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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Situation_in_Medina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_Medina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Situation in Medina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_Medina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad's_encounters_with_Banu_Aws_and_Banu_Khazraj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad's_encounters_with_Banu_Aws_and_Banu_Khazraj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Muhammad's encounters with Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad's_encounters_with_Banu_Aws_and_Banu_Khazraj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hijrah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjra" title="Hidjra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hidjra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedschra" title="Hedschra – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hedschra" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الهجرة النبوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهجرة النبوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicr%C9%99t" title="Hicrət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hicrət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="হিজরত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিজরত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%80%D3%99%D1%82" title="Һижрәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һижрәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хіджра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіджра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хиджра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хиджра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjra" title="Hidjra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hidjra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8gira" title="Hègira – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hègira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B8%C3%A7%D1%80%C4%95)" title="Хиджра (хиçрĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хиджра (хиçрĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira" title="Hegira – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hegira" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra" title="Hijra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hijra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidschra" title="Hidschra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hidschra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9gira" title="Hégira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hégira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C4%9Diro" title="Heĝiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heĝiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejira" title="Hejira – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hejira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="هجرت محمد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هجرت محمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9gire" title="Hégire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hégire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9xira" title="Héxira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Héxira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%A7%80%EB%9D%BC" title="헤지라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤지라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijira" title="Hijira – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hijira" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Հիջրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիջրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="हिजरत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिजरत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejiro" title="Hejiro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hejiro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hijrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egira" title="Egira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%94" title="הג'רה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הג'רה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijrah" title="Ijrah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ijrah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ჰიჯრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიჯრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Һижра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Һижра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra" title="Hijra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hijra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEcret" title="Hîcret – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîcret" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira" title="Hegira – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hegira" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidzsra_(iszl%C3%A1m)" title="Hidzsra (iszlám) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidzsra (iszlám)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%9F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хиџра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиџра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra" title="Hijra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hijra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="ഹിജ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിജ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="हिजरत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिजरत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hijrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hijrah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjra" title="Hidjra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hidjra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9" title="ヒジュラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒジュラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ХӀижрат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀижрат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra" title="Hijra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hijra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjra" title="Hidjra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hidjra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egira" title="Egira – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egira" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrat" title="Hijrat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hijrat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81" title="ہجرت مدینہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہجرت مدینہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="د محمد هجرت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د محمد هجرت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BCra" title="Hidżra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hidżra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9gira" title="Hégira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hégira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegir%C4%83" title="Hegiră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hegiră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хиджра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиджра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%90_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81" title="ہجرتِ مدینہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہجرتِ مدینہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hixhreti" title="Hixhreti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hixhreti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggira" title="Eggira – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eggira" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hijrah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مديني طرف هجرت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مديني طرف هجرت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra_(islam)" title="Hidžra (islam) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hidžra (islam)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrada_Madiina" title="Hijrada Madiina – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hijrada Madiina" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کۆچی مسوڵمانان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆچی مسوڵمانان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%9F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хиџра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиџра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra" title="Hidžra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidžra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hijrah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEra_(islam)" title="Hidžra (islam) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hidžra (islam)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra" title="Hijra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hijra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira" title="Hegira – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hegira" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D" title="హిజ్రత్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిజ్రత్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮิจเราะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิจเราะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D2%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ҳиҷрати Муҳаммад – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиҷрати Муҳаммад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medine%27ye_Hicret" title="Medine'ye Hicret – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medine'ye Hicret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гіджра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіджра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81" title="ہجرت مدینہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہجرت مدینہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira" title="Hegira – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hegira" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira_(Islam)" title="Hegira (Islam) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hegira (Islam)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89" title="希吉拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希吉拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicret" title="Hicret – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hicret" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89" title="希吉拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希吉拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Hijrah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131482#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad" title="Category:Muhammad">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hijrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Medina</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_after_the_occupation_of_Mecca" title="Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca">After Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farewell_Sermon" title="Farewell Sermon">Farewell Sermon</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_early_Islamic_history" title="Timeline of early Islamic history">Milestones and records</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Career</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad" title="Diplomatic career of Muhammad">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">Miracles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Jews" title="Muhammad's views on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_views_on_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's views on Muhammad">Judaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pen_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pen and paper">Hadith of the pen and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Praise</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possessions_of_Muhammad" title="Possessions of Muhammad">Possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad" title="Relics of Muhammad">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Muhammad" title="Seal of Muhammad">Seal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Arabic word. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hijrah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hijrah (disambiguation)">Hijrah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Hijrah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الهجرة</span> <i>hijra</i>, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also <b>Hegira</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>), was the journey the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his followers took from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FazlurRehman51_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FazlurRehman51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a> calendars; its date equates to 16 July 622 in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in Muhammad's preaching of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, his followers only included his close friends and relatives. Most of his tribesmen, the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, however, were indifferent to his activities, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings, and accordingly, Muhammad did not encounter any serious opposition from them; that was the case until he began to challenge their beliefs, which caused tensions to arise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuhlWelch1993364_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhlWelch1993364-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200235–36_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200235–36-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuranyi1998102_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuranyi1998102-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2005120-121_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2005120-121-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 622, after having convened twice with members of the Medinan tribes of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khazraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazraj">Khazraj</a> at al-'Aqabah near <a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a>, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to their city, along with his friend, father-in-law and <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companion</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hijrah</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word هجرة 'to depart to', 'to migrate to' or 'to move away from'.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stem of the verbal root <i>H-J-R</i>, <i>hajara</i>, means 'to cut off someone from friendly association; to avoid association with'; the third stem, <i>hājara</i>, means 'a mutual termination of friendly relations by leaving or departing'. The word has been mistranslated, without proper context, as 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1753, the word has also been used to refer to an exodus in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_Medina">Situation in Medina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Situation in Medina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located more than 260 miles (420 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> is a verdant oasis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Muslim sources, the city was founded by Jews who had survived the revolt against the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199711_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199711-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While agriculture was far from the domain of the Arab tribes, the Jews were excellent farmers who cultivated the land in the oases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199711_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199711-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to several smaller Jewish clans, there were three major Jewish tribes in the city: <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201254_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201254-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, Arab tribes from southern Arabia migrated to the city and settled alongside the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199711_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199711-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab tribes comprised <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Banu Aws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Banu Khazraj</a>, both known collectively as Banu Qayla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb_et_al.1986514_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb_et_al.1986514-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 620, these two Arab tribes had been fighting for nearly a hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of them had tried to court the support of the Jewish tribes, which occasionally led to infighting among the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad's_encounters_with_Banu_Aws_and_Banu_Khazraj"><span id="Muhammad.27s_encounters_with_Banu_Aws_and_Banu_Khazraj"></span>Muhammad's encounters with Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muhammad's encounters with Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 620, having lost all hope of winning converts among his fellow townspeople, Muhammad limited his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022244_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022244-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these efforts, Muhammad met six members of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Banu Khazraj</a> tribe who were visiting <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, on a pilgrimage to the holy sites around the city. These six individuals had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn had warned them that a prophet would come, and with his help, the Jews would obliterate them. Upon hearing Muhammad's religious message, the six individuals said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us; don't let them get to him before us!" After embracing Islam, they returned to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aws</a>, who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021142–3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021142–3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2021211_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2021211-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 621, five earlier converts met with Muhammad again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They were accompanied by seven new converts, including two people from the Banu Aws tribe. This gathering took place at the al-'Aqaba mountain pass, located just north of Mecca near the trade route. At the meeting, they took a pledge to Muhammad, known as the "pledge of women."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was so called because it contained no obligation to fight for Islam. One of the main tenets of this pledge was to renounce idols and affirm Allah as the only deity, with Muhammad as their leader. Muhammad then entrusted <a href="/wiki/Mus%27ab_ibn_Umayr" title="Mus'ab ibn Umayr">Mus'ab ibn Umayr</a> to accompany them on their return to Medina to promote Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201247_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201247-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021143–4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021143–4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the pilgrimage season of 622, Muhammad had another meeting in Aqaba with the Medinan converts;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201247_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201247-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this time, there were 75 of them, including 2 women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad's uncle <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib">al-Abbas</a>, who accompanied him, made a speech at the beginning, declaring that Muhammad was "the most respected person among his kinsmen." This is quite in contrast with the fact that Muhammad had received strong opposition from his other uncle, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Lahab" title="Abu Lahab">Abu Lahab</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hisham" title="Amr ibn Hisham">Abu Jahl</a> and other Quraysh leaders. Al-Abbas also falsely stated that Muhammad had rejected offers from all but the men of Medina in an apparent attempt to create a sense of exclusivity and importance among them. Historical records, however, show that they were among the last groups Muhammad had tried to approach and that he had no other offers available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201248_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201248-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad himself then spoke and invited their allegiance, asking them to protect him as they would their women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022245_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022245-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2021211_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2021211-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them, al-Bara, readily agreed, emphasizing the military prowess of his people. The other however, Abu al-Haytham, expressed concern that if they took the pledge and severed their ties with the Jews, Muhammad would return to his people after they gave him victories. Muhammad assured them that he was now one with them and would share their fate in war and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201248_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201248-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters1994212_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters1994212-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve delegates, three from the Aws and nine from the Khazraj, were then selected to oversee the implementation of this pact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the group inquired about the reward for their loyalty, Muhammad simply replied, "Paradise." They then took the oath, also known as the pledge of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlubb2001144_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlubb2001144-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabriel200761_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel200761-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201248_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201248-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not long after receiving the pledges, Muhammad instructed his <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Meccan</a> followers to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. The whole departure spanned about three months. To ensure that he did not arrive in Medina alone while his followers remained in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed behind to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> tried to dissuade their family members from leaving,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022246_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201249_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201249-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022246_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad regarded this migration as an expulsion by the Quraysh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201249_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201249-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic tradition relates that, in light of the unfolding events, one of the Quraysh chiefs, <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hisham" title="Amr ibn Hisham">Abu Jahl</a>, Muhammad's childhood friend-turned-enemy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabriel2007101_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel2007101-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each Quraysh clan. Having been informed of this by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad asked his cousin <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> to lie on his bed covered with his green hadrami cloak, assuring him that it would keep him safe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters1994186–7_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters1994186–7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad then went with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> to a cave in <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr" title="Jabal Thawr">Mount Thawr</a>, about an hour's walk south of Mecca, and hid there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021145_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021145-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Bakr's children and servants, who were still in Mecca, regularly brought them food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201251_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201251-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three days in hiding, they set out for Medina on camels that Abu Bakr had bought in advance, and accompanied by a guide, Abdallah ibn Arqat, who was a pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021145_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021145-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in January 623, Muhammad led several raids against Meccan caravans travelling along the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Members of different <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribes</a> were thus unified by the urgency of the moment. This unity was primarily based on the bonds of kinship.<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rue_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rue-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar">Umar ibn Al-Khattab</a>, designated the Muslim year during which the Hegira occurred the first year of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> in 638 or the 17th year of the Hegira. This was later <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Latinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic Latinisation">Latinized</a> to <i>Anno hegirae</i>, the abbreviation of which is still used to denote Hijri dates today.<sup id="cite_ref-Shamsi_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamsi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burnaby states that: "Historians in general assert that Muhammad fled from Mecca at the commencement of the third month of the Arabian year, Rabi 'u-l-awwal. They do not agree as to the precise day. According to Ibn-Ishak, it was on the first or second day of the month;"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Islamic historians and scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al Biruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a>, have discussed these dates in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a> (Muhammad's escape from Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">List of Islamic terms in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuba" title="Rakuba">Rakuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Prophetic biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of expeditions of Muhammad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">commonly known in the West as 'the' <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, though both calendars are used by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Muharram of the new fixed calendar corresponded to Friday, 16 July 622 CE, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">medieval Muslim astronomers</a> by projecting back in time their own <a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">tabular Islamic calendar</a>, which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year 1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">crescent moon</a> would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated <a href="/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">dark moon</a> (astronomical <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>) on the morning of 14 July.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schacht-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schacht_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schacht_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchacht_et_al.1998">Schacht et al. 1998</a>, p. 366)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHolt_et_al.1978">Holt et al. 1978</a>, p. 40)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FazlurRehman51-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FazlurRehman51_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2001" class="citation book cs1">Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001). <i>Chronology of Prophetic Events</i>. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 51–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Prophetic+Events&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Ta-Ha+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Fazlur+Rehman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarom2017" class="citation journal cs1">Marom, Roy (Fall 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35523840">"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography"</a>. <i>Jamma'a</i>. <b>23</b>: vii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamma%27a&rft.atitle=Approaches+to+the+Research+of+Early+Islam%3A+The+Hijrah+in+Western+Historiography&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=vii&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Marom&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35523840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnaby1901" class="citation book cs1">Burnaby, Sherrard Beaumont (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft"><i>Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars</i></a>. pp. 373–5, 382–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+Jewish+and+Muhammadan+calendars&rft.pages=373-5%2C+382-4&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Burnaby&rft.aufirst=Sherrard+Beaumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsofjewish00burnuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitzReingold2018" class="citation book cs1">Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cK1XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">"Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars"</a>. <i>Calendrical Calculations</i> (Third ed.). O'Reilly. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108546935" title="Special:BookSources/9781108546935"><bdi>9781108546935</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1137352777">1137352777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+1.2+Epochs+for+various+calendars&rft.btitle=Calendrical+Calculations&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1137352777&rft.isbn=9781108546935&rft.aulast=Dershowitz&rft.aufirst=Nachum&rft.au=Reingold%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcK1XDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Biruni, <i>The chronology of ancient nations</i>, tr. <a href="/wiki/C._Edward_Sachau" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Edward Sachau">C. Edward Sachau</a> (1000/1879) 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008214455/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html">"NASA phases of the moon 601–700"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+phases+of+the+moon+601%E2%80%93700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fphase%2Fphases0601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhlWelch1993364-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuhlWelch1993364_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuhlWelch1993">Buhl & Welch (1993)</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200235–36-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200235–36_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis (2002)</a>, p. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuranyi1998102-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuranyi1998102_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuranyi1998">Muranyi (1998)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2005120-121-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2005120-121_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2005">Gordon (2005)</a>, p. 120-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Moojan Momen</a> (1985), <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism</i>, Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchacht_et_al.1998">Schacht et al. 1998</a>, p. 366)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hegira">"Definition of HEGIRA"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+HEGIRA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhegira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt_et_al.197839_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt_et_al.1978">Holt et al. (1978)</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199711-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199711_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199711_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199711_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil (1997)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201254-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201254_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers2012">Rodgers (2012)</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb_et_al.1986514-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb_et_al.1986514_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb_et_al.1986">Gibb et al. (1986)</a>, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022244-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022244_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFontaine2022">Fontaine (2022)</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021142–3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021142–3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodinson2021">Rodinson (2021)</a>, p. 142–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2021211-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2021211_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2021211_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters2021">Peters (2021)</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers2012_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers2012">Rodgers (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islambasics.com/chapter/the-first-aqabah-pledge/">"THE FIRST AQABAH PLEDGE"</a>. <i>IslamBasics.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IslamBasics.com&rft.atitle=THE+FIRST+AQABAH+PLEDGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislambasics.com%2Fchapter%2Fthe-first-aqabah-pledge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2014" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Richard A. (22 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HQCBQAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+621,+pledge+of+women&pg=PA61"><i>Muhammad: Islam's First Great General</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8250-6"><bdi>978-0-8061-8250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+Islam%27s+First+Great+General&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-8250-6&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HQCBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2B621%2C%2Bpledge%2Bof%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201247-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201247_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201247_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers2012">Rodgers (2012)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021143–4-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021143–4_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodinson2021">Rodinson (2021)</a>, p. 143–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021144_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodinson2021">Rodinson (2021)</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201248-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201248_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201248_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201248_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers2012">Rodgers (2012)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022245-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022245_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFontaine2022">Fontaine (2022)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters1994212-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters1994212_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1994">Peters (1994)</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlubb2001144-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlubb2001144_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlubb2001">Glubb (2001)</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel200761-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabriel200761_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabriel2007">Gabriel (2007)</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022246-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022246_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontaine2022246_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFontaine2022">Fontaine (2022)</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201249-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201249_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201249_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers2012">Rodgers (2012)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel2007101-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabriel2007101_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabriel2007">Gabriel (2007)</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters1994186–7-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters1994186–7_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1994">Peters (1994)</a>, p. 186–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodinson2021145-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021145_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodinson2021145_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodinson2021">Rodinson (2021)</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodgers201251-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodgers201251_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodgers2012">Rodgers (2012)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito4_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Esposito, <i>Islam</i>, Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Montgomery Watt, <i>Muhammad at Mecca</i>, Oxford, 1953, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rue-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rue_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRue2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Rue, Loyal D.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yy0Z_8ha8ggC"><i>Religion is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological Nature and what to Expect when They Fail</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813535111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813535111"><bdi>978-0813535111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+is+Not+about+God%3A+How+Spiritual+Traditions+Nurture+Our+Biological+Nature+and+what+to+Expect+when+They+Fail&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0813535111&rft.aulast=Rue&rft.aufirst=Loyal+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyy0Z_8ha8ggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span> p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shamsi-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shamsi_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamsi1984" class="citation journal cs1">Shamsi, F. A. (1984). "The Date of Hijrah". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 189–224. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847270">20847270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Hijrah&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-224&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20847270%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shamsi&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamsi1984" class="citation journal cs1">Shamsi, F. A. (1984). "The Date of Hijrah". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 289–323. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847277">20847277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Hijrah&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=289-323&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20847277%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shamsi&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, <a href="//archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:elementsofjewish00burnuoft"><i>Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars</i></a> (1901).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Armand-Pierre_Caussin_de_Perceval" title="Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval">Caussin de Perceval</a> writing in 1847 as reported in 1901 by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, <a href="//archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:elementsofjewish00burnuoft"><i>Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars</i></a> (London: 1901) 374–75.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Moshe (27 February 1997). <i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779476694">779476694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-02-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779476694&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb_et_al.1986" class="citation book cs1">Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Brian; Donzel, Emeri J. van; Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1986). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Vol. 1-</i>. E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872092039">872092039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+Vol.+1-&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872092039&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Brian&rft.au=Donzel%2C+Emeri+J.+van&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+Clifford+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2012" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Russ (2012). <i>The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3766-0"><bdi>978-0-8130-3766-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797916550">797916550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generalship+of+Muhammad%3A+Battles+and+Campaigns+of+the+Prophet+of+Allah&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797916550&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Gabriel" title="Richard A. Gabriel">Gabriel, Richard A.</a> (2007). <i>Muhammad: Islam's First Great General</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3860-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-3860-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/78788501">78788501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+Islam%27s+First+Great+General&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F78788501&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2021" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F. E. (9 March 2021). <i>Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Convenant to Community</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22682-8"><bdi>978-0-691-22682-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1132222513">1132222513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam%3A+The+Classical+Texts+and+Their+Interpretation%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+Convenant+to+Community&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1132222513&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22682-8&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlubb2001" class="citation book cs1">Glubb, Sir John Bagot (2001). <i>The Life and Times of Muhammad</i>. Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1176-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1176-5"><bdi>978-0-8154-1176-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50273853">50273853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Muhammad&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50273853&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1176-5&rft.aulast=Glubb&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+Bagot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt_et_al.1978" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1978). <i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4"><bdi>978-0-521-29135-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828737664">828737664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828737664&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29135-4&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Peter+Malcolm&rft.au=Lambton%2C+Ann+K.+S.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuranyi1998" class="citation book cs1">Muranyi, Miklos (1998). <i>The Life of Muhammad</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-703-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-703-7"><bdi>978-0-86078-703-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1338681712">1338681712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Muhammad&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1338681712&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-703-7&rft.aulast=Muranyi&rft.aufirst=Miklos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Matthew (30 May 2005). <i>The Rise of Islam</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32522-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57613641">57613641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005-05-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57613641&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32522-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodinson2021" class="citation book cs1">Rodinson, Maxime (2 March 2021). <i>Muhammad</i>. New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68137-493-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68137-493-2"><bdi>978-1-68137-493-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150849724">1150849724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150849724&rft.isbn=978-1-68137-493-2&rft.aulast=Rodinson&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaine2022" class="citation book cs1">Fontaine, P. F. M. (4 October 2022). <i>Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50234-5"><bdi>978-90-04-50234-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348484291">1348484291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+in+Medieval+History+I%3A+Dualism+in+Byzantine+History+476%E2%80%93638+and+Dualism+in+Islam+572%E2%80%93732&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348484291&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50234-5&rft.aulast=Fontaine&rft.aufirst=P.+F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1994" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F. E. (6 April 1994). <i>Muhammad and the Origins of Islam</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1597-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1597-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-1597-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42636559">42636559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994-04-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42636559&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1597-0&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht_et_al.1998" class="citation book cs1">Schacht; Lewis; Pellat; Ménage, eds. (26 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1482"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a]</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08118-5"><bdi>978-90-04-08118-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223374133">223374133</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Volume+III+%28H-Iram%29%3A+%5BFasc.+41-60%2C+60a%5D&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998-06-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223374133&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08118-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fedcollbook%2Ftitle%2F1482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-arabs-in-history-9780192803108?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>The Arabs in History</i></a>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280310-8"><bdi>978-0-19-280310-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/784886690">784886690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+History&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F784886690&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280310-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-arabs-in-history-9780192803108%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhlWelch1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780">"Muḥammad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872092039">872092039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872092039&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rft.aulast=Buhl&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Welch%2C+A.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fmuhammad-COM_0780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijrah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijrah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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