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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish views on Muhammad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="النظرة اليهودية للنبي محمد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النظرة اليهودية للنبي محمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF" title="মুহাম্মদ সম্পর্কে ইহুদিদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ সম্পর্কে ইহুদিদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BA%D3%99_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Йәһүдилектең Мөхәммәткә ҡарашы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүдилектең Мөхәммәткә ҡарашы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad" title="Pandangan Yahudi tentang Muhammad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pandangan Yahudi tentang Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93" title="היהדות ומוחמד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היהדות ומוחמד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Judaism_on_Muhammad" title="Views of Judaism on Muhammad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Views of Judaism on Muhammad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudilik%27te_Muhammed" title="Yahudilik'te Muhammed – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudilik'te Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad" title="Category:Muhammad">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Muhammad circular symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Muhammad_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.svg/160px-Muhammad_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Muhammad_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.svg/240px-Muhammad_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Muhammad_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.svg/320px-Muhammad_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="2273" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Medina</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_after_the_occupation_of_Mecca" title="Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca">After Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farewell_Sermon" title="Farewell Sermon">Farewell Sermon</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_early_Islamic_history" title="Timeline of early Islamic history">Milestones and records</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Career</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad" title="Diplomatic career of Muhammad">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">Miracles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Jews" title="Muhammad's views on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_views_on_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's views on Muhammad">Judaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pen_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pen and paper">Hadith of the pen and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Praise</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possessions_of_Muhammad" title="Possessions of Muhammad">Possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad" title="Relics of Muhammad">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Muhammad" title="Seal of Muhammad">Seal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/16px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/24px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/31px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="background:white; padding:0 5px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad" title="Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad" title="Template talk:Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Very few texts in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> refer to or take note of the Islamic prophet, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. In the Middle Ages, it was common for some <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> writers to describe Muhammad as a religious leader sent to the Arabs to spread <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillman1979_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillman1979-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maimonides">Maimonides</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> referred to Muhammad as a prophet to guide the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and spread monotheism in the world. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Yemen" title="Epistle to Yemen">Epistle to Yemen</a></i> he wrote "After [Jesus] arose the zealot who emulated his precursor [Jesus], since he paved the way for him. But he added the further objective of procuring rule and submission [<i>talb al-mulk</i>; pursuit of sovereignty] and he invented what was well known [Islam]."<sup id="cite_ref-Roth1994p218_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth1994p218-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In his authoritative work of law the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> (Hilkhot Melakhim 11:10–12), Maimonides indicated that nevertheless Muhammad was part of God's plan of preparing the world for the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism"> Messiah</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All those words of Jesus of Nazareth and of this Ishmaelite [i.e., Muhammad] who arose after him are only to make straight the path for the messianic king and to prepare the whole world to serve the Lord together. As it is said: 'For then I will change the speech of the peoples to a pure speech so that all of them shall call on the name of the Lord and serve him with one accord' (Zephaniah 3:9).<sup id="cite_ref-Rudin128-129_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudin128-129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natan'el_al-Fayyumi"><span id="Natan.27el_al-Fayyumi"></span>Natan'el al-Fayyumi</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a>, a prominent 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a> rabbi and theologian, and the founder of what is sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy#Nethan'el_al-Fayyumi" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish Ismailism</a>", wrote in his philosophical treatise <i>Bustan al-Uqul</i> ("Garden of Wisdom") that God sends prophets to establish religions for other nations, which do not have to conform to the precepts of the Jewish Torah. Nethanel explicitly considered Muhammad a true prophet, who was sent from Heaven with a particular message that applies to the Arabs, but not to the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Fayyumi's explicit acceptance of Muhammad's prophecy was rare and virtually unknown until recent times beyond his native <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midrash">Midrash</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> <i>Secrets (Nistarot) of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</i>, compares Muhammad to the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Messiah</a>. According to this text, ascribed to the famous 1st-century sage and mystic <a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon bar Yochai">Simeon bar Yochai</a>, and apparently written at the beginning of the Muslim conquest or in the 8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad's role as a prophet includes redeeming the Jews from the Christian ("Roman" or "Edomite") oppression and playing a positive role in the messianic process.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_references">Other references</h2></div> <p>One Yemenite Jewish document, found in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Genizah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Genizah">Cairo Genizah</a>, suggests that many Jews had not only accepted Muhammad as a prophet, but had even desecrated <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> in order to join Muhammad in his struggle. However, some historians suggest that this document, called <i>Dhimmat an-nabi Muhammad</i> (Muhammad's Writ of Protection), has been fabricated by Yemenite Jews for the purpose of self-defence.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of stories from the Islamic tradition about Muhammad entered mainstream Jewish thought incidentally, due to the great cultural convergence in Islamic Spain from the 9th to 12th centuries, known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Spanish Jewry</a>. For example, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Joseph_of_Polonne" title="Jacob Joseph of Polonne">Jacob Joseph of Polonne</a>, one of the early <a href="/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidic</a> mystics, wrote that one pious man (<i>hasid</i>) taught that the internal struggle against the evil inclination is greater than external battle, quoting <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a>'s popular treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Chovot_HaLevavot" title="Chovot HaLevavot">Chovot HaLevavot</a>.</i> In the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> original version of that book, Bahya Ibn Paquda refers to both external and internal battle as <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> and the "pious man" about whom the story is originally told is Muhammad, though the author does not mention his source by name.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic-Jewish_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic-Jewish relations">Islamic-Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Jews" title="Muhammad's views on Jews">Muhammad's views on Jews</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stillman1979-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stillman1979_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorman_A._Stillman1979" class="citation book cs1">Norman A. Stillman (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil"><i>The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book</i></a></span>. Jewish Publication Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil/page/236">236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0198-7"><bdi>978-0-8276-0198-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Arab+lands%3A+a+history+and+source+book&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7&rft.au=Norman+A.+Stillman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsofarablands00stil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+views+on+Muhammad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8o6UZ37ppUC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false">Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism By Ibn Warraq Page 255</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjFNPT52XjUC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History page 21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth1994p218-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roth1994p218_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Roth. <i>Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>, 1994, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudin128-129-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudin128-129_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._James_Rudin" title="A. James Rudin">A. James Rudin</a>. <i>Christians & Jews Faith to Faith: Tragic History, Promising Present, Fragile Future</i>, Jewish Lights Publishing, 2010, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi,</i> edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol. VI, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gan ha-Sekhalim</i>, ed. Kafih (Jerusalem, 1984), ch. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abraham's children: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in conversation,</i> by Norman Solomon, Richard Harries, Tim Winter, T&T Clark Int'l, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08161-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08161-3">0-567-08161-3</a>, p. 137 <i>Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period</i>, by Joshua Prawer and Haggai Ben-Shammai, NYU Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814766392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814766392">978-0814766392</a>, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abraham's children: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in conversation,</i> by Norman Solomon, Richard Harries, Tim Winter, T&T Clark Int'l, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08161-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08161-3">0-567-08161-3</a>, p. 133 <i>"Nistarot" places the Muslim conquests in an eschatological context, and implies that Muhammad had a positive role to play in the messianic process.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yakov Rabkin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cismor.jp/en/publication/jismor/documents/JISMOR5en_Rabkin.pdf">"Perspectives on the Muslim Other in Jewish Tradition"</a> (126 KB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Sufi-Jewish Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart,</i> by Diana Lobel, University of Pennsylvania Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3953-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3953-9">0-8122-3953-9</a>, p. ix "How does a perennially popular manual of Jewish piety come to be quoting Islamic traditions about the Prophet Muhammad? Muslim Spain of the tenth through twelfth century, known as the "Golden Age" of Hispano-Jewish poetry and letters, is a time of great convergence and cultural creativity."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_2">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism's view of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Jews" title="Muhammad's views on Jews">Muhammad's views on Jews</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_Muhammad&oldid=1085484342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_Muhammad&oldid=1085484342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_Judaism" title="Category:Islam and Judaism">Islam and Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism-related_controversies" title="Category:Judaism-related controversies">Judaism-related controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad_and_Judaism" title="Category:Muhammad and Judaism">Muhammad and Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_perspectives_on_Muhammad" title="Category:Religious perspectives on Muhammad">Religious perspectives on Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Point_of_view" title="Category:Point of view">Point of view</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 April 2022, at 20:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish views on Muhammad</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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