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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_the_Fourth_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Fourth_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>After the Fourth Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Fourth_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_North_under_Ottoman_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_North_under_Ottoman_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Christianity and Islam in the North under Ottoman Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_North_under_Ottoman_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_South_under_Ottoman_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_South_under_Ottoman_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Christianity and Islam in the South under Ottoman Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_South_under_Ottoman_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Italian occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam_(Sunni)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_(Sunni)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Islam (Sunni)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_(Sunni)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bektashism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bektashism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Bektashism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bektashism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Sufi_congregations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Sufi_congregations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Other Sufi congregations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Sufi_congregations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Roman Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Greek Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irreligion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irreligion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Irreligion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irreligion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_rituals_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_rituals_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Beliefs and rituals data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_rituals_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Freedom of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Albania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الدين في ألبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في ألبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniyada_din" title="Albaniyada din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albaniyada din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Албанияла дин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Албанияла дин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Рэлігія ў Альбаніі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэлігія ў Альбаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_v_Alb%C3%A1nii" title="Náboženství v Albánii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náboženství v Albánii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Albanien" title="Religion in Albanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Religion in Albanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θρησκεία στην Αλβανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θρησκεία στην Αλβανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_Albanie" title="Religion en Albanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Albanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրոնն Ալբանիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնն Ալբանիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_u_Albaniji" title="Religija u Albaniji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija u Albaniji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religione_in_Albania" title="Religione in Albania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religione in Albania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nia_vall%C3%A1si_%C3%A9lete" title="Albánia vallási élete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albánia vallási élete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија во Албанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Албанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniyaning_diniy_tarkibi" title="Albaniyaning diniy tarkibi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Albaniyaning diniy tarkibi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Albanii" title="Religia w Albanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Albanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Alb%C3%A2nia" title="Religião na Albânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião na Albânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Албании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Албании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Shqip%C3%ABri" title="Feja në Shqipëri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Shqipëri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Религија у Албанији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Религија у Албанији" 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href="#cite_note-Census_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (45.86%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (8.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (7.22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Skyblue; color:black;"> </span> Evangelical Christians (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellowgreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a> (4.81%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Non-affiliated believers (13.82%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lightgrey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> (3.55%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> Undeclared (15.76%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Pink; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.15%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Albania is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a> and religiously diverse country with no <a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">official religion</a> and thus, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of belief">belief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">conscience</a> are guaranteed under the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the most common <b>religion in Albania</b>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, though religiosity is low and there are many <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">irreligious</a> Albanians. In the 2023 census, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominationals</a>) accounted for 51% of the total population, Christians (<a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a>) made up 16%, while <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">irreligious</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">Atheists</a> and the other non-religious) were 17%. The other 16% were undeclared.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> since 1912 and thus and currently according to the constitution, the state has to be "neutral in questions of belief and conscience":<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Albania_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Albania-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">socialist government</a> started the anti-religious campaign in 1967 and was declared Albania the world's first constitutionally "<a href="/wiki/Atheist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist state">atheist state</a>" in 1976. Believers faced harsh punishments, and many clergymen were killed. Nowadays religious observance and practice is generally lax, and polls have shown that, compared to the populations of other countries, few Albanians consider religion to be a dominant factor in their lives. When asked about religion, people generally refer to their family's historical religious legacy and not to their own choice of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-USGOV1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGOV1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kowalewski_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkanic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Balkanic religion">Paleo-Balkanic religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg/220px-Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg/330px-Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg/440px-Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>In the late Roman era, Christianity was preached in theaters like this one in <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> spread to urban centers in the region of Albania, at the time composed mostly <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a> and part of south <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>, during the later period of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> era and reached the region relatively early. <a href="/wiki/St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul">St. Paul</a> preached the Gospel 'even unto Illyricum' (Romans 15:19). Schnabel asserts that Paul probably preached in <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The steady growth of the Christian community in <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a> (the Roman name for Epidamnus) led to the creation of a local bishopric in 58 AD. Later, episcopal seats were established in <a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Illyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Illyria">Apollonia</a>, Buthrotum (modern <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a>), and Scodra (modern <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a>). </p><p>One notable Martyr was <a href="/wiki/Saint_Astius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Astius">Saint Astius</a>, who was Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrachium</a>, who was crucified during the persecution of Christians by the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. Saint Eleutherius (not to be confused with the later Saint-Pope) was bishop of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> and Illyria. He was martyred along with his mother Anthia during the anti-Christian campaign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 2nd to the 4th centuries, the main language used to spread the Christian religion was Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in the 4th to the 5th centuries it was <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a>. Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century, however the Bible cites in Romans that Christianity was spread in the first century. The following centuries saw the erection of characteristic examples of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a> such as the churches in Kosine, Mborje and Apollonia. </p><p>Christian bishops from what would later become eastern Albania took part in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. Arianism had at that point extended to Illyria, where Arius himself had been exiled to by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kisha_e_Manastirit_Te_Rubikut_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kisha_e_Manastirit_Te_Rubikut_08.jpg/220px-Kisha_e_Manastirit_Te_Rubikut_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kisha_e_Manastirit_Te_Rubikut_08.jpg/330px-Kisha_e_Manastirit_Te_Rubikut_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kisha_e_Manastirit_Te_Rubikut_08.jpg/440px-Kisha_e_Manastirit_Te_Rubikut_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="4884" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of a 12th-century medieval Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Rubik,_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubik, Albania">Rubik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 4th century AD, Christianity had become the established religion in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, supplanting pagan polytheism and eclipsing for the most part the humanistic world outlook and institutions inherited from the Greek and Roman civilizations. Ecclesiastical records during the Slavic invasions are slim. Though the country was in the fold of Byzantium, Christians in the region remained under the jurisdiction of the Roman pope until 732. In that year the iconoclast Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, angered by archbishops of the region because they had supported Rome in the Iconoclastic Controversy, detached the church of the province from the Roman pope and placed it under the patriarch of Constantinople. When the <a href="/wiki/East-West_schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West schism">East-West schism</a> separated the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Greek Christianity</a>, southern Albanian regions retained their ties to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> while the northern areas reverted to the jurisdiction of Rome. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg/220px-Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg/330px-Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg/440px-Labova_e_Kryqit3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>The 12th-century Eastern Orthodox Church in <a href="/wiki/Labova_e_Kryqit" class="mw-redirect" title="Labova e Kryqit">Labova e Kryqit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Albanians first appear in the historical record in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> sources of the 11th century. At this point, they are already fully Christianized. Most Albanian regions belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> after the schism, but regional Albanian populations gradually became Catholic to secure their independence from various Orthodox political entities<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1910_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1910-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet1989_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conversions to Catholicism would be especially notable under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Flirtations with conversions to Catholicism in Central Albanian <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a> are reported in the later 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002197_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002197-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but until 1204 Central and Southern Albanians (in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a>) remained mostly Orthodox despite the growing Catholic influence in the North and were often linked to Byzantine<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> state entities<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krujë, however, became an important center for the spread of Catholicism. Its bishopric had been Catholic since 1167. It was under direct dependence from the pope and it was the pope himself who consecrated the bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Albanian nobles maintained good relations with the Papacy. Its influence became so great, that it began to nominate local bishops. The Archbishopric of Durrës, one of the primary bishoprics in Albania had initially remained under the authority of Eastern Orthodox Church after the split despite continuous, but fruitless efforts from Rome to convert it to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_Fourth_Crusade">After the Fourth Crusade</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Napoli_-_Carlo_I_d%27Angi%C3%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a> established <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>, officially Catholic</figcaption></figure> <p>However, things changed after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">fall of Byzantine Empire in 1204</a>. In 1208, a Catholic archdeacon was elected for the archbishopric of Durrës. After the reconquest of Durrës by the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> in 1214, the Latin Archbishop of Durrës was replaced by an Orthodox archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Etleva Lala, on the edge of the Albanian line in the north was Prizren, which was also an Orthodox bishopric albeit with some Catholic parochial churches,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1372 received a Catholic bishop due to close relations between the Balsha family and the Papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardenica_Monastery_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/220px-Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/440px-Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ardenica_Monastery" title="Ardenica Monastery">Ardenica Monastery</a>, built by the Byzantines after a military victory</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, a new wave of Catholic dioceses, churches and monasteries were founded, a number of different religious orders began spreading into the country, and papal missionaries traversed its territories. Those who were not Catholic in Central and North Albania converted and a great number of Albanian clerics and monks were present in the Dalmatian Catholic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a> in 1272, with links to and influence from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, meant that a decidedly Catholic political structure had emerged, facilitating the further spread of Catholicism in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala9195_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala9195-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durrës became again a Catholic archbishopric in 1272. Other territories of the Kingdom of Albania became Catholic centers as well. Butrint in the south, although dependent on Corfu, became Catholic and remained as such during the 14th century. The bishopric of Vlore also converted immediately following the founding of the Kingdom of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 30 Catholic churches and monasteries were built during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Anjou" title="Helen of Anjou">Helen of Anjou</a>, as Queen consort of the Serbian Kingdom, in North Albania and in Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala9195_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala9195-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New bishoprics were created especially in North Albania, with the help of Helen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Catholic power in the Balkans expanded with Albania as a stronghold, Catholic structures began appearing as far afield as Skopje (which was a mostly Serbian Orthodoxy city at the time<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in 1326, with the election of the local bishop there being presided upon by the Pope himself;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the following year, 1327, Skopje sees a Dominican appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Albania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/220px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/330px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/440px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2947" /></a><figcaption>Regnum Albaniae, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, in Durrës the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> continued to exist for a while after Angevin conquest. This double-line of authority created some confusion in the local population and a contemporary visitor of the country described Albanians as <i>nor they are entirely Catholic or entirely schismatic</i>. In order to fight this religious ambiguity, in 1304, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> were ordered by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Pope Benedict XI</a> to enter the country and to instruct the locals in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a>. Dominican priests were also ordered as bishops in Vlorë and Butrint.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1332 a Dominican priest reported that within the Kingdom of Rascia (Serbia) there were two Catholic peoples, the "Latins" and the "Albanians", who both had their own language. The former was limited to coastal towns while the latter was spread out over the countryside, and while the language of the Albanians was noted as quite different from Latin, both peoples are noted as writing with Latin letters. The author, an anonymous Dominican priest, writing in favor of a Western Catholic military action to expel Orthodox Serbia from areas of Albania it controlled in order to restore the power of the Catholic church there, argued that the Albanians and Latin and their clerics were suffering under the "extremely dire bondage of their odious Slav leaders whom they detest" and would eagerly support an expedition of " one thousand French knights and five or six thousand foot soldiers" who, with, their help, could throw off the rule of Rascia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Serbian rulers at earlier times had at times relations with the Catholic West despite being Orthodox, as a counterbalance to Byzantine power, and therefore tolerated the spread of Catholicism in their lands, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> the Catholics were persecuted, as were also Orthodox bishops loyal to Constantinople. The Catholic rite was called <i>Latin heresy</i> and, angered in part by marriages of Serbian Orthodox with "half-believers" and the Catholic proselytization of Serbians, <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Dušan's Code">Dušan's Code, the <i>Zakonik</i></a> contained harsh measures against them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the persecutions of local Catholics did not begin in 1349 when the Code was declared in Skopje, but much earlier, at least since the beginning of the 14th century. Under these circumstances the relations between local Catholic Albanians and the papal curia became very close, while the previously friendly relations between local Catholics and Serbians deteriorated significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1350 and 1370, the spread of Catholicism in Albania reached its peak. At that period there were around seventeen Catholic bishoprics in the country, which acted not only as centers for Catholic reform within Albania, but also as centers for missionary activity in the neighboring areas, with the permission of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 14th century, the previously Orthodox Autocephalous Archbishopric of Ohrid was dismantled in favor of the Catholic rite.<sup id="cite_ref-LalaOhrid_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LalaOhrid-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scanderbeg_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Scanderbeg_young.jpg/220px-Scanderbeg_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Scanderbeg_young.jpg/330px-Scanderbeg_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/Scanderbeg_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, an Albanian noble who converted to Islam while a boy in the Ottoman court, then converted again to Christianity as he launched a resistance against the Ottomans that lasted decades</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity was later overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which became the predominant religion during the invasion from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from the 15th century until the year 1912. Many Albanians embraced Islam in different ways. </p><p>Albania differs from other regions in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in that the peak of <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization in Albania</a> occurred much later: 16th century Ottoman census data showed that sanjaks where Albanians lived remained overwhelmingly Christian with Muslims making up no more than 5% in most areas (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Ohrid</a> 1.9%, <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a> 4.5%, <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a> 5.5%, <a href="/wiki/Vlora" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlora">Vlora</a> 1.8%, <a href="/wiki/Dukagjin_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukagjin highlands">Dukagjin</a> 0%) while during this period Muslims had already risen to large proportions in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> (Bosnia 46%, Herzegovina 43%, urban Sarajevo 100%), Northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trikala" title="Trikala">Trikala</a> 17.5%), <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> both at 75%) and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> 72%, <a href="/wiki/Ormenio" title="Ormenio">Chirmen</a> 88%, <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a> 22%). Later on, in the 19th century, when the process of Islamization had halted in most of the Balkans and some Balkan Christian peoples like <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> had already claimed independence, Islamization continued to make significant progress in Albania, especially in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a rule, Ottoman rule largely tolerated Christian subjects but it also discriminated against them, turning them into second-class citizens with much higher taxes and various legal restrictions like being unable to take Muslims to court, have horses, have weapons, or have houses overlooking those of Muslims. While Catholicism was chronically held in suspicion by Ottoman authorities, after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquest of Constantinople</a>, the Ottomans largely allowed the Orthodox church to function unhindered, except during periods when the church was considered politically suspect and thus suppressed with expulsions of bishops and seizure of property and revenues. Conversion during Ottoman times was variously due to calculated attempts to improve social and economic status, due to the successful proselytizing by missionaries, or done out of desperation in very difficult times; in the latter case, the converts often practised <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">crypto-Christianity</a> for long periods. During the Ottoman period, most Christians as well as most Muslims employed a degree of syncretism, still practising various pagan rites; many of these rites are best preserved among mystical orders like the Bektashi.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Mary_holding_Baby_Jesus_in_her_right_arm,_c._1500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Holy_Mary_holding_Baby_Jesus_in_her_right_arm%2C_c._1500.jpg/220px-Holy_Mary_holding_Baby_Jesus_in_her_right_arm%2C_c._1500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Holy_Mary_holding_Baby_Jesus_in_her_right_arm%2C_c._1500.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Fresco from 16th century Berat</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike some other areas of the Balkans, such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, for the first couple centuries of Ottoman rule, up until the 1500s, Islam remained confined to members of the co-opted aristocracy and a couple scattered military settlements of <a href="/wiki/Yuruks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuruks">Yuruks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, while the native Albanian peasantry remained overwhelmingly Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyaz_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyaz-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bieber_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieber-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even long after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>, large regions of the Albanian countryside frequently rebelled against Ottoman rule, often incurring large human costs, including the decimation of whole villages.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1570s, a concerted effort by Ottoman rulers to convert the native population to Islam in order to stop the occurrence of seasonal rebellions began in Elbasan and Reka.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1594, the Pope incited a failed rebellion among Catholic Albanians in the North, promising help from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. However the assistance did not come, and when the rebellion was crushed in 1596, Ottoman repression and heavy pressures to convert to Islam were implemented to punish the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyaz_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyaz-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1500 and 1800, impressive ecclesiastical art flourished across Southern Albania. In <a href="/wiki/Moscopole" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> there were over 23 churches during the city's period of prosperity in the mid 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Winnifrith_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winnifrith-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-Byzantine architectural style is prevalent in the region, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Vithkuq" title="Vithkuq">Vithkuq</a>, Labove, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotam" title="Mesopotam">Mesopotam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dropull" title="Dropull">Dropull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruches_1965_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruches_1965-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_North_under_Ottoman_Rule">Christianity and Islam in the North under Ottoman Rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg/220px-Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg/330px-Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg/440px-Xhamia_Ebubeker_-_Shkod%C3%ABr_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4813" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Shkodër's <a href="/wiki/Ebu_Beker_Mosque" title="Ebu Beker Mosque">Ebu Beker Mosque</a>, which was a center of learning</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theth_Church_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theth_Church_Albania.jpg/220px-Theth_Church_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theth_Church_Albania.jpg/330px-Theth_Church_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theth_Church_Albania.jpg/440px-Theth_Church_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Highland Church in <a href="/wiki/Theth" title="Theth">Theth</a>, a town founded by Catholics to preserve their faith during a time of pressures<sup id="cite_ref-Young_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tirana_27.jpg/220px-Tirana_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tirana_27.jpg/330px-Tirana_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tirana_27.jpg/440px-Tirana_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethem_Bey_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethem Bey Mosque">Ethem Bey Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, built in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Ramadan Marmullaku noted that, in the 1600s, the Ottomans organized a concerted campaign of Islamization that was not typically applied elsewhere in the Balkans, in order to ensure the loyalty of the rebellious Albanian population.<sup id="cite_ref-Bieber_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieber-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were certain instances of violently forced conversion, usually this was achieved through debatably coercive economic incentives – in particular, the head tax on Christians was drastically increased.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the tax levied on Albanian Christians in the 1500s amounted to about 45 <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">akçes</a>, in the mid-1600s, it was 780 akçes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversion to Islam here was also aided by the dire state of the Catholic church in the period— in the entirety of Albania, there were only 130 Catholic priests, many of these poorly educated.<sup id="cite_ref-ElsieCatholics_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElsieCatholics-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, many Christian Albanians fled into the mountains to found new villages like <a href="/wiki/Theth" title="Theth">Theth</a>, or to other countries where they contributed to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi</a> communities in Greece, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. While in the first decade of the 17th century, Central and Northern Albania remained firmly Catholic (according to Vatican reports, Muslims were no more than 10% in Northern Albania<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), by the middle of the 17th century, 30–50% of Northern Albania had converted to Islam, while by 1634 most of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> had also converted.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> helped to prevent the wholesale Islamisation of Albania, maintaining a hold on <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">parts of the north near the coast</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clement_XI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Clement_XI.jpg/220px-Clement_XI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Clement_XI.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> was the Pope from 1700 to 1721. He was born to the noble family of <a href="/wiki/Albani_family" title="Albani family">Albani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> origin,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and convened the <i>Kuvendi i Arbënit</i> to halt the wave of de-Catholicisation</figcaption></figure> <p>This period also saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a>, written by Christians such as <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Bogdani" title="Pjetër Bogdani">Pjetër Bogdani</a>. Some of these Christian Albanian thinkers, like Bogdani himself, ultimately advocated for an Albania outside of Ottoman control, and at the end of the 17th century, Bogdani and his colleague Raspasani, raised an army of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovar Albanians">Kosovar Albanians</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>. However, when this effort failed to expel Ottoman rule from the area yet again, many of Kosovo's Catholics fled to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1700, the Papacy passed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a>, who was himself of Albanian-Italian origins and held great interest in the welfare of his Catholic Albanian kinsmen, known for composing the <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_sacrum" title="Illyricum sacrum">Illyricum sacrum</a>. In 1703 he convened the Albanian Council (<i>Kuvendi i Arbënit</i>) in order to organize methods to prevent further apostacy in Albania, and preserve the existence of Catholicism in the land.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread survival of Catholicism in northern Albania is largely attributable to the activity of the Franciscan order in the area<sup id="cite_ref-ElsieCatholics_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElsieCatholics-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Catholicism and Sunni Islam, there were pockets of Orthodox (some of whom had converted from Catholicism) in <a href="/wiki/Kavaj%C3%AB" title="Kavajë">Kavajë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka" title="Upper Reka">Upper Reka</a> and some other regions, while Bektashis became established in <a href="/wiki/Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruja">Kruja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lum%C3%AB" title="Lumë">Luma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulqiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulqiza">Bulqiza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a>. Especially in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">tribal regions</a> of the North, religious differences were often mitigated by common cultural and tribal characteristics, as well as knowledge of family lineages connecting Albanian Christians and Albanian Muslims. In the 17th century, although many of the rebellions of the century were at least in part motivated by Christian sentiment, it was noted that many Albanian Muslims also took part, and that, despising Ottoman rule no less than their Christian brethren, Albanian Muslims would revolt eagerly if only given the slightest assistance from the Catholic West.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_and_Islam_in_the_South_under_Ottoman_Rule">Christianity and Islam in the South under Ottoman Rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomorr_mountain_%E2%80%93_tyrbe_on_top_of_the_peak_-_Mapillary_(dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tomorr_mountain_%E2%80%93_tyrbe_on_top_of_the_peak_-_Mapillary_%28dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ%29.jpg/220px-Tomorr_mountain_%E2%80%93_tyrbe_on_top_of_the_peak_-_Mapillary_%28dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tomorr_mountain_%E2%80%93_tyrbe_on_top_of_the_peak_-_Mapillary_%28dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ%29.jpg/330px-Tomorr_mountain_%E2%80%93_tyrbe_on_top_of_the_peak_-_Mapillary_%28dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tomorr_mountain_%E2%80%93_tyrbe_on_top_of_the_peak_-_Mapillary_%28dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ%29.jpg/440px-Tomorr_mountain_%E2%80%93_tyrbe_on_top_of_the_peak_-_Mapillary_%28dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Bektashi tyrbe at the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tomorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Tomorr">Mount Tomorr</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 17th and 18th centuries, especially after numerous rebellions including during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> and subsequent clashes with Orthodox Russia, Ottoman rulers also made concerted efforts to convert the Orthodox Albanians of Southern and Central Albania (as well as neighboring regions of Greece and Macedonia).<sup id="cite_ref-IsufiChams_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsufiChams-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like in the North, conversion was achieved through a diverse motley of violent, coercive<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-coercive means, but raised taxes were the main factor. Nevertheless, there were specific local cases: in Vlora and the surrounding region, the Christians converted en masse once the area was recaptured from the Christian forces in 1590, because they feared violent retribution for their collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Labëri, meanwhile, mass conversion took place during a famine in which the bishop of Himara and Delvina was said to have forbidden the people from breaking the fast and consuming milk under threat of interminable hell. Across Orthodox regions of Albania, conversion was also helped by the presence of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_heresies" title="List of Christian heresies">heresies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and the fact that much of the Orthodox clergy was illiterate, corrupt, and conducted sermons in Greek, a foreign language, as well as the poverty of the Orthodox church.<sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clergy, largely from the Bosphorus, was distant from its Albanian flocks and also corrupt as well, abusing church tax collection and exacting a heavy tax regime that aggregated on top of punitive taxes imposed directly by the Ottoman state on the rebellious Albanian Christian population aimed at sparking their conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_church_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Albania_church_mosque.jpg/220px-Albania_church_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Albania_church_mosque.jpg/330px-Albania_church_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Albania_church_mosque.jpg/440px-Albania_church_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Rural church and mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>Orthodox areas further north, such as those around Elbasan, were first to convert, during the 1700s, passing through a stage of Crypto-Christianity<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in these regions scattered Orthodox holdouts remained (such as around Berat, in Zavalina, and the quite large region of Myzeqe including <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lushnj%C3%AB" title="Lushnjë">Lushnjë</a>) as well as continuing Crypto-Christianity around the region of Shpati among others, where Crypto-Christians formally reverted to Orthodoxy in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further south, progress was slower. The region of Gjirokastra did not become majority Muslim until around 1875, and even then most Muslims were concentrated in the city of Gjirokastra itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same trajectory was true of Albanians in Chamëria, with the majority of <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a> remaining Orthodox until around 1875— at which point Ottoman rule in the Balkans was already collapsing and many Christian Balkan states had already claimed independence (Greece, Serbia, Romania).<sup id="cite_ref-IsufiChams_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsufiChams-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the Ottoman period, Sunni Islam held a slight majority (or plurality) in the Albanian territories. Catholicism still prevailed in the Northwestern regions surrounding Lezha and Shkodra, as well as a few pockets in Kosovo in and around Gjakova, Peja, Vitina, Prizren and Klina. Orthodoxy remained prevalent in various pockets of Southern and Central Albania (Myzeqeja, Zavalina, Shpati as well as large parts of what are now the counties of Vlora, Gjirokastra and Korca). The syncretic Bektashi sect, meanwhile, gained adherence across large parts of the South, especially Skrapari and Dishnica where it is the overwhelming majority. This four-way division of Albanians between Sunnis (who became either a plurality or a majority), Orthodox, Bektashis and Catholics, with the later emergence of Albanian Uniates, Protestants and atheists, prevented Albanian nationalism as it emerged from tying itself to any particular faith, instead promoting harmony between the different confessions and using the shared Albanian language, Albanian history and Albanian ethnic customs as unifying themes. Despite this, Bektashi tekkes in the South and Catholic churches in the North were both used by the nationalist movement as places of dissemination of nationalist ideals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaso_Pasha_(portret).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vaso_Pasha_%28portret%29.jpg/220px-Vaso_Pasha_%28portret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vaso_Pasha_%28portret%29.jpg/330px-Vaso_Pasha_%28portret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vaso_Pasha_%28portret%29.jpg/440px-Vaso_Pasha_%28portret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pashko_Vasa" title="Pashko Vasa">Pashko Vasa</a>, Albanian Catholic governor of Lebanon, advocated interfaith unity among Albanians for the national cause</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg/220px-Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg/330px-Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim Frashëri</a> convinced Bektashi leaders to support Albanianism and to act as a bridge between Christians and Muslims</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th century after Independence (1912) the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchic</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian state">totalitarian</a> regimes followed a systematic <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">dereligionization</a> of the nation and the national culture. Albania never had an official state religion either as a republic or as a kingdom after its restoration in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious tolerance in Albania was born of national expediency and a general lack of religious convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchy">Monarchy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_Noli_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fan_Noli_1939.jpg/220px-Fan_Noli_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fan_Noli_1939.jpg/330px-Fan_Noli_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fan_Noli_1939.jpg/440px-Fan_Noli_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Autocephalous_Church_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania">Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Originally under the monarchy, institutions of all confessions were put under state control. In 1923, following the government program, the Albanian Muslim congress convened at <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> decided to break with the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, established a new form of prayer (standing, instead of the traditional salah ritual), banished polygamy and did away with the mandatory use of veil (hijab) by women in public, which had been forced on the urban population by the Ottomans during the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929 the Albanian Orthodox Church was declared autocephalous.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, in 1930, the first official religious census was carried out. Reiterating conventional Ottoman data from a century earlier which previously covered double the new state's territory and population, 50% of the population was grouped as Sunni Muslim, 20% as Orthodox Christian, 20% as Bektashi Muslim and 10% as Catholic Christian. </p><p>The monarchy was determined that religion should no longer be a foreign-oriented master dividing the Albanians, but a nationalized servant uniting them. It was at this time that newspaper editorials began to disparage the almost universal adoption of Muslim and Christian names, suggesting instead that children be given neutral Albanian names. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG/220px-Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG/330px-Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG/440px-Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Approximate distribution of religions in Albania in the early 1900s, based on the 1908 Ottoman census and the 1918 Albanian census.</figcaption></figure> <p>Official slogans began to appear everywhere. "Religion separates, patriotism unites." "We are no longer Muslim, Orthodox, Catholic, we are all Albanians." "Our religion is Albanism." The national hymn characterized neither Muhammad nor Jesus Christ, but King Zogu as "Shpëtimtari i Atdheut" (Savior of the Fatherland). The hymn to the flag honored the soldier dying for his country as a "Saint." Increasingly the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> and the church were expected to function as servants of the state, the patriotic clergy of all faiths preaching the gospel of Albanism. </p><p>Monarchy stipulated that the state should be neutral, with no official religion and that the free exercise of religion should be extended to all faiths. Neither in government nor in the school system should favor be shown to any one faith over another. Albanism was substituted for religion, and officials and schoolteachers were called "apostles" and "missionaries." Albania's sacred symbols were no longer the cross and the crescent, but the Flag and the King. Hymns idealizing the nation, Skanderbeg, war heroes, the king and the flag predominated in public-school music classes to the exclusion of virtually every other theme. </p><p>The first reading lesson in elementary schools introduced a patriotic catechism beginning with this sentence, "I am an Albanian. My country is Albania." Then there follows in poetic form, "But man himself, what does he love in life?" "He loves his country." "Where does he live with hope? Where does he want to die?" "In his country." "Where may he be happy, and live with honor?" "In Albania."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_occupation">Italian occupation</h3></div> <p>On 7 April 1939, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Albania was invaded</a> by Italy under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, which had long taken an interest in gaining dominance over Albania as an Italian sphere of influence during the interwar period.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer52125_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer52125-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians attempted to win the sympathies of the Muslim Albanian population by proposing to build a large mosque in Rome, though the Vatican opposed this measure and nothing came of it in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer5258_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian occupiers also won Muslim Albanian sympathies by causing their working wages to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer5258_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Count_Ciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Ciano">Count Ciano</a> also replaced the leadership of the Sunni Muslim community, which had recognized the Italian regime in Albania, with clergy that aligned with Italian interests, with a compliant "Moslem Committee" organization, and Fischer notes that "the Moslem community at large accepted this change with little complaint".<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer5258_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Bektashi order and its leadership were against the Italian occupation and remained an opposition group.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer5258_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fischer suspects that the Italians eventually tired of the opposition of the Bektashi Order, and had its head, Nijaz Deda, murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer5258_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Albanian Orthodox hierarchy also acquiesced in the occupation, according to Fischer. The primate of the church, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Albania" title="Christopher of Albania">Archbishop Kisi</a>, along with three other bishops, expressed formal approval of the Italian invasion in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer5258_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church and many Catholics were supportive of the invasion, but Fischer states there were many exceptions, particularly of among the village priests since most of them were trained in Albania and were quite nationalistic. Some of them even left Albania after the Italian invasion. But the hierarchy on the other hand was quite supportive, with the apostolic delegate seeing it as a possibility to give more freedom to Albanians who wanted to become Catholic. The Catholic Church had also the most financial support per member during the Italian occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer5258_65-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer5258-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious state financing during the Zog and Italian eras (in <a href="/wiki/French_francs" class="mw-redirect" title="French francs">French francs</a> )<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer52125_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer52125-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Last Zog budget</th> <th>First Italian budget</th> <th>Evolution from the Zog <br />to the Italian era </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sunni Muslims</td> <td>50,000 francs</td> <td>375,000 francs</td> <td><b> + 750%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albanian Orthodox Church</td> <td>35,000 francs</td> <td>187,500 francs</td> <td><b> + 535%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catholic Church in Albania</td> <td>-</td> <td>156,000 francs</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bektashi Order in Albania</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism">Communism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/220px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/330px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/440px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> declared Albania an atheist state and attempted to remove all organized religion from the country</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Communists took power in 1944, it was estimated that of Albania's population of roughly 1,180,500 persons, about 70% belonged to Islamic sects while 30% belonged to Christian sects. Among the Muslims, at least 200,000 (or 17%) were Bektashis, while most of the rest were Sunnis, in addition to a collection of much smaller orders. Among the Christians, 212,500 (18%) were Orthodox while 142,000 (12%) were Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Albania" title="Land reform in Albania">Agrarian Reform Law</a> of August 1946 nationalized most property of religious institutions, including the estates of monasteries, orders, and dioceses. Many clergy and believers were tried, tortured, and executed. All foreign Roman Catholic priests, monks, and nuns were expelled in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutter_Teresa_von_Kalkutta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mutter_Teresa_von_Kalkutta.jpg/220px-Mutter_Teresa_von_Kalkutta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mutter_Teresa_von_Kalkutta.jpg/330px-Mutter_Teresa_von_Kalkutta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mutter_Teresa_von_Kalkutta.jpg/440px-Mutter_Teresa_von_Kalkutta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> was a world-renowned missionary of <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia">Albanian</a> birth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious communities or branches that had their headquarters outside the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> orders, were henceforth ordered to terminate their activities in Albania. Religious institutions were forbidden to have anything to do with the education of the young, because that had been made the exclusive province of the state. All religious communities were prohibited from owning real estate and from operating philanthropic and welfare institutions and hospitals. Although there were tactical variations in First Secretary of the Communist Party <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>'s approach to each of the major denominations, his overarching objective was the eventual destruction of all organized religion in Albania. Between 1945 and 1953, the number of priests was reduced drastically and the number of Roman Catholic churches was decreased from 253 to 100, and all Catholics were stigmatized as fascists.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign against religion peaked in the 1960s. Beginning in 1967 the Albanian authorities began a violent campaign to try to eliminate religious life in Albania. Despite complaints, even by <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> members, all churches, mosques, <a href="/wiki/Tekkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekkes">tekkes</a>, monasteries, and other religious institutions were either closed down or converted into warehouses, gymnasiums, or workshops by the end of 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1967, religious institutions had been forced to relinquish all 2,169 churches, mosques, cloisters, and shrines in Albania, many of which were converted into cultural centres for young people. As the literary monthly Nendori reported the event, the youth had thus "created the first atheist nation in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clergy were publicly vilified and humiliated, their vestments taken and desecrated. More than 200 clerics of various faiths were imprisoned, others were forced to seek work in either industry or agriculture, and some were executed or starved to death. The monastery of the Franciscan order in Shkodër was set on fire, which resulted in the death of four elderly monks.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major center for anti-religious propaganda was the National Museum of Atheism (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Muzeu Ateist</i>) in Shkodër, the city viewed by the government as the most religiously conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 37 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Albanian Constitution</a> of 1976 stipulated, "The State recognises no religion, and supports atheistic propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialistic world outlook in the people",<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the penal code of 1977 imposed prison sentences of three to ten years for "religious propaganda and the production, distribution, or storage of religious literature."<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new decree that in effect targeted Albanians with Islamic and religiously-tinged Christian names stipulated that citizens whose names did not conform to "the political, ideological, or moral standards of the state" were to change them. It was also decreed that towns and villages with religious names must be renamed.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha's brutal antireligious campaign succeeded in eradicating formal worship, but some Albanians continued to practise their faith clandestinely, risking severe punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals caught with Bibles, icons, or other religious objects faced long prison sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious weddings were prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents were afraid to pass on their faith, for fear that their children would tell others. Officials tried to entrap practising Christians and Muslims during religious fasts, such as Lent and Ramadan, by distributing food at schools and workplaces during those fasting hours, and then publicly denouncing those who refused to eat during such times, and clergy who conducted secret services were incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data.com_68-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The article was interpreted as violating The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> (chapter 9, article 55) which declares that <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> is an inalienable human right. The first time that the question of religious oppression in Albania came before the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Human Rights">Commission on Human Rights</a> at Geneva was as late as 7 March 1983. A delegation from Denmark got its protest over Albania's violation of religious liberty placed on the agenda of the thirty-ninth meeting of the commission, item 25, reading, "Implementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of all Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion or Belief." There was little consequence at first, but on 20 July 1984 a member of the <a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Danish Parliament</a> inserted an article in one of Denmark's major newspapers protesting the violation of religious freedom in Albania.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> in 1985, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a>, adopted a relatively tolerant stance toward religious practice, referring to it as "a personal and family matter." Émigré clergymen were permitted to reenter the country in 1988 and officiate at religious services. <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>, an ethnic Albanian, visited the country in 1989, where she was received in Tirana by the foreign minister and by Hoxha's widow and where she laid a wreath on Hoxha's grave. In December 1990, the ban on religious observance was officially lifted, in time to allow thousands of Christians to attend Christmas services.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The atheistic campaign had significant results especially to the Greek minority, since religion which was now criminalized was traditionally an integral part of its cultural life and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoppel_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoppel-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions">Religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam in Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania_(1800%E2%80%931912)" title="Islam in Albania (1800–1912)">Islam in Albania (1800–1912)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania_(1913%E2%80%931944)" title="Islam in Albania (1913–1944)">Islam in Albania (1913–1944)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Durres_2016_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Great_Mosque_of_Durres_2016_Albania.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Durres_2016_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Great_Mosque_of_Durres_2016_Albania.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Durres_2016_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Great_Mosque_of_Durres_2016_Albania.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Durres_2016_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Great Mosque of Durrës">Great Mosque of Durrës</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Islam was first introduced to Albania in the 15th century after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton38_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton38-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boehm307_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm307-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest religion in the country, nominally representing 50,67 % of the total population (Sunni Muslims, Bektashians and Non-denominational Muslims) according to the 2023 Census in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2023_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the major legacies of nearly five centuries of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule was that the majority of Albanians had converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Therefore, the nation emerged as a Muslim-majority country after Albania's independence in November 1912. </p><p>In the North, the spread of Islam was slower due to the resistance of the Roman Catholic Church and the region's mountainous terrain. In the center and south, however, Catholicism was not as strong and by the end of the 17th century the region had largely adopted the religion of the growing Albanian Muslim elite. The existence of an Albanian Muslim class of <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pashas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beys" class="mw-redirect" title="Beys">beys</a> who played an increasingly important role in Ottoman political and economic life became an attractive career option for most Albanians. Widespread illiteracy and the absence of educated clergy also played roles in the spread of Islam, especially in northern Albanian-inhabited regions. During the 17th and 18th centuries Albanians converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in large numbers, often under sociopolitical duress experienced as repercussions for rebelling and for supporting the Catholic powers of Venice and Austria and Orthodox Russia in their wars against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg/220px-Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg/330px-Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg/440px-Qendra_Bot%C3%ABrore_Bektashiane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>World Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, the power of Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox clergy was weakened during the years of monarchy and it was eradicated during the 1940s and 1950s, under the state policy of obliterating all organized religion from Albanian territories. </p><p>During the Ottoman invasion the Muslims of Albania were divided into two main communities: those associated with <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam and those associated with <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiism">Shiism</a>, a mystical <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a> order that came to Albania through the Albanian Janissaries that served in the Ottoman army and whose members practised Albanian pagan rites under a nominal Islamic cover.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="among other things the statement of pagan practises sounds like a slur and not fact (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the Bektashis were banned in Turkey in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, the order moved its headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> and the Albanian government subsequently recognized it as a body independent from Sunnism. Sunni Muslims were estimated to represent approximately 50% of the country's population before 1939, while Bektashi represented another 20%. Muslim populations have been particularly strong in eastern and northern Albania and among Albanians living in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam_(Sunni)"><span id="Islam_.28Sunni.29"></span>Islam (Sunni)</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AReligion_in_Albania&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Religion+in+Albania">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Albania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/220px-Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/440px-Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vehbi_Dibra_(portrait).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vehbi_Dibra_%28portrait%29.png/220px-Vehbi_Dibra_%28portrait%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vehbi_Dibra_%28portrait%29.png/330px-Vehbi_Dibra_%28portrait%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vehbi_Dibra_%28portrait%29.png/440px-Vehbi_Dibra_%28portrait%29.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Vehbi Dibra (Agolli) served as the first grand mufti of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Community_of_Albania" title="Muslim Community of Albania">Muslim Community of Albania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sunni Muslims have historically lived in the cities of Albania, while Bektashis mainly live in remote areas, whereas <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> mainly live in the south, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> mainly live in the north of the country. However, this division does not apply nowadays. In a study by Pew Research, 65% of Albanian Muslims did not specify a branch of Islam that they belonged to.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian census doesn't differentiate between Bektashis and Sunnis, but instead between Bektashis and "Muslims", but since Bektashis are in fact Muslim many were listed as Muslims. Bektashi-majority areas include Skrapari, Dishnica, Erseka and Bulqiza while Bektashis also have large, possibly majority concentrations in Kruja, Mallakastra, Tepelena, large pockets of the Gjirokastër and Delvina Districts (i.e. Gjirokastër itself, Lazarat, etc.), and Western and Northeastern parts of the Vlora district. There are also historically substantial Bektashi minorities around Elbasan, Berat, Leskovik, Perm, Saranda and Pogradec. In Kosovo and Macedonia there were pockets of Bektashis in Gjakova, Prizren and Tetova. In the Albanian census, a few of these areas, such as Skrapari and Dishnica, saw the Bektashi population mostly labeled "Bektashi" while in most other areas such as Kruja it was mostly labeled "Muslim". The classification of children of mixed marriages between Sunnis and Bektashis or the widespread phenomenon of both groups marrying Orthodox Albanians also have inconsistent classification and oftentimes the offspring of such unions associate with both of their parents' faiths and occasionally practice both. </p><p>In December 1992 Albania became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bektashism">Bektashism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_in_Albania" title="Bektashism in Albania">Bektashism in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sali_Nijazi_Dede_(portret).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sali_Nijazi_Dede_%28portret%29.jpg/220px-Sali_Nijazi_Dede_%28portret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sali_Nijazi_Dede_%28portret%29.jpg/330px-Sali_Nijazi_Dede_%28portret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sali_Nijazi_Dede_%28portret%29.jpg/440px-Sali_Nijazi_Dede_%28portret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Dedebaba Sali Nijazi Dede established the Bektashi Order in Albania and subsequently moved its headquarters there.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a> was widespread in the Ottoman Empire, with most leading Bektashi babas from southern Albania. The Bektashi order was banned throughout the Ottoman Empire by <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> in 1826. After <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> banned all Sufi orders in 1925, the Bektashi leadership moved to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and established their headquarters in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, where the community declared its separation from the Sunni. Under communist rule from 1945 - 1990, Bektashism was banned in Albania. </p><p>Many "tekkes" <i>(lodges)</i> operate today in Albania. Approximately 20% of Muslims identify themselves as having some connection to Bektashism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Sufi_congregations">Other Sufi congregations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Albania&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of the remaining mystical orders in Albania besides the Bektashi, there are those that associate with the mainline Sunni establishment, as well as those who feel themselves to be distant from both the Sunnis and Bektashis, and in terms of organization have oscillated between association with the Sunni establishment, with the Bektashis, and as their own independent organization. Today, these sects, the largest of them being the <a href="/wiki/Halveti_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Halveti Order">Halveti Order</a>, and are organized and collectively referred to in Albania as the "Alevian Community" (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Komuniteti Alevjan</i>) or the "Alevian Sects" (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Sektet Alevjan</i>). There are other mystical orders who associate more with the Sunni establishment. There is no known direct relation of Alevjans to Turkish <i>Alevis</i> or Syrian <i>Alawites</i> except their ambiguous position between Sunnism and Shi'ism, also a characteristic of Bektashism. </p><p>The Halveti order first started to spread in Southern Albania in the 16th century and gained many followers later. They are considered to be less numerous than the Bektashis (and occasionally confused with them) but still significant. During periods of suppression of the Bektashis by the Ottoman authorities, Bektashi tekkes were often conferred upon the Halvetis, such as happened in Kanina, near <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlora</a><sup id="cite_ref-ElsieHalvetis_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElsieHalvetis-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are large concentrations of Halvetis in Devoll, Tropoja, Luma (around Kukes) and in mountainous valleys in the Kurvelesh region. Halvetis also live near Bektashis in Mallakastra, Tepelena, Gjirokastra, Delvina, Permet, Leskovik, Korca, and the city of Berat. The first Albanian Halveti tekke however was in <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, now Greece. After the fall of communism, in 1998, it was reported that there were 42 Bektashi tekkes in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-ElsieHalvetis_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElsieHalvetis-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the census Halvetis are not reported and are usually grouped under generalized "Muslims", although in public discourse they are frequently grouped with Bektashis. Halvetis are said to dislike both the dominance of mainline Sunnis in the generic "Muslim" community and the non-recognition of their sect's separate existence, but also the dominance of Bektashis in the Sufi scene. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg/220px-Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg/330px-Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg/440px-Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Melani Tekke</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides the two most popular Dervish orders in Albania (Bektashis and Halvetis), there are three other significant Sufi orders: the Kadris (also known as "Kadris" or "Zinxhiris"), the Sadis and the Rufais. </p><p>The Rufais originated in Iraq as the "Rifa'is", from the teachings of the jurist Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Rifa'i. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Little is known about how they spread to the Balkans, but in the Balkans they became known as the "howling dervishes" because of ritual practices including piercing of lips and cheeks, eating of glass and burning of skin. Most of these practices have ceased but they still occur in Prizren, in Kosovo.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the late 19th century there was a flourishing Rufai community around Gjakova, in Kosovo, which helped spread the sect in various parts of Albania. During the early years of the 20th century some Rufai tekkes became Bektashi. At the same time, in the same period the order spread to Tropoja, Tirana, Petrela and parts of Southern Albania. In Albania all of their tekkes were closed due to the banning of religion under Communism, but in Yugoslavia the order continued to operate major tekkes in Gjakova, Mitrovica, Skopje, Peja, Rahovec and Prizren. After the fall of Communism, the order reconstituted itself in Albania and opened a tekke in Tirana in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sa'dis originated in Damascus and in Albania have a close relationship with the Bektashis. Both were favored by Ali Pasha and they looked after and venerated each other's holy places and tombs. There was a Sa'di tekke in Gjakova in 1600, and two Sa'di tekkes in Tepelena two centuries later, as well as some historical presence in Tropoja, Gjirokastër, Elbasan and Peza. In 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, there are 10 operating Sa'di tekkes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kadris first originated as a distinct sect in Istanbul in the 17th century, then were spread to the Balkans as the "Zindjiris" by Ali Baba of Crete, originally spreading from within the Bektashi community. There are Kadri tekkes in Tirana, Berat and Peqin, but the main center of the Kadris is Peshkopia in Diber County. In 1945 they were finally recognized as a distinct religious community; since the fall of Communism, they have reconstituted themselves and now have an operating tekke in Peshkopia.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity in Albania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Albania">Roman Catholicism in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_declared_Catholics_census_2011.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Albania_declared_Catholics_census_2011.PNG/220px-Albania_declared_Catholics_census_2011.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Albania_declared_Catholics_census_2011.PNG/330px-Albania_declared_Catholics_census_2011.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Albania_declared_Catholics_census_2011.PNG/440px-Albania_declared_Catholics_census_2011.PNG 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Catholic believers in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> as according to the 2011 Census.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2023 census, about 8.38% of Albania's population were declared as Roman Catholic Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2023_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albania once numbered eighteen episcopal Sees, some of them having uninterrupted activity from the dawn of the Catholicism until today. The country has been a Roman Catholic bridgehead in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, with Catholic Albanians playing a role not unlike the <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Albania was ruled by many Catholic rulers, including natives but notably the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevins</a> and it became a site of the spread of Catholicism in the Balkans at the expense of Orthodoxy as previously Orthodox Albanian nobles and their subjects converted as they grew increasingly loyal to the Western powers as a way to fend off threats coming from Orthodox political entities. Despite the ascendance of Catholicism at the time, Orthodox minorities remained. Before long, Durrës and Kruja became major centers of Balkan Catholicism, and in 1167 it was a significant event when Kruja became a Catholic bishopric, with the new bishop consecrated by the Pope himself.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vlora and Butrint also saw Catholicization, and at the peak of Catholic power in the Balkans with Albania as a stronghold, Catholic structures began appearing as far afield as Skopje in 1326.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 14th century, the previously Orthodox Autocephalous Archbishopric of Ohrid was dismantled in favor of the Catholic rite.<sup id="cite_ref-LalaOhrid_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LalaOhrid-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi.jpg/220px-Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi.jpg/330px-Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi.jpg/440px-Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop of Durrës <a href="/wiki/Vin%C3%A7enc_Prennushi" title="Vinçenc Prennushi">Vinçenc Prennushi</a> was an important figure of the post Independence period who was noted for his poetry.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, Ottoman rule ultimately vastly decreased the number of Catholics in Albania and elsewhere in the Balkans, with waves of conversions to Islam and to a lesser extent Orthodoxy occurring especially in the 17th century after a series of failed rebellions and punitive measures which involved drastic raises in the taxes of the Catholic population. The tribal population of Mirdita saw very few conversions because the ease they had defending their terrain meant the Ottomans interfered less in their affairs, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> prevented Islamisation in <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a>. Today, Catholic Albanians are mostly found in the areas of Malesia e Madhe, Kiri, Puka, Tropoja (where they are a minority), Mirdita, parts of northwestern Mat, Kurbin, Lezhe, Zadrima, Shkodër and Ulqin (where they live alongside very large numbers of Sunni Muslims), minorities in Kruja and some major cities, as well as scattered pockets throughout Gheg-inhabited areas. While there remained a small Albanian Catholic community in Vlore during Ottoman times, larger numbers of Catholics started were reported in the South after the fall of Communism, often in traditionally Orthodox areas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_-_Papa_Fran%C3%A7eskut_Bust_(2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tirana_-_Papa_Fran%C3%A7eskut_Bust_%282018%29.jpg/220px-Tirana_-_Papa_Fran%C3%A7eskut_Bust_%282018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tirana_-_Papa_Fran%C3%A7eskut_Bust_%282018%29.jpg/330px-Tirana_-_Papa_Fran%C3%A7eskut_Bust_%282018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tirana_-_Papa_Fran%C3%A7eskut_Bust_%282018%29.jpg/440px-Tirana_-_Papa_Fran%C3%A7eskut_Bust_%282018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Pope Francis bust in Tirana erected in honor of his 2014 visit to Albania</figcaption></figure> <p>For four centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Albanians defended their faith, aided by <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries, beginning in the middle of the 17th century, when persecution by Ottoman Turkish lords in Albania started to result in the conversion of many villages to the Islamic faith. </p><p>The College of Propaganda at Rome played a significant role in the religious and moral support of the Albanian Catholics. During the 17<small>th</small> and 18<small>th</small> centuries, the College contributed in educating young clerics appointed to service on Albanian missions, as well as to the financial support of the churches. Work was done by the Austrian Government at the time, which offered significant financial aid in its role as Protector of the Christian community under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. </p><p>Church legislation of the Albanians was reformed by <a href="/wiki/Clement_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement XI">Clement XI</a>, who convoked a general ecclesiastical visitation, held in 1763 by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Antivari" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Antivari">Archbishop of Antivari</a>, by the end of which a national synod was held. The decrees formulated by the Synod were printed by the College of Propaganda in 1705, and renewed in 1803. In 1872, <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> convoked a second national synod at <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>, for the revival of the popular and ecclesiastical life. Owing to Austrian interest in Albania, the institution of the Catholic bishops of Albania was obtained through a civil decree released by the Vilajet of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>. </p><p>Albania was divided ecclesiastically into several <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">archiepiscopal provinces</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bar" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar">Tivari</a> Since 1878 part of the principality of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. Since 1886, it has been separate from <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scutari</a>, with which it had been united in 1867 on equal terms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Shkod%C3%ABr-Pult" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shkodër-Pult">Scutari</a>, with the suffragan <i>Sees of Alessio, Pulati, Sappa</i> and (since 1888) the Abbatia millius of St. Alexander of Orosci.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tiran%C3%AB-Durr%C3%ABs" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tiranë-Durrës">Durazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Skopje" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Skopje">Uskup</a></li></ul> <p>The last two archiepiscopal provinces did not have any suffragans, and depended directly on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. A seminary, founded in 1858 by Archbishop Topich of Scutari, was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>, but was later re-established on <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> territory and placed under imperial protection. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Albania">Roman Catholicism in Albania</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_church_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sacred Heart Church in Tirana"><img alt="Sacred Heart Church in Tirana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tirana_church_2016.jpg/132px-Tirana_church_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tirana_church_2016.jpg/199px-Tirana_church_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tirana_church_2016.jpg/265px-Tirana_church_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church_(Tirana)" title="Sacred Heart Church (Tirana)">Sacred Heart Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shkoder_098.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shkodër Cathedral"><img alt="Shkodër Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Shkoder_098.JPG/255px-Shkoder_098.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Shkoder_098.JPG/382px-Shkoder_098.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Shkoder_098.JPG/509px-Shkoder_098.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodër Cathedral">Shkodër Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theth_Church_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church in Theth"><img alt="Church in Theth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theth_Church_Albania.jpg/238px-Theth_Church_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theth_Church_Albania.jpg/357px-Theth_Church_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theth_Church_Albania.jpg/476px-Theth_Church_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="2082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church in <a href="/wiki/Theth" title="Theth">Theth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_in_Shkoder.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Franciscan Church of Shkodër"><img alt="Franciscan Church of Shkodër" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Church_in_Shkoder.JPG/134px-Church_in_Shkoder.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Church_in_Shkoder.JPG/202px-Church_in_Shkoder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Church_in_Shkoder.JPG/269px-Church_in_Shkoder.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Church_of_Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Franciscan Church of Shkodër">Franciscan Church of Shkodër</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BERAT_Unesco_Albania_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BERAT_Unesco_Albania_2016.jpg/220px-BERAT_Unesco_Albania_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BERAT_Unesco_Albania_2016.jpg/330px-BERAT_Unesco_Albania_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BERAT_Unesco_Albania_2016.jpg/440px-BERAT_Unesco_Albania_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>St. Michael's Church of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">2023 Census</a>, 7.22% of the Albanian population were declared themselves as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy"> Albanian Orthodox Church</a>. Three ethnic groups, Albanians, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, account for the vast majority of Albania's Orthodox believers. Metropolitan Theofan <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a> established the Albanian Orthodox Mission under the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> diocese. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visarion_Xhuvani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Visarion_Xhuvani.jpg/220px-Visarion_Xhuvani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Visarion_Xhuvani.jpg/330px-Visarion_Xhuvani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Visarion_Xhuvani.jpg/440px-Visarion_Xhuvani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>The first archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church of Albania">Orthodox Church of Albania</a> was <a href="/wiki/Visarion_Xhuvani" title="Visarion Xhuvani">Visarion Xhuvani</a>, a member of the prominent Xhuvani family of Elbasan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christianity</a> has existed in Albania since the 2nd century AD, and the Orthodox historically constituted 20% of the population <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of Albania, the first Orthodox liturgy in the Albanian language was celebrated not in Albania, but in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. Subsequently, when the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> was allowed no official existence in communist Albania, Albanian Orthodoxy survived in exile in Boston (1960–89). It is a curious history that closely entwines Albanian Orthodoxy with the Bay State. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 1890 and 1920, approximately 25,000 Albanians, the majority of them Orthodox Christians from southeastern Albania, emigrated to the United States, settling in and around <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. Like many other Orthodox immigrants, they were predominantly young, illiterate, male peasants. Like so many other <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> immigrants, a large number (almost 10,000) returned to their homeland after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 2nd century AD, the liturgical services, schools and activities of the Orthodox Church in Albania had been conducted in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Albania_(toponym)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania (toponym)">Albania</a> came under Ottoman influence in the 15th century the Orthodox people of Albania were members of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Archbishopric_of_Ohrid_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Archbishopric of Ohrid (ancient)">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a> which was officially recognized by the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_Church_Tirana_2016_albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orthodox_Church_Tirana_2016_albania.jpg/220px-Orthodox_Church_Tirana_2016_albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orthodox_Church_Tirana_2016_albania.jpg/330px-Orthodox_Church_Tirana_2016_albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orthodox_Church_Tirana_2016_albania.jpg/440px-Orthodox_Church_Tirana_2016_albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Cathedral,_Tirana" title="Resurrection Cathedral, Tirana">Resurrection Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Those Albanian Orthodox, who, in the fashion of 19th century Balkan nationalism, sought to see their church as an <i>Albanian</i> rather than <i>Greek</i> body, were frequently excommunicated by the Greek-speaking hierarchy. Considering that identity during the Ottoman centuries was defined primarily by religious affiliations, such questions in the post-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period loomed large in the burgeoning national and cultural identities. After the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> in Constantinople lost in 1870 jurisdictional control over the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_exarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian exarchate">Bulgarians</a> in the Ottoman Empire, the Patriarchate did not desire further schisms within its ranks. Indeed, so strong was the rivalry of Greeks with Orthodox Albanians who opted for separate cultural activities, that some of the latter category such as <a href="/wiki/Papa_Kristo_Negovani" title="Papa Kristo Negovani">Papa Kristo Negovani</a>, a priest educated in Greek schools, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sotir_Ollani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sotir Ollani (page does not exist)">Sotir Ollani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petro_Nini_Luarasi" title="Petro Nini Luarasi">Petro Nini Luarasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuci_Naco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuci Naco (page does not exist)">Nuci Naco</a> and others were murdered for their patriotic efforts. </p><p>Nationalist fervor ran high in Albanian immigrant communities in North America. When, in 1906, a Greek priest from an independent Greek parish in <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Massachusetts" title="Hudson, Massachusetts">Hudson, Massachusetts</a>, refused to bury an Albanian nationalist, an outraged Albanian community petitioned the missionary diocese to assist them in establishing a separate Albanian-language parish within the missionary diocese. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a>, an ardent Albanian nationalist and former parish cantor, was subsequently ordained in February 1908 by a sympathetic Metropolitan Platon to serve this new Albanian parish. Noli went on to organize five additional Albanian parishes, mainly in Massachusetts, as an <i>Albanian Orthodox Mission in America</i> under the auspices of the American diocese. Noli later emigrated to Albania, served as the Albanian delegate to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, was consecrated <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> and Primate of the independent Orthodox Church in Albania in 1923, and even served briefly as Prime Minister of Albania (came in power with the so-called <i>The Revolution of 1924</i>) but was overthrown in a coup by <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Zogu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Zogu">Ahmet Zogu</a> on the same year. After years in exile in Germany, Noli returned to the United States in 1932, studied at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, translated <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> into Albanian and Orthodox Scriptures and services into English, and led the Albanian Orthodox community in this country until his death in 1965. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_Catholicism">Greek Catholicism</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a> exists in southern Albania and is under an Apostolic Administration. It has less than 4,000 members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Albania" title="Protestantism in Albania">Protestantism in Albania</a></div> <p>In the early 19th century, in accordance with the Protestant practice of making the <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Scriptures available to all</a> people in their common tongue, the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society" title="British and Foreign Bible Society">British and Foreign Bible Society</a> began to make plans for the translation, printing, and distribution of the New Testament in Albanian. Soon Alexander Thomson, a Scottish missionary, joined the Society and visited Albania in 1863. <a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Kristoforidhi" title="Kostandin Kristoforidhi">Kostandin Kristoforidhi</a> also joined the Society to translate the Scriptures in both Geg and Tosk dialects. In the late 19th century the Society's workers traveled throughout Albania distributing Bibles, under the leadership of Gjerasim Qiriazi who converted, preached the Gospel in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Korça">Korça</a>, and became the head of the first "Evangelical Brotherhood".<sup id="cite_ref-Kisha_Protestante_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kisha_Protestante-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qiriazi sought official government recognition for the Albanian Evangelical Church in 1887, a pursuit which would not be fulfilled until 10 March 2011 by Law No. 10394.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism in Albania</a></div> <p>The history of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in Albania dates back at least 2,000 years dating back to 70 CE. Albanian Jews, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a>, have only constituted a very small percentage of the population in modern times. </p><p>In 1673 the charismatic Jewish prophet <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> was exiled by the Turkish sultan to the Albanian port of <a href="/wiki/Ulqin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulqin">Ulqin</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, dying there some years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Publisher_C._Hurst_page_141_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publisher_C._Hurst_page_141-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Albania saw its Jewish population increase. During the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania">Socialist People's Republic of Albania</a> banned all religions, including <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, in adherence to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>. In the post-Communist era, these policies were abandoned and freedom of religion was extended, although the number of practising Jews in Albania today remains small, with many Jews having made <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> to Israel. Today Jews number around 150. In December 2010 Israeli Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar installed Rabbi Yoel Kaplan as the country's first Chief Rabbi. Recognition of Judaism as an official religion and Rabbi Kaplan as Chief Rabbi were the result of Prime Minister Sali Berisha's efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in Albania was introduced in the 1930s by Refo Çapari, an Albanian politician. Over the recent years several Baháʼí education centres have also been founded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irreligion">Irreligion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AReligion_in_Albania&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Religion+in+Albania">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Albania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">Irreligion in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Kadare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/220px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/330px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/440px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a>, the famous novelist, has declared himself an atheist<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Irreligion is and has been historically present among Albanians. Nowadays, estimations of the size of the irreligious population vary widely. The self-declared atheist population has been given figures ranging from 2.5%<sup id="cite_ref-census_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 8%<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 9%<sup id="cite_ref-BademWINGallup_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BademWINGallup-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other estimates of irreligiosity have reported figures of 39% declaring as "atheists"(9%) or "nonreligious"(30%),<sup id="cite_ref-BademWINGallup_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BademWINGallup-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 61% not saying religion was "important" to their lives,<sup id="cite_ref-BademWINGallup_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BademWINGallup-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 72% "non-practising".<sup id="cite_ref-AutreRegard_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutreRegard-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian National Revival">Albanian national revivalists</a> in the 19th century such as <a href="/wiki/Faik_Konica" title="Faik Konica">Faik Konica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jani_Vreto" title="Jani Vreto">Jani Vreto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zef_Jubani" title="Zef Jubani">Zef Jubani</a> were often anti-clerical in rhetoric (Konica said in 1897: "Every faith religion makes me puke", or <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Më vjen për të vjellur nga çdo fe</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the first advocate of atheism in modern Albania is thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Ismet_Toto" title="Ismet Toto">Ismet Toto</a>, a publicist and revolutionary<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose 1934 anti-religious polemic, <i>Grindje me klerin</i>, was one of the first known works advocating against the practice of religion itself in the Albanian language.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Socialist rule in 1967, leader <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> persecuted and outlawed public religious practice and adopted <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some well-known Albanian contemporary atheists include <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drit%C3%ABro_Agolli" title="Dritëro Agolli">Dritëro Agolli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Blushi" title="Ben Blushi">Ben Blushi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fatos_Lubonja" title="Fatos Lubonja">Fatos Lubonja</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Nano" title="Mustafa Nano">Mustafa Nano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saimir_Pirgu" title="Saimir Pirgu">Saimir Pirgu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diana_%C3%87uli" title="Diana Çuli">Diana Çuli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gilman_Bakalli" title="Gilman Bakalli">Gilman Bakalli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fatos_Tarifa" title="Fatos Tarifa">Fatos Tarifa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Tupja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmond Tupja (page does not exist)">Edmond Tupja</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Tupja" class="extiw" title="sq:Edmond Tupja">sq</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ylli_Rakipi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ylli Rakipi (page does not exist)">Ylli Rakipi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylli_Rakipi" class="extiw" title="sq:Ylli Rakipi">sq</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elton_Deda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elton Deda (page does not exist)">Elton Deda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moikom_Zeqo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moikom Zeqo (page does not exist)">Moikom Zeqo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moikom_Zeqo" class="extiw" title="sq:Moikom Zeqo">sq</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_demography">Religious demography</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 97.517787618065px 100px 0; border-right-color:cyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:cyan"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religious practice among Albanians (UNDP 2018) <sup id="cite_ref-Religious_Tolerance_in_Albania_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_Tolerance_in_Albania-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:cyan; color:black;"> </span> Practises religion (37.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Does not practise religion (62.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Distribution_of_Religions_in_Albania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Traditional_Distribution_of_Religions_in_Albania.png/220px-Traditional_Distribution_of_Religions_in_Albania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Traditional_Distribution_of_Religions_in_Albania.png/330px-Traditional_Distribution_of_Religions_in_Albania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Traditional_Distribution_of_Religions_in_Albania.png/440px-Traditional_Distribution_of_Religions_in_Albania.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Traditional distribution of religions in Albania<br />Green: Sunnis; Teal: Bektashis; Light Green: Other Shiite tarikats<br />Red: Catholics; Magenta: Orthodox; Orange: Other Christians<br />Light Blue: Jews and other</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2023 census, there were 1,101,718 (45.86%) <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational Muslims</a>) 201,530 (8.38%) <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholics</a>, 173,645 (7.22%) <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, 115,644 (4.81%) <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Muslims</a>, 9,658 (0.4%) <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a>, 3 670 (0.15%) of other religions, 332,155 (13.82%) believers without denomination, 85,311 (3.55%) Atheists and 378,782 (15.76%) did not provide an answer.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2023_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> are found throughout the country, while Orthodox followers are concentrated in the south and Catholics are concentrated in the north. However, this division is not strict, particularly in many urban centers, which have mixed populations. Members of the Greek minority, concentrated in the south, are almost exclusively Orthodox and belong to the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church of Albania">Orthodox Church of Albania</a>. In addition to the four traditional religious groups, there are substantial numbers of followers of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (Mormons), and other religious groups. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;width: 65%"> <caption> <b>Population of Albania according to religious group 1923–2023</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <th rowspan="2">Religion group </th> <th colspan="2">census 1923 </th> <th colspan="2">census 1927<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">census 1942<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">census 2011<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">census 2023<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Sunni Muslim</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">558,000 </td> <td rowspan="2">68.5 </td> <td rowspan="2">563,729 </td> <td rowspan="2">67.6 </td> <td>599,912 </td> <td>54.2 </td> <td>1,587,608 </td> <td>56.7 </td> <td>1,101,718 </td> <td>45.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_in_Albania" title="Bektashism in Albania">Bektashism</a> </td> <td>163,811 </td> <td>14.7 </td> <td>58,628 </td> <td>2.09 </td> <td>115,644 </td> <td>4.81 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Muslim </th> <th>558,000 </th> <th>68.5 </th> <th>563,729 </th> <th>67.6 </th> <th>763.723 </th> <th>68.9 </th> <th>1.646.236 </th> <th>58.79 </th> <th>1.217.362 </th> <th>50.67 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Albania" title="Catholic Church in Albania">Roman Catholic Christian</a> </td> <td>85,000 </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>88,739 </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>113,891 </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>280,921 </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>201,530 </td> <td>8.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Albania" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodox Christian</a> </td> <td>171,000 </td> <td>20.5 </td> <td>181,051 </td> <td>21.7 </td> <td>229,080 </td> <td>20.7 </td> <td>188,992 </td> <td>6.75 </td> <td>173,645 </td> <td>7.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5,616 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>9,658 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christian </th> <th><b>256,000</b> </th> <th><b>31</b> </th> <th>269.790 </th> <th>32.3 </th> <th>342.971 </th> <th>31 </th> <th>475.529 </th> <th>16.77 </th> <th>384.833 </th> <th>16 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Atheists </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>69,995 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>85,311 </td> <td>3.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Believers without denomination </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>153,630 </td> <td>5.49 </td> <td>332,155 </td> <td>13.82 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-religious </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>223,625 </th> <th>8.0 </th> <th>417,466 </th> <th>17.37 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Not stated / other </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>99 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>156 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>454,046 </td> <td>16.2 </td> <td>382,452 </td> <td>15.91 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>TOTAL</b> </td> <td><b>814,000</b> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td> <td><b>833,613</b> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td> <td><b>1,106,850</b> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td> <td><b>2,800,138</b> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td> <td><b>2,402,113</b> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a census performed before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a rough distribution of the population was 70% Muslim, 20% Eastern Orthodox, and 10% Roman Catholic. 65% of Albanian Muslims did not associate with particular sect of Islam in a Pew survey.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, religious practices were officially <a href="/wiki/State_atheism#Albania" title="State atheism">banned in Albania</a>, making the country the first and only constitutionally atheist state to ever exist.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of state communism, in 1991 religious activities resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among people who follow any of the four major religions in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, there is a mixture of various religious traditions and pagan traditions coming from the time before Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interfaith marriages between Muslims and Christians are held to be "common" and "unremarkable" in Albania with little social repercussion, although there is little statistical data on their prevalence. During the communist period, it is known that during the period of 1950–1968, the rates of mixed marriages ranged from 1.6% in Shkodër, 4.3% in Gjirokastër to 15.5% among the textile workers in Tiranë.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the district of Shkodër they reached 5% in the year 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, even among those who declared themselves to be adherents of a religion, the majority of the population in Albania has a more secular interpretation of religion than that which would be found in other countries. In August 2012, a Pew Research study found that only 15% of the Muslim population for example, considers religion to be a very important factor in their lives, which was the lowest percentage in the world amongst countries with significant Muslim populations.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another survey conducted by Gallup Global Reports 2010 shows that religion plays a role to 39% of Albanians, and lists Albania as the thirteenth least religious country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in Albania the majority of the males are not circumcised (as demanded by <a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Islamic custom</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 study on the Albanian youth aged 16–27 found that total of 80 percent of young people in Albania are not religion practitioners and practise their religion only during the main religious holidays and festivities. Specifically 23 percent of the respondents never practised their religion, while 61 percent practised it only in religious holidays. From the rest, 11 percent practised it 1–2 times a week, while 5 percent practised it every day.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 poll commissioned by Euronews Albania showed that 50.7% in Albania never visit go to religious places of worship, 27.6% visit them only for religious festivities and 19.2% visit them at least once a month.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs_and_rituals_data">Beliefs and rituals data</h3></div> <p>According to a WIN/Gallup International study in 2016 about the beliefs of the Albanians: </p> <ul><li><b>80%</b> believed there's God</li> <li><b>40%</b> believed in life after death</li> <li><b>57%</b> believed that people have a soul</li> <li><b>40%</b> believed in hell</li> <li><b>42%</b> believed in heaven<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the World Values Survey wave 6 (2017-2022) Albania had the lowest belief in life after death in Europe at 22.7%. </p> <table class="wikitable float" style="font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Believe in life after death (World Values Survey, 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yes </td> <td align="right">22.7 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">22.7</span><div style="width:68.1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#66CDAA"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td align="right">57.9 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">57.9</span><div style="width:173.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#FFA07A"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don't know </td> <td align="right">19.0 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">19</span><div style="width:57px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87CEFA"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No answer </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.4</span><div style="width:1.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#FAFAD2"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A 2024 survey by the Institute for Democracy and Mediation asked about ritual practice in Albania giving the below results: </p> <table class="wikitable float" style="font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Practice of religious rituals in Albania (2024 IDM poll)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">% </th></tr> <tr> <td>"YES, I regularly practise all rituals of my religion" </td> <td align="right">10.5 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">10.5</span><div style="width:31.5px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:LightGreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Mainly YES, I practise the main religious rituals": </td> <td align="right">30.3 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">30.3</span><div style="width:90.9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:MediumSeaGreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"NO, I am a believer, but I do not practise religious rituals at all" </td> <td align="right">44.2 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">44.2</span><div style="width:132.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:LightSalmon"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"NO, I am an atheist" </td> <td align="right">5.6 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">5.6</span><div style="width:16.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:LightCoral"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Refused to say" </td> <td align="right">8.9 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">8.9</span><div style="width:26.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:LightGoldenrodYellow"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Other" </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span><div style="width:1.5px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:LightGray"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to 2008 statistics from the religious communities in Albania, there are 1,119 churches and 638 mosques in the country. The Roman Catholic mission declared 694 Catholic churches. The Christian Orthodox community, 425 Orthodox churches. The Muslim community, 568 mosques, and 70 Bektashi tekkes.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Albania" title="Freedom of religion in Albania">Freedom of religion in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/220px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/330px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/440px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of Albania's four main denominations in 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Hebdo attack">Charlie Hebdo attack</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Constitution extends freedom of religion to all citizens and the government generally respects this right in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Dept_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian Constitution declares no official religion and provides for equality of all religions; however, the predominant religious communities (Bektashi, Sunni Muslim, Orthodox and Roman Catholic) enjoy a greater degree of official recognition (e.g. national holidays) and social status based on their historical presence in the country. All registered religious groups have the right to hold bank accounts and to own property and buildings. Religious freedoms have in large part been secured by the generally amicable relationship among religions. The Ministry of Education has the right to approve the nonreligious curricula of religious schools to ensure their compliance with national education standards. There are also 113 educational institutions managed by religious communities.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Dept_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government policy and practice contributed to the generally free exercise of religion. The government is <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> and the Ministry of Education asserts that public schools in the country are secular and that the law prohibits ideological and religious indoctrination. Religious history and comparative religion may be taught in the context of humanities instruction in public schools, while private schools are allowed to teach religious instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Dept_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Dept-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism in Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions_2">Religions</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Albania">Roman Catholicism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Albania" title="Protestantism in Albania">Protestantism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">Irreligion in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism in Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census_2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf">"Population and Housing Census 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Instituti i Statistikës</a> (INSTAT).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2023&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Statistik%C3%ABs+%28INSTAT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshqiptarja.com%2Fuploads%2Fckeditor%2F667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730220735/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/2/41888.pdf">"1998 Constitution of the Republic of Albania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/2/41888.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1998+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Albania&rft.pub=Organization+for+Security+and+Co-operation+in+Europe+%28OSCE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2Ff%2Fdocuments%2F3%2F2%2F41888.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127295.htm">"Albania"</a>. <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2009</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 26 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2009&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2009%2F127295.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdani, Mirela; <a href="/wiki/John_Loughlin_(political_scientist)" title="John Loughlin (political scientist)">Loughlin, John</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32Wu8H7t8MwC&pg=PA34"><i>Albania and the European Union: The Tumultuous Journey Towards Integration and Accession</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-308-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-308-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+and+the+European+Union%3A+The+Tumultuous+Journey+Towards+Integration+and+Accession&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-308-7&rft.aulast=Bogdani&rft.aufirst=Mirela&rft.au=Loughlin%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32Wu8H7t8MwC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.instat.gov.al/media/11948/census-2023-en.pdf">https://www.instat.gov.al/media/11948/census-2023-en.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Albania-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Albania_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307100131/http://www.km.gov.al/skedaret/1231927768-Constitution%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Albania.pdf">"Constitution of Albania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.km.gov.al/skedaret/1231927768-Constitution%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Albania.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Albania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.km.gov.al%2Fskedaret%2F1231927768-Constitution%2520of%2520the%2520Republic%2520of%2520Albania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGOV1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGOV1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/anti.html">"Revelations from the Russian Archives: ANTI-RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGNS"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. US Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Revelations+from+the+Russian+Archives%3A+ANTI-RELIGIOUS+CAMPAIGNS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Farchives%2Fanti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowalewski-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalewski1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kowalewski, David (October 1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 426–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F128810">10.2307/128810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/128810">128810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Protest+for+Religious+Rights+in+the+USSR%3A+Characteristics+and+Consequences&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=426-441&rft.date=1980-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F128810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F128810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kowalewski&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1993" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina Petra., ed. (1993). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiouspolicys00rame"><i>Religious Policy in the Soviet Union</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiouspolicys00rame/page/n23">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521416436" title="Special:BookSources/9780521416436"><bdi>9780521416436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780521416436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiouspolicys00rame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1994" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, John (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionstatepol0000ande/page/3"><i>Religion, State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States</i></a></span>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionstatepol0000ande/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46784-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46784-5"><bdi>0-521-46784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+State+and+Politics+in+the+Soviet+Union+and+Successor+States&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-46784-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionstatepol0000ande%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schnabel, Sckhard. <i>Paul the Missionary: Realities, Strategies, and Methods.</i> Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2008. p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2001" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC&q=shen+lefter&pg=PA82"><i>A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2214-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-2214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Albanian+Religion%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Folk+Culture&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2214-5&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAtQZ0vjf5gC%26q%3Dshen%2Blefter%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloshi p.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumruld1994" class="citation book cs1">Sumruld, William A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr-FWwruKa0C&q=illyria&pg=PA43"><i>Augustine and the Arians: The Bishop of Hippo's Encounters with Ulfilan Arianism</i></a>. Associated University Presse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-46-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-46-5"><bdi>978-0-945636-46-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine+and+the+Arians%3A+The+Bishop+of+Hippo%27s+Encounters+with+Ulfilan+Arianism&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presse&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-945636-46-5&rft.aulast=Sumruld&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKr-FWwruKa0C%26q%3Dillyria%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stavrianos2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeften_Stavros_Stavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1">Leften Stavros Stavrianos (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&pg=PA497"><i>The Balkans Since 1453</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-551-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-551-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>Religious differences also existed before the coming of the Turks. Originally, all Albanians had belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church... Then the Ghegs in the North adopted in order to better resist the pressure of Orthodox Serbs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+Since+1453&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-551-0&rft.au=Leften+Stavros+Stavrianos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxcp7OXQE0FMC%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chisholm1910-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1910_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourchier1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_David_Bourchier" title="James David Bourchier">Bourchier, James David</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Albania (Balkans)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Albania_(Balkans)">"Albania (Balkans)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–487, see page 485. <q>Religions.—The great majority of the Albanians......The Roman Catholic Ghegs appear to have abandoned the Eastern for the Western Church in the middle of the 13th century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania+%28Balkans%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=481-487%2C+see+page+485&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bourchier&rft.aufirst=James+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet1989-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet1989_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1989" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA381"><i>Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0891-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0891-6"><bdi>0-8223-0891-6</bdi></a>. <q>Prior to the Turkish conquest, the ghegs (the chief tribal group in northern Albania) had found in Roman Catholicism a means of resisting the Slavs, and though Albanian Orthodoxy remained important among the tosks (the chief tribal group in southern Albania),...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Soviet+and+East+European+Politics&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8223-0891-6&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50GTIhntKvYC%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002197-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002197_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnamaliPrifti2002">Anamali & Prifti 2002</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osswald, Brendan. "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus". Page 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhelyazkova, Antonina. <i>Albanian Identities</i>. Page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008), p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008), p. 54-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acta Albaniae</i> I, no 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala(2008). <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Page 153: "the town of Prizren, which was also an Orthodox bishopric with some catholic parochial churches until then... received a real catholic bishop (1372) as a result of the good connections between Balsha and Rome"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lala-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lala_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lala_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008), p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lala9195-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lala9195_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lala9195_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008), p. 91-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008), p. 147-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008) p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva. <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Page 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva. <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Page 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008), p. 149-153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elsie, Robert. <i>Texts and Documents of Albanian History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/1332_Making-the-Passage/index.html">1332 Anonymous: Initiative for Making the Passage</a>. "...it is inhabited by two peoples, i.e. the Albanians and the Latins who, in their beliefs, their rites and their obedience, both abide by the Roman Catholic Church... The Latins have six towns with bishops: firstly Antibarum (Bar), the seat of the archbishop, then Chatarensis (Kotor), Dulcedinensis (Ulcinj), Suacinensis (Shas) (2), Scutarensis (Shkodra) and Drivascensis (Drisht) (3), which are inhabited by the Latins alone. Outside the town walls, the Albanians make up the population throughout the diocese. There are four Albanian towns: Polatum Maius (Greater Pult) (4), Polatum Minus (Lesser Pult), Sabatensis (Sapa) (5) and Albanensis (Albanopolis) (6) which, together with the towns of the Latins, are all legally subject to the Archbishop of Bar and his church as their metropolitan. The Albanians indeed have a language quite different from Latin. However they use Latin letters in all their books (7). The sway of the Latins is thus confined to the limits of their towns. Outside the towns, they do possess vineyards and fields, but there are no fortifications or villages actually inhabited by the Latins. The Albanians for their part, the larger of the two peoples, could assemble over fifteen thousand horsemen for warfare according to the custom and manner of the country, who would be courageous and industrious warriors. Since the said Latins and Albanians suffer under the unbearable yoke and extremely dire bondage of their odious Slav leaders whom they detest – the people being tormented, the clergy humiliated and oppressed, the bishops and abbots often kept in chains, the nobles disinherited and held hostage, episcopal and other churches disbanded and deprived of their rights, and the monasteries in decay and ruin – they would all to a man believe that they were consecrating their hands in the blood of the aforementioned Slavs if a French prince were to appear... With the help of the aforementioned Albanians and Latins, one thousand French knights and five or six thousand foot soldiers could without a doubt easily conquer the whole length and breadth of this kingdom."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva. <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Page 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala (2008), p. 118-119: "...called the Catholic rite the 'Latin heresy', the good relations between the local Catholic population and the Serbs came to an end... In this situation the good relations between the papacy and Catholic Albanians became very tight"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LalaOhrid-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LalaOhrid_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LalaOhrid_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva. <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Page 153: "at the end of the fourteenth century, there was a dismantling of the autocephalous archbishopric of Ochrid in favor of the Catholic rite"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton_Minkov" class="citation book cs1">Anton Minkov. <i>Conversion to Islam in the Balkans</i>. pp. 41–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+to+Islam+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=41-42&rft.au=Anton+Minkov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vryonis, Spyros. <i>Religious Changes and Patterns in the Balkans, 14th–16th centuries</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhelyaz-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyaz_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyaz_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhelyazkova, Antonina. ‘’Albanian Identities’’. Sofia, 2000: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Page 15-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bieber-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bieber_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieber_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorian_Bieber2010" class="citation news cs1">Florian Bieber (19 August 2010). "Muslim identity in the Balkans before the establishment of nation states". <i>Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity</i>. pp. 15–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers%3A+The+Journal+of+Nationalism+and+Ethnicity&rft.atitle=Muslim+identity+in+the+Balkans+before+the+establishment+of+nation+states&rft.pages=15-19&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.au=Florian+Bieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhelyazkova, Antonina, ‘’Albanian identities’’, page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhelyazkova, Antonina. ‘’Albanian Identities’’. Page 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winnifrith-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winnifrith_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrith2002" class="citation book cs1">Winnifrith, Tom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkRoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Badlands, Borderlands A History of Northern Epirus-Southern Albania</i></a>. Gerald Duckworth, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3201-7"><bdi>978-0-7156-3201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Badlands%2C+Borderlands+A+History+of+Northern+Epirus-Southern+Albania&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth%2C+Limited&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3201-7&rft.aulast=Winnifrith&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkRoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruches_1965-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruches_1965_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuches1965" class="citation book cs1">Ruches, Pyrrhus J. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2k9pAAAAMAAJ"><i>Albania's Captives</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+%E2%80%93+Social+Structure+under+Communist+Rule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-184.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-187.html">"Albania – The Revival of Religion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+%E2%80%93+The+Revival+of+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoppel-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoppel_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNußberger_AngelikaWolfgang_Stoppel2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nußberger Angelika; Wolfgang Stoppel (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/jur-fak/ostrecht/minderheitenschutz/Vortraege/Albanien/Albanien_Stoppel.pdf"><i>Minderheitenschutz im östlichen Europa (Albanien)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), p. 19-20: "Vor allem für die griechische Minderheit hatte das Verbot verheerende Folgen, da für sie Kirche und Religion traditionell Teil ihres kulturellen Lebens wie ihrer nationalen Identität beinhalten, was nunmehr kriminalisiert und in den Untergrund gedrängt wurde.: Universität Köln</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minderheitenschutz+im+%C3%B6stlichen+Europa+%28Albanien%29&rft.place=p.+19-20%3A+%22Vor+allem+f%C3%BCr+die+griechische+Minderheit+hatte+das+Verbot+verheerende+Folgen%2C+da+f%C3%BCr+sie+Kirche+und+Religion+traditionell+Teil+ihres+kulturellen+Lebens+wie+ihrer+nationalen+Identit%C3%A4t+beinhalten%2C+was+nunmehr+kriminalisiert+und+in+den+Untergrund+gedr%C3%A4ngt+wurde.&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+K%C3%B6ln&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Nu%C3%9Fberger+Angelika&rft.au=Wolfgang+Stoppel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-koeln.de%2Fjur-fak%2Fostrecht%2Fminderheitenschutz%2FVortraege%2FAlbanien%2FAlbanien_Stoppel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton38-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crampton38_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton2014">Crampton 2014</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boehm307-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boehm307_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoehm1994">Boehm 1994</a>, p. 307. "The Ottoman Turks first introduced Islam into Albania when they conquered the country in the late 15th century."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramet, Sabrina (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrcnAAAAYAAJ">Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia</a></i>. Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822320708" title="Special:BookSources/9780822320708">9780822320708</a>. pp. 203–204, 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeefe1971" class="citation book cs1">Keefe, Eugene K. (January 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/32129/32129-h/32129-h.htm#Page_95"><i>Area Handbook for Albania</i></a>. pp. 95–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Albania&rft.pages=95-96&rft.date=1971-01&rft.aulast=Keefe&rft.aufirst=Eugene+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F32129%2F32129-h%2F32129-h.htm%23Page_95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElsieHalvetis-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElsieHalvetis_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElsieHalvetis_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert. <i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i>. pp. 39, 181–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.pages=39%2C+181-183&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elsie, Robert. <i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i>. Pages 386–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elsie, Robert. <i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i>. Pages 393–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elsie. <i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i>. Page 222-223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva (2008). "<i>Regnum Albania</i>, the Papal Curia, and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility". Budapest, Hungary: Central European University, 2008. page 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva (2008). <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Page 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgro2010" class="citation cs2">Egro, Dritan (2010), "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth to the XVIIth Century)", in Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC"><i>Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa</i></a>, vol. 4, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, p. 25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60295-9"><bdi>978-3-631-60295-9</bdi></a>, <q>The Orthodox Albanians ...religiously ... were members of the church that was officially recognized by the Ottoman state.... The Archbishopric of Ohrid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+in+the+Albanian+lands+%28XVth+to+the+XVIIth+Century%29&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Kultur+im+albanischsprachigen+S%C3%BCdosteuropa&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-631-60295-9&rft.aulast=Egro&rft.aufirst=Dritan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCdYHU9PtiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kisha_Protestante-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kisha_Protestante_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302123418/http://www.kishaprotestante.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=230&Itemid=116&lang=en">"Development of the Protestant church amongst Albanians"</a>. Kosova Protestant Evangelical Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kishaprotestante.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=230&Itemid=116&lang=en">the original</a> on 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+the+Protestant+church+amongst+Albanians&rft.pub=Kosova+Protestant+Evangelical+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kishaprotestante.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D230%26Itemid%3D116%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FLETORJA ZYRTARE E REPUBLIKËS SË SHQIPËRISË. Nr. 34, 07 prill 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publisher_C._Hurst_page_141-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publisher_C._Hurst_page_141_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology and folk culture by Robert Elsie Edition illustrated Publisher C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7">1-85065-570-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-570-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-570-1">978-1-85065-570-1</a> page 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ynetnews: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3997848,00.html">1st chief rabbi inaugurated in Albania</a>, 17 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Born near the Greek border in Gjirokaster in 1936, of two Muslim parents, Kadare claims to be an atheist. However, much of his language, especially when he talks of forgiving the old Stalinist order rather than seeking revenge, is Christian. The paradox, then, is that Kadare is a humanist who claims that the greatest riches of Albanian culture derive from its Christian tradition." John Murray, 'The Orphan's Voice', <i>The Independent</i> (London), 25 January 1998, Page 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Muslim Identity and the Balkan State</i>, Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-276-7">1-85065-276-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQqHjwW6XzcC&dq=Ismail+Kadare+Islam&pg=PA133">google print, p. 133</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326091156/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">"2011 Census-AL"</a> [2011 Census-AL] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Albanian). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">INSTAT</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census-AL&rft.pub=INSTAT&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F177358%2Fnjoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckerman-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a> (2006). "Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns". In Martin, Michael (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Atheism</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews+Albania&rft.atitle=Sa+shqiptar%C3%AB+e+praktikojn%C3%AB+besimin+e+tyre+fetar%3F&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=nc&rft.aufirst=fra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuronews.al%2Fsa-shqiptare-e-praktikojne-besimin-e-tyre-fetar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114113506/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingia.com%2Fweb%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2F370%2Ffile%2F370.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp">"WVS Database"</a>. <i>www.worldvaluessurvey.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldvaluessurvey.org&rft.atitle=WVS+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org%2FWVSOnline.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIDM2024" class="citation web cs1">IDM (2024-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idmalbania.org/the-2024-assessment-of-violent-extremism-in-albania/">"The 2024 Assessment of Violent Extremism in Albania"</a>. <i>Welcome to IDM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+IDM&rft.atitle=The+2024+Assessment+of+Violent+Extremism+in+Albania&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft.au=IDM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidmalbania.org%2Fthe-2024-assessment-of-violent-extremism-in-albania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808153158/https://ateistet.info/lm1108237w">"Tiranë: Në Shqipëri ka 1119 kisha dhe 638 xhami e teqe – August 18, 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ateistet.info/lm1108237w">the original</a> on 2017-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiran%C3%AB%3A+N%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABri+ka+1119+kisha+dhe+638+xhami+e+teqe+%E2%80%93+August+18%2C+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fateistet.info%2Flm1108237w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050523030433/http://www.korrieri.com/index.php?k=1&i=15799">"Kultet: Gjysma e xhamive, pa leje"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korrieri" title="Korrieri">Korrieri</a></i> (in Albanian). 20 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korrieri.com/index.php?k=1&i=15799">the original</a> on 23 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korrieri&rft.atitle=Kultet%3A+Gjysma+e+xhamive%2C+pa+leje&rft.date=2005-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korrieri.com%2Findex.php%3Fk%3D1%26i%3D15799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917072216/http://www.tiranaobserver.com.al/al/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6374&Itemid=26">"Raport ekskluziv / Në Shqipëri ka 638 xhami dhe 1119 kisha"</a> [Exclusive Report / Albania has 638 mosques and 1119 churches]. <i>Tirana Observer</i> (in Albanian). 16 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiranaobserver.com.al/al/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6374&Itemid=26">the original</a> on 17 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tirana+Observer&rft.atitle=Raport+ekskluziv+%2F+N%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABri+ka+638+xhami+dhe+1119+kisha&rft.date=2008-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiranaobserver.com.al%2Fal%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D6374%26Itemid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808153331/https://ateistet.info/lm1108783o">"Shqipëri: Gjysma e xhamive, pa leje"</a>. <i>Ateistët</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ateistet.info/lm1108783o">the original</a> on 2017-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ateist%C3%ABt&rft.atitle=Shqip%C3%ABri%3A+Gjysma+e+xhamive%2C+pa+leje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fateistet.info%2Flm1108783o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Dept-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_Dept_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Dept_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Dept_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/albania/">"Albania"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Albania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Falbania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnamaliPrifti2002" class="citation book cs1">Anamali, Skënder; Prifti, Kristaq (2002). <i>Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime</i>. Botimet Toena. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99927-1-622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-99927-1-622-9"><bdi>978-99927-1-622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+e+popullit+shqiptar+n%C3%AB+kat%C3%ABr+v%C3%ABllime&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-99927-1-622-9&rft.aulast=Anamali&rft.aufirst=Sk%C3%ABnder&rft.au=Prifti%2C+Kristaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Albanian)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1994" class="citation book cs1">Boehm, Eric H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSRBAQAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914</i></a>. Clio Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Abstracts%3A+Modern+history+abstracts%2C+1450-1914&rft.pub=Clio+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsSRBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2014" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, Richard J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tEFBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Balkans since the Second World War</i></a>. Hoboken: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317891178" title="Special:BookSources/9781317891178"><bdi>9781317891178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+since+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317891178&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tEFBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1999" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANCuDwAAQBAJ"><i>Albania at War, 1939–1945</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-155753141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-155753141-4"><bdi>978-155753141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-155753141-4&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANCuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_gXTda0HS8C&q=gjuha+letrare+dhe+gjuha+standarde&pg=PA191"><i>Rreth Alfabetit te Shqipes</i></a>. Logos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789989582684" title="Special:BookSources/9789989582684"><bdi>9789989582684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rreth+Alfabetit+te+Shqipes&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789989582684&rft.aulast=Lloshi&rft.aufirst=Xhevat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_gXTda0HS8C%26q%3Dgjuha%2Bletrare%2Bdhe%2Bgjuha%2Bstandarde%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, J.J. (1995). <i>The Illyrians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5"><bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19807-5&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ateistët.com/">Albanian Atheists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albkristian.com/">Albanian Protestants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kishakatolikeshkoder.com/">Kisha Katolike Shkodër, Shkodra Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kishakatolike.org/?cid=1,1">Famullia Gjakovë, Gjakova Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/al.html">Catholic Church in Albania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianorthodox.org/">Albanian Orthodox Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxalbania.org/">Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407191706/http://www.eparchiapiana.it/SelfSiteinfo.asp?idPag=0&page=1">Arbëresh Christian Eparchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bektashi.net/">The Bektashi Community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myftinia-shkoder.org/">Myftinia Shkodër, Mufti of Shkodra City</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314050537/http://www.dritaislame.al/">Newspaper "Drita Islame"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revista-familja.com/">Magazine "Familja"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a><br />(1190–1385)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a><br />(1385–1912)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a><br />(1912–present)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Transnistria" title="Religion in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Religion in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Albania&oldid=1256032934">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Albania&oldid=1256032934</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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