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searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mikhail Kaganovich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Михаил Каганович</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaganovich_MM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kaganovich_MM.jpg/220px-Kaganovich_MM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kaganovich_MM.jpg/330px-Kaganovich_MM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kaganovich_MM.jpg/440px-Kaganovich_MM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="723" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kaganovich in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1888<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kiev Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1941 (aged 52)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Social Democratic Labor Party">RSDLP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>)<br />(1905–1918) <br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party</a> (1918–1941)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mikhail Moiseyevich Kaganovich</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Михаи́л Моисе́евич Кагано́вич</span>; 16 October 1888 – 1 July 1941) was a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> politician. He was the older brother of <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kiev Governorate</a>. A metal worker, Kaganovich joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in 1905 and fought with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. In 1923-27, he was based in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, working on economic management. He was transferred to Moscow in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Khronos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khronos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a "close friend"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a> and served as one of his deputies from 1928 to 1936. In 1934, he was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party</a> and an alternate member of the <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a>. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar_of_Defence_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar of Defence Industry">People's Commissar of Defence Industry</a> from 1937 to 1939, and then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Aviation Industry (Soviet Union)">People's Commissar of Aviation Industry</a> from 1939 to 1940. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V. S. Emelyanov in his memoirs characterized M. Kaganovich as follows: “He was a rude, noisy person. I never saw him with his mouth closed - he always talked and always lectured, liked to joke, but his jokes were often inappropriate, not witty and insulting to those whom they affected.... The People's Commissariat was essentially led by his talented deputies I. T. Tevosyan, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Vannikov" title="Boris Vannikov">B. L. Vannikov</a> and M. V. Khrunichev". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest_and_death">Arrest and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrest and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having survived the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, Kaganovich was removed from office in January 1941, and appointed director of a factory in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khronos_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khronos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 February 1941, Kaganovich was censured during the 5th Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party</a> and warned "that if he does not correct himself in the new work, if he does not fulfill the instructions of the party and the government, he will be removed from the membership of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and removed from the leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-global_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 June 1941, Kaganovich's former deputy Boris Vannikov was arrested after he had disputed a decision to halt the production of guns a month before the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the USSR</a>. He was tortured in prison by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rodos" title="Boris Rodos">Boris Rodos</a> and, when barely conscious, signed a confession pre-written by Rodos implicating himself and Kaganovich in a conspiracy to sabotage Soviet air defences.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other officers repeated the accusation under torture. </p><p>Kaganovich's brother, Lazar, was summoned by Stalin and told that Mikhail had been chosen by the Nazis as head of their puppet government-in-waiting "an idea so preposterous that it was either the solecism of an <a href="/wiki/NKGB" class="mw-redirect" title="NKGB">NKGB</a> simpleton, or, more likely, a joke between Stalin and <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors circulated that Lazar "had not interceded for [Mikhail] and had sided with Stalin. Lazar himself denied this in several interviews, insisting that he had told Stalin directly that it was a lie and had asked that his brother be given an opportunity to confront his accusers."<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_Beyond_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia_Beyond-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaganovich was summoned to the office of <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a>, where, in the presence of Beria and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a>, he was confronted by Vannikov, who repeated the confession he had made under torture. Mikhail Kaganovich was told to wait outside and went into Mikoyan's private lavatory and shot himself. By committing suicide before he was arrested, he had protected his family.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different account was given by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> during a delegation meeting with a Romanian representative in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1964, in which he claimed that "Stalin interrogated [Kaganovich] personally, [a]fter that he was taken to the WC and shot".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikoyan gave yet another version, stating that "Kaganovich was interrogated by <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a>, and was shot afterwards. Beria explained that it was a [sic] stupidity because, while he was being led to the WC to be shot, Molotov, Malenkov and Beria had decided to free him".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 May 1953, two months after Stalin's death, Beria submitted a memo to the Praesidium of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> saying that the evidence against Kaganovich was "slanderous".<sup id="cite_ref-global_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posthumously '<a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a>' the following day, and his widow, Tsitsiliya Yulyevna Kaganovich (1896-1959) was awarded a lump sum payment of 5,000 rubles and a pension of 200 rubles a month.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaganovich is buried at <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowbysight.info/KKK/02936.asp">02936</a> (ru)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_k/kaganovich_mm.php">Каганович Михаил Моисеевич</a> (ru)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Khronos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khronos_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khronos_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_k/kaganovich_mm.php">"Каганович Михаил Моисеевич 1888-1941 Биорафический Указатель"</a>. <i>Khronos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khronos&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+1888-1941+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fbiograf%2Fbio_k%2Fkaganovich_mm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2013" class="citation book cs1">Rees, E.A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeWPAQAAQBAJ"><i>Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich</i></a>. London: Anthem Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781-78308-057-1" title="Special:BookSources/9-781-78308-057-1"><bdi>9-781-78308-057-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Lazar%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Lazar+Kaganovich&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9-781-78308-057-1&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDeWPAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-global-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-global_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-global_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/kaganovich-mm.htm">"Michael Moiseevich Kaganovich"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=Michael+Moiseevich+Kaganovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Frussia%2Fkaganovich-mm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2005" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, David E. (2005). <i>What Stalin Knew, the Enigma of Barbarossa</i>. New Haven: Yale U.P. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10780-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10780-3"><bdi>0-300-10780-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Stalin+Knew%2C+the+Enigma+of+Barbarossa&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Yale+U.P.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-300-10780-3&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2003" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2003). <i>Stalin, The Court of the Red Tsar</i>. 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Moscow<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+favorite+supply+manager%3A+10+facts+about+Lazar+Kaganovich&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=Guzeva&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F332916-stalin-comrade-lazar-kaganovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore. <i>Stalin</i>. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pages=353&rft.au=Montefiore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/notes-meeting-romanian-delegation-nikita-khrushchev-moscow-17-july-1964-excerpts">"Notes from Meeting of Romanian Delegation with Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, 17 July 1964 (excerpts) | Wilson Center Digital Archive"</a>. <i>digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=Notes+from+Meeting+of+Romanian+Delegation+with+Nikita+Khrushchev+in+Moscow%2C+17+July+1964+%28excerpts%29+%26%23124%3B+Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2Fnotes-meeting-romanian-delegation-nikita-khrushchev-moscow-17-july-1964-excerpts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://istmat.org/node/57763">"Постановление Президиума ЦК КПСС о реабилитации М.М. Кагановича. 7 мая 1953 г. (Resolution of the Praesidium of the CC CPSU on the rehabilitation of M.M.Kaganovich 7 May 1953)"</a>. <i>Реабилитация: как ето было, документы президиума ЦК КПСС и другие материалы, март 1953-феврал 1956</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span 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