinces+Before+and+After+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3911-5&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVpWK_N3qnNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeunovićDolnik2013" class="citation book cs1">Simeunović, Dragan; Dolnik, Adam (2013). "Security Threats of Violent Islamist Extremism". In Cross, Sharyl; Kentera, Savo; Nation, R. Craig; Vukadinović, Radovan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6MOMYYeULUC"><i>Shaping South East Europe's Security Community for the Twenty-First Century: Trust, Partnership, Integration</i></a>. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01020-9"><bdi>978-1-137-01020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Security+Threats+of+Violent+Islamist+Extremism&rft.btitle=Shaping+South+East+Europe%27s+Security+Community+for+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Trust%2C+Partnership%2C+Integration&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01020-9&rft.aulast=Simeunovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragan&rft.au=Dolnik%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6MOMYYeULUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Stafa, Monika (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglisticum.org.mk/index.php/IJLLIS/article/viewFile/1481/1985">"Attitude of Collaborative Governments in Defense of the Jews during the War"</a>. <i>Anglisticum Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (6). Tirana, Albania: Audiovisual Media Authority: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0742-3330">0742-3330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglisticum+Journal&rft.atitle=Attitude+of+Collaborative+Governments+in+Defense+of+the+Jews+during+the+War&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2017-06&rft.issn=0742-3330&rft.aulast=Stafa&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglisticum.org.mk%2Findex.php%2FIJLLIS%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F1481%2F1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC"><i>The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodogno2006" class="citation book cs1">Rodogno, Davide (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcUNELPsQQsC"><i>Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84515-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%27s+European+Empire%3A+Italian+Occupation+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84515-1&rft.aulast=Rodogno&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcUNELPsQQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozettSpector2013" class="citation book cs1">Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5EuAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i></a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13596-950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13596-950-9"><bdi>978-1-13596-950-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-13596-950-9&rft.aulast=Rozett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Spector%2C+Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5EuAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC"><i>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</i></a>. San Francisco, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1999" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC"><i>The Albanians: A Modern History</i></a>. London, England: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-541-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-541-9&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzI0uOZ2j6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2006" class="citation book cs1">Yeomans, Rory (2006). "Albania". In Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C"><i>World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-940-9&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>News reports</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger_18_November_2013" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Joseph (18 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/world/europe/casting-light-on-little-known-story-of-albania-rescuing-jews-from-nazis.html">"Casting Light on Little-Known Story of Albania Rescuing Jews From Nazis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Casting+Light+on+Little-Known+Story+of+Albania+Rescuing+Jews+From+Nazis&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F19%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcasting-light-on-little-known-story-of-albania-rescuing-jews-from-nazis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCama_27_December_2012" class="citation web cs1">Cama, Aida (27 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/albanians-saved-jews-from-deportation-in-wwii/a-16481404">"Albanians saved Jews from deportation in WWII"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Albanians+saved+Jews+from+deportation+in+WWII&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft.aulast=Cama&rft.aufirst=Aida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Falbanians-saved-jews-from-deportation-in-wwii%2Fa-16481404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen_2_April_2013" class="citation news cs1">Green, David B. (2 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/this-day-in-jewish-history/this-day-in-jewish-history-jewish-albanians-gain-a-foothold.premium-1.512974">"Jewish Albanians Gain a Foothold"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jewish+Albanians+Gain+a+Foothold&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fthis-day-in-jewish-history%2Fthis-day-in-jewish-history-jewish-albanians-gain-a-foothold.premium-1.512974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg_2_May_1999" class="citation news cs1">Greenberg, Joel (2 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/world/crisis-balkans-refugees-indebted-israel-shelters-family-kosovo-albanians.html">"An Indebted Israel Shelters Family of Kosovo Albanians"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Indebted+Israel+Shelters+Family+of+Kosovo+Albanians&rft.date=1999-05-02&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fworld%2Fcrisis-balkans-refugees-indebted-israel-shelters-family-kosovo-albanians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasniqi_7_April_2017" class="citation web cs1">Krasniqi, Mikra (7 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prishtinainsight.com/urge-fake-history/">"The urge to fake history"</a>. <i>Prishtina Insight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prishtina+Insight&rft.atitle=The+urge+to+fake+history&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.aulast=Krasniqi&rft.aufirst=Mikra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprishtinainsight.com%2Furge-fake-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiphshiz_19_January_2018" class="citation news cs1">Liphshiz, Cnaan (19 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/what-made-muslim-albanians-risk-their-lives-to-save-jews-from-the-holocaust/">"What made Muslim Albanians risk their lives save Jews from the Holocaust?"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=What+made+Muslim+Albanians+risk+their+lives+save+Jews+from+the+Holocaust%3F&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft.aulast=Liphshiz&rft.aufirst=Cnaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fwhat-made-muslim-albanians-risk-their-lives-to-save-jews-from-the-holocaust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarzouk_11_May_2009" class="citation web cs1">Marzouk, Lawrence (11 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/rescue-in-albania-how-thousands-of-jews-were-saved-from-the-holocaust">"Rescue in Albania: How Thousands of Jews Were Saved From the Holocaust"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Rescue+in+Albania%3A+How+Thousands+of+Jews+Were+Saved+From+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft.aulast=Marzouk&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Frescue-in-albania-how-thousands-of-jews-were-saved-from-the-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeci_24_May_2013" class="citation web cs1">Peci, Edona (24 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-erects-plaque-honoring-holocaust-victims">"Kosovo Erects Plaque to Holocaust Victims"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Erects+Plaque+to+Holocaust+Victims&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Peci&rft.aufirst=Edona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkosovo-erects-plaque-honoring-holocaust-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrounson_13_April_1999" class="citation news cs1">Trounson, Rebecca (13 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-13-mn-27012-story.html">"Israelis Welcome Refugee Group as They Remember Holocaust"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Israelis+Welcome+Refugee+Group+as+They+Remember+Holocaust&rft.date=1999-04-13&rft.aulast=Trounson&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-apr-13-mn-27012-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Web</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheib" class="citation news cs1">Scheib, Ariel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/albania-virtual-jewish-history-tour">"Albania Virtual Jewish History Tour"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">jewishvirtuallibrary.org</a></i>. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Albania+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour&rft.aulast=Scheib&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Falbania-virtual-jewish-history-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/albania.html">Albania</a> the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/jews-in-albania.html">Jews in Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/resources/rescue-of-jews-in-albania-through-yad-vashem-files.html">The Rescue of Jews in Albania</a> Through the Perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> Files of the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>, Yad Vashem site.</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The Holocaust in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Albania","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Albania","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4499389","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4499389","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-04-17T20:55:44Z","dateModified":"2025-01-27T15:51:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/90\/Map_of_Albania_during_WWII.png","headline":"crimes committed against Jews in Greater Albania during World War II."}</script> </body> </html>