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id="toc-Anthroponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthroponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Anthroponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthroponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Epigraphy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hesychius'_glossary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hesychius'_glossary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Hesychius' glossary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hesychius'_glossary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hesychius' glossary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hesychius'_glossary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Other sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Proposed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian_in_Classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_in_Classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Macedonian in Classical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_in_Classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_the_Koine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_the_Koine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Contributions to the Koine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_the_Koine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ancient Macedonian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اللغة المقدونية القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة المقدونية القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguu_idioma_macedoniu" title="Antiguu idioma macedoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antiguu idioma macedoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Древномакедонски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древномакедонски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antic_macedoni" title="Antic macedoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antic macedoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antick%C3%A1_makedon%C5%A1tina" title="Antická makedonština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antická makedonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonische_Sprache" title="Makedonische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makedonische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία μακεδονική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία μακεδονική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguo_idioma_macedonio" title="Antiguo idioma macedonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiguo idioma macedonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان مقدونی باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مقدونی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_mac%C3%A9donien" title="Ancien macédonien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ancien macédonien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_macedonia_antiga" title="Lingua macedonia antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua macedonia antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staromakedonski_jezik" title="Staromakedonski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staromakedonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Makedonia_Kuno" title="Bahasa Makedonia Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Makedonia Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_macedone_antica" title="Lingua macedone antica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua macedone antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מקדונית עתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדונית עתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Macedonica_antiqua" title="Lingua Macedonica antiqua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Macedonica antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_makedon%C5%B3_kalba" title="Senovės makedonų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės makedonų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старомакедонски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старомакедонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudmacedonisch" title="Oudmacedonisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudmacedonisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B1%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="古代マケドニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代マケドニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammelmakedonsk" title="Gammelmakedonsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammelmakedonsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_macedo%C5%84ski_(helle%C5%84ski)" title="Język macedoński (helleński) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język macedoński (helleński)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_maced%C3%B4nia_antiga" title="Língua macedônia antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua macedônia antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Древнемакедонский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнемакедонский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinainen_makedonia" title="Muinainen makedonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinainen makedonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornmakedonska" title="Fornmakedonska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fornmakedonska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Makedonca" title="Antik Makedonca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Makedonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньомакедонська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньомакедонська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E8%AA%9E" title="古馬其頓語 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language of the ancient Macedonians</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern <a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic</a> language, see <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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(May 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Macedonian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1st millennium BC<a href="#cite_note-linglist-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>?<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>?<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Northwest_Doric" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Macedonian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xmk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xmk">xmk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xmk">xmk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Ancient Macedonian was the language of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">ancient Macedonians</a> which was either a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">dialect of Ancient Greek</a> or a separate <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic language</a>. It was spoken in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> during the 1st millennium BC and belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. It gradually fell out of use during the 4th century BC, marginalized by the use of <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> by the Macedonian aristocracy, the Ancient Greek dialect that became the basis of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It became <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> during either the Hellenistic or <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_period_(chronology)" title="Roman imperial period (chronology)">Roman imperial</a> period, and was entirely replaced by Koine Greek.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek (and later in Koine Greek),<a href="#cite_note-RoismanWorthington2011-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambridgeAncientHistory-9">[9]</a> fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastic evidence</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Glossaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossaries">glossaries</a> and recent <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> discoveries in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek region of Macedonia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crespo2017-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hornblower2002-12">[12]</a> This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Greek">Northwest Doric Greek</a>, and occasionally as an <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a> dialect or a distinct <a href="/wiki/Sister_language" title="Sister language">sister language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Due to the fragmentary attestation of this dialect or language, various interpretations are possible.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph2001-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Suggested <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">classifications</a> of ancient Macedonian include:<a href="#cite_note-Mallory1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2017-16">[16]</a> <ul><li>A Greek dialect, part of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Northwest_Doric" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric</a> group of dialects; pioneered by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Sturz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (page does not exist)">Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Sturz" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz">de</a>] (1808),<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2020-17">[17]</a> and subsequently supported by <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Masson" title="Olivier Masson">Olivier Masson</a> (1996),<a href="#cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Meier-Br%C3%BCgger" title="Michael Meier-Brügger">Michael Meier-Brügger</a> (2003),<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Johannes Engels (2010),<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),<a href="#cite_note-Dosuna2012-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Babiniotis" title="Georgios Babiniotis">Georgios Babiniotis</a> (2014),<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Joachim Matzinger (2016),<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Emilio Crespo (2017),<a href="#cite_note-Crespo2017-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Brixhe" title="Claude Brixhe">Claude Brixhe</a> (2018),<a href="#cite_note-Brixhe2018-24">[24]</a> and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2020-17">[17]</a></li> <li>A Greek dialect related to, or a version of, <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a>; suggested by <a href="/wiki/August_Fick" title="August Fick">August Fick</a> (1874),<a href="#cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-18">[18]</a> Otto Hoffmann (1906),<a href="#cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">N. G. L. Hammond</a> (1997)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and Ian Worthington (2012).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Sister_language" title="Sister language">sister language</a> of Greek, according to a scheme in which Macedonian and Greek are the two branches of a Greco-Macedonian subgroup (sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>");<a href="#cite_note-Joseph2001-13">[13]</a> suggested by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Georgiev</a> (1966),<a href="#cite_note-georgiev-27">[27]</a> Joseph (2001)<a href="#cite_note-Joseph2001-13">[13]</a> and Hamp (2013).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> Because of the fragmentary sources of Ancient Macedonian, only a little is understood about the special features of the language. A notable sound-law is that the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirates</a> (/bʰ, dʰ, gʰ/) sometimes appear as voiced <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> /b, d, g/, (written β, δ, γ), whereas they were generally unvoiced as /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ (φ, θ, χ) elsewhere in Ancient Greek.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <ul><li>Macedonian δάνος dánοs ('<a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>', from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> *dhenh₂- 'to leave'), compared to <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> θάνατος thánatos</li> <li>Macedonian ἀβροῦτες abroûtes or ἀβροῦϝες abroûwes, compared to Attic ὀφρῦς ophrûs for 'eyebrows'</li> <li>Macedonian Βερενίκη <a href="/wiki/Berenice" title="Berenice">Bereníkē</a>, compared to Attic Φερενίκη Phereníkē, 'bearing victory' (Personal name)</li> <li>Macedonian ἄδραια adraia ('bright weather'), compared to Attic αἰθρία aithría, from PIE *h₂aidh-</li> <li>Macedonian βάσκιοι báskioi ('<a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>'), compared to Attic φάσκωλος pháskōlos 'leather sack', from PIE *bhasko</li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">Herodotus</a> 7.73 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 440 BC), the Macedonians claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phryges</a> were called Bryges before they migrated from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (around 8th–7th century BC).</li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Macedonians use 'b' instead of 'ph', while <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphians</a> use 'b' in the place of 'p'.</li> <li>Macedonian μάγειρος mágeiros ('butcher') was a loan from Doric into <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>. Vittore Pisani has suggested an ultimately Macedonian origin for the word, which could then be cognate to μάχαιρα <a href="/wiki/Makhaira" title="Makhaira">mákhaira</a> ('knife', < PIE *magh-, 'to fight')<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul> If γοτάν gotán ('pig') is related to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Hellenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Hellenic">Proto-Hellenic</a> noun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/g%CA%B7ous" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/gʷous">*gʷous</a>, and hence to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> noun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/g%CA%B7%E1%B9%93ws" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷṓws">*gʷṓws</a> ('cattle'), this would indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelars</a> were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the usual Greek treatment (Attic βοῦς boûs). Such deviations, however, are not unknown in Greek dialects; compare <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian" title="Doric Greek">Laconian Doric</a> (the dialect of Sparta) γλεπ- glep- for common Greek βλεπ- blep-, as well as Doric γλάχων gláchōn and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> γλήχων glēchōn for common Greek βλήχων <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">blēchōn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stuttgart-1930-32">[32]</a> A number of examples suggest that voiced <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> stops were devoiced, especially word-initially: κάναδοι kánadoi, 'jaws' (< PIE *genu-); κόμβους kómbous, 'molars' (< PIE *gombh-); within words: ἀρκόν arkón (Attic ἀργός argós); the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> Akesamenai, from the <a href="/wiki/Pierian_Mountains" title="Pierian Mountains">Pierian</a> name Akesamenos (if Akesa- is cognate to Greek agassomai, agamai, "to astonish"; cf. the Thracian name Agassamenos). In <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a>, the form κεβλήπυρις keblēpyris ('red head', the name of a bird, perhaps the goldfinch or redpoll) is found,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> showing a Macedonian-style voiced stop in place of a standard Greek unvoiced aspirate: κεβ(α)λή keb(a)lē versus κεφαλή kephalē ('head'). Emilio Crespo, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Autonoma_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Autonoma de Madrid">Autonomous University of Madrid</a>, wrote that "the voicing of voiceless stops and the development of aspirates into voiced fricatives turns out to be the outcome of an internal development of Macedonian as a dialect of Greek" without excluding "the presence of interference from other languages or of any linguistic substrate or adstrate", as also argued by M. Hatzopoulos.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a>' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as abrouwes (αβρουϝες), with tau (Τ) replacing a <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; however, others (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">A. Meillet</a>) see the dental as authentic and think that this specific word would perhaps belong to an Indo-European language different from Greek.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A. Panayotou summarizes some features generally identified through ancient texts and epigraphy:<a href="#cite_note-Greek_2007_p._439-441-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Occasional development of voiced aspirates (*bh, *dh, *gh) into voiced stops (b, d, g) (e.g. Βερενίκα, Attic Φερενίκη)</li> <li>Retention of */a:/ (e.g. Μαχάτας), also present in <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Epirotic" title="Doric Greek">Epirotic</a><a href="#cite_note-epigraphy.packhum.org-37">[37]</a></li> <li>[a:] as a result of contraction between [a:] and [ɔ:]</li> <li>Apocope of short vowels in prepositions in synthesis (παρκαττίθεμαι, Attic παρακατατίθεμαι)</li> <li>Syncope (hyphairesis) and diphthongization are used to avoid hiatus (e.g. Θετίμα, Attic Θεοτίμη; compare with Epirotic Λαγέτα, Doric Λαογἐτα).<a href="#cite_note-epigraphy.packhum.org-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Occasional retention of the pronunciation [u] of /u(:)/ in local cult epithets or nicknames (Κουναγίδας = Κυναγίδας)</li> <li>Raising of /ɔ:/ to /u:/ in proximity to nasal (e.g. Κάνουν, Attic Κανών)</li> <li>Simplification of the sequence /ign/ to /i:n/ (γίνομαι, Attic γίγνομαι)</li> <li>Loss of aspiration of the consonant cluster /sth/ (> /st/) (γενέσται, Attic γενέσθαι)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> Ancient Macedonian morphology is shared with <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">ancient Epirus</a>, including some of the oldest inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The morphology of the first declension nouns with an -ας ending is also shared with <a href="/wiki/Thessalian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian Greek">Thessalian</a> (e.g. Epitaph for Pyrrhiadas, Kierion<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>). <ul><li>First-declension masculine and feminine in -ας and -α respectively (e.g. Πεύκεστας, Λαομάγα)</li> <li>First-declension masculine genitive singular in -α (e.g. Μαχάτα)</li> <li>First-declension genitive plural in -ᾶν</li> <li>First person personal pronoun dative singular ἐμίν</li> <li>Temporal conjunction ὁπόκα</li> <li>Possibly, a non-sigmatic nominative masculine singular in the first declension (ἱππότα, Attic ἱππότης)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onomastics">Onomastics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Onomastics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthroponymy">Anthroponymy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anthroponymy">edit</a>]</div> M. Hatzopoulos and Johannes Engels summarize the Macedonian anthroponymy (that is names borne by people from Macedonia before the expansion beyond the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Axios</a> or people undoubtedly hailing from this area after the expansion) as follows:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a> <ul><li>Epichoric (local) Greek names that either differ from the phonology of the introduced Attic or that remained almost confined to Macedonians throughout antiquity</li> <li>Panhellenic (common) Greek names</li> <li>Identifiable non-Greek (Thracian and Illyrian) names</li> <li>Names without a clear Greek etymology that can't however be ascribed to any identifiable non-Greek linguistic group.</li></ul> Common in the creation of ethnics is the use of -έστης, -εστός especially when derived from sigmatic nouns (ὄρος > Ὀρέστης but also Δῖον > Διασταί).<a href="#cite_note-Greek_2007_p._439-441-36">[36]</a> Per Engels, the above material supports that Macedonian anthroponymy was predominantly Greek in character.<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The toponyms of Macedonia proper are generally Greek, though some of them show a particular phonology and a few others are non-Greek. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar">Calendar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calendar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Ancient Macedonian calendar</a></div> The Macedonian calendar's origins go back to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greek prehistory</a>. The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">Greek gods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>; Περίτιος from <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> Peritas (“Guardian”) ; Ξανδικός/Ξανθικός from Xanthos, “the blond” (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is attested in other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek calendars</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Martin_P._Nilsson" title="Martin P. Nilsson">Martin P. Nilsson</a>, the Macedonian calendar is formed like a regular Greek one and the names of the months attest the Greek nationality of the Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Epigraphy">edit</a>]</div> Macedonian onomastics: the earliest epigraphical documents attesting substantial numbers of Macedonian proper names are the second <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> alliance decree with <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_II_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas II of Macedon">Perdiccas II</a> (~417–413 BC), the decree of <a href="/wiki/Kalindoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalindoia">Kalindoia</a> (~335–300 BC) and seven <a href="/wiki/Curse_tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Curse tablets">curse tablets</a> of the 4th century BC bearing mostly names.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktadrachm_of_Alexander_I_498_%E2%80%93_454_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Octadrachm of Alexander I of Macedon, early 5th century B.C."><img alt="Octadrachm of Alexander I of Macedon, early 5th century B.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oktadrachm_of_Alexander_I_498_%E2%80%93_454_BCE.jpg/100px-Oktadrachm_of_Alexander_I_498_%E2%80%93_454_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oktadrachm_of_Alexander_I_498_%E2%80%93_454_BCE.jpg/150px-Oktadrachm_of_Alexander_I_498_%E2%80%93_454_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oktadrachm_of_Alexander_I_498_%E2%80%93_454_BCE.jpg/200px-Oktadrachm_of_Alexander_I_498_%E2%80%93_454_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="229" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Octadrachm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a>, early 5th century B.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Perdikas_II_-_451-413_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stater of Perdiccas II of Macedon, mid to late 5th century B.C."><img alt="Stater of Perdiccas II of Macedon, mid to late 5th century B.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coin_of_Perdikas_II_-_451-413_BCE.jpg/100px-Coin_of_Perdikas_II_-_451-413_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coin_of_Perdikas_II_-_451-413_BCE.jpg/150px-Coin_of_Perdikas_II_-_451-413_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coin_of_Perdikas_II_-_451-413_BCE.jpg/200px-Coin_of_Perdikas_II_-_451-413_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="314" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">Stater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_II_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas II of Macedon">Perdiccas II of Macedon</a>, mid to late 5th century B.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pellatab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pella curse tablet, 4th century B.C."><img alt="The Pella curse tablet, 4th century B.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pellatab.jpg/100px-Pellatab.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pellatab.jpg/150px-Pellatab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pellatab.jpg/200px-Pellatab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="174" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>, 4th century B.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_binding_spell,_4th_century_B.C.,_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Binding spell, 4th century B.C., Oraiokastro[45]"><img alt="Binding spell, 4th century B.C., Oraiokastro[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ancient_Greek_binding_spell%2C_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/90px-Ancient_Greek_binding_spell%2C_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ancient_Greek_binding_spell%2C_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/135px-Ancient_Greek_binding_spell%2C_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ancient_Greek_binding_spell%2C_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/180px-Ancient_Greek_binding_spell%2C_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Binding spell, 4th century B.C., <a href="/wiki/Oraiokastro" title="Oraiokastro">Oraiokastro</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_inscribed_stele,_mid_4th_century_B.C.,_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Funerary stele, with an epigram on the top, mid 4th century B.C., Vergina"><img alt="Funerary stele, with an epigram on the top, mid 4th century B.C., Vergina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/90px-Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/135px-Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/180px-Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Funerary stele, with an epigram on the top, mid 4th century B.C., <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a></div> </li> </ul> About 99% of the roughly 6,300 inscriptions discovered by archaeologists within the confines of ancient Macedonia were written in the Greek language, using the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-46">[46]</a> The legends in all currently discovered coins also in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-:2-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>, a text written in a distinct <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> dialect, found in 1986 and dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialect group.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hesychius'_glossary">Hesychius' glossary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hesychius' glossary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (April 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A body of idiomatic words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a>, amounting to about 150 words and 200 proper names, though the number of considered words sometimes differs from scholar to scholar. The majority of these words can be confidently assigned to Greek albeit some words would appear to reflect a dialectal form of Greek. There are, however, a number of words that are not easily identifiable as Greek and reveal, for example, voiced stops where Greek shows voiceless aspirates.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> ⟨†⟩ marked words which have been corrupted. <ul><li>ἄβαγνα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2334">abagna</a> 'roses amaranta (unwithered)' (<a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> ῥόδα rhoda, <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a> βρόδα broda roses). (<a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234949">amarantos</a> unfading. <a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a> flower. (<a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a> ἄβα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2346582;loc=h%28ba%2Fw">aba</a> 'youthful prime' + ἁγνός hagnos 'pure, chaste, unsullied) or epithet aphagna from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318088">aphagnizo</a> 'purify'.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> If abagnon is the proper name for rhodon rose, then it is cognate to <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> باغ bāġ, 'garden', <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 bagms 'tree' and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319142">bakanon</a> 'cabbage-seed'. Finally, a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> borrowing is highly possible if we think of the famous Gardens of <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>, where roses grow of themselves (see Herodotus 8.138.2, Athenaeus 15.683)</li> <li>ἀβαρκνᾷ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357">abarknai</a> κομᾷ † τὲ Μακεδόνες (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358772">komai</a>? ἄβαρκνα abarkna hunger, famine).</li> <li>ἀβαρύ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357">abarú</a> '<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>' (Hes. ὀρίγανον origanon) (<a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>: βαρύ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319386">barú</a> perfume used in incense, Attic βαρύ barú 'heavy') (LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234946">amarakon</a> sweet <a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Origanum Majorana</a>) (Hes. for origanon ἀγριβρόξ agribrox, ἄβρομον abromon, ἄρτιφος artiphos, κεβλήνη keblênê)</li> <li>ἀβλόη, ἀλογεῖ abloē, alogei Text Corrupted †ἀβλόη σπένδε Μακεδόνες [ἀλογεῖ σπεῖσον Μακεδόνες] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395850">spendô</a>)</li> <li>ἀβροῦτες or ἀβροῦϜες abroûtes or abroûwes 'eyebrows' (Hes. Attic ὀφρῦς ophrûs <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">acc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">pl.</a>, ὀφρύες <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376180">ophrúes</a> <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nom.</a>, <a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> *bʰru-) (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> obrve, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> bruvis, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> ابرو abru) (<a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376174">ophrudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> φρύδια frydia)</li> <li>ἀγκαλίς <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%23545;layout=;loc=a%29gka%5Eli%3Dnai">ankalis</a> Attic 'weight, burden, load' Macedonian '<a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a>' (Hes. Attic ἄχθος ákhthos, δρέπανον drépanon, <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">LSJ</a> Attic ἀγκαλίς ankalís 'bundle', or in pl. ἀγκάλαι ankálai 'arms' (body parts), ἄγκαλος ánkalos 'armful, bundle', ἀγκάλη ankálē 'the bent arm' or 'anything closely enfolding', as the arms of the sea, PIE *ank 'to bend') (ἀγκυλίς <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%23583;layout=;loc=a%29gku%2Flion">ankylis</a> 'barb' <a href="/wiki/Oppian" title="Oppian">Oppianus</a>.C.1.155.)</li> <li>ἄδδαι addai poles of a chariot or car, logs (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392804">ῥυμοὶ</a> rhumoi) (Aeolic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2372144">usdoi</a>, Attic ozoi, branches, twigs) <a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> *H₂ó-sd-o- , branch</li> <li>ἀδῆ adē 'clear sky' or 'the upper air' (Hes. οὐρανός ouranós 'sky', <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">LSJ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Pokorny</a> Attic αἰθήρ aithēr 'ether, the upper, purer air', hence 'clear sky, heaven')</li> <li>ἄδισκον <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231417">adiskon</a> potion, cocktail (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360594">kykeôn</a>)</li> <li>ἄδραια <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231473">adraia</a> 'fine weather, open sky' (Hes. Attic αἰθρία aithría, Epirotan ἀδρία, PIE *aidh-)</li> <li>Ἀέροπες Aeropes tribe (wind-faced) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231750">aero-</a> +<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376336">opsis</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231763">aerops</a> opos, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> name for the bird merops)</li> <li>ἀκόντιον akontion spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone: ridge of a hill or mountain (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392240">rhachis</a>) (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233328">akontion</a> spear, javelin) (Aeolic akontion part of troops)</li> <li>ἀκρέα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233446">akrea</a> girl (Attic κόρη korê, Ionic kourê, Doric/Aeolic kora, Arcadian korwa, Laconian kyrsanis (Ἀκρέα, epithet of Aphrodite in Cyprus, instead of Akraia, of the heights). Epithet of a goddess from an archaic Corcyraic inscription (ορϝος hιαρος τας Ακριας).</li> <li>ἀκρουνοί <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233657">akrounoi</a> 'boundary stones' nom. pl. (Hes. ὃροι hóroi, <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">LSJ</a> Attic ἄκρον ákron 'at the end or extremity', from ἀκή akē 'point, edge', PIE *ak 'summit, point' or 'sharp')</li> <li>ἀλίη <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%234191;layout=;loc=a%28li%2Fzwos">alíē</a> 'boar or <a href="/wiki/Capros_aper" class="mw-redirect" title="Capros aper">boarfish</a>' (Attic kapros) (<a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> *ol-/*el- "red, brown" (in animal and tree names)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (Homeric <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2333870">ellos</a> fawn, Attic elaphos 'deer', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%234337;layout=;loc=a%29lkh%2F1">alkê</a> elk)</li> <li>ἄλιζα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234186">aliza</a> (also alixa) '<a href="/wiki/White_Poplar" class="mw-redirect" title="White Poplar">White Poplar</a>' (Attic λεύκη leúkē, Epirotan ἄλυζα, <a href="/wiki/Thessalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian">Thessalian</a> alphinia, LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234695">ἄλυζα, aluza</a> <a href="/wiki/Globularia" title="Globularia">globularia</a> alypum) (<a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Pokorny</a> Attic ἐλάτη elátē '<a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>', PIE *ol-, *el-, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">P.Gmc</a>. and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Span</a>. aliso '<a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>')</li> <li>ἄξος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311086">axos</a> 'timber' (Hes. Attic ὓλη <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106602">hulê</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317536">ausos</a> Attic alsos 'grove' little forest. (<a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> *os- ash tree (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">OE</a>. æsc <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash tree</a>), (Greek οξυά oxya, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> ah, beech), (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> հացի hac’i ash tree)</li> <li>ἀορτής <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311158">aortês</a>, 'swordsman' (Hes. ξιφιστής; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311135">ἄορ</a> áor 'sword'; Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311157">ἀορτήρ</a> aortēr 'swordstrap', <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> αορτήρ aortír 'riflestrap'; hence <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>) (According to <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suidas</a>: Many now say the knapsack ἀβερτὴ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=aber">abertê</a> instead of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311156">aortê</a>. Both the object and the word [are] Macedonian.</li> <li>Ἀράντιδες Αrantides <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314698">ἀράντισιν</a> ἐρινύσι) (Arae<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> name for Erinyes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2314708;layout=;loc=a%29ra_ro%2Ftws">arasimos</a> accursed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314703">araomai</a> invoke, curse, pray or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392167">rhantizô</a> sprinkle, purify.</li> <li>ἄργελλα argella 'bathing hut'. <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian">Cimmerian</a> ἄργιλλα or argila 'subterranean dwelling' (<a href="/wiki/Ephorus" title="Ephorus">Ephorus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strb.</a> 5.4.5) PIE *areg-; borrowed into Balkan Latin and gave <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> argea (pl. argele), "wooden hut", dialectal (Banat) arghela "stud farm"); cf. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> argalā 'latch, bolt', <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> reced "building, house", <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> argësh "harrow, crude bridge of crossbars, crude raft supported by skin bladders"</li> <li>ἀργι(ό)πους <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314798">argiopous</a> '<a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>' (<a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">LSJ</a> Attic ἀργίπους argípous 'swift- or white-footed', PIE *hrg'i-pods < PIE *arg + PIE *ped)</li> <li>Ἄρητος Arētos epithet or alternative of <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>-like)</li> <li>ἀρκόν <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315184">arkon</a> 'leisure, idleness' (<a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">LSJ</a> Attic ἀργός argós 'lazy, idle' nom. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">sing.</a>, ἀργόν acc.)</li> <li>ἀρφύς <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315825">arhphys</a> (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350437">ἱμάς</a> himas strap, rope), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315433">ἁρπεδών</a> harpedôn cord, <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a>; ἁρπεδόνα Rhodes, <a href="/wiki/Lindos" title="Lindos">Lindos</a> II 2.37).</li> <li>ἄσπιλος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316398">aspilos</a> 'torrent' (Hes. χείμαῤῥος kheímarrhos, Attic ἄσπιλος áspilos 'without stain, spotless, pure')</li> <li>βαβρήν <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318967">babrên</a> lees of olive-oil (<a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>: βάβρηκες babrêkes gums, or food in the teeth, βαβύας babuas mud)</li> <li>βαθάρα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318998">bathara</a> pukliê (Macedonian), purlos (Athamanian) (unattested; maybe food, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231905">atharê</a> porridge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2391801">pyros</a> wheat)</li> <li>βίῤῥοξ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319997">birrhox</a> dense, thick (LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319754">βειρόν beiron</a>)</li> <li>γάρκα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321643">garka</a> rod (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113372">charax</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Etymologicum_Magnum" title="Etymologicum Magnum">EM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321644">garkon</a> axle-pin) (LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321648">garrha</a> rod)</li> <li>γόλα <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">gola</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322580">goda</a> bowels, intestines (<a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23114332">cholades</a>) PIE: ghel-ond-, ghol-n•d- stomach; bowels<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>γοτάν <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322706">gotan</a> '<a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a>' acc. sing. (PIE *gʷou- 'cattle', (Attic βοτόν botón ' beast', in plural βοτά botá 'grazing animals') (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian" title="Doric Greek">Laconian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322921">grôna</a> 'sow' female pig, and pl. grônades) (LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322597">goi, goi</a>, to imitate the sound of pigs) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322599">goita</a> sheep or pig)</li> <li>γυλλάς <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322956">gyllas</a> kind of glass (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322924">gyalas</a> a <a href="/wiki/Megarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megarian">Megarian</a> cup)</li> <li>γῶψ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323151">gôps</a> pl. gopes macherel (Attic koloios) (LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395443">skôps</a> a fish) (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> gopa '<a href="/wiki/Boops_boops" title="Boops boops">bogue</a>' fish pl. gopes)</li> <li>δαίτας daitas caterer waiter (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323267">daitros</a></li> <li>δάνος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323433">danos</a> '<a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>', (Hes. Attic thánatos θάνατος 'death', from root θαν- than-), PIE *dʰenh₂- 'to leave, δανoτής danotês (disaster, pain) <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> Lacaenae fr.338<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>δανῶν danōn 'murderer' (Attic θανών thanōn dead, past participle)</li> <li>δάρυλλος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323484">darullos</a> 'oak' (Hes. Attic δρῦς drûs, PIE *doru-)</li> <li>δρῆες drêes or δρῆγες <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328381">drêges</a> small birds (Attic strouthoi) (<a href="/wiki/Elean" class="mw-redirect" title="Elean">Elean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323782">δειρήτης deirêtês</a>, strouthos, <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a>.Fr.123.) (<a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2326386">διγῆρες digêres</a> strouthoi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328407">δρίξ drix</a> strouthos)</li> <li>δώραξ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2329787">dôrax</a> spleen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395971">splên</a> (Attic θώραξ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348969">thôrax</a> chest, corslet</li> <li>ἐπιδειπνίς <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2339135">epideipnis</a> Macedonian dessert</li> <li>Ζειρηνίς Zeirênis epithet or alternative for <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393562">Seirênis</a> <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a>-like)</li> <li>Ἠμαθία <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3D%234287">Êmathia</a> ex-name of Macedonia, region of <a href="/wiki/Emathia" title="Emathia">Emathia</a> from mythological <a href="/wiki/Emathus" title="Emathus">Emathus</a> (Homeric <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234862">amathos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346954">êmathoessa</a>, river-sandy land, PIE *samadh.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Generally the coastal Lower Macedonia in contrast to mountainous <a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a>. For meadow land (mē-2, m-e-t- to reap), see Pokorny.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Θαῦλος Thaulos epithet or alternative of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> (Θαύλια Thaulia 'festival in <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a>, θαυλίζειν thaulizein 'to celebrate like <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>', <a href="/wiki/Thessalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian">Thessalian</a> Ζεὺς Θαύλιος Zeus Thaulios, the only attested in epigraphy ten times, <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> Ζεὺς Θαύλων Zeus Thaulôn, Athenian family Θαυλωνίδαι Thaulônidai</li> <li>Θούριδες <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348989">Thourides</a> <a href="/wiki/Nymphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphs">Nymphs</a> <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> (Homeric <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348990">thouros</a> rushing, impetuous.</li> <li>ἰζέλα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350155">izela</a> wish, good luck (Attic agathêi tychêi) (Doric <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319256">bale</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350">abale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadocypriot">Arcadian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346143">zele</a>) (Cretan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323981">delton</a> agathon)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346141">zelas</a> wine.</li> <li>ἴλαξ ílax 'the holm-oak, evergreen or scarlet oak' (Hes. Attic πρῖνος prînos, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilex">ilex</a>)</li> <li>ἰν δέᾳ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350507">in dea</a> midday (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2335177">endia</a>, mesêmbria) (Arcadian also in instead of Attic en)</li> <li>κἄγχαρμον <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2351618">kancharmon</a> having the lance up τὸ τὴν λόγχην ἄνω ἔχον (Hes. ἄγχαρμον <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%23998;layout=;loc=a%29gxa%2Fzw">ancharmon</a> ἀνωφερῆ τὴν αἰχμήν ἔχων <a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibyc</a>? <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stes</a>?) having upwards the point of a spear)</li> <li>κἄ, <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2316337">kai</a> and, together, simultaneously + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2310924;layout=;loc=a%29%2Fnwga">anô</a> up (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2310990;layout=;loc=a%29nw%2Fxu%5Eros">anôchmon</a> hortatory password</li> <li>κάραβος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353255">karabos</a> <ul><li>Macedonian 'gate, door' (Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353560">karphos</a> any small dry body,piece of wood (Hes. Attic 'meat roasted over coals'; Attic karabos 'stag-beetle'; 'crayfish'; 'light ship'; hence modern Greek καράβι karávi)</li> <li>'the worms in dry wood' (Attic 'stag-beetle, horned beetle; crayfish')</li> <li>'a sea creature' (Attic 'crayfish, prickly crustacean; stag-beetle')</li></ul></li> <li>καρπαία <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353399">karpaia</a> Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also <a href="/wiki/Carpaea" title="Carpaea">Carpaea</a>) <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353400">karpalimos</a> swift (for foot) eager, ravenous.</li> <li>κίκεῤῥοι kíkerroi 'chick-peas'<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> (Hes. Attic ὦχροι ōkhroi, PIE *k̂ik̂er- 'pea') (<a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357368">kikeros</a> land <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a>)</li> <li>κομμάραι kommarai or komarai <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crawfishes</a> (Attic karides) (LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2352987">kammaros</a> a kind of lobster, <a href="/wiki/Epicharmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicharmus">Epicharmus</a>.60, <a href="/wiki/Sophron" title="Sophron">Sophron</a>.26, <a href="/wiki/Rhinthon" title="Rhinthon">Rhinthon</a>.18:-- also kammaris, idos <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>.6.735.) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358767">komaris</a> a fish <a href="/wiki/Epicharmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicharmus">Epicharmus</a>.47.)</li> <li>κόμβοι <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358777">komboi</a> 'molars' (Attic γομφίοι gomphioi, <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">dim.</a> of γόμφος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322616">gomphos</a> 'a large, wedge-shaped bolt or nail; any bond or fastening', PIE *gombh-)</li> <li>κυνοῦπες <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360947">kynoupes</a> or kynoutos bear (Hesychius kynoupeus, knoupeus, knôpeus) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3D%235645">kunôpês</a> dog-faced) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358251">knôps</a> beast esp. serpent instead of kinôpeton, blind acc. Zonar (from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358118">knephas</a> dark) (if kynoutos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358246">knôdês</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358243">knôdalon</a> beast)</li> <li>λακεδάμα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361710">lakedáma</a> ὕδωρ ἁλμυρὸν ἄλικι ἐπικεχυμένον salty water with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%234234;layout=;loc=a%28%2Fli%5Enos">alix</a>, rice-wheat or fish-sauce.(Cf.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395139">skorodalmê</a> 'sauce or pickle composed of brine and garlic'). According to Albrecht von Blumenthal,<a href="#cite_note-Stuttgart-1930-32">[32]</a> -ama corresponds to Attic ἁλμυρός halmurós 'salty'; <a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317476">hauma</a> for Attic halmē; laked- is cognate to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *lauka<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>, possibly related is Λακεδαίμων Laked-aímōn, the name of the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> land.</li> <li>λείβηθρον leíbēthron 'stream' (Hes. Attic ῥεῖθρον rheîthron, also λιβάδιον libádion, 'a small stream', dim. of λιβάς libás; PIE *lei, 'to flow'); typical Greek productive suffix -θρον (-thron) (Macedonian toponym, Pierian <a href="/wiki/Leibethra" title="Leibethra">Leibethra</a> place/tomb of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>)</li> <li>ματτύης <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2365254">mattuês</a> kind of bird (ματτύη mattuê a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin) (verb mattuazo to prepare the mattue) (Athenaeus)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>παραός <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2378527">paraos</a> eagle or kind of eagle (Attic aetos, <a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a> aibetos) (<a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> *por- 'going, passage' + *awi- 'bird') (Greek para- 'beside' + Hes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311161">aos</a> wind) (It may exist as food in <a href="/wiki/Lopado...pterygon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopado...pterygon">Lopado...pterygon</a>)</li> <li>περιπέτεια <a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">peripeteia</a> or περίτια <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382372">peritia</a> Macedonian festival in month Peritios. (Hesychius text περί[πε]τ[ε]ια)</li> <li>ῥάματα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392145">rhamata</a> bunch of grapes (<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> rhagmata, rhages <a href="/wiki/Koine" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine">Koine</a> rhôgmata, rhôges, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392172">rhax rhôx</a>)</li> <li>ῥοῦτο <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392730">rhouto</a> this (neut.) (Attic τοῦτο <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376063">touto</a>)</li> <li>ταγόναγα tagonaga Macedonian institution, administration (Thessalian ταγὸς <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23102172">tagos</a> commander + ἄγω<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%231084;layout=;loc=a%29gwgai%3Dos">agô</a> lead)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>αἰγίποψ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232176">aigipops</a> eagle (<a href="/wiki/Etymologicum_Magnum" title="Etymologicum Magnum">EM 28.19</a>) (error for argipous? maybe goat-eater? <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232122">aix ,aigos</a> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382861">pepsis</a> digestion) (Cf.eagle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113779">chelônophagos</a> turtle-eater)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>ἀργυρὰσπιδες <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314823">argyraspides</a> (wiki <a href="/wiki/Argyraspides" title="Argyraspides">Argyraspides</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23114784">chrysaspides</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113036">chalkaspides</a> (golden and bronze-shielded)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>δράμις <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328313">dramis</a> a Macedonian bread (<a href="/wiki/Thessalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian">Thessalian</a> bread <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323463">daratos</a>)(<a href="/wiki/Athamanians" title="Athamanians">Athamanian</a> bread dramix. (Athenaeus)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>καυσία <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356243">kausia</a> <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> hat used by Macedonians, forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> of the kings.</li> <li>κοῖος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358462">koios</a> number (Athenaeus<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> when talking about <a href="/wiki/Koios" class="mw-redirect" title="Koios">Koios</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> of intelligence; and the Macedonians use koios as synonymous with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315048">arithmos</a> (LSJ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358297">koeô</a> mark, perceive, hear <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358303">koiazô</a> pledge, Hes. compose s.v. κοίασον, σύνθες) (<a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a>, thyoskoos observer of sacrifices, akouô hear) (All from <a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> root *keu<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> to notice, observe, feel; to hear).</li> <li>πεζέταιροι <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380278">pezetairoi</a> (wiki <a href="/wiki/Pezhetairoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pezhetairoi">Pezhetairoi</a>), Hetairidia, Macedonian religious festival (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380307">πεζοί</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380301">πεζομάχοι</a>) (Aeolic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382690">πέσδοι</a>)<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Πύδνα Púdna, <a href="/wiki/Pydna" title="Pydna">Pydna</a> toponym (<a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Pokorny</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Attic πυθμήν puthmēn 'bottom, sole, base of a vessel'; PIE *bʰudʰnā; Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2391516">πύνδαξ</a> pýndax 'bottom of vessel') (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Cretan</a>,Pytna<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ierapetra" title="Ierapetra">Hierapytna</a>, Sacred Pytna<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>)</li> <li>σίγυνος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393994">sigynos</a> spear (<a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Cypriotic</a> sigynon) (<a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393952">sibyne</a>) (Origin: Illyrian acc. to Fest.p. 453 L., citing <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprian</a> acc. to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Il. cc., <a href="/wiki/Scythian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian language">Scythian</a> acc. to Sch.Par.A.R.4.320 (cf. 111)</li> <li>σφύραινα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23101757">sphuraina</a>, hammer-fish sphyraena (<a href="/wiki/Strattis" title="Strattis">Strattis</a>, Makedones (fr. 28) – (Attic. κέστρα, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356953">kestra</a>) (cestra, needle-fish (modern Greek fish σφυρίδα, sfyrida)</li> <li>ὐετής <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106522">uetês</a> of the same year <a href="/wiki/Marsyas_of_Philippi" title="Marsyas of Philippi">Marsyas</a> (Attic autoetês, Poetic oietês)</li> <li>χάρων <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113461">charôn</a> lion (Attic/Poetic fierce, for lion, eagle instead of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113435">charopos</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113438">charops</a> bright-eyed)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed">Proposed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Proposed">edit</a>]</div> A number of Hesychius words are listed orphan; some of them have been proposed as Macedonian<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <ul><li>ἀγέρδα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23466">agerda</a> wild pear-tree (Attic ἄχερδος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318679">acherdos</a>).</li> <li>ἀδαλός adalos charcoal dust (Attic αἴθαλος aithalos, ἄσβολος asbolos)</li> <li>ἄδδεε addee imp. hurry up ἐπείγου (Attic thee of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348575">theô</a> run)</li> <li>ἄδις <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231417">adis</a> 'hearth' (Hes. ἐσχάρα eskhára, <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">LSJ</a> Attic αἶθος aîthos 'fire, burning heat')</li> <li>αἰδῶσσα aidôssa (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3D%23305">aithousa</a> portico, corridor, verandah, a <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> leading from aulê yard to prodomos)</li> <li>βάσκιοι <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319575">baskioi</a> '<a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>' (Hes. Attic δεσμοὶ φρῡγάνων desmoì phrūgánōn, <a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Pokorny</a> βασκευταί baskeutaí, Attic φασκίδες phaskídes, Attic φάσκωλος pháskōlos 'leather sack', PIE *bʰasko-)</li> <li>βίξ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319937">bix</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> phix), (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23101705">sphinx</a>)</li> <li>δαλάγχα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323337">dalancha</a> sea (Attic thalatta) (<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> thalassa)</li> <li>δεδάλαι dedalai package, bundle (Attic dethla, desmai)</li> <li>ἐσκόροδος eskorodos tenon (Attic tormos σκόρθος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395138">skorthos</a> tornos slice, lathe)</li> <li>Εὐδαλαγῖνες Eudalagines <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Graces Χάριτες</a> (Attic Εὐθαλγῖνες Euthalgines)</li> <li>κάναδοι <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353047">kanadoi</a> 'jaws' nom. pl. (Attic γνάθοι gnathoi, PIE *genu, 'jaw') (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian" title="Doric Greek">Laconian</a> καναδόκα kanadoka notch (V) of an arrow χηλὴ ὀϊστοῦ)</li> <li>λαίβα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361627">laiba</a> shield (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> λαία laia, λαῖφα laipha) (Attic <a href="/wiki/Aspis" title="Aspis">aspis</a>)</li> <li>λάλαβις <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361763">lalabis</a> storm (Attic lailaps)</li> <li>ὁμοδάλιον <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2373565">homodalion</a> <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">isoetes</a> plant (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2347793">θάλλω thallô</a> bloom)</li> <li>ῥουβοτός <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392721">rhoubotos</a> potion (Attic rhophema) rhopheo suck, absorb <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2329158">rhoibdeô</a> suck with noise.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macedonian_in_Classical_sources">Macedonian in Classical sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Macedonian in Classical sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek historiography">Greek historiography</a></div> Among the references that have been discussed as possibly bearing some witness to the linguistic situation in Macedonia, there is a sentence from a fragmentary dialogue, apparently between an Athenian and a Macedonian, in an extant fragment of the 5th century BC comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet <a href="/wiki/Strattis" title="Strattis">Strattis</a> (fr. 28), where a stranger is portrayed as speaking in a rural Greek dialect. His language contains expressions such as ὕμμες ὡττικοί for ὑμεὶς ἀττικοί "you Athenians", ὕμμες being also attested in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian Greek">Lesbian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>), while ὡττικοί appears only in "funny country bumpkin" contexts of Attic comedy.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Another text that has been quoted as evidence is a passage from <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> (lived 59 BC-14 AD) in his <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a> (31.29). Describing political negotiations between Macedonians and <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolians</a> in the late 3rd century BC, Livy has a Macedonian ambassador argue that Aetolians, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnanians</a> and Macedonians were "men of the same language".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This has been interpreted as referring to a shared North-West Greek speech (as opposed to Attic Koiné).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In another passage, Livy states that an announcement was translated from Latin to Greek for Macedonians to understand.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philotas" title="Philotas">Philotas</a>'s trial<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and the statement that the Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Didyma#The_Branchidae" title="Didyma">Branchidae</a> had common language with the Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Over time, "Macedonian" (μακεδονικός), when referring to language (and related expressions such as μακεδονίζειν; to speak in the Macedonian fashion) acquired the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_the_Koine">Contributions to the Koine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contributions to the Koine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></div> As a consequence of the Macedonians' role in the formation of the Koine, Macedonian contributed considerable elements, unsurprisingly including some military terminology (διμοιρίτης, ταξίαρχος, ὑπασπισταί, etc.). Among the many contributions were the general use of the first declension grammar for male and female nouns with an -as ending, attested in the genitive of Macedonian coinage from the early 4th century BC of <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas III of Macedon">Amyntas III</a> (ΑΜΥΝΤΑ in the genitive; the Attic form that fell into disuse would be ΑΜΥΝΤΟΥ). There were changes in verb conjugation such as in the Imperative δέξα attested in Macedonian sling stones found in Asiatic battlefields, that became adopted in place of the Attic forms. Koine Greek established a spirantisation of beta, gamma and delta, which has been attributed to the Macedonian influence.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_OED2nd">^</a> The Oxford English Dictionary (1989), Macedonian, Simpson J. A. & Weiner E. S. C. (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Vol. IX, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2">0-19-861186-2</a> (set) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861221-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861221-4">0-19-861221-4</a> (vol. IX) p. 153</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Webster3rd">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a> of the English Language Unabridged (1976), Macedonian, USA:<a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, G. & C. Merriam Co., vol. II (H–R) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-101-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-101-5">0-87779-101-5</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-linglist-1"><a href="#cite_ref-linglist_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xmk">Macedonian</a> at <a href="/wiki/MultiTree" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiTree">MultiTree</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Linguist_List" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linguist List">the Linguist List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Blažek, Václav (2005). "Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages", Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 10. pp. 15–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Beek2022" class="citation book cs1">van Beek, Lucien (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A/9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf">"Greek"</a> (PDF). In Olander, Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/4B44B5ACF0D3BBA89B9408050F112A52">The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 173–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758666">10.1017/9781108758666</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49979-8"><bdi>978-1-108-49979-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161016819">161016819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.pages=173-201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161016819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758666&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49979-8&rft.aulast=van+Beek&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FD7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A%2F9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988">: "pp. 89–190, Figure 11.1 The Greek dialects <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/greek/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A#FIGm-fig-16">Figure 11.1</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Meier-Brügger, Michael (2003). Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017433-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorza1992" class="citation book cs1">Borza, Eugene N. (28 September 1992) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA94">"Who Were the Macedonians?"</a>. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a> (published 1992). p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00880-6</bdi></a>. <q>One can only speculate that that [Ancient Macedonian] dialect declined with the rise in use of standard koinē Greek. The main language of formal discourse and official communication became Greek by the fourth century [BC]. Whether the dialect(s) were eventually replaced by standard Greek, or were preserved as part of a two–tiered system of speech—one for official use, the other idiomatic for traditional ceremonies, rituals, or rough soldiers' talk—is problematic and requires more evidence and further study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+Macedonians%3F&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Olympus%3A+The+Emergence+of+Macedon&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00880-6&rft.aulast=Borza&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D614pd07OtfQC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2010" class="citation book cs1">Engels, Johannes (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&pg=PA94">"Macedonians and Greeks"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>. <q>However, with respect to the discussion in this chapter it seems to be quite clear that (a) ancient Macedonian at some date during the Hellenistic or Roman imperial era was completely replaced by koine Greek and died out, and (b) that ancient Macedonian has no relationship with modern Macedonian which together with Bulgarian belongs to the eastern branch of southern Slavonic languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonians+and+Greeks&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoismanWorthington2011-8"><a href="#cite_ref-RoismanWorthington2011_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_RoismanIan_Worthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA94">A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>. <q>Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.au=Joseph+Roisman&rft.au=Ian+Worthington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeAncientHistory-9"><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeAncientHistory_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisBoardman2000" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=RA7-PA831">The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 730. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%2C+3rd+edition%2C+Volume+VI&rft.pages=730&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23348-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Boardman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx251bK988gC%26pg%3DRA7-PA831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Sarah B. Pomeroy</a>, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespo2017-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crespo2017_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crespo2017_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo2017" class="citation book cs1">Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Softening+of+Obstruent+Consonants+in+the+Macedonian+Dialect&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Crespo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornblower2002-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Hornblower2002_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower2002" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". The Greek World, 479-323 BC (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9"><bdi>0-415-16326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedon%2C+Thessaly+and+Boiotia&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World%2C+479-323+BC&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-16326-9&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph2001-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph2001_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph2001_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph2001_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2001" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Brian D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001113024/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm">"Ancient Greek"</a>. In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl; <a href="/wiki/Adams_Bodomo" title="Adams Bodomo">Bodomo, Adams B.</a>; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.). Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. <a href="/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company" title="H. W. Wilson Company">H. W. Wilson Company</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824209704" title="Special:BookSources/9780824209704"><bdi>9780824209704</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/joseph.1/articles/gancient.htm">the original</a> on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2022-06-06. <q>Family: Ancient Greek is generally taken to be the only representative (though note the existence of different dialects) of the Greek or Hellenic branch of Indo-European. There is some dispute as to whether Ancient Macedonian (the native language of Philip and Alexander), if it has any special affinity to Greek at all, is a dialect within Greek (...) or a sibling language to all of the known Ancient Greek dialects. If the latter view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European which could more properly be called Hellenic. Related Languages: As noted above, Ancient Macedonian might be the language most closely related to Greek, perhaps even a dialect of Greek. The slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible; but most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic (...).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek&rft.btitle=Facts+about+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Major+Languages%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780824209704&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc.ohio-state.edu%2Fjoseph.1%2Farticles%2Fgancient.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2">1-884964-98-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Mallory1_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/JP_Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Mallory">Mallory, J.P.</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/JP_Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Mallory">Mallory, J.P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, D.Q.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2"><bdi>1-884964-98-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=Chicago-London&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-884964-98-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatzopoulos2017-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2017_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2017" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives"</a>. In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+in+the+Ancient+Macedonian+Dialect%3A+Consolidation+and+New+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXFLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bmacedonian%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPT301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatzopoulos2020-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2020_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2020_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2020" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-cIEAAAQBAJ">Ancient Macedonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 64, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071876-8"><bdi>978-3-11-071876-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+speech+of+the+ancient+Macedonians&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=64%2C+77&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071876-8&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-cIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordClassicalDictionary_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordClassicalDictionary_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordClassicalDictionary_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masson, Olivier (2003). "[Ancient] Macedonian language". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a> (revised 3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 905–906. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860641-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BAncient%5D+Macedonian+language&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=905-906&rft.edition=revised+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860641-3&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC&q=Macedonian+Doric">on Google books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95:"This (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect". </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosuna2012-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Dosuna2012_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosuna2012" class="citation book cs1">Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7779-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7779-52-6"><bdi>978-960-7779-52-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Macedonian+as+a+Greek+dialect%3A+A+critical+survey+on+recent+work+%28Greek%2C+English%2C+French%2C+German+text%29&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia%3A+Language%2C+History%2C+Culture&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Centre+for+Greek+Language&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-960-7779-52-6&rft.aulast=Dosuna&rft.aufirst=J.+M%C3%A9ndez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabiniotis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Babiniotis, Georgios (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.aims.edu.au/index.php/msj/article/view/11">"Ancient Macedonian: A case study"</a>. Macedonian Studies Journal. 1 (1). Australia: 7. <q>On all levels (phonological, grammatical and lexical) common structural features of Macedonian and Doric lead us to classify Macedonian within the Doric, especially the Northwestern group of Doric dialects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macedonian+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Ancient+Macedonian%3A+A+case+study&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Babiniotis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.aims.edu.au%2Findex.php%2Fmsj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2016" class="citation speech cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matzinger, Joachim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/meldungen/gastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016/matzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf">Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen</a> (PDF) (Speech) (in German). <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Altbalkanischen+Sprachen&rft.pub=Ludwig+Maximilian+University+of+Munich&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de%2Fdownloads%2Fmeldungen%2Fgastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016%2Fmatzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brixhe2018-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Brixhe2018_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrixhe2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brixhe" title="Claude Brixhe">Brixhe, Claude</a> (2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ">Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 1862–1867. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1"><bdi>978-3-11-054243-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1862-1867&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054243-1&rft.aulast=Brixhe&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuR8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1997" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwiAQAAIAAJ">Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics</a>. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Studies%3A+Further+studies+on+various+topics&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=A.M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mwiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2012" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSOpAgAAQBAJ">Alexander the Great: A Reader</a>. Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-64003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-64003-2"><bdi>978-1-136-64003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-64003-2&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSOpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgiev-27"><a href="#cite_ref-georgiev_27-0">^</a> Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966) "Ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. From the 4th century BC on began the Hellenization of ancient Macedonian." </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Exceptions to the rule: <ul><li>ἀρφύς <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315825">arhphys</a> Macedonian (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315433">ἁρπεδών</a> harpedôn cord, <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a>)</li> <li>βάγαρον <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318973">bagaron</a> (Attic χλιαρόν chliaron' 'warm') (cf. Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112798">phôgô</a> 'roast') (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian" title="Doric Greek">Laconian</a>)</li> <li>βώνημα <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321339">bônêma</a> speech (Homeric, Ionic eirêma <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331179">eireo</a>) (cf. Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112836">phônêma</a> sound, speech) (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian" title="Doric Greek">Laconian</a>)</li> <li>κεβλὴ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356335">keblê</a> <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> Fr.140 Macedonian κεβ(α)λή keb(a)lē versus Attic κεφαλή kephalē ('head')</li> <li>κεβλήπυρις <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2317647">keblēpyris</a> ('red-cap bird'), (<a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> Birds)</li> <li>κεβλήγονος <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356336">keblêgonos</a> born from the head, <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_of_Chalcis" title="Euphorion of Chalcis">Euphorion</a> 108 for <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, with its seed in its head <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a> Alexipharmaca 433.</li> <li>πέχαρι <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382860">pechari</a> deer (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian" title="Doric Greek">Laconian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826">berkios</a>) <a href="/wiki/Amerias" title="Amerias">Amerias</a></li> <li>Ὑπερβέρετος Hyperberetos <a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> month June, Macedonian September Hyperberetaios (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Calendars">Hellenic Calendars</a>) (Attic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23107933">hyperpheretês</a> supreme, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23107935">hyperpherô</a> transfer,excel)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Greek Questions 292e – Question 9 – Why do Delphians call one of their months Bysios <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NL_WAAAAMAAJ">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Česko-jihoslovenská revue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igrvAAAAMAAJ">Volume 4</a>, 1934, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuttgart-1930-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuttgart-1930_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuttgart-1930_32-1">b</a> Albrecht von Blumenthal, Hesychstudien, Stuttgart, 1930, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2317647">Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, κεβλήπυρις</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo2017" class="citation book cs1">Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Softening+of+Obstruent+Consonants+in+the+Macedonian+Dialect&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Crespo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Olivier Masson, "Sur la notation occasionnelle du digamma grec par d'autres consonnes et la glose macédonienne abroutes", Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris, 90 (1995) 231–239. Also proposed by O. Hoffmann and J. Kalleris. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_2007_p._439-441-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_2007_p._439-441_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_2007_p._439-441_36-1">b</a> A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity, Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Cambridge University Press (2007), p. 439–441 </li> <li id="cite_note-epigraphy.packhum.org-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epigraphy.packhum.org_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epigraphy.packhum.org_37-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions//main">Packard Institute epigraphic database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121221117/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main">Archived</a> 2007-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Eric Lhote (2006) Les lamelles Oraculaires de Dodone. Droz, Geneve. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Roberts, E.S., An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy vol. 1 no. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Matthews" title="Elaine Matthews">Elaine Matthews</a>, Simon Hornblower, Peter Marshall Fraser, British Academy, Oxford University Press (2000), p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2011" class="citation book cs1">Engels, Johannes (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA94">"Macedonians and Greeks"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonians+and+Greeks&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2020" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-cIEAAAQBAJ">Ancient Macedonia</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071876-8"><bdi>978-3-11-071876-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071876-8&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-cIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Athens, bottom-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=91&bookid=4&region=1&subregion=71">IG I³ 89</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kalindoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalindoia">Kalindoia</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=152454&bookid=152411&region=4&subregion=11">Meletemata 11 K31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pydna" title="Pydna">Pydna</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=313283&bookid=172&region=4&subregion=11">SEG 52:617,I</a> (6) till SEG 52:617,VI – <a href="/wiki/Mygdonia_(Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mygdonia (Europe)">Mygdonia</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=312708&bookid=172&region=4&subregion=11">SEG 49:750</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbVJvfu7EzsC&dq=Eulandros&pg=PA114">[2]</a> by Simon Hornblower, Elaine Matthews </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum/seg-49-750-oraiokastro-defixio-classical-period-a49_750">SEG 49-750. Oraiokastro. Defixio, Classical period – Brill Reference</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anson, Edward M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&q=macedonians+greeks+ethnic+identity+political&pg=PA14">"Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 17, n. 57, n. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Study+Ancient+Macedonia+and+What+This+Companion+is+About&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=17%2C+n.+57%2C+n.+58&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC%26q%3Dmacedonians%2Bgreeks%2Bethnic%2Bidentity%2Bpolitical%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "...but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2">1-884964-98-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Les anciens Macedoniens. Etude linguistique et historique by J. N. Kalleris </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elk">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Delk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Arai.html">"ARAE: Greek goddesses or spirits of curses; mythology: ARAI"</a>. Theoi.com. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARAE%3A+Greek+goddesses+or+spirits+of+curses%3B+mythology%3A+ARAI&rft.pub=Theoi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FDaimon%2FArai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=ghel-ond-%2C+ghol-n%E2%80%A2d-&btnG=Google+Search">"Pokorny"</a>. 1967-03-27. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pokorny&rft.date=1967-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dghel-ond-%252C%2Bghol-n%25E2%2580%25A2d-%26btnG%3DGoogle%2BSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDindorf1841" class="citation book cs1">Dindorf, Wilhelm (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGYGAAAAQAAJ&q=Sophocles+fragmenta++338+herodianus&pg=RA1-PA45">Poetae scenici graeci, accedunt perditarum fabularum fragmenta</a>. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetae+scenici+graeci%2C+accedunt+perditarum+fabularum+fragmenta&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Dindorf&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGYGAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DSophocles%2Bfragmenta%2B%2B338%2Bherodianus%26pg%3DRA1-PA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820000419/http://ehl.santafe.edu/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpiet&first=1&text_proto=madh&method_proto=substring&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&text_hitt=&method_hitt=substring&text_ind=&method_ind=substring&text_avest=&method_avest=substring&text_iran=&method_iran=substring&text_arm=&method_arm=substring&text_greek=&method_greek=substring&text_slav=&method_slav=substring&text_balt=&method_balt=substring&text_germ=&method_germ=substring&text_lat=&method_lat=substring&text_ital=&method_ital=substring&text_celt=&method_celt=substring&text_alb=&method_alb=substring&text_tokh=&method_tokh=substring&text_refer=&method_refer=substring&text_comment=&method_comment=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto">"Pokorny Query madh"</a>. Ehl.santafe.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehl.santafe.edu/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpiet&first=1&text_proto=madh&method_proto=substring&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&text_hitt=&method_hitt=substring&text_ind=&method_ind=substring&text_avest=&method_avest=substring&text_iran=&method_iran=substring&text_arm=&method_arm=substring&text_greek=&method_greek=substring&text_slav=&method_slav=substring&text_balt=&method_balt=substring&text_germ=&method_germ=substring&text_lat=&method_lat=substring&text_ital=&method_ital=substring&text_celt=&method_celt=substring&text_alb=&method_alb=substring&text_tokh=&method_tokh=substring&text_refer=&method_refer=substring&text_comment=&method_comment=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=proto">the original</a> on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pokorny+Query+madh&rft.pub=Ehl.santafe.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehl.santafe.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresponse.cgi%3Froot%3Dconfig%26morpho%3D0%26basename%3D%252Fdata%252Fie%252Fpiet%26first%3D1%26text_proto%3Dmadh%26method_proto%3Dsubstring%26text_meaning%3D%26method_meaning%3Dsubstring%26text_hitt%3D%26method_hitt%3Dsubstring%26text_ind%3D%26method_ind%3Dsubstring%26text_avest%3D%26method_avest%3Dsubstring%26text_iran%3D%26method_iran%3Dsubstring%26text_arm%3D%26method_arm%3Dsubstring%26text_greek%3D%26method_greek%3Dsubstring%26text_slav%3D%26method_slav%3Dsubstring%26text_balt%3D%26method_balt%3Dsubstring%26text_germ%3D%26method_germ%3Dsubstring%26text_lat%3D%26method_lat%3Dsubstring%26text_ital%3D%26method_ital%3Dsubstring%26text_celt%3D%26method_celt%3Dsubstring%26text_alb%3D%26method_alb%3Dsubstring%26text_tokh%3D%26method_tokh%3Dsubstring%26text_refer%3D%26method_refer%3Dsubstring%26text_comment%3D%26method_comment%3Dsubstring%26text_any%3D%26method_any%3Dsubstring%26sort%3Dproto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/piet&text_number=2161&root=config">"Pokorny's Dictionary"</a>. Starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pokorny%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Starling.rinet.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetymology.cgi%3Fsingle%3D1%26basename%3D%2Fdata%2Fie%2Fpiet%26text_number%3D2161%26root%3Dconfig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> (Izela) Die Makedonen, Ihre Sprache und Ihr Volkstum <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2cyDw2TZ8C&dq=%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD&pg=PA65">[3]</a> by Otto Hoffmann </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Aleksandar Mikić, Origin of the Words Denoting Some of the Most Ancient Old World Pulse Crops and Their Diversity in Modern European Languages (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044512">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=leek">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dleek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV3.p0247&isize=XL&pview=hide">"Deipnosophists 14.663-4 (pp. 1059–1062)"</a>. Digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deipnosophists+14.663-4+%28pp.+1059%E2%80%931062%29&rft.pub=Digicoll.library.wisc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FLiterature%2FLiterature-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DLiterature.AthV3.p0247%26isize%3DXL%26pview%3Dhide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Kalleris, p. 238–240 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Kalleris, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deipnosophists">Deipnosophists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8N61u4keJX0C&dq=dramis+daratos&pg=PA41">3.114b.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deipnosophists">Deipnosophists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T98IAAAAQAAJ&dq=koios+Athenaeus&pg=PA719">10.455e.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Pokorny <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=\data\ie\pokorny&text_recno=949&root=leiden">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Gerhard Köbler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003070702/http://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/indogermanischeswoerterbuch/idgK.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/indogermanischeswoerterbuch/idgK.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeblergerhard.de%2Fgermanistischewoerterbuecher%2Findogermanischeswoerterbuch%2FidgK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Kalleris, p. 172–179, 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=++++Maked.+ON+P%C3%9Adna+bhudhn%C6%92%29%2C+dissimil.+K%C3%9Adna%3F">"Pokorny,Pudna"</a>. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pokorny%2CPudna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3D%2B%2B%2B%2BMaked.%2BON%2BP%25C3%259Adna%2Bbhudhn%25C6%2592%2529%252C%2Bdissimil.%2BK%25C3%259Adna%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftderd32gesegoog">Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft</a>. Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner. 1854. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftderd32gesegoog/page/n234">227</a>. Retrieved 2013-02-03 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>pytna pydna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Kommissionsverlag+F.+Steiner&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzeitschriftderd32gesegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeat1994" class="citation book cs1">Skeat, Theodore Cressy (1994-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-MeAAAAMAAJ&q=pytna+pydna">The Dorians in Archaeology by Theodore Cressy Skeat</a>. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dorians+in+Archaeology+by+Theodore+Cressy+Skeat&rft.date=1994-06-13&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Cressy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-MeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpytna%2Bpydna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics (Aristotle)</a>-XXI <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.3.3.html">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Kalleris, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1906" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Otto (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2cyDw2TZ8C&q=Otto+Hoffmann+Makedonen++Sprache">Otto Hoffmann, p. 270 (bottom)</a>. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783487405339" title="Special:BookSources/9783487405339"><bdi>9783487405339</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otto+Hoffmann%2C+p.+270+%28bottom%29&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=9783487405339&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLq2cyDw2TZ8C%26q%3DOtto%2BHoffmann%2BMakedonen%2B%2BSprache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Steven Colvin, Dialect in Aristophanes and the politics of language in Ancient Greek, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Livy, The History of Rome, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+31+29&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0148">31.29.15</a>, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> A. Panayotou: The position of the Macedonian dialect. In: Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, Anastasios-Phoivos Christides (eds.), A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 433–458 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC&dq=Macedonians,+Aetolians,+and+Acarnanians+spoke+the+same+dialect+(context+dating+ca.&pg=PA434">Google Books</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Livy, The History of Rome, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+45+29&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0168">45.29</a>, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> E. Kapetanopoulos. "Alexander’s Patrius Sermo in the Philotas Affair", The Ancient World 30 (1999), pp. 117–128. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/PhilotasPatriusSermo.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716201824/http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/PhilotasPatriusSermo.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/AlexandrosPatrius.htm">HTM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821205308/https://www.ccsu.edu/history/">Archived</a> 2022-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni, VII.5.33, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Curtius/7*.html">(Loeb edition, Latin)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024880851;view=1up;seq=185">(John C. Rolfe, English translation)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> C. Brixhe, A. Panayotou, 1994, «Le Macédonien» in Langues indo-européennes, p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> George Babiniotis (1992) The question of mediae in ancient Macedonian Greek reconsidered. In: Historical Philology: Greek, Latin, and Romance, Bela Brogyanyi, Reiner Lipp, 1992 John Benjamins Publishing) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brixhe, Claude & Anna Panayotou, “Le Macédonien”, Langues indo-européennes, ed. Françoise Bader. Paris: CNRS, 1994, pp 205–220. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-271-05043-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-271-05043-X">2-271-05043-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a>, The Prehistory of the Greek Language. Cambridge, 1963.</li> <li>Crossland, R. A., “The Language of the Macedonians”, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 3, part 1, Cambridge 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, Nicholas G.L.</a>, “Literary Evidence for Macedonian Speech”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 43, No. 2. (1994), pp. 131–142.</li> <li>Hatzopoulos, M. B. “Le Macédonien: Nouvelles données et théories nouvelles”, Ancient Macedonia, Sixth International Symposium, vol. 1. Institute for Balkan Studies, 1999.</li> <li>Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B.. "Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives". In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 299–328. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110532135-016">10.1515/9783110532135-016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilievski,_Petar_Hristov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilievski, Petar Hristov (page does not exist)">Ilievski, Petar Hristov</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Hristov_Ilievski" class="extiw" title="de:Petar Hristov Ilievski">de</a>]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/_flysystem/fedora/pdf/108884.pdf">Position of the Ancient Macedonian Language and the Name of the Contemporary Makedonski</a>". In: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis (Brown University), E36 (1991). pp. 129–140.</li> <li>Kalléris, Jean. Les Anciens Macédoniens, étude linguistique et historique. Athens: Institut français d'Athènes, 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Katičić, Radoslav</a>. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. The Hague—Paris: Mouton, 1976.</li> <li>Neroznak, V. Paleo-Balkan languages. Moscow, 1978.</li> <li>Rhomiopoulou, Katerina. An Outline of Macedonian History and Art. Greek Ministry of Culture and Science, 1980.</li> <li>Sowa, Wojciech. "Macedonian βίῤῥοξ (Hsch. B 627)". In: Studies in Greek Lexicography. Edited by Giannakis, Georgios K., Christoforos Charalambakis, Franco Montanari and Antonios Rengakos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. pp. 187–204. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110622744-012">10.1515/9783110622744-012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Ca%C5%A1ule,_Ilija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čašule, Ilija (page does not exist)">Čašule, Ilija</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="mk:Илија Чашуле">mk</a>]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiquitasvivahome.files.wordpress.com/2021/12/71.1-2.04.-casule-i.-the-etymology-and-correlation-of-the-ancient-macedonian-gloss-lakedama-and-phrygian-lakedokey.pdf">The Etymology and Correlation of the Ancient Macedonian Gloss ‘lakedama’ and Phrygian ‘lakedokey’</a>". In: Živa Antika [Antiquité Vivante] 71 (2021): 19–26. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.doi.org/10.47054/ZIVA21711-2019ch">https://www.doi.org/10.47054/ZIVA21711-2019ch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2cyDw2TZ8C&dq=%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD&pg=PA5">Die Makedonen: Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum by Otto Hoffmann</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2342614/Ancient_Macedonian_as_a_Greek_dialect_A_critical_survey_on_recent_work_Greek_English_French_German_text_">Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia-evidence.org/macedonian-tongue.html">The speech of the ancient Macedonians, in the light of recent epigraphic discoveries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/amphipolis-ennea-hodoi/">Jona Lendering, Amphipolis (Ennea Hodoi) web page on livius.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827185714/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/gis?region=4&subregion=11">Greek Inscriptions from ancient Macedonia (Epigraphical Database)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinrich-tischner.de/22-sp/1sprach/aegaeis/mak-a.htm">Heinrich Tischner on Hesychius' words</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127075805/http://www.heinrich-tischner.de/22-sp/1sprach/aegaeis/mak-a.htm">Archived</a> 2010-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Template:Paleo-Balkan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Template talk:Paleo-Balkan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paleo-Balkan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paleo-Balkan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Albanian">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 330–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek 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