CINXE.COM

Graduate | Physics & Astronomy | Johns Hopkins University

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="date" content="February 7, 2025" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <title>Graduate | Physics &amp; Astronomy | Johns Hopkins University</title> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/fonts/gentona/Gentona-Bold.woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/fonts/gentona/Gentona-Light.woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/fonts/gentona/Gentona-SemiBold.woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/fonts/quadon/Quadon-Medium.woff" crossorigin> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//kit.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//krieger.jhu.edu' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ajax.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//apis.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//google-analytics.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google-analytics.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ssl.google-analytics.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//connect.facebook.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.doubleclickbygoogle.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//siteimproveanalytics.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ka-f.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ka-p.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Physics &amp; Astronomy &raquo; iCal Feed" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events-calendar/?ical=1" /> <meta name="description" content="Graduate programs in physics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins University are among the top programs in the field. Students engage in original research starting in their first semester and have flexibility in choosing their course of research and designing their path through the program. A wide range of research projects—both theoretical and experimental—are available in..."/><meta property="og:title" content="Graduate | Physics &amp; Astronomy"/><meta property="og:description" content="Graduate programs in physics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins University are among the top programs in the field. Students engage in original research starting in their first semester and have flexibility in choosing their course of research and designing their path through the program. A wide range of research projects—both theoretical and experimental—are available in..."/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2013-02-04T19:09:32-05:00"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-02-07T17:38:44-05:00"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@JHUArtsSciences" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Physics &amp; Astronomy"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-300x63.jpg"/> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=7.4.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='ksas-block-ksas-callouts-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-ksas-block-ksas-callouts{background-color:rgba(191,204,217,.5);border:2px solid rgba(191,204,217,.5);border-radius:0;color:#31261d;font-family:gentona-light,Helvetica Neue,Roboto,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0 0 1rem;padding:1rem}.wp-block-ksas-block-ksas-callouts.is-style-white{background-color:#fefefe}.wp-block-ksas-block-ksas-callouts.is-style-grey a{border-color:#4a484c}.wp-block-ksas-block-ksas-callouts b,.wp-block-ksas-block-ksas-callouts strong{font-family:gentona-semibold,Helvetica Neue,Roboto,sans-serif;font-weight:600} </style> <style id='acf-spotlights-style-inline-css'> .spotlight-block{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(248 248 248 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));border-radius:.25rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / .05)}.spotlight-block a.button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;border-style:none;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(0 45 114 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem;padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem;font-size:1rem;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(254 254 254 / var(--tw-text-opacity))}.spotlight-block a.button:hover{border-style:none;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(104 172 229 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(49 38 29 / var(--tw-text-opacity))}.is-admin.spotlight-block a.button{color:#fefefe!important}.is-admin.spotlight-block{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg\:w-2\/3{width:66.66666%}} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #31261D;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fefefe;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue: #002d72;--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue: #68ace5;--wp--preset--color--grey: #f8f8f8;--wp--preset--color--cool-grey: #bfccd9;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 960px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1280px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black);padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue) !important;}.has-spirit-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue) !important;}.has-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-cool-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cool-grey) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue) !important;}.has-spirit-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue) !important;}.has-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-cool-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cool-grey) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue) !important;}.has-spirit-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue) !important;}.has-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-cool-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cool-grey) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='pb-accordion-blocks-style-css' href='https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/plugins/accordion-blocks/build/index.css?ver=1.5.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ksas-department-tailwind-style-css' href='https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/css/style.css?ver=1738782312' media='' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.3' media='all' /> <script src="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script defer="defer" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/72c92fef89.js?ver=6.1.2" id="font-awesome-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/23" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics-astronomy.jhu.edu%2Fgraduate%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics-astronomy.jhu.edu%2Fgraduate%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( 'no-js', 'js' );</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/favicons/favicon.ico" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> @media (min-width:1024px) { .bucket img { width: 800px; } } .front.featured-image .slide-2018-PA-homeslide-01, .front.featured-image .slide-2018-PA-homeslider-05 { object-position: 20% 0%; } .front.featured-image .slide-2018-PA-homeslide-03 { object-position: 30% 0%; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .main-navigation ul ul .dropdown-toggle::after { padding-top: .4rem; } } </style> <noscript><style id="rocket-lazyload-nojs-css">.rll-youtube-player, [data-lazy-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> var host = window.location.hostname; if(host != "stage.krieger.jhu.edu") { (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WZTH3HXT'); } </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Siteimprove Analytics --> <script async src="https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_11112.js"></script> <!-- End Siteimprove Analytics --> <meta name="generator" content="WP Rocket 3.18.1.5" data-wpr-features="wpr_defer_js wpr_preload_fonts wpr_lazyload_images wpr_lazyload_iframes wpr_desktop wpr_dns_prefetch wpr_preload_links" /></head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-23 page-parent tribe-no-js singular enable-search-modal has-post-thumbnail has-no-pagination not-showing-comments no-sidebar"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WZTH3HXT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div data-rocket-location-hash="de6ab1c95bb8ea6ce28ba81c37d9d69f" role="navigation" aria-label="Skip to main content"><a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#site-content">Skip to the content</a></div> <header id="site-header" class="header-footer-group sm:justify-between shadow-md sm:items-baseline w-full" role="banner"> <div class="flex justify-end"> <div class="container relative hidden lg:inline"> <div class="text-white float-right bg-blue jhu-link z-10 py-2 pr-2 font-heavy font-bold "> <a class="mr-3 hover:text-blue-light hover:border-b-2 hover:border-white" href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-titles-wrapper"> <div class="header-inner section-inner container"> <div class="header-titles grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-3 gap-x-5"> <div class="h-auto shield pl-4"> <a href="https://krieger.jhu.edu" rel="home" class="hover:opacity-50 max-w-[200px] block sm:max-w-xs mx-auto lg:mx-0"> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="42.875 43.01900100708008 227.00006103515625 59.50400161743164" style="enable-background:new 0 0 313 142;" xml:space="preserve" role="img"> <title>Krieger School of Arts & Sciences shield and text</title> <g> <defs> <rect id="SVGID_1_" x="42.875" y="43.018" width="40.251" height="43.367"></rect> </defs> <clipPath id="SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_"> <use xlink:href="#SVGID_1_" style="overflow:visible;"></use> </clipPath> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M63.878,86.038 c1.061-0.586,2.34-1.393,3.725-2.438V71.067l-3.725-2.478V86.038z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M63.878,59.912 l3.725,2.48v-6.333c-1.24-0.058-2.482-0.091-3.725-0.101V59.912z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M75.056,56.717 c-1.238-0.159-2.48-0.288-3.727-0.397v8.551l3.727,2.481V56.717z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M71.329,73.548v6.816 c1.253-1.246,2.515-2.687,3.727-4.326v-0.011L71.329,73.548z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M75.056,76.038 c0.002-0.002,0.003-0.004,0.005-0.01l-0.005-0.002V76.038z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M78.778,57.279v12.552 l0.011,0.006c1.625-3.366,2.936-7.294,3.674-11.862l-0.127-0.025C81.158,57.703,79.97,57.482,78.778,57.279"></path> <polygon style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" points="67.605,62.394 67.605,71.069 71.33,73.547 71.33,64.872 "></polygon> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M75.056,67.352v8.674 l0.005,0.002c1.332-1.801,2.598-3.854,3.717-6.172v-0.025L75.056,67.352z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M78.778,69.856 c0.005-0.006,0.008-0.014,0.011-0.02l-0.011-0.005V69.856z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M55.704,71.634 c1.1-0.305,2.067-0.918,2.807-1.746c-0.406-0.147-0.88-0.293-1.428-0.414C56.678,70.374,56.168,71.093,55.704,71.634"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M49.793,69.89 c0.74,0.828,1.71,1.443,2.811,1.746c-0.464-0.543-0.975-1.262-1.381-2.164C50.674,69.595,50.2,69.742,49.793,69.89"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M53.612,60.853 c-0.405,0.445-0.879,1.072-1.274,1.864c0.399,0.053,0.823,0.09,1.274,0.106V60.853z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M57.459,68.458 c0.672,0.158,1.245,0.346,1.712,0.531c0.438-0.732,0.724-1.56,0.806-2.453h-2.173C57.76,67.231,57.637,67.874,57.459,68.458"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M52.604,60.362 c-1.101,0.303-2.07,0.919-2.811,1.747c0.408,0.147,0.881,0.293,1.43,0.415C51.629,61.624,52.14,60.904,52.604,60.362"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M58.511,62.109 c-0.739-0.827-1.707-1.442-2.807-1.745c0.464,0.542,0.976,1.262,1.38,2.16C57.632,62.402,58.106,62.255,58.511,62.109"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M57.804,65.462h2.173 c-0.082-0.892-0.367-1.722-0.806-2.453c-0.467,0.184-1.039,0.372-1.712,0.53C57.637,64.124,57.76,64.766,57.804,65.462"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M54.688,71.149 c0.406-0.445,0.885-1.072,1.282-1.869c-0.401-0.053-0.829-0.09-1.282-0.108V71.149z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M53.612,66.536h-2.033 c0.047,0.623,0.169,1.195,0.34,1.717c0.52-0.08,1.085-0.133,1.693-0.155V66.536z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M54.688,68.098 c0.61,0.021,1.179,0.074,1.701,0.154c0.17-0.521,0.293-1.093,0.339-1.716h-2.04V68.098z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M55.974,62.717 c-0.397-0.801-0.878-1.432-1.286-1.875v1.98C55.143,62.808,55.573,62.771,55.974,62.717"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M56.728,65.462 c-0.046-0.624-0.167-1.197-0.337-1.718c-0.523,0.079-1.092,0.134-1.703,0.156v1.562H56.728z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M52.338,69.28 c0.396,0.789,0.869,1.416,1.274,1.863v-1.97C53.161,69.192,52.737,69.227,52.338,69.28"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M50.848,63.539 c-0.675-0.158-1.247-0.346-1.717-0.53c-0.435,0.731-0.721,1.561-0.804,2.453h2.176C50.547,64.766,50.67,64.124,50.848,63.539"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M53.612,63.899 c-0.608-0.021-1.173-0.076-1.693-0.155c-0.171,0.521-0.293,1.093-0.34,1.717h2.033V63.899z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M50.503,66.536h-2.176 c0.083,0.893,0.368,1.721,0.804,2.453c0.47-0.185,1.042-0.373,1.717-0.533C50.67,67.874,50.547,67.231,50.503,66.536"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M43.537,57.982 c2.735,16.902,13.316,25.15,18.586,28.056v-30.08c-6.229,0.058-12.435,0.725-18.457,1.996L43.537,57.982z M54.151,59.072 c3.82,0,6.928,3.107,6.928,6.927c0,3.816-3.108,6.926-6.928,6.926c-3.819,0-6.926-3.11-6.926-6.926 C47.224,62.179,50.332,59.072,54.151,59.072"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M82.323,45.061 l-0.014-0.007C76.08,43.725,69.622,43.019,63,43.019c-6.632,0-13.098,0.708-19.332,2.042l-0.027,0.007 c-0.44,0.109-0.766,0.506-0.766,0.981l0.002,3.494c0,2.295,0.139,4.461,0.39,6.515c6.474-1.37,13.113-2.054,19.751-2.054 c6.63,0,13.259,0.684,19.718,2.048c0.248-2.05,0.388-4.216,0.388-6.509l0.001-3.494C83.125,45.562,82.781,45.155,82.323,45.061 M77.971,53.709c-4.845-0.92-10.411-1.202-14.969-1.202h-0.004c-4.558,0-10.125,0.282-14.968,1.202 c-0.183,0.037-0.345-0.13-0.244-0.324l3.187-7.036c0.032-0.065,2.091-1.084,2.091-1.084c2.617-0.55,6.925-0.308,9.931,0.798h0.011 c3.006-1.106,7.313-1.348,9.93-0.798c0,0,2.058,1.019,2.091,1.084l3.185,7.036C78.315,53.579,78.154,53.746,77.971,53.709"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M72.107,46.471 l1.34,3.588c-3.122-0.429-5.709-0.234-9.528,1.017v0.336c3.609-0.136,8.173-0.337,11.863,0.456l-2.011-4.625L72.107,46.471z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000089540614949292107560000001001488827914509478_);fill:#002361;" d="M52.511,50.059 l1.34-3.588l-1.663,0.773l-2.011,4.625c3.688-0.794,8.253-0.593,11.861-0.456v-0.336C58.22,49.825,55.632,49.63,52.511,50.059"></path> </g> <g> <defs> <rect id="SVGID_00000156558236396193808000000010382604879796046983_" x="89.875" y="47.917" width="180" height="24.581"></rect> </defs> <clipPath id="SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_"> <use xlink:href="#SVGID_00000156558236396193808000000010382604879796046983_" style="overflow:visible;"></use> </clipPath> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M95.023,52.328 c0-3.159-0.283-3.5-1.963-3.643l-0.71-0.056c-0.171-0.114-0.114-0.626,0.057-0.711c1.649,0.056,2.616,0.085,3.811,0.085 c1.139,0,2.106-0.029,3.243-0.085c0.171,0.085,0.229,0.597,0.058,0.711l-0.427,0.056c-1.678,0.229-1.735,0.625-1.735,3.643v10.555 c0,2.246-0.115,4.209-0.654,5.517c-0.94,2.278-2.959,4.098-5.606,4.098c-0.34,0-1.222-0.029-1.222-0.598 c0-0.484,0.425-1.31,1.023-1.31c0.342,0,0.684,0.056,1.054,0.172c0.398,0.113,0.796,0.199,1.194,0.199 c0.598,0,0.94-0.342,1.139-0.74c0.654-1.338,0.738-5.604,0.738-7.141V52.328z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M99.459,59.027 c0-4.799,3.601-8.472,8.544-8.472c5.544,0,8.328,4.008,8.328,8.232c0,4.848-3.695,8.375-8.328,8.375 C102.675,67.162,99.459,63.347,99.459,59.027 M113.931,59.531c0-3.959-1.752-8.232-6.336-8.232c-2.496,0-5.735,1.705-5.735,6.961 c0,3.55,1.727,8.16,6.456,8.16C111.196,66.42,113.931,64.26,113.931,59.531"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M121.783,59.027 c-1.151,0-1.2,0.049-1.2,0.77v3.382c0,2.52,0.12,2.856,1.463,3l0.697,0.073c0.144,0.095,0.096,0.527-0.048,0.599 c-1.296-0.049-2.112-0.072-3.049-0.072c-1.031,0-1.848,0.049-2.784,0.072c-0.143-0.072-0.191-0.457-0.047-0.599l0.408-0.073 c1.343-0.24,1.392-0.48,1.392-3v-8.64c0-2.52-0.168-2.927-1.416-3.024l-0.624-0.048c-0.145-0.096-0.096-0.528,0.047-0.6 c1.176,0.023,1.993,0.072,3.024,0.072c0.937,0,1.753-0.023,2.784-0.072c0.145,0.072,0.194,0.504,0.048,0.6l-0.456,0.048 c-1.39,0.144-1.439,0.504-1.439,3.024V57.3c0,0.743,0.049,0.768,1.2,0.768h6.864c1.152,0,1.199-0.025,1.199-0.768v-2.761 c0-2.52-0.047-2.88-1.463-3.024l-0.456-0.048c-0.144-0.096-0.096-0.528,0.048-0.6c1.104,0.049,1.919,0.072,2.903,0.072 c0.937,0,1.753-0.023,2.833-0.072c0.143,0.072,0.192,0.504,0.048,0.6l-0.504,0.048c-1.392,0.144-1.44,0.504-1.44,3.024v8.64 c0,2.52,0.048,2.832,1.44,3l0.576,0.073c0.143,0.095,0.096,0.527-0.049,0.599c-1.151-0.049-1.967-0.072-2.904-0.072 c-0.984,0-1.847,0.023-2.903,0.072c-0.144-0.072-0.192-0.457-0.048-0.599l0.456-0.073c1.463-0.24,1.463-0.48,1.463-3v-3.382 c0-0.721-0.047-0.77-1.199-0.77H121.783z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M150.224,62.699 c0,0.721,0,3.576,0.072,4.199c-0.047,0.145-0.191,0.264-0.455,0.264c-0.289-0.406-0.984-1.246-3.072-3.623l-5.568-6.336 c-0.649-0.744-2.28-2.712-2.784-3.238h-0.048c-0.096,0.287-0.12,0.838-0.12,1.558v5.233c0,1.127,0.024,4.248,0.432,4.966 c0.145,0.266,0.624,0.409,1.224,0.457l0.743,0.073c0.145,0.191,0.121,0.48-0.047,0.599c-1.08-0.048-1.92-0.072-2.808-0.072 c-1.008,0-1.657,0.024-2.497,0.072c-0.167-0.119-0.191-0.457-0.047-0.599l0.648-0.073c0.552-0.072,0.936-0.216,1.056-0.48 c0.335-0.863,0.312-3.791,0.312-4.943V53.82c0-0.673-0.023-1.178-0.528-1.728c-0.336-0.336-0.911-0.505-1.488-0.577l-0.409-0.047 c-0.143-0.144-0.143-0.503,0.049-0.601c1.008,0.072,2.28,0.072,2.712,0.072c0.384,0,0.792-0.023,1.103-0.072 c0.481,1.225,3.313,4.393,4.105,5.281l2.327,2.615c1.656,1.848,2.832,3.192,3.961,4.344h0.047c0.097-0.119,0.097-0.504,0.097-1.008 v-5.136c0-1.128-0.025-4.247-0.48-4.968c-0.144-0.216-0.529-0.36-1.488-0.48l-0.408-0.047c-0.168-0.144-0.145-0.529,0.047-0.601 c1.105,0.049,1.921,0.072,2.833,0.072c1.032,0,1.655-0.023,2.471-0.072c0.192,0.121,0.192,0.457,0.049,0.601l-0.336,0.047 c-0.768,0.12-1.249,0.313-1.345,0.504c-0.407,0.864-0.36,3.84-0.36,4.944V62.699z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M156.567,67.162 c-2.016,0-3.287-0.623-3.744-0.887c-0.287-0.529-0.6-2.232-0.649-3.359c0.122-0.17,0.481-0.217,0.577-0.072 c0.36,1.222,1.343,3.576,4.128,3.576c2.016,0,3.001-1.321,3.001-2.76c0-1.057-0.216-2.232-1.969-3.361l-2.28-1.489 c-1.199-0.791-2.591-2.16-2.591-4.127c0-2.28,1.775-4.127,4.895-4.127c0.744,0,1.609,0.144,2.233,0.311 c0.311,0.098,0.647,0.145,0.838,0.145c0.216,0.575,0.433,1.92,0.433,2.927c-0.096,0.145-0.48,0.216-0.601,0.073 c-0.311-1.153-0.958-2.713-3.263-2.713c-2.352,0-2.856,1.56-2.856,2.666c0,1.39,1.153,2.398,2.04,2.951l1.92,1.199 c1.513,0.936,3,2.328,3,4.608C161.679,65.363,159.687,67.162,156.567,67.162"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M175.924,57.592 c-1.365,0-1.422,0.055-1.422,0.908v4.012c0,2.986,0.142,3.385,1.735,3.557l0.826,0.086c0.17,0.113,0.114,0.625-0.058,0.708 c-1.536-0.056-2.503-0.083-3.612-0.083c-1.224,0-2.192,0.056-3.301,0.083c-0.171-0.083-0.228-0.539-0.057-0.708l0.484-0.086 c1.592-0.286,1.65-0.571,1.65-3.557V52.27c0-2.987-0.199-3.471-1.678-3.584l-0.74-0.057c-0.171-0.113-0.114-0.626,0.057-0.711 c1.393,0.028,2.361,0.085,3.585,0.085c1.109,0,2.076-0.028,3.3-0.085c0.17,0.085,0.227,0.598,0.055,0.711l-0.54,0.057 c-1.649,0.172-1.706,0.597-1.706,3.584v3.272c0,0.882,0.057,0.909,1.422,0.909h8.137c1.365,0,1.422-0.027,1.422-0.909V52.27 c0-2.987-0.057-3.412-1.736-3.584l-0.541-0.057c-0.17-0.113-0.113-0.626,0.058-0.711c1.307,0.057,2.276,0.085,3.442,0.085 c1.11,0,2.077-0.028,3.358-0.085c0.17,0.085,0.227,0.598,0.055,0.711l-0.596,0.057c-1.65,0.172-1.707,0.597-1.707,3.584v10.242 c0,2.986,0.057,3.357,1.707,3.557l0.682,0.086c0.171,0.113,0.115,0.625-0.057,0.708c-1.365-0.056-2.332-0.083-3.442-0.083 c-1.166,0-2.19,0.027-3.442,0.083c-0.171-0.083-0.228-0.539-0.058-0.708l0.541-0.086c1.736-0.286,1.736-0.571,1.736-3.557V58.5 c0-0.853-0.057-0.908-1.422-0.908H175.924z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M190.025,59.027 c0-4.799,3.602-8.472,8.544-8.472c5.545,0,8.328,4.008,8.328,8.232c0,4.848-3.695,8.375-8.328,8.375 C193.242,67.162,190.025,63.347,190.025,59.027 M204.497,59.531c0-3.959-1.751-8.232-6.336-8.232c-2.495,0-5.735,1.705-5.735,6.961 c0,3.55,1.728,8.16,6.456,8.16C201.763,66.42,204.497,64.26,204.497,59.531"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M211.241,63.18 c0,2.52,0.048,2.832,1.584,3l0.648,0.072c0.144,0.119,0.097,0.528-0.048,0.6c-1.368-0.049-2.16-0.072-3.12-0.072 c-1.008,0-1.872,0.023-2.927,0.072c-0.145-0.072-0.193-0.457-0.048-0.6l0.504-0.072c1.391-0.191,1.439-0.48,1.439-3v-8.855 c0-2.041-0.048-2.449-1.128-2.569l-0.864-0.097c-0.168-0.143-0.144-0.503,0.049-0.599c1.271-0.169,2.76-0.193,4.751-0.193 c1.992,0,3.48,0.264,4.608,0.961c1.104,0.696,1.92,1.944,1.92,3.599c0,2.208-1.367,3.314-2.4,3.817 c-1.056,0.504-2.327,0.719-3.312,0.719c-0.168-0.07-0.168-0.431-0.024-0.478c2.592-0.481,3.528-1.946,3.528-4.033 c0-2.329-1.368-3.839-3.863-3.839c-1.273,0-1.297,0.094-1.297,0.864V63.18z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M221.227,54.539 c0-2.52-0.049-2.904-1.44-3.023l-0.601-0.048c-0.144-0.097-0.095-0.529,0.048-0.601c1.176,0.049,1.944,0.072,3.023,0.072 c0.937,0,1.753-0.023,2.785-0.072c0.144,0.072,0.193,0.504,0.047,0.601l-0.455,0.048c-1.392,0.143-1.44,0.503-1.44,3.023v2.762 c0,0.455,0.048,0.91,0.313,0.91c0.215,0,0.503-0.143,0.671-0.264c0.336-0.287,0.96-0.912,1.225-1.152l2.591-2.567 c0.456-0.433,1.632-1.657,1.872-1.992c0.121-0.169,0.169-0.289,0.169-0.385c0-0.095-0.096-0.167-0.409-0.239l-0.648-0.144 c-0.168-0.169-0.144-0.48,0.048-0.601c0.84,0.049,1.8,0.072,2.64,0.072s1.656-0.023,2.375-0.072 c0.169,0.121,0.193,0.457,0.049,0.601c-0.624,0.048-1.559,0.288-2.231,0.672c-0.672,0.383-2.018,1.511-3.361,2.784l-2.16,2.039 c-0.336,0.338-0.552,0.553-0.552,0.744c0,0.17,0.144,0.361,0.456,0.744c2.28,2.615,4.128,4.776,6.001,6.744 c0.576,0.576,1.012,0.889,1.828,0.985l0.463,0.072c0.169,0.119,0.12,0.527-0.049,0.6c-0.624-0.049-1.282-0.073-2.41-0.073 c-0.984,0-1.826,0.024-2.929,0.073c-0.168-0.049-0.239-0.458-0.096-0.6l0.552-0.098c0.337-0.047,0.576-0.119,0.576-0.238 c0-0.145-0.168-0.336-0.337-0.553c-0.456-0.576-1.079-1.224-1.991-2.256l-1.92-2.16c-1.368-1.535-1.752-2.015-2.328-2.015 c-0.36,0-0.408,0.312-0.408,1.152v3.096c0,2.519,0.048,2.855,1.392,3l0.649,0.072c0.142,0.096,0.096,0.527-0.049,0.6 c-1.176-0.049-1.992-0.073-2.929-0.073c-0.983,0-1.799,0.024-2.783,0.073c-0.143-0.073-0.192-0.432-0.048-0.6l0.481-0.072 c1.271-0.192,1.32-0.481,1.32-3V54.539z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M237.7,54.588 c0-2.544-0.048-2.953-1.465-3.072l-0.598-0.048c-0.145-0.097-0.097-0.528,0.046-0.601c1.201,0.049,2.017,0.073,3.025,0.073 c0.96,0,1.776-0.024,2.975-0.073c0.145,0.073,0.193,0.504,0.049,0.601l-0.6,0.048c-1.416,0.119-1.464,0.528-1.464,3.072v8.543 c0,2.545,0.048,2.881,1.464,3.049l0.6,0.072c0.144,0.096,0.096,0.527-0.049,0.6c-1.199-0.049-2.015-0.073-2.975-0.073 c-1.008,0-1.733,0.024-2.932,0.073c-0.144-0.073-0.192-0.457-0.048-0.6l0.507-0.072c1.417-0.168,1.465-0.504,1.465-3.049V54.588z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M258.46,62.699 c0,0.721,0,3.576,0.073,4.199c-0.048,0.145-0.192,0.264-0.456,0.264c-0.288-0.406-0.984-1.246-3.072-3.623l-5.568-6.336 c-0.648-0.744-2.281-2.712-2.784-3.238h-0.047c-0.097,0.287-0.122,0.838-0.122,1.558v5.233c0,1.127,0.025,4.248,0.433,4.966 c0.145,0.266,0.624,0.409,1.224,0.457l0.744,0.073c0.143,0.191,0.119,0.48-0.048,0.599c-1.08-0.048-1.92-0.072-2.808-0.072 c-1.007,0-1.656,0.024-2.495,0.072c-0.169-0.119-0.193-0.457-0.049-0.599l0.649-0.073c0.551-0.072,0.935-0.216,1.055-0.48 c0.336-0.863,0.312-3.791,0.312-4.943V53.82c0-0.673-0.024-1.178-0.528-1.728c-0.336-0.336-0.912-0.505-1.488-0.577l-0.408-0.047 c-0.144-0.144-0.144-0.503,0.049-0.601c1.008,0.072,2.279,0.072,2.711,0.072c0.384,0,0.792-0.023,1.104-0.072 c0.481,1.225,3.312,4.393,4.103,5.281l2.329,2.615c1.656,1.848,2.831,3.192,3.96,4.344h0.048c0.096-0.119,0.096-0.504,0.096-1.008 v-5.136c0-1.128-0.024-4.247-0.48-4.968c-0.144-0.216-0.527-0.36-1.487-0.48l-0.408-0.047c-0.169-0.144-0.145-0.529,0.046-0.601 c1.105,0.049,1.92,0.072,2.833,0.072c1.033,0,1.656-0.023,2.471-0.072c0.193,0.121,0.193,0.457,0.049,0.601l-0.336,0.047 c-0.768,0.12-1.248,0.313-1.345,0.504c-0.408,0.864-0.36,3.84-0.36,4.944V62.699z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000000944736688429654110000001447473957725534130_);fill:#002361;" d="M264.764,67.162 c-2.017,0-3.288-0.623-3.745-0.887c-0.287-0.529-0.6-2.232-0.649-3.359c0.122-0.17,0.482-0.217,0.577-0.072 c0.36,1.222,1.344,3.576,4.129,3.576c2.015,0,3-1.321,3-2.76c0-1.057-0.217-2.232-1.969-3.361l-2.279-1.489 c-1.201-0.791-2.593-2.16-2.593-4.127c0-2.28,1.776-4.127,4.897-4.127c0.743,0,1.607,0.144,2.232,0.311 c0.312,0.098,0.647,0.145,0.838,0.145c0.217,0.575,0.433,1.92,0.433,2.927c-0.097,0.145-0.479,0.216-0.6,0.073 c-0.312-1.153-0.959-2.713-3.263-2.713c-2.353,0-2.857,1.56-2.857,2.666c0,1.39,1.153,2.398,2.039,2.951l1.921,1.199 c1.512,0.936,3,2.328,3,4.608C269.875,65.363,267.883,67.162,264.764,67.162"></path> </g> <g> <defs> <rect id="SVGID_00000145039445628610929200000000367786045177976756_" width="313" height="142"></rect> </defs> <clipPath id="SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_"> <use xlink:href="#SVGID_00000145039445628610929200000000367786045177976756_" style="overflow:visible;"></use> </clipPath> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M124.306,79.369 c0-1.302-0.024-1.501-0.744-1.562l-0.311-0.026c-0.074-0.049-0.049-0.272,0.025-0.309c0.608,0.024,1.006,0.037,1.563,0.037 c0.484,0,0.905-0.013,1.44-0.037c0.074,0.037,0.098,0.26,0.024,0.309l-0.235,0.026c-0.72,0.074-0.745,0.26-0.745,1.562v1.427 c0,0.236,0.025,0.471,0.162,0.471c0.111,0,0.259-0.074,0.347-0.136c0.174-0.149,0.496-0.471,0.633-0.596l1.34-1.327 c0.234-0.223,0.843-0.856,0.967-1.029c0.062-0.087,0.087-0.15,0.087-0.199c0-0.049-0.05-0.086-0.211-0.124l-0.335-0.075 c-0.087-0.087-0.074-0.248,0.025-0.309c0.434,0.024,0.93,0.037,1.364,0.037c0.435,0,0.857-0.013,1.228-0.037 c0.088,0.061,0.1,0.235,0.025,0.309c-0.322,0.026-0.806,0.15-1.154,0.348c-0.347,0.198-1.041,0.781-1.736,1.439l-1.116,1.054 c-0.174,0.174-0.287,0.286-0.287,0.385c0,0.087,0.076,0.186,0.237,0.385c1.178,1.352,2.134,2.468,3.101,3.486 c0.297,0.297,0.571,0.459,0.993,0.508l0.334,0.038c0.087,0.061,0.062,0.272-0.024,0.309c-0.322-0.024-0.807-0.037-1.39-0.037 c-0.508,0-0.942,0.013-1.513,0.037c-0.087-0.024-0.124-0.235-0.05-0.309l0.285-0.05c0.174-0.025,0.299-0.063,0.299-0.124 c0-0.075-0.088-0.174-0.174-0.285c-0.236-0.298-0.558-0.633-1.03-1.167l-0.992-1.116c-0.708-0.794-0.906-1.042-1.204-1.042 c-0.186,0-0.211,0.161-0.211,0.595v1.601c0,1.302,0.025,1.475,0.72,1.55l0.334,0.038c0.075,0.049,0.05,0.272-0.024,0.309 c-0.609-0.024-1.03-0.037-1.514-0.037c-0.509,0-0.93,0.013-1.438,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.1-0.223-0.026-0.309l0.248-0.038 c0.659-0.099,0.683-0.248,0.683-1.55V79.369z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M133.294,79.382 c0-1.179-0.037-1.39-0.544-1.452l-0.398-0.049c-0.087-0.062-0.087-0.261,0.013-0.311c0.694-0.062,1.551-0.099,2.765-0.099 c0.77,0,1.502,0.062,2.073,0.372c0.595,0.311,1.029,0.869,1.029,1.737c0,1.179-0.93,1.824-1.551,2.072 c-0.061,0.074,0,0.198,0.063,0.298c0.992,1.6,1.65,2.593,2.494,3.3c0.21,0.185,0.52,0.322,0.855,0.346 c0.063,0.026,0.075,0.124,0.012,0.174c-0.111,0.037-0.31,0.063-0.545,0.063c-1.055,0-1.687-0.311-2.568-1.564 c-0.323-0.459-0.831-1.314-1.216-1.873c-0.187-0.273-0.384-0.397-0.881-0.397c-0.558,0-0.583,0.012-0.583,0.273v1.564 c0,1.301,0.025,1.451,0.744,1.549l0.261,0.039c0.075,0.061,0.05,0.272-0.024,0.309c-0.559-0.024-0.981-0.037-1.477-0.037 c-0.522,0-0.968,0.013-1.551,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.099-0.223-0.025-0.309l0.31-0.039c0.72-0.086,0.744-0.248,0.744-1.549V79.382z M134.312,81.156c0,0.223,0,0.359,0.037,0.409c0.037,0.037,0.224,0.062,0.857,0.062c0.446,0,0.918-0.049,1.277-0.323 c0.335-0.26,0.62-0.694,0.62-1.538c0-0.98-0.607-1.91-1.984-1.91c-0.77,0-0.807,0.049-0.807,0.397V81.156z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M141.914,79.395 c0-1.315-0.025-1.526-0.758-1.588l-0.309-0.025c-0.075-0.049-0.05-0.273,0.024-0.31c0.621,0.025,1.043,0.037,1.564,0.037 c0.496,0,0.917-0.012,1.538-0.037c0.074,0.037,0.099,0.261,0.025,0.31l-0.311,0.025c-0.732,0.062-0.756,0.273-0.756,1.588v4.416 c0,1.315,0.024,1.488,0.756,1.575l0.311,0.038c0.074,0.049,0.049,0.273-0.025,0.31c-0.621-0.025-1.042-0.037-1.538-0.037 c-0.521,0-0.943,0.012-1.564,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.099-0.235-0.024-0.31l0.309-0.038c0.733-0.087,0.758-0.26,0.758-1.575V79.395z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M146.725,79.369 c0-1.29-0.025-1.475-0.758-1.562l-0.197-0.026c-0.075-0.049-0.051-0.272,0.024-0.309c0.534,0.024,0.955,0.037,1.464,0.037h2.332 c0.794,0,1.526,0,1.675-0.037c0.074,0.211,0.149,1.103,0.198,1.649c-0.049,0.075-0.248,0.1-0.31,0.025 c-0.186-0.583-0.297-1.017-0.943-1.178c-0.26-0.063-0.657-0.074-1.203-0.074h-0.893c-0.372,0-0.372,0.024-0.372,0.496v2.48 c0,0.348,0.038,0.348,0.409,0.348h0.72c0.52,0,0.905-0.025,1.054-0.074c0.15-0.05,0.236-0.125,0.298-0.435l0.1-0.508 c0.061-0.075,0.272-0.075,0.322,0.012c0,0.298-0.05,0.782-0.05,1.253c0,0.447,0.05,0.918,0.05,1.191 c-0.05,0.087-0.261,0.087-0.322,0.012l-0.113-0.484c-0.049-0.223-0.135-0.409-0.383-0.471c-0.174-0.05-0.473-0.062-0.956-0.062 h-0.72c-0.371,0-0.409,0.012-0.409,0.335v1.749c0,0.658,0.038,1.079,0.235,1.29c0.149,0.149,0.41,0.285,1.502,0.285 c0.955,0,1.314-0.049,1.588-0.185c0.222-0.124,0.557-0.559,0.881-1.204c0.086-0.062,0.259-0.025,0.309,0.087 c-0.087,0.434-0.397,1.389-0.557,1.724c-1.118-0.024-2.221-0.037-3.326-0.037h-1.116c-0.533,0-0.955,0.013-1.687,0.037 c-0.075-0.037-0.1-0.235-0.026-0.309l0.41-0.038c0.708-0.062,0.77-0.248,0.77-1.55V79.369z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M160.715,84.431 c0,0.496,0.074,0.794,0.297,0.881c0.037,0.037,0.037,0.112-0.012,0.149c-0.148,0-0.373,0.049-0.607,0.112 c-0.658,0.173-1.551,0.322-2.221,0.322c-1.477,0-2.829-0.409-3.784-1.377c-0.744-0.744-1.142-1.725-1.142-2.816 c0-1.054,0.348-2.122,1.117-2.94c0.831-0.868,2.059-1.451,3.932-1.451c0.707,0,1.365,0.136,1.576,0.185 c0.236,0.05,0.62,0.137,0.77,0.113c0,0.409,0.074,1.053,0.185,1.799c-0.037,0.098-0.26,0.111-0.335,0.037 c-0.346-1.34-1.278-1.762-2.543-1.762c-2.407,0-3.462,1.712-3.462,3.572c0,2.382,1.229,4.255,3.723,4.255 c0.769,0,1.228-0.161,1.364-0.372c0.062-0.087,0.124-0.31,0.124-0.707v-0.496c0-1.042-0.037-1.116-0.806-1.203l-0.545-0.063 c-0.1-0.049-0.088-0.272,0-0.309c0.359,0.024,1.041,0.037,1.773,0.037c0.485,0,0.906-0.013,1.315-0.037 c0.088,0.05,0.099,0.235,0.012,0.309l-0.198,0.026c-0.521,0.061-0.533,0.409-0.533,1.042V84.431z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M163.824,79.369 c0-1.29-0.025-1.475-0.758-1.562l-0.197-0.026c-0.075-0.049-0.051-0.272,0.024-0.309c0.534,0.024,0.955,0.037,1.464,0.037h2.332 c0.794,0,1.526,0,1.675-0.037c0.074,0.211,0.149,1.103,0.198,1.649c-0.049,0.075-0.248,0.1-0.31,0.025 c-0.186-0.583-0.297-1.017-0.943-1.178c-0.26-0.063-0.657-0.074-1.203-0.074h-0.893c-0.372,0-0.372,0.024-0.372,0.496v2.48 c0,0.348,0.038,0.348,0.409,0.348h0.72c0.52,0,0.905-0.025,1.054-0.074c0.15-0.05,0.236-0.125,0.298-0.435l0.1-0.508 c0.061-0.075,0.272-0.075,0.322,0.012c0,0.298-0.05,0.782-0.05,1.253c0,0.447,0.05,0.918,0.05,1.191 c-0.05,0.087-0.261,0.087-0.322,0.012l-0.113-0.484c-0.049-0.223-0.135-0.409-0.383-0.471c-0.174-0.05-0.473-0.062-0.956-0.062 h-0.72c-0.371,0-0.409,0.012-0.409,0.335v1.749c0,0.658,0.038,1.079,0.235,1.29c0.149,0.149,0.41,0.285,1.502,0.285 c0.955,0,1.314-0.049,1.588-0.185c0.222-0.124,0.557-0.559,0.881-1.204c0.086-0.062,0.259-0.025,0.309,0.087 c-0.087,0.434-0.397,1.389-0.557,1.724c-1.118-0.024-2.221-0.037-3.326-0.037h-1.116c-0.533,0-0.955,0.013-1.687,0.037 c-0.075-0.037-0.1-0.235-0.026-0.309l0.41-0.038c0.708-0.062,0.77-0.248,0.77-1.55V79.369z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M171.685,79.382 c0-1.179-0.037-1.39-0.546-1.452l-0.397-0.049c-0.086-0.062-0.086-0.261,0.014-0.311c0.693-0.062,1.55-0.099,2.765-0.099 c0.77,0,1.501,0.062,2.073,0.372c0.594,0.311,1.029,0.869,1.029,1.737c0,1.179-0.931,1.824-1.551,2.072 c-0.062,0.074,0,0.198,0.063,0.298c0.992,1.6,1.649,2.593,2.493,3.3c0.211,0.185,0.52,0.322,0.856,0.346 c0.062,0.026,0.074,0.124,0.012,0.174c-0.111,0.037-0.311,0.063-0.546,0.063c-1.054,0-1.686-0.311-2.567-1.564 c-0.323-0.459-0.832-1.314-1.217-1.873c-0.186-0.273-0.384-0.397-0.881-0.397c-0.558,0-0.582,0.012-0.582,0.273v1.564 c0,1.301,0.024,1.451,0.744,1.549l0.26,0.039c0.075,0.061,0.051,0.272-0.024,0.309c-0.558-0.024-0.98-0.037-1.476-0.037 c-0.522,0-0.969,0.013-1.551,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.099-0.223-0.025-0.309l0.31-0.039c0.719-0.086,0.744-0.248,0.744-1.549V79.382z M172.703,81.156c0,0.223,0,0.359,0.037,0.409c0.037,0.037,0.223,0.062,0.856,0.062c0.447,0,0.918-0.049,1.277-0.323 c0.336-0.26,0.621-0.694,0.621-1.538c0-0.98-0.607-1.91-1.984-1.91c-0.77,0-0.807,0.049-0.807,0.397V81.156z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M185.215,85.895 c-1.042,0-1.699-0.322-1.936-0.459c-0.148-0.272-0.31-1.153-0.334-1.736c0.062-0.087,0.249-0.113,0.297-0.037 c0.187,0.632,0.696,1.847,2.134,1.847c1.042,0,1.551-0.681,1.551-1.426c0-0.545-0.112-1.154-1.017-1.737l-1.179-0.768 c-0.62-0.411-1.34-1.118-1.34-2.134c0-1.179,0.918-2.134,2.531-2.134c0.385,0,0.831,0.074,1.154,0.161 c0.16,0.05,0.334,0.074,0.434,0.074c0.111,0.298,0.223,0.993,0.223,1.514c-0.049,0.074-0.248,0.111-0.31,0.037 c-0.161-0.596-0.496-1.402-1.687-1.402c-1.216,0-1.476,0.806-1.476,1.378c0,0.718,0.596,1.24,1.055,1.525l0.992,0.62 c0.781,0.485,1.551,1.203,1.551,2.382C187.858,84.965,186.828,85.895,185.215,85.895"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M191.203,78.364 c0.906-0.707,2.06-1.054,3.35-1.054c0.67,0,1.613,0.136,2.195,0.298c0.149,0.037,0.236,0.062,0.348,0.049 c0.011,0.286,0.074,1.067,0.173,1.824c-0.062,0.087-0.248,0.099-0.334,0.025c-0.187-0.844-0.746-1.812-2.544-1.812 c-1.898,0-3.51,1.204-3.51,3.772c0,2.605,1.65,4.043,3.683,4.043c1.602,0,2.309-1.041,2.594-1.773 c0.086-0.063,0.273-0.037,0.322,0.05c-0.086,0.644-0.41,1.464-0.595,1.699c-0.149,0.024-0.298,0.074-0.434,0.124 c-0.273,0.1-1.166,0.285-1.961,0.285c-1.116,0-2.183-0.222-3.088-0.831c-0.993-0.682-1.761-1.811-1.761-3.411 C189.641,80.275,190.26,79.096,191.203,78.364"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M201.57,81.689 c-0.596,0-0.621,0.024-0.621,0.396v1.75c0,1.302,0.062,1.476,0.758,1.55l0.359,0.038c0.074,0.049,0.05,0.273-0.025,0.31 c-0.67-0.024-1.092-0.037-1.576-0.037c-0.533,0-0.955,0.024-1.438,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.1-0.235-0.025-0.31l0.211-0.038 c0.695-0.124,0.719-0.248,0.719-1.55v-4.466c0-1.302-0.087-1.513-0.731-1.563l-0.323-0.025c-0.075-0.049-0.05-0.273,0.024-0.31 c0.608,0.013,1.03,0.037,1.563,0.037c0.484,0,0.906-0.012,1.44-0.037c0.074,0.037,0.099,0.261,0.024,0.31l-0.235,0.025 c-0.72,0.074-0.745,0.261-0.745,1.563v1.426c0,0.385,0.025,0.398,0.621,0.398h3.548c0.595,0,0.62-0.013,0.62-0.398v-1.426 c0-1.302-0.025-1.489-0.757-1.563l-0.235-0.025c-0.074-0.049-0.05-0.273,0.024-0.31c0.571,0.025,0.993,0.037,1.501,0.037 c0.485,0,0.906-0.012,1.465-0.037c0.074,0.037,0.099,0.261,0.023,0.31l-0.259,0.025c-0.72,0.074-0.744,0.261-0.744,1.563v4.466 c0,1.302,0.024,1.463,0.744,1.55l0.298,0.038c0.074,0.049,0.049,0.273-0.025,0.31c-0.596-0.024-1.017-0.037-1.502-0.037 c-0.508,0-0.955,0.013-1.501,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.098-0.235-0.024-0.31l0.235-0.038c0.757-0.124,0.757-0.248,0.757-1.55v-1.75 c0-0.372-0.025-0.396-0.62-0.396H201.57z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M209.394,81.689 c0-2.481,1.86-4.379,4.416-4.379c2.866,0,4.304,2.072,4.304,4.255c0,2.506-1.91,4.329-4.304,4.329 C211.056,85.894,209.394,83.922,209.394,81.689 M216.874,81.95c0-2.047-0.905-4.256-3.275-4.256c-1.29,0-2.965,0.881-2.965,3.598 c0,1.836,0.893,4.218,3.337,4.218C215.459,85.51,216.874,84.393,216.874,81.95"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M219.872,81.689 c0-2.481,1.861-4.379,4.416-4.379c2.865,0,4.304,2.072,4.304,4.255c0,2.506-1.91,4.329-4.304,4.329 C221.534,85.894,219.872,83.922,219.872,81.689 M227.352,81.95c0-2.047-0.906-4.256-3.275-4.256c-1.291,0-2.965,0.881-2.965,3.598 c0,1.836,0.893,4.218,3.338,4.218C225.938,85.51,227.352,84.393,227.352,81.95"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M231.268,79.369 c0-1.302-0.025-1.501-0.807-1.562l-0.31-0.026c-0.074-0.049-0.049-0.272,0.025-0.309c0.694,0.024,1.116,0.037,1.612,0.037 c0.484,0,0.906-0.013,1.527-0.037c0.074,0.037,0.098,0.26,0.024,0.309l-0.298,0.026c-0.732,0.061-0.756,0.26-0.756,1.562v4.317 c0,0.782,0.038,1.105,0.26,1.34c0.137,0.137,0.372,0.285,1.352,0.285c1.055,0,1.315-0.049,1.514-0.161 c0.248-0.148,0.57-0.595,0.819-1.228c0.074-0.062,0.309-0.012,0.309,0.075c0,0.136-0.347,1.401-0.52,1.736 c-0.633-0.024-1.812-0.037-3.089-0.037h-1.142c-0.52,0-0.918,0.013-1.612,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.099-0.235-0.025-0.309l0.373-0.038 c0.719-0.075,0.744-0.248,0.744-1.55V79.369z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M122.999,95.688 c-0.037,0.681-0.398,1.873-1.316,2.815c-0.768,0.794-1.438,0.857-1.773,0.857c-0.794,0-1.314-0.583-1.24-1.651 c0.049-0.768,0.508-1.971,1.351-2.778c0.646-0.62,1.203-0.807,1.712-0.807C122.614,94.124,123.049,94.781,122.999,95.688 M120.741,95.092c-0.72,0.968-1.203,2.443-1.241,3.102c-0.025,0.433,0.149,0.794,0.51,0.794c0.272,0,0.582-0.113,0.979-0.646 c0.546-0.731,1.129-2.369,1.153-3.026c0.013-0.385-0.061-0.82-0.496-0.82C121.398,94.496,121.101,94.609,120.741,95.092"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M126.594,94.757 c-0.074,0.211-0.174,0.607-0.322,1.153c-0.372,1.39-0.707,2.581-1.104,3.946c-0.323,1.116-0.732,1.749-0.98,1.997 c-0.186,0.174-0.757,0.67-1.489,0.67c-0.669,0-0.906-0.422-0.906-0.608c0-0.248,0.149-0.459,0.285-0.558 c0.1-0.075,0.211-0.038,0.286,0.049c0.298,0.31,0.669,0.509,0.943,0.509c0.248,0,0.508-0.087,0.794-1.042 c0.57-1.96,1.005-4.094,1.6-6.116h-1.03c-0.124-0.111-0.074-0.348,0.087-0.459h1.066c0.324-1.116,0.659-2.084,1.391-2.952 c0.619-0.733,1.265-1.03,1.984-1.03c0.459,0,0.956,0.323,0.956,0.819c0,0.322-0.336,0.707-0.534,0.707 c-0.111,0-0.162-0.112-0.173-0.199c-0.038-0.682-0.385-0.906-0.696-0.906c-0.272,0-0.607,0.249-0.892,0.67 c-0.571,0.831-0.819,1.712-1.155,2.891h1.551c0.088,0.137,0.063,0.322-0.123,0.459H126.594z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M136.664,96.308 c-0.087-0.274-0.137-0.311-0.509-0.311h-1.874c-0.309,0-0.384,0.037-0.471,0.298l-0.433,1.303 c-0.187,0.558-0.274,0.893-0.274,1.029c0,0.149,0.063,0.224,0.36,0.248l0.41,0.038c0.086,0.061,0.086,0.26-0.025,0.31 c-0.323-0.025-0.707-0.025-1.29-0.038c-0.41,0-0.857,0.025-1.191,0.038c-0.075-0.05-0.099-0.249-0.025-0.31l0.409-0.038 c0.298-0.024,0.571-0.161,0.745-0.608c0.223-0.57,0.57-1.377,1.092-2.766l1.264-3.35c0.174-0.446,0.249-0.681,0.211-0.881 c0.298-0.087,0.509-0.309,0.646-0.47c0.074,0,0.16,0.024,0.185,0.111c0.162,0.546,0.36,1.116,0.546,1.662l1.701,4.987 c0.359,1.067,0.52,1.253,1.053,1.315l0.335,0.038c0.087,0.061,0.063,0.26,0,0.31c-0.508-0.025-0.943-0.038-1.501-0.038 c-0.594,0-1.067,0.025-1.426,0.038c-0.1-0.05-0.112-0.249-0.025-0.31l0.359-0.038c0.261-0.024,0.435-0.099,0.435-0.223 c0-0.136-0.062-0.36-0.162-0.658L136.664,96.308z M134.207,95.203c-0.099,0.285-0.086,0.298,0.261,0.298h1.526 c0.359,0,0.385-0.05,0.273-0.385l-0.67-2.021c-0.099-0.298-0.211-0.633-0.286-0.783h-0.024c-0.037,0.063-0.162,0.361-0.298,0.733 L134.207,95.203z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M141.547,92.872 c0-1.179-0.037-1.39-0.545-1.452l-0.397-0.049c-0.088-0.062-0.088-0.261,0.012-0.311c0.695-0.061,1.551-0.099,2.766-0.099 c0.769,0,1.501,0.062,2.072,0.372c0.595,0.31,1.03,0.869,1.03,1.737c0,1.179-0.931,1.824-1.551,2.072 c-0.061,0.074,0,0.198,0.062,0.298c0.992,1.6,1.65,2.593,2.494,3.3c0.211,0.185,0.521,0.322,0.855,0.346 c0.063,0.026,0.074,0.124,0.013,0.174c-0.112,0.037-0.31,0.063-0.546,0.063c-1.055,0-1.687-0.311-2.568-1.564 c-0.323-0.459-0.83-1.314-1.215-1.873c-0.187-0.272-0.385-0.397-0.881-0.397c-0.559,0-0.584,0.012-0.584,0.273v1.564 c0,1.302,0.025,1.451,0.745,1.55l0.261,0.038c0.074,0.061,0.049,0.272-0.026,0.309c-0.558-0.024-0.98-0.037-1.476-0.037 c-0.521,0-0.967,0.013-1.551,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.099-0.223-0.024-0.309l0.31-0.038c0.72-0.086,0.744-0.248,0.744-1.55V92.872z M142.564,94.646c0,0.223,0,0.359,0.038,0.409c0.037,0.037,0.224,0.062,0.857,0.062c0.445,0,0.918-0.049,1.277-0.323 c0.334-0.26,0.62-0.694,0.62-1.538c0-0.98-0.608-1.91-1.985-1.91c-0.769,0-0.807,0.049-0.807,0.397V94.646z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M152.585,97.325 c0,1.302,0.024,1.488,0.745,1.55l0.397,0.038c0.074,0.049,0.049,0.272-0.026,0.31c-0.707-0.025-1.129-0.038-1.625-0.038 s-0.93,0.013-1.724,0.038c-0.075-0.038-0.099-0.249,0-0.31l0.447-0.038c0.707-0.062,0.769-0.248,0.769-1.55v-5.546 c0-0.385,0-0.396-0.373-0.396h-0.681c-0.534,0-1.216,0.024-1.526,0.309c-0.299,0.274-0.422,0.546-0.558,0.857 c-0.1,0.074-0.274,0.012-0.323-0.087c0.198-0.559,0.384-1.353,0.471-1.849c0.037-0.024,0.199-0.037,0.236,0 c0.075,0.398,0.484,0.385,1.055,0.385h5.024c0.669,0,0.781-0.025,0.967-0.348c0.062-0.024,0.199-0.011,0.224,0.037 c-0.137,0.509-0.224,1.514-0.187,1.886c-0.049,0.1-0.26,0.1-0.323,0.025c-0.037-0.31-0.123-0.769-0.309-0.906 c-0.286-0.211-0.757-0.309-1.439-0.309h-0.881c-0.373,0-0.36,0.011-0.36,0.422V97.325z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M159.455,99.384 c-1.043,0-1.7-0.322-1.936-0.459c-0.148-0.273-0.31-1.153-0.334-1.736c0.061-0.087,0.248-0.113,0.297-0.037 c0.186,0.632,0.695,1.847,2.133,1.847c1.043,0,1.551-0.681,1.551-1.426c0-0.546-0.111-1.154-1.017-1.737l-1.178-0.768 c-0.62-0.411-1.34-1.118-1.34-2.134c0-1.179,0.918-2.134,2.531-2.134c0.385,0,0.83,0.074,1.153,0.161 c0.161,0.05,0.335,0.074,0.435,0.074c0.111,0.298,0.223,0.992,0.223,1.514c-0.049,0.074-0.248,0.111-0.311,0.037 c-0.16-0.596-0.496-1.402-1.686-1.402c-1.216,0-1.476,0.806-1.476,1.378c0,0.718,0.595,1.24,1.054,1.525l0.993,0.62 c0.781,0.485,1.551,1.203,1.551,2.382C162.098,98.454,161.067,99.384,159.455,99.384"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M171.521,91.78 c0,0.273-0.211,0.496-0.472,0.496c-0.222,0-0.297-0.149-0.347-0.372c-0.037-0.162-0.199-0.36-0.447-0.36 c-0.235,0-0.508,0.112-0.805,0.397c-0.51,0.484-0.621,1.166-0.621,1.576c0,0.248,0.025,0.433,0.074,0.533 c0.162-0.161,0.547-0.435,1.017-0.435c0.819,0,1.08,0.583,1.08,1.031c0,0.657-0.521,1.029-1.08,1.029 c-0.62,0-1.054-0.396-1.24-0.818c-0.174,0.248-0.322,0.644-0.322,1.264c0,1.08,0.83,2.457,2.84,2.457 c0.758,0,1.452-0.249,1.948-0.632c0.583-0.448,1.153-1.34,1.153-2.295c0-0.794-0.198-1.216-0.272-1.303 c-0.075-0.1-0.323-0.174-0.82-0.174c-0.47,0-0.917,0.273-0.917,0.844c0,0.235,0.162,0.347,0.248,0.347 c0.087,0,0.136-0.049,0.199-0.162c0.074-0.111,0.148-0.235,0.335-0.235c0.223,0,0.384,0.174,0.384,0.397 c0,0.334-0.334,0.508-0.67,0.508c-0.558,0-0.893-0.446-0.893-0.892c0-0.261,0.087-0.559,0.322-0.82 c0.348-0.409,0.992-0.508,1.34-0.508c0.248,0,0.496,0.012,1.018,0.012c0.595,0,1.847-0.012,1.847-1.314 c0-0.745-0.644-1.005-0.955-1.005c-0.185,0-0.248,0.173-0.248,0.223c0,0.062,0.026,0.112,0.125,0.186 c0.099,0.074,0.26,0.186,0.26,0.409c0,0.372-0.273,0.522-0.533,0.522c-0.348,0-0.608-0.286-0.608-0.646 c0-0.459,0.347-0.992,1.079-0.992c0.683,0,1.339,0.608,1.339,1.563c0,0.558-0.197,0.906-0.507,1.204 c-0.596,0.557-1.651,0.508-1.799,0.508c-0.137,0-0.162,0.049-0.112,0.21c0.037,0.113,0.334,0.72,0.334,1.453 c0,1.649-1.451,3.374-3.646,3.374c-2.593,0-3.338-1.799-3.338-3.015c0-0.707,0.262-1.401,0.695-1.923 c-0.062-0.198-0.111-0.459-0.111-0.844c0-0.632,0.223-1.302,0.62-1.786c0.422-0.521,1.042-0.781,1.513-0.781 C171.161,91.011,171.521,91.383,171.521,91.78 M169.015,94.385c0.124,0.434,0.446,0.794,0.942,0.794 c0.323,0,0.596-0.198,0.596-0.533c0-0.311-0.222-0.658-0.695-0.658C169.413,93.988,169.077,94.298,169.015,94.385"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M183.051,99.384 c-1.041,0-1.699-0.322-1.935-0.459c-0.149-0.273-0.31-1.153-0.335-1.736c0.063-0.087,0.249-0.113,0.297-0.037 c0.187,0.632,0.696,1.847,2.135,1.847c1.041,0,1.551-0.681,1.551-1.426c0-0.546-0.112-1.154-1.018-1.737l-1.178-0.768 c-0.621-0.411-1.34-1.118-1.34-2.134c0-1.179,0.918-2.134,2.53-2.134c0.385,0,0.832,0.074,1.154,0.161 c0.161,0.05,0.335,0.074,0.434,0.074c0.112,0.298,0.223,0.992,0.223,1.514c-0.049,0.074-0.248,0.111-0.309,0.037 c-0.162-0.596-0.496-1.402-1.688-1.402c-1.215,0-1.476,0.806-1.476,1.378c0,0.718,0.596,1.24,1.055,1.525l0.992,0.62 c0.781,0.485,1.551,1.203,1.551,2.382C185.694,98.454,184.664,99.384,183.051,99.384"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M188.742,91.854 c0.906-0.707,2.06-1.054,3.35-1.054c0.67,0,1.613,0.136,2.196,0.298c0.149,0.037,0.235,0.062,0.347,0.049 c0.012,0.286,0.074,1.067,0.173,1.824c-0.061,0.087-0.248,0.099-0.334,0.025c-0.186-0.844-0.745-1.812-2.543-1.812 c-1.898,0-3.511,1.204-3.511,3.772c0,2.605,1.65,4.043,3.684,4.043c1.601,0,2.308-1.041,2.593-1.773 c0.087-0.062,0.274-0.037,0.322,0.05c-0.086,0.644-0.409,1.464-0.595,1.699c-0.149,0.024-0.297,0.074-0.434,0.124 c-0.273,0.1-1.166,0.285-1.96,0.285c-1.116,0-2.183-0.222-3.089-0.831c-0.992-0.682-1.761-1.811-1.761-3.411 C187.18,93.765,187.8,92.586,188.742,91.854"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M197.472,92.884 c0-1.315-0.024-1.526-0.757-1.588l-0.31-0.025c-0.075-0.049-0.049-0.273,0.025-0.31c0.62,0.025,1.042,0.037,1.562,0.037 c0.497,0,0.918-0.012,1.54-0.037c0.074,0.037,0.099,0.261,0.024,0.31l-0.31,0.025c-0.732,0.062-0.757,0.273-0.757,1.588V97.3 c0,1.315,0.025,1.489,0.757,1.575l0.31,0.038c0.075,0.049,0.05,0.273-0.024,0.31c-0.622-0.025-1.043-0.037-1.54-0.037 c-0.52,0-0.942,0.012-1.562,0.037c-0.074-0.037-0.1-0.235-0.025-0.31l0.31-0.038c0.733-0.086,0.757-0.26,0.757-1.575V92.884z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M202.283,92.858 c0-1.29-0.025-1.476-0.757-1.562l-0.198-0.026c-0.074-0.049-0.05-0.272,0.025-0.31c0.534,0.025,0.955,0.038,1.463,0.038h2.332 c0.795,0,1.527,0,1.676-0.038c0.074,0.212,0.148,1.104,0.197,1.65c-0.049,0.075-0.248,0.1-0.309,0.025 c-0.187-0.583-0.298-1.017-0.943-1.178c-0.26-0.063-0.658-0.075-1.203-0.075h-0.893c-0.372,0-0.372,0.025-0.372,0.496v2.481 c0,0.348,0.037,0.348,0.409,0.348h0.719c0.521,0,0.906-0.025,1.055-0.075c0.149-0.049,0.236-0.124,0.297-0.434l0.1-0.508 c0.062-0.075,0.273-0.075,0.322,0.012c0,0.298-0.049,0.782-0.049,1.253c0,0.447,0.049,0.918,0.049,1.191 c-0.049,0.087-0.26,0.087-0.322,0.012l-0.112-0.484c-0.049-0.223-0.136-0.409-0.384-0.471c-0.174-0.05-0.472-0.062-0.956-0.062 h-0.719c-0.372,0-0.409,0.012-0.409,0.335v1.749c0,0.657,0.037,1.079,0.235,1.29c0.149,0.149,0.409,0.285,1.501,0.285 c0.955,0,1.314-0.049,1.588-0.185c0.223-0.124,0.558-0.559,0.881-1.204c0.087-0.062,0.26-0.025,0.31,0.087 c-0.088,0.434-0.397,1.389-0.558,1.724c-1.118-0.024-2.221-0.037-3.325-0.037h-1.117c-0.533,0-0.955,0.013-1.687,0.037 c-0.075-0.037-0.099-0.235-0.025-0.309l0.409-0.038c0.708-0.062,0.77-0.248,0.77-1.55V92.858z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M216.819,97.076 c0,0.373,0,1.849,0.037,2.172c-0.024,0.074-0.098,0.136-0.235,0.136c-0.15-0.211-0.51-0.645-1.588-1.874l-2.879-3.275 c-0.334-0.384-1.178-1.401-1.439-1.674h-0.024c-0.051,0.149-0.062,0.434-0.062,0.806v2.705c0,0.583,0.011,2.195,0.222,2.567 c0.075,0.137,0.323,0.211,0.633,0.236l0.385,0.038c0.074,0.099,0.062,0.248-0.025,0.309c-0.558-0.024-0.993-0.037-1.452-0.037 c-0.52,0-0.855,0.013-1.289,0.037c-0.088-0.061-0.099-0.235-0.025-0.309l0.335-0.038c0.285-0.037,0.483-0.112,0.546-0.248 c0.174-0.447,0.161-1.96,0.161-2.555v-3.586c0-0.347-0.013-0.607-0.273-0.892c-0.173-0.174-0.471-0.261-0.769-0.298l-0.211-0.026 c-0.074-0.074-0.074-0.26,0.025-0.309c0.521,0.037,1.178,0.037,1.402,0.037c0.198,0,0.409-0.013,0.571-0.037 c0.248,0.633,1.711,2.269,2.121,2.729l1.203,1.352c0.856,0.955,1.463,1.65,2.047,2.245h0.024c0.05-0.062,0.05-0.26,0.05-0.521 v-2.655c0-0.583-0.012-2.195-0.248-2.567c-0.074-0.112-0.273-0.187-0.769-0.248l-0.211-0.026c-0.086-0.074-0.074-0.272,0.025-0.309 c0.57,0.024,0.992,0.037,1.463,0.037c0.534,0,0.856-0.013,1.278-0.037c0.1,0.061,0.1,0.235,0.025,0.309l-0.174,0.026 c-0.397,0.061-0.645,0.161-0.693,0.26c-0.211,0.447-0.187,1.985-0.187,2.555V97.076z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M220.66,91.854 c0.906-0.707,2.06-1.054,3.35-1.054c0.67,0,1.613,0.136,2.195,0.298c0.149,0.037,0.236,0.062,0.348,0.049 c0.011,0.286,0.074,1.067,0.173,1.824c-0.062,0.087-0.248,0.099-0.335,0.025c-0.186-0.844-0.745-1.812-2.543-1.812 c-1.898,0-3.51,1.204-3.51,3.772c0,2.605,1.65,4.043,3.683,4.043c1.602,0,2.309-1.041,2.594-1.773 c0.086-0.062,0.273-0.037,0.322,0.05c-0.087,0.644-0.41,1.464-0.595,1.699c-0.149,0.024-0.298,0.074-0.434,0.124 c-0.273,0.1-1.166,0.285-1.961,0.285c-1.116,0-2.183-0.222-3.088-0.831c-0.993-0.682-1.761-1.811-1.761-3.411 C219.098,93.765,219.717,92.586,220.66,91.854"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M229.39,92.858 c0-1.29-0.024-1.476-0.757-1.562l-0.198-0.026c-0.075-0.049-0.05-0.272,0.024-0.31c0.534,0.025,0.956,0.038,1.464,0.038h2.333 c0.793,0,1.526,0,1.674-0.038c0.074,0.212,0.149,1.104,0.199,1.65c-0.05,0.075-0.248,0.1-0.31,0.025 c-0.186-0.583-0.298-1.017-0.944-1.178c-0.259-0.063-0.656-0.075-1.203-0.075h-0.892c-0.373,0-0.373,0.025-0.373,0.496v2.481 c0,0.348,0.038,0.348,0.41,0.348h0.719c0.521,0,0.906-0.025,1.054-0.075c0.15-0.049,0.237-0.124,0.299-0.434l0.099-0.508 c0.061-0.075,0.272-0.075,0.322,0.012c0,0.298-0.05,0.782-0.05,1.253c0,0.447,0.05,0.918,0.05,1.191 c-0.05,0.087-0.261,0.087-0.322,0.012l-0.113-0.484c-0.048-0.223-0.135-0.409-0.383-0.471c-0.174-0.05-0.472-0.062-0.956-0.062 h-0.719c-0.372,0-0.41,0.012-0.41,0.335v1.749c0,0.657,0.038,1.079,0.236,1.29c0.148,0.149,0.409,0.285,1.501,0.285 c0.955,0,1.315-0.049,1.588-0.185c0.224-0.124,0.558-0.559,0.881-1.204c0.087-0.062,0.26-0.025,0.309,0.087 c-0.086,0.434-0.396,1.389-0.557,1.724c-1.117-0.024-2.221-0.037-3.325-0.037h-1.117c-0.533,0-0.955,0.013-1.686,0.037 c-0.074-0.037-0.1-0.235-0.026-0.309l0.411-0.038c0.707-0.062,0.768-0.248,0.768-1.55V92.858z"></path> <path style="clip-path:url(#SVGID_00000084517361659516600060000006167572603835287477_);fill:#002361;" d="M238.442,99.384 c-1.042,0-1.7-0.322-1.935-0.459c-0.149-0.273-0.31-1.153-0.336-1.736c0.063-0.087,0.248-0.113,0.298-0.037 c0.187,0.632,0.695,1.847,2.134,1.847c1.042,0,1.551-0.681,1.551-1.426c0-0.546-0.111-1.154-1.018-1.737l-1.177-0.768 c-0.622-0.411-1.34-1.118-1.34-2.134c0-1.179,0.918-2.134,2.53-2.134c0.385,0,0.831,0.074,1.153,0.161 c0.162,0.05,0.336,0.074,0.435,0.074c0.112,0.298,0.223,0.992,0.223,1.514c-0.049,0.074-0.248,0.111-0.31,0.037 c-0.161-0.596-0.496-1.402-1.688-1.402c-1.214,0-1.475,0.806-1.475,1.378c0,0.718,0.595,1.24,1.054,1.525l0.993,0.62 c0.781,0.485,1.551,1.203,1.551,2.382C241.085,98.454,240.054,99.384,238.442,99.384"></path> </g> </svg> <span class="sr-only">Krieger School of Arts & Sciences shield, to the KSAS homepage</span> </a> </div> <div class="lg:col-span-2"> <h1 class="site-title font-serifBold font-medium text-4xl lg:text-[42px] xl:text-[48px] mt-4 lg:mt-0 mb-12 md:mb-0 pt-2 lg:pt-0 text-center lg:text-left"> <span class="block font-medium font-serif sm:pt-4 lg:pt-0 text-xl xl:text-2xl">William H. Miller III Department of</span> <a class="text-blue hover:text-blue-light" href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/" rel="home"> Physics &amp; Astronomy </a> </h1> </div> </div><!-- .header-titles --> <button class="toggle search-toggle mobile-search-toggle" data-toggle-target=".search-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-search-modal" data-set-focus=".search-modal .search-field" aria-expanded="false" type="button"> <span class="toggle-inner"> <span class="toggle-icon"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="23" height="23" viewBox="0 0 23 23" aria-label="Search Icon"><path d="M38.710696,48.0601792 L43,52.3494831 L41.3494831,54 L37.0601792,49.710696 C35.2632422,51.1481185 32.9839107,52.0076499 30.5038249,52.0076499 C24.7027226,52.0076499 20,47.3049272 20,41.5038249 C20,35.7027226 24.7027226,31 30.5038249,31 C36.3049272,31 41.0076499,35.7027226 41.0076499,41.5038249 C41.0076499,43.9839107 40.1481185,46.2632422 38.710696,48.0601792 Z M36.3875844,47.1716785 C37.8030221,45.7026647 38.6734666,43.7048964 38.6734666,41.5038249 C38.6734666,36.9918565 35.0157934,33.3341833 30.5038249,33.3341833 C25.9918565,33.3341833 22.3341833,36.9918565 22.3341833,41.5038249 C22.3341833,46.0157934 25.9918565,49.6734666 30.5038249,49.6734666 C32.7048964,49.6734666 34.7026647,48.8030221 36.1716785,47.3875844 C36.2023931,47.347638 36.2360451,47.3092237 36.2726343,47.2726343 C36.3092237,47.2360451 36.347638,47.2023931 36.3875844,47.1716785 Z" transform="translate(-20 -31)" /></svg> </span> <span class="toggle-text">Search</span> </span> </button><!-- .search-toggle --> <button class="toggle nav-toggle mobile-nav-toggle" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-menu-modal" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus=".close-nav-toggle" type="button"> <span class="toggle-inner"> <span class="toggle-icon"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="26" height="7" viewBox="0 0 26 7" aria-label="Ellipsis"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M332.5,45 C330.567003,45 329,43.4329966 329,41.5 C329,39.5670034 330.567003,38 332.5,38 C334.432997,38 336,39.5670034 336,41.5 C336,43.4329966 334.432997,45 332.5,45 Z M342,45 C340.067003,45 338.5,43.4329966 338.5,41.5 C338.5,39.5670034 340.067003,38 342,38 C343.932997,38 345.5,39.5670034 345.5,41.5 C345.5,43.4329966 343.932997,45 342,45 Z M351.5,45 C349.567003,45 348,43.4329966 348,41.5 C348,39.5670034 349.567003,38 351.5,38 C353.432997,38 355,39.5670034 355,41.5 C355,43.4329966 353.432997,45 351.5,45 Z" transform="translate(-329 -38)" /></svg> </span> <span class="toggle-text">Menu</span> </span> </button><!-- .nav-toggle --> </div><!-- .header-inner --> </div><!-- .header-titles-wrapper --> <div class="header-navigation-wrapper bg-white"> <div class="header-inner section-inner flex container justify-between"> <div class="menu-container"> <button class="menu-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="site-header-menu" aria-label="Menu"></button> <div id="site-header-menu" class="site-header-menu text-primary"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="nav-primary"><ul id="primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-306" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-306"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2518" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-2518"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/available-facilities/">Available Facilities</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-15296" class="menu-item menu-item-15296"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/available-facilities/research-instrumentation/">Research Instrumentation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-600" class="menu-item menu-item-600"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/contact/">Contact/Directions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2005" class="menu-item menu-item-2005"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/advisory-council/">Advisory Council</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8689" class="menu-item menu-item-8689"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/committee-for-diversity-and-inclusion/">Committee for Diversity and Inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3076" class="menu-item menu-item-3076"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/jobs/">Employment Opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-405" class="menu-item menu-item-405"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/archive/">News Archive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5794" class="external menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5794"><a href="https://md.spacegrant.org/about-mdsgc/">Maryland Space Grant Consortium</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-308" class="menu-item current-menu-item page-item-23 current_page_item menu-item-has-children menu-item-308"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/" aria-current="page">Graduate</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-309" class="menu-item menu-item-309"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/admissions/">Admissions and Transfers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-310" class="menu-item menu-item-310"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/courses/">Graduate Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-313" class="menu-item menu-item-313"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/requirements/">Degree Forms and Requirements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-314" class="menu-item menu-item-314"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/research-and-advising/">Research and Advising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-312" class="menu-item menu-item-312"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/exam-guide/">Graduate Student Examination Guide</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7361" class="menu-item menu-item-7361"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/career-services-phd-students/">Career Services for PhD Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13641" class="menu-item menu-item-13641"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/summer-support-and-internships/">Summer Support and Internships</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4670" class="menu-item menu-item-4670"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/graduate-program-statistics/">Graduate Program Statistics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-321" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-321"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-322" class="menu-item menu-item-322"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/courses/">Undergraduate Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-323" class="menu-item menu-item-323"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/major-requirements/">Major Requirements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-325" class="menu-item menu-item-325"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/minors/">Minor Requirements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1841" class="menu-item menu-item-1841"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/learning-goals/">Learning Goals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10493" class="menu-item menu-item-10493"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/summer-research-fellowship/">Summer Research Fellowship</a></li> <li id="menu-item-533" class="external menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-533"><a href="http://apply.jhu.edu/">Apply</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-307" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-307"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/">People</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-390"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/">Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5000" class="menu-item menu-item-5000"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/research/">Research Scientists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5854" class="menu-item menu-item-5854"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/postdoctoral-fellows/">Postdoctoral Fellows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1205" class="menu-item menu-item-1205"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/graduate-students/">Graduate Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1204" class="menu-item menu-item-1204"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/admin-techstaff/">Admin/Tech Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4432" class="menu-item menu-item-4432"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/visitors/">Visitors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-756" class="menu-item menu-item-756"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/directory/">Full Phone/Email Directory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-316" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-316"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/">Research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-317" class="menu-item menu-item-317"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/astrophysics/">Astrophysics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13782" class="menu-item menu-item-13782"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/atomic-molecular-and-optical-physics/">Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12111" class="menu-item menu-item-12111"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/biological-physics/">Biological Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-318" class="menu-item menu-item-318"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-physics/">Condensed Matter Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11533" class="menu-item menu-item-11533"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/cosmology-and-gravity/">Cosmology and Gravity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14126" class="menu-item menu-item-14126"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/information-and-complexity/">Information and Complexity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-319" class="menu-item menu-item-319"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/particle-physics/">Particle Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7395" class="menu-item menu-item-7395"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/physics-and-machine-learning/">Physics of Learning</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1031" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-1031"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/">Events</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-8208" class="menu-item menu-item-8208"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/colloquia/">Colloquia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8209" class="menu-item menu-item-8209"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/seminars/">Seminars</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2431" class="menu-item menu-item-2431"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/observatory-open-house/">Observatory Open House</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8210" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-8210"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/annual-physics-fair/">Annual Physics Fair</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-15303" class="menu-item menu-item-15303"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/annual-physics-fair/physics-fair-links/">Physics Fair Links Roundup</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="header-toggles hide-no-js"> <div class="toggle-wrapper search-toggle-wrapper"> <button class="toggle search-toggle desktop-search-toggle" data-toggle-target=".search-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-search-modal" data-set-focus=".search-modal .search-field" aria-expanded="false" type="button"> <span class="toggle-inner"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="23" height="23" viewBox="0 0 23 23" aria-label="Search Icon"><path d="M38.710696,48.0601792 L43,52.3494831 L41.3494831,54 L37.0601792,49.710696 C35.2632422,51.1481185 32.9839107,52.0076499 30.5038249,52.0076499 C24.7027226,52.0076499 20,47.3049272 20,41.5038249 C20,35.7027226 24.7027226,31 30.5038249,31 C36.3049272,31 41.0076499,35.7027226 41.0076499,41.5038249 C41.0076499,43.9839107 40.1481185,46.2632422 38.710696,48.0601792 Z M36.3875844,47.1716785 C37.8030221,45.7026647 38.6734666,43.7048964 38.6734666,41.5038249 C38.6734666,36.9918565 35.0157934,33.3341833 30.5038249,33.3341833 C25.9918565,33.3341833 22.3341833,36.9918565 22.3341833,41.5038249 C22.3341833,46.0157934 25.9918565,49.6734666 30.5038249,49.6734666 C32.7048964,49.6734666 34.7026647,48.8030221 36.1716785,47.3875844 C36.2023931,47.347638 36.2360451,47.3092237 36.2726343,47.2726343 C36.3092237,47.2360451 36.347638,47.2023931 36.3875844,47.1716785 Z" transform="translate(-20 -31)" /></svg> <span class="toggle-text">Search</span> </span> </button><!-- .search-toggle --> </div> </div><!-- .header-toggles --> </div><!-- .header-inner --> </div><!-- .header-navigation-wrapper --> <div class="search-modal cover-modal header-footer-group" data-modal-target-string=".search-modal"> <div class="search-modal-inner modal-inner"> <div class="section-inner"> <form role="search" aria-label="Search for:" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="sr-only">Search for:</span> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search this site &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit bg-blue text-white px-2 hover:bg-blue-light hover:text-primary" value="Search" /> </form> <button class="toggle search-untoggle close-search-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".search-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-search-modal" data-set-focus=".search-modal .search-field"> <span class="sr-only">Close search</span> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-label="Cross"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="6.852 7.649 .399 1.195 1.445 .149 7.899 6.602 14.352 .149 15.399 1.195 8.945 7.649 15.399 14.102 14.352 15.149 7.899 8.695 1.445 15.149 .399 14.102" /></svg> </button><!-- .search-toggle --> </div><!-- .section-inner --> </div><!-- .search-modal-inner --> </div><!-- .menu-modal --> </header><!-- #site-header --> <div data-rocket-location-hash="b78b86d14f7672eb08de0af12696923f" class="menu-modal cover-modal header-footer-group" data-modal-target-string=".menu-modal"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="c3d13e3a6e6ed0d64517e89f2687d834" class="menu-modal-inner modal-inner"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="098702b4c9d10b3efed18b26078bafd9" class="menu-wrapper section-inner"> <div class="menu-top"> <button class="toggle close-nav-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-menu-modal" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus=".menu-modal" type="button"> <span class="toggle-text">Close Menu</span> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-label="Cross"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="6.852 7.649 .399 1.195 1.445 .149 7.899 6.602 14.352 .149 15.399 1.195 8.945 7.649 15.399 14.102 14.352 15.149 7.899 8.695 1.445 15.149 .399 14.102" /></svg> </button><!-- .nav-toggle --> <nav class="mobile-menu" aria-label="Mobile"> <ul class="modal-menu reset-list-style"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-306"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/">About</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-306 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-2518"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/available-facilities/">Available Facilities</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-2518 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-15296"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/available-facilities/research-instrumentation/">Research Instrumentation</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-600"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/contact/">Contact/Directions</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-2005"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/advisory-council/">Advisory Council</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-8689"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/committee-for-diversity-and-inclusion/">Committee for Diversity and Inclusion</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-3076"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/jobs/">Employment Opportunities</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-405"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/about/archive/">News Archive</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="external menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5794"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://md.spacegrant.org/about-mdsgc/">Maryland Space Grant Consortium</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item current-menu-item page-item-23 current_page_item menu-item-has-children menu-item-308"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/" aria-current="page">Graduate</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-308 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-309"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/admissions/">Admissions and Transfers</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-310"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/courses/">Graduate Courses</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-313"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/requirements/">Degree Forms and Requirements</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-314"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/research-and-advising/">Research and Advising</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-312"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/exam-guide/">Graduate Student Examination Guide</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-7361"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/career-services-phd-students/">Career Services for PhD Students</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-13641"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/summer-support-and-internships/">Summer Support and Internships</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-4670"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/graduate-program-statistics/">Graduate Program Statistics</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-321"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-321 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-322"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/courses/">Undergraduate Courses</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-323"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/major-requirements/">Major Requirements</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-325"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/minors/">Minor Requirements</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-1841"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/learning-goals/">Learning Goals</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-10493"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/undergraduate/summer-research-fellowship/">Summer Research Fellowship</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="external menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-533"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="http://apply.jhu.edu/">Apply</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-307"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/">People</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-307 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-390"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/">Faculty</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-5000"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/research/">Research Scientists</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-5854"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/postdoctoral-fellows/">Postdoctoral Fellows</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-1205"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/graduate-students/">Graduate Students</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-1204"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/admin-techstaff/">Admin/Tech Staff</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-4432"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/visitors/">Visitors</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-756"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/people/directory/">Full Phone/Email Directory</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-316"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/">Research</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-316 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-317"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/astrophysics/">Astrophysics</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-13782"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/atomic-molecular-and-optical-physics/">Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-12111"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/biological-physics/">Biological Physics</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-318"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/condensed-matter-physics/">Condensed Matter Physics</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-11533"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/cosmology-and-gravity/">Cosmology and Gravity</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-14126"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/information-and-complexity/">Information and Complexity</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-319"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/particle-physics/">Particle Physics</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-7395"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/research-areas/physics-and-machine-learning/">Physics of Learning</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-1031"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/">Events</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-1031 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-8208"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/colloquia/">Colloquia</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-8209"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/seminars/">Seminars</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-2431"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/observatory-open-house/">Observatory Open House</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-8210"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/annual-physics-fair/">Annual Physics Fair</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-8210 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false" type="button"><span class="sr-only">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12" aria-label="chevron-down"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-15303"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/events/annual-physics-fair/physics-fair-links/">Physics Fair Links Roundup</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div><!-- .menu-top --> </div><!-- .menu-wrapper --> </div><!-- .menu-modal-inner --> </div><!-- .menu-modal --> <main data-rocket-location-hash="5d758d53149ebceed46e3a251fc08bd2" id="site-content" class="site-main prose sm:prose lg:prose-lg mx-auto"> <article data-rocket-location-hash="0c6a0edcc30747c80967c35331473edc" id="post-23" class="post-23 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry"> <!-- Put conditional here to print page title when no featured image --> <div data-rocket-location-hash="4b21468156c903b6fc72735ad861c0fa" class="alignfull featured-image-area front-featured-image-area h-auto !mt-0 bg-white lg:bg-grey-lightest" role="banner"> <div class="flex h-auto lg:h-80 "> <div class="flex lg:items-center lg:justify-start xl:justify-center text-left px-6 sm:w-full lg:w-2/5"> <h1 class="tracking-tight leading-10 sm:leading-none lg:text-4xl xl:text-[44px] lg:pl-2 xl:pl-0 py-8 mb-0"> Graduate </h1> </div> <div class="hidden lg:block lg:w-3/5" style="clip-path:polygon(5% 0, 100% 0%, 100% 100%, 0 100%)"> <img width="1920" height="400" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201920%20400'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="h-56 w-full object-cover sm:h-72 md:h-96 lg:w-full lg:h-full wp-post-image" alt="graduate students working" title="Feature image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" data-lazy-srcset="https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad.jpg 1920w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-300x63.jpg 300w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-1024x213.jpg 1024w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-768x160.jpg 768w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-1536x320.jpg 1536w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-240x50.jpg 240w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" data-lazy-src="https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad.jpg" /><noscript><img width="1920" height="400" src="https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad.jpg" class="h-56 w-full object-cover sm:h-72 md:h-96 lg:w-full lg:h-full wp-post-image" alt="graduate students working" title="Feature image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad.jpg 1920w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-300x63.jpg 300w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-1024x213.jpg 1024w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-768x160.jpg 768w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-1536x320.jpg 1536w, https://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/12/2018-PA-subImage-grad-240x50.jpg 240w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="d81ed5eacd57988832d6ef90a49fc996" class="wayfinding md:mb-8 ml-4 xl:ml-0"> <div class="menu-button-links relative text-left lg:mr-8 hidden lg:inline-block"> <button class="inline-block justify-center px-4 py-2 !text-[.875rem] leading-5 font-semi font-semibold text-white lg:bg-blue lg:border lg:border-grey-cool uppercase" type="button" id="menu-button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="section-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span><i class="fa-solid fa-bars"></i>&nbsp; Inside Graduate </span> <svg class="w-5 h-5 ml-2 -mr-1 down inline-block" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.293 7.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L10 10.586l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 111.414 1.414l-4 4a1 1 0 01-1.414 0l-4-4a1 1 0 010-1.414z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> </button> <ul id="section-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="menu-button" class="menu nav"> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-309"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/admissions/">Admissions and Transfers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-310"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/courses/">Graduate Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-313"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/requirements/">Degree Forms and Requirements</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-314"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/research-and-advising/">Research and Advising</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-312"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/exam-guide/">Graduate Student Examination Guide</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-7361"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/career-services-phd-students/">Career Services for PhD Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-13641"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/summer-support-and-internships/">Summer Support and Internships</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-4670"><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/graduate-program-statistics/">Graduate Program Statistics</a></li> </ul> </ul> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs" typeof="BreadcrumbList" vocab="https://schema.org/"> <!-- Breadcrumb NavXT 7.4.1 --> <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a property="item" typeof="WebPage" title="Go to Physics &amp; Astronomy." href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu" class="home" ><span property="name">Physics &amp; Astronomy</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"></span> &gt; <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><span property="name" class="post post-page current-item">Graduate</span><meta property="url" content="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/graduate/"><meta property="position" content="2"></span> </div> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="21a2b06b3f6affff649cb2291a7b5f29" class="entry-content pl-4 pr-2 lg:pr-12 xl:pl-0 xl:pr-0"> <p>Graduate programs in physics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins University are among the top programs in the field. Students engage in original research starting in their first semester and have flexibility in choosing their course of research and designing their path through the program. A wide range of research projects—both theoretical and experimental—are available in astrophysics, atomic, molecular &amp; optical physics, biological physics, condensed matter physics, and particle physics. Graduate students can work toward a PhD in either physics or astronomy and astrophysics. Our doctoral students are prepared for careers in physics and astronomy research, teaching, or in applications such as biophysics, space physics, and industrial research.</p> <p>Graduate students at Johns Hopkins study and work in close collaboration with a world-renowned, award-winning <a title="Faculty &amp; Research Staff" href="http://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/people/">physics and astronomy faculty</a>, whose research is truly global. Students have access to state-of-the-art laboratories, and they are full participants in the vibrant intellectual life of the department. Research leading to the dissertation can be carried out not only within the Department of Physics and Astronomy, but also in collaboration with other research centers. Recent dissertation research has been conducted with members of the <a title="Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory" href="http://www.jhuapl.edu/">Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</a>, <a title="Space Telescope Science Institute" href="http://www.stsci.edu/">Space Telescope Science Institute</a>, and the <a title="Goddard Space Flight Center" href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>.</p> <p>Graduate students are involved in research projects beginning in their first semester at JHU. Students are free to explore different areas of research by working on short research projects with different advisers. A series of seminars, presentations and orientation events held in the fall semester help introduce students to the faculty in the department so that they can choose their first project. Such projects may last a semester or a year; they might become the prelude to their thesis work or may focus on a completely separate topic. In many cases, the projects lead to published research papers. By the end of their second year, students have typically completed their required graduate classes, have explored several different research directions and are in a good position to choose a thesis topic and a thesis advisor. Students start thesis research no later than fall of their 3rd year and graduate at the end of the 5th or 6th year.</p> <p><strong>It is departmental policy that all graduate students in good standing are supported through fellowships, research assistantships and / or teaching assistantships for up to six years.&nbsp;</strong>The financial package covers the tuition and student health insurance, and provides a stipend commensurate with that of other leading research institutions.&nbsp;We have designed our graduate program in such a way that indeed most students earn their PhD in six years or less.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fellowships</h2> <p>We strongly encourage prospective and enrolled students eligible for external fellowships to apply for them. For graduate students already enrolled, research and academic advisors provide assistance and support in applying for NSF fellowships, NASA fellowships, etc. Faculty and staff nominate graduate students for departmental and university fellowships, and applications are reviewed by the graduate program committee and / or the department chair.</p> <p>The University Research Office maintains an up-to-date list of&nbsp;<a href="https://research.jhu.edu/rdt/funding-opportunities/graduate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graduate student funding opportunities</a>.&nbsp;</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Teaching and research assistantships</h2> <p>Teaching and research assistantships are equivalent in terms of stipend and benefits. Most students are supported by teaching assistantships during their first year. In subsequent years, they may be supported by teaching assistantships or research assistantships depending on availability of external funding and research performance. Students should discuss funding options with their advisors well in advance of the semester in question. Teaching assistantships in year six and beyond should be requested by the student and the advisor by application to the graduate program committee. Continuation in the program and financial support of any kind in year seven and beyond should also be requested by the student and the advisor by application to the graduate program committee. In evaluating these requests, the graduate program committee takes into consideration whether the student is on a clear path to graduation, whether the student is making good progress and whether the extension is necessitated by the scope of the thesis.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Resources</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2025/02/PA_Handbook_2024_1.pdf" data-type="link" data-id="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2025/02/PA_Handbook_2024_1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Graduate Student Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="http://krieger.jhu.edu/physics/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2019/12/JHU-Mentorship-Commitments-of-Faculty-Advisors-and-PhD-Students.pdf">Mentorship Guidelines</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Graduate Policies</h2> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="block-d0829810-a3cd-4510-a21e-088c78c39a5e">Statement of the Rights and Responsibilities of PhD Students at Johns Hopkins University</h3> <p id="block-5d3ce22b-31c0-484e-a53f-a4f98303bee2">Ph.D. education is fundamental to the University’s teaching and research mission. For an intellectual community of scholars to flourish, it is important to acknowledge the principles that underlie the compact between Ph.D. students, the faculty, and other members of the University community.</p> <p id="block-2f880f4a-9c61-4c5b-9c13-39924922728e">It is in this spirit that the Doctor of Philosophy Board, in collaboration with faculty and students from across the University,&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://web.jhu.edu/administration/provost/initiatives/phd_board/rights_responsibilities" target="_blank">has articulated a statement of rights and responsibilities for doctoral students at Johns Hopkins.&nbsp;</a>The principles described in this document are to be realized in policies established by the various Schools of the University; the Schools will also develop mechanisms to monitor and enforce such policies.</p> <ul id="block-40e58829-1c30-43c3-a8f2-6ff4f9ade0aa" class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/ksas-wse/graduate-policies/graduate-specific-policies/">Academic and Research Misconduct Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/ksas-wse/graduate-policies/graduate-specific-policies/">Assistant Leave Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/ksas-wse/graduate-policies/graduate-specific-policies/">Grievance Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/ksas-wse/graduate-policies/graduate-specific-policies/">Jury and Witness Duty</a></li> <li><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/ksas-wse/graduate-policies/graduate-specific-policies/">Homewood Schools Policy for Graduate Student Probation, Funding Withdrawal, and Dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/ksas-wse/graduate-policies/graduate-specific-policies/">Information Technology Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2024/05/Managing-the-Conversation-Staff-and-Faculty-Disclosures.pdf">Managing the Conversation: Inform, Support, and Report Quick Reference Guide for Responding to Staff and Faculty Discrimination, Harassment &amp; Sexual Misconduct Disclosures</a></li> <li><a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2024/05/Managing-the-Conversation-Student-Disclosures.pdf">Managing the Conversation: Inform, Support, and Report Quick Reference Guide for Responding to Student Discrimination, Harassment &amp; Sexual Misconduct Disclosures</a></li> <li><a href="https://krieger.jhu.edu/people/dean-leadership/">Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences Office of the Dean &amp; Leadership</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="block-822f17e2-1263-4091-8147-8dfad352ff41">Graduate Board</h3> <p id="block-a1b9ad2f-cb04-4fef-aa2f-eb5671a2e4c0">The&nbsp;<a href="https://homewoodgrad.jhu.edu/graduate-board/">Homewood Graduate Board</a>&nbsp;is a subcommittee of the Academic Council of the Schools of Arts and Sciences and Engineering, and is responsible for the administration of policies and procedures for the award Doctor of Philosophy, PhD of the Schools of Arts and Sciences and Engineering, and for master’s degrees in the School of Arts and Sciences.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="block-1c1e3268-e301-4e4d-86e3-c71538927a76">Office of Institutional Equity – Title IX Information</h3> <p id="block-b860eae3-d83e-4d25-9a85-a9129b29e98b"><a href="https://oie.jhu.edu/policies-and-laws/equal-opportunity-and-title-ix-notice-for-students-faculty-staff-and-applicants/">Title IX</a>&nbsp;of the Education Amendments of 1972 (“Title IX”) prohibits discrimination with a basis on sex in any federally-funded education program or activity. Title IX affects almost every facet of JHU.</p> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-23 --> </main><!-- #main --> <!-- ACF Custom Widget Sidebar --> <!-- Graduate Sidebar --> <div data-rocket-location-hash="98e905b7623bc286ee77aef8aff93adb" class="graduate-sidebar sidebar widget-area container prose sm:prose lg:prose-lg mx-auto mt-4 lg:mt-8"> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="f49d6120fb50a274b5cc8e8e8c194a60" class="footer-widget-area mt-12 relative bg-[url('../images/community-white-on-288.svg')] bg-no-repeat bg-[length:450px] bg-right w-full bg-blue px-6 py-10 md:grid md:gap-x-[calc(2_*_1rem)] md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 after:content-[''] after:table after:clear-both"> <aside id="text-10" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title text-2xl font-semi font-semibold">Department Resources</h2> <div class="textwidget"><ul> <li><a href="https://livejohnshopkins.sharepoint.com/sites/PhysicsAstronomyDepartmentResources/">Department intranet</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></aside> </div><!-- .widget-area --> <footer data-rocket-location-hash="de68c8e28aeafcddf3710e830f482235" class="site-footer bg-old-black text-white mt-20 border-t-1 border-grey-darkest relative"> <div class="bottom-auto top-0 left-0 right-0 w-full absolute pointer-events-none overflow-hidden -mt-20 bg-blue " style="height: 80px" > <svg alt="" class="absolute -bottom-px overflow-hidden" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" preserveAspectRatio="none" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 2560 100" x="0" y="0" > <polygon class="text-old-black fill-old-black" points="2560 0 2560 100 0 100" ></polygon> </svg> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="22516a836cde2f3cb6332ebad37c9799" class="py-6 px-4 grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-4"> <h2 class="sr-only">Footer</h2> <div data-rocket-location-hash="c31b08d692ddeeaa715cdc7f4de7f29a" class="col-span-4 lg:col-span-2 m-2 mt-6 lg:ml-6"> <h3 class="text-xl font-sans !font-light"><div class="sr-only">Address:</div> William H. Miller III Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy</h3> <div class="font-sans font-light"> Johns Hopkins University <p>Bloomberg Center for Physics and Astronomy, Room 366<br /> 3400 N. Charles Street<br /> Baltimore, MD 21218</p> </div> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="8b0aa2edd1516645f9759b5ddbad8b08" class="col-span-4 lg:col-span-1 m-2 mt-6"> <h3 class="text-xl font-sans !font-light">Contact Us</h3> <p class="text-lg"><span class="fa-solid fa-envelope"></span> <a class="font-sans font-light hover:text-blue-light" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#496f6a78787b726f6a78797d726f6a79707e72646f6a7970707226273d6f6a79707e722a6f6a78787f726f6a797f7d72236f6a78797d726f6a78787e72676f6a787978726f6a787979723c">pha-c&#111;n&#116;&#097;&#099;t&#064;jh&#117;&#046;e&#100;&#117;</a></p> <p class="text-lg"><span class="fa-solid fa-phone-rotary"></span> <a class="font-sans font-light hover:text-blue-light" href="tel:410-516-7347">410-516-7347</a></p> <p class="text-lg"> <a class="font-sans font-light hover:text-blue-light" href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=Bloomberg+Center+for+Physics+and+Astronomy%2C+San+Martin+Drive%2C+Baltimore%2C+MD%2C+USA" target="_blank"> <span class="fa-solid fa-map"></span> Find Us on Google Maps </a> </p> <p class="text-lg"> <a class="hover:text-blue-light" href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/8135058/"> <span class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></span> Follow us on LinkedIn </a> </p> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="de842c5f91e1efdb1d2d70cc4d9a8ce4" class="m-2 lg:m-4 mt-6 col-span-4 lg:col-span-1 lg:mx-auto justify-end"> <a class="hover:text-blue-light" href="https://facebook.com/JHUArtsSciences"><span class="fa-brands fa-facebook fa-2x pr-2"></span><span class="sr-only">Follow us on Facebook</span></a> <a class="hover:text-blue-light" href="https://www.instagram.com/JHUArtsSciences/"><span class="fa-brands fa-instagram fa-2x pr-2"></span><span class="sr-only">Follow us on Instagram</span></a> <a class="hover:text-blue-light" href="https://bsky.app/profile/jhuartssciences.bsky.social"><span class="fa-brands fa-bluesky fa-2x pr-2"></span><span class="sr-only">Follow us on Bluesky</span></a> <a class="hover:text-blue-light" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/jhuksas"><span class="fa-brands fa-youtube fa-2x pr-2"></span><span class="sr-only">Follow us on YouTube</span></a> <a class="hover:text-blue-light" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@jhuartssciences"><span class="fa-brands fa-tiktok fa-2x"></span><span class="sr-only pr-2">TFollow us on ikTok</span></a> </div> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="0395d7c827ea7f3e71310c89eca54505" class="flex flex-wrap bg-original-black py-6 px-4 justify-between"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="1d9818a179fefb9698cfc053b739ced2"> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" class="hover:opacity-50"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="w-52 inline-block pl-4 mb-8 md:mb-0" alt="JHU shield in the footer" data-lazy-src="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/university.shield.svg"><noscript><img src="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/images/university.shield.svg" class="w-52 inline-block pl-4 mb-8 md:mb-0" alt="JHU shield in the footer"></noscript> <div class="sr-only">Link to Johns Hopkins Univeristy main website</div> </a> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="a7dab295679f9a70bc6ae1d4bb637287"> <h2 class="sr-only">Legal Navigation</h2> <ul class="lg:flex lg:flex-wrap lg:justify-between text-lg" role="menu" aria-label="University Policies"> <li class="pl-4 lg:pl-0 font-sans font-light" role="menuitem">&copy; 2025 </li> <li class="pl-4" role="menuitem"><a class="font-sans font-light hover:text-blue-light" href="https://accessibility.jhu.edu/">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="pl-4" role="menuitem"><a class="font-sans font-light hover:text-blue-light" href="https://it.johnshopkins.edu/policies/privacystatement">Privacy Statement</a></li> <li class="pl-4" role="menuitem"><a class="font-sans font-light hover:text-blue-light" href="https://policies.jhu.edu/">University Policy & Document Library</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer><!-- #colophon --> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script> ( function ( body ) { 'use strict'; body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' ); } )( document.body ); </script> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><script src="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/plugins/accordion-blocks/js/accordion-blocks.min.js?ver=1.5.0" id="pb-accordion-blocks-frontend-script-js" data-rocket-defer defer></script> <script id="rocket-browser-checker-js-after"> "use strict";var _createClass=function(){function defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||!1,descriptor.configurable=!0,"value"in descriptor&&(descriptor.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}return function(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){return protoProps&&defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps),staticProps&&defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps),Constructor}}();function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker=function(){function RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker(options){_classCallCheck(this,RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker),this.passiveSupported=!1,this._checkPassiveOption(this),this.options=!!this.passiveSupported&&options}return _createClass(RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker,[{key:"_checkPassiveOption",value:function(self){try{var options={get passive(){return!(self.passiveSupported=!0)}};window.addEventListener("test",null,options),window.removeEventListener("test",null,options)}catch(err){self.passiveSupported=!1}}},{key:"initRequestIdleCallback",value:function(){!1 in window&&(window.requestIdleCallback=function(cb){var start=Date.now();return setTimeout(function(){cb({didTimeout:!1,timeRemaining:function(){return Math.max(0,50-(Date.now()-start))}})},1)}),!1 in window&&(window.cancelIdleCallback=function(id){return clearTimeout(id)})}},{key:"isDataSaverModeOn",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&!0===navigator.connection.saveData}},{key:"supportsLinkPrefetch",value:function(){var elem=document.createElement("link");return elem.relList&&elem.relList.supports&&elem.relList.supports("prefetch")&&window.IntersectionObserver&&"isIntersecting"in IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype}},{key:"isSlowConnection",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&"effectiveType"in navigator.connection&&("2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType||"slow-2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType)}}]),RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker}(); </script> <script id="rocket-preload-links-js-extra"> var RocketPreloadLinksConfig = {"excludeUris":"\/events-calendar\/|\/events\/|\/events\/|\/event\/|\/series\/|\/(?:.+\/)?feed(?:\/(?:.+\/?)?)?$|\/(?:.+\/)?embed\/|http:\/\/(\/%5B\/%5D+)?\/(index.php\/)?(.*)wp-json(\/.*|$)|\/refer\/|\/go\/|\/recommend\/|\/recommends\/","usesTrailingSlash":"1","imageExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php","fileExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php|html|htm","siteUrl":"https:\/\/physics-astronomy.jhu.edu","onHoverDelay":"100","rateThrottle":"3"}; </script> <script id="rocket-preload-links-js-after"> (function() { "use strict";var r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},e=function(){function i(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n];i.enumerable=i.enumerable||!1,i.configurable=!0,"value"in i&&(i.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,i.key,i)}}return function(e,t,n){return t&&i(e.prototype,t),n&&i(e,n),e}}();function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var t=function(){function n(e,t){i(this,n),this.browser=e,this.config=t,this.options=this.browser.options,this.prefetched=new Set,this.eventTime=null,this.threshold=1111,this.numOnHover=0}return e(n,[{key:"init",value:function(){!this.browser.supportsLinkPrefetch()||this.browser.isDataSaverModeOn()||this.browser.isSlowConnection()||(this.regex={excludeUris:RegExp(this.config.excludeUris,"i"),images:RegExp(".("+this.config.imageExt+")$","i"),fileExt:RegExp(".("+this.config.fileExt+")$","i")},this._initListeners(this))}},{key:"_initListeners",value:function(e){-1<this.config.onHoverDelay&&document.addEventListener("mouseover",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("mousedown",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("touchstart",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions)}},{key:"listener",value:function(e){var t=e.target.closest("a"),n=this._prepareUrl(t);if(null!==n)switch(e.type){case"mousedown":case"touchstart":this._addPrefetchLink(n);break;case"mouseover":this._earlyPrefetch(t,n,"mouseout")}}},{key:"_earlyPrefetch",value:function(t,e,n){var i=this,r=setTimeout(function(){if(r=null,0===i.numOnHover)setTimeout(function(){return i.numOnHover=0},1e3);else if(i.numOnHover>i.config.rateThrottle)return;i.numOnHover++,i._addPrefetchLink(e)},this.config.onHoverDelay);t.addEventListener(n,function e(){t.removeEventListener(n,e,{passive:!0}),null!==r&&(clearTimeout(r),r=null)},{passive:!0})}},{key:"_addPrefetchLink",value:function(i){return this.prefetched.add(i.href),new Promise(function(e,t){var n=document.createElement("link");n.rel="prefetch",n.href=i.href,n.onload=e,n.onerror=t,document.head.appendChild(n)}).catch(function(){})}},{key:"_prepareUrl",value:function(e){if(null===e||"object"!==(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))||!1 in e||-1===["http:","https:"].indexOf(e.protocol))return null;var t=e.href.substring(0,this.config.siteUrl.length),n=this._getPathname(e.href,t),i={original:e.href,protocol:e.protocol,origin:t,pathname:n,href:t+n};return this._isLinkOk(i)?i:null}},{key:"_getPathname",value:function(e,t){var n=t?e.substring(this.config.siteUrl.length):e;return n.startsWith("/")||(n="/"+n),this._shouldAddTrailingSlash(n)?n+"/":n}},{key:"_shouldAddTrailingSlash",value:function(e){return this.config.usesTrailingSlash&&!e.endsWith("/")&&!this.regex.fileExt.test(e)}},{key:"_isLinkOk",value:function(e){return null!==e&&"object"===(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))&&(!this.prefetched.has(e.href)&&e.origin===this.config.siteUrl&&-1===e.href.indexOf("?")&&-1===e.href.indexOf("#")&&!this.regex.excludeUris.test(e.href)&&!this.regex.images.test(e.href))}}],[{key:"run",value:function(){"undefined"!=typeof RocketPreloadLinksConfig&&new n(new RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker({capture:!0,passive:!0}),RocketPreloadLinksConfig).init()}}]),n}();t.run(); }()); </script> <script src="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/themes/ksas-department-tailwind/dist/js/bundle.min.js?ver=5.1.0" id="ksas-department-tailwind-script-js" defer></script> <script>window.lazyLoadOptions=[{elements_selector:"img[data-lazy-src],.rocket-lazyload,iframe[data-lazy-src]",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"&&element.dataset.rocketLazyload=="fitvidscompatible"){if(element.classList.contains("lazyloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}},{elements_selector:".rocket-lazyload",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,}];window.addEventListener('LazyLoad::Initialized',function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;if(window.MutationObserver){var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){var image_count=0;var iframe_count=0;var rocketlazy_count=0;mutations.forEach(function(mutation){for(var i=0;i<mutation.addedNodes.length;i++){if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName!=='function'){continue} if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName!=='function'){continue} images=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('img');is_image=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IMG";iframes=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('iframe');is_iframe=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IFRAME";rocket_lazy=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName('rocket-lazyload');image_count+=images.length;iframe_count+=iframes.length;rocketlazy_count+=rocket_lazy.length;if(is_image){image_count+=1} if(is_iframe){iframe_count+=1}}});if(image_count>0||iframe_count>0||rocketlazy_count>0){lazyLoadInstance.update()}});var b=document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];var config={childList:!0,subtree:!0};observer.observe(b,config)}},!1)</script><script data-no-minify="1" async src="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/lazyload/17.8.3/lazyload.min.js"></script><script>var rocket_beacon_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/physics-astronomy.jhu.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"5e18c4117b","url":"https:\/\/physics-astronomy.jhu.edu\/graduate","is_mobile":false,"width_threshold":1600,"height_threshold":700,"delay":500,"debug":null,"status":{"atf":false,"lrc":true},"elements":"img, video, picture, p, main, div, li, svg, section, header, span","lrc_threshold":1800}</script><script data-name="wpr-wpr-beacon" src='https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/wpr-beacon.min.js' async></script></body> </html> <!-- This website is like a Rocket, isn't it? Performance optimized by WP Rocket. Learn more: https://wp-rocket.me - Debug: cached@1739985755 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10