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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Naval battle off Louisbourg" redirects here. For the siege during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>), see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">Siege of Louisbourg (1745)</a>. For the 1758 siege during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Action of 21 July 1781</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_naval_de_Louisbourg_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Combat_naval_de_Louisbourg_1781.jpg/300px-Combat_naval_de_Louisbourg_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Combat_naval_de_Louisbourg_1781.jpg/450px-Combat_naval_de_Louisbourg_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Combat_naval_de_Louisbourg_1781.jpg/600px-Combat_naval_de_Louisbourg_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="678" /></a></span><br /><i>Combat Naval A La Hauteur De Louisbourg</i>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Louis_de_Rossel_de_Cercy" title="Auguste-Louis de Rossel de Cercy">Auguste-Louis de Rossel de Cercy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 July 1781</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Off present-day <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Action_of_21_July_1781&params=45.9075_N_59.9739_W_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°54′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">59°58′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.9075°N 59.9739°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.9075; -59.9739</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> French victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse">La Pérouse</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ren%C3%A9_Levassor_de_Latouche_Tr%C3%A9ville" title="Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville">Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Evans" title="Henry Francis Evans">Henry Evans</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rupert_George" title="Rupert George">Rupert George</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Peter_Tonge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Peter Tonge (page does not exist)">Richard Peter Tonge</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 frigates</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 frigate <br /> 2 sloops <br /> 2 smaller ships</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 6 killed <br /> 34 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 17 killed <br /> 48 wounded <br /> 1 smaller ship captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Frederica_naval_action" title="Frederica naval action">Frederica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Channel_Naval_Duel" title="North Channel Naval Duel">North Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_September_1779" title="Action of 11 September 1779">Charles Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_June_1780" title="Action of 7 June 1780">1st Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Henry" title="Battle of Cape Henry">1st Cape Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Cape Split">Cape Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Cape_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle off Cape Breton">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Trumbull" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Trumbull">Capture of USS <i>Trumbull</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_September_1781" title="Action of 2 September 1781">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">1st Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Savage" title="Capture of HMS Savage">Capture of HMS <i>Savage</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delaware_Bay" title="Battle of Delaware Bay">1st Delaware Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Halifax_(1782)" title="Battle off Halifax (1782)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_29_July_1782" title="Action of 29 July 1782">2nd Cape Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition" title="Hudson Bay expedition">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_September_1782" title="Action of 5 September 1782">2nd Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_September_1782" title="Action of 15 September 1782">2nd Delaware Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kedges_Strait" title="Battle of Kedges Strait">Kedges Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delaware_Capes" title="Battle of the Delaware Capes">3rd Delaware Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_January_1783" title="Action of 22 January 1783">2nd Chesapeake Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France1778–1783" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France" title="Template:Campaignbox Battles of the American Revolutionary War Involving France"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battles of the American Revolutionary War Involving France"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battles of the American Revolutionary War Involving France"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_Involving_France1778–1783" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Battles of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War"><span class="wrap">American Revolutionary War</span></a> Involving France<br />1778–1783</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Europe and Mediterranean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_June_1778" title="Action of 17 June 1778">17 June 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)" title="Battle of Ushant (1778)">1st Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_20_October_1778" title="Action of 20 October 1778">20 October 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_September_1778" title="Action of 11 September 1778">11 September 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Jersey_(1779)" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Jersey (1779)">1st Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_May_1779" title="Action of 13 May 1779">13 May 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">English Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_August_1779" title="Action of 17 August 1779">Plymouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head" title="Battle of Flamborough Head">Flamborough Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_October_1779" title="Action of 6 October 1779">6 October 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_June_1780" title="Action of 15 June 1780">15 June 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_August_1780" title="Action of 9 August 1780">Cape Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_August_1780" title="Action of 10 August 1780">10 August 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_August_1780" title="Action of 13 August 1780">13 August 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_January_1781" title="Action of 4 January 1781">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">2nd Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1781)" title="Battle of Ushant (1781)">2nd Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1782)" title="Battle of Ushant (1782)">3rd Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_September_1782" title="Action of 4 September 1782">Île-de-Batz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel" title="Battle of Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1782" title="Action of 12 December 1782">Ferrol</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_24_February_1780" title="Action of 24 February 1780">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1780" title="Action of 30 September 1780">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Praya" title="Battle of Porto Praya">Porto Praya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caribbean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica_(1778)" title="Invasion of Dominica (1778)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">1st St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_St._Lucia" title="Capture of St. Lucia">2nd St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Vincent" title="Capture of Saint Vincent">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada_(1779)" title="Capture of Grenada (1779)">1st Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">2nd Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)" title="Battle of Martinique (1779)">1st Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadeloupe_(1779)" title="Battle of Guadeloupe (1779)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1780)" title="Battle of Martinique (1780)">2nd Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Royal" title="Battle of Fort Royal">Fort Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tobago" title="Invasion of Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brimstone_Hill" title="Siege of Brimstone Hill">Brimstone Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Kitts" title="Battle of Saint Kitts">Frigate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" title="Capture of Demerara and Essequibo">Demerara & Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Montserrat" title="Capture of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mona_Passage" title="Battle of the Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_October_1782" title="Action of 18 October 1782">18 October 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_December_1782" title="Action of 6 December 1782">6 December 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_February_1783" title="Action of 15 February 1783">15 February 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Turk" title="Battle of Grand Turk">Grand Turk</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_September_1779" title="Action of 11 September 1779">Charles Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_June_1780" title="Action of 7 June 1780">1st Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Henry" title="Battle of Cape Henry">Cape Henry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_September_1781" title="Action of 2 September 1781">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition" title="Hudson Bay expedition">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_September_1782" title="Action of 5 September 1782">2nd Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_September_1782" title="Action of 15 September 1782">Delaware Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_January_1783" title="Action of 22 January 1783">2nd Chesapeake</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>East Indies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1778)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1778)">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadras" title="Battle of Sadras">Sadras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Providien" title="Battle of Providien">Providien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negapatam_(1782)" title="Battle of Negapatam (1782)">Negapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_August_1782" title="Action of 12 August 1782">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_September_1782" title="Action of 10 September 1782">Pisang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trincomalee" title="Battle of Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuddalore" title="Siege of Cuddalore">1st Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuddalore_(1783)" title="Battle of Cuddalore (1783)">2nd Cuddalore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolution_Nova_Scotia_theatre" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Nova_Scotia_theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Nova Scotia theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Nova_Scotia_theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Nova Scotia theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Nova_Scotia_theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Nova Scotia theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolution_Nova_Scotia_theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution"><span class="wrap">American Revolution Nova Scotia theatre</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Saint_John" title="Raid on Saint John">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Charlottetown_(1775)" title="Raid on Charlottetown (1775)">Charlottetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia_(1775)" title="Raid on Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (1775)">Yarmouth 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Canso_(1776)" title="Raid on Canso (1776)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maugerville#Maugerville_Rebellion" title="Maugerville">Maugerville Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Cumberland">Fort Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Yarmouth_(1777)" title="Battle off Yarmouth (1777)">Yarmouth 2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_River_expedition" title="St. John River expedition">St. John River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Hancock" title="Capture of USS Hancock">Capture of USS <i>Hancock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Liverpool,_Nova_Scotia_(1778)" title="Battle off Liverpool, Nova Scotia (1778)">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramichi,_New_Brunswick#American_Revolution_and_Battle_at_Miramichi_(1779)" title="Miramichi, New Brunswick">Raid on Miramichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Halifax_(1780)" title="Battle off Halifax (1780)">1st Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blomindon" title="Battle of Blomindon">Blomindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Cape_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle off Cape Breton">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Annapolis_Royal_(1781)" title="Raid on Annapolis Royal (1781)">Annapolis Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blonde_(1760)" title="HMS Blonde (1760)">Blonde Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Halifax_(1782)" title="Battle off Halifax (1782)">2nd Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chester,_Nova_Scotia" title="Raid on Chester, Nova Scotia">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1782)" title="Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782)">Lunenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>action of 21 July 1781</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Combat naval en vue de Louisbourg</i>, or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Combat naval à la hauteur de Louisbourg</i></span>) was a naval skirmish off the harbour of Spanish River, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Sydney, Nova Scotia</a>), during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_American_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of American Independence">War of American Independence</a>. Two light frigates of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse">La Pérouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ren%C3%A9_Levassor_de_Latouche_Tr%C3%A9ville" title="Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville">Latouche Tréville</a>, engaged a convoy of 18 British ships and their <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> escorts. The French captured one of the British escorts while the remainder of the British convoy escaped. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even since France had lost its colonies in Canada in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, it had been seeking opportunities to tip the balance of power in America in its favour, and had been in contact with American separatists since the 1770s. The start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> thus quickly yielding the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War</a> in 1778, and with the <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a> of 1778, France entered the <a href="/wiki/War_of_American_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of American Independence">War of American Independence</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a> had already been supporting the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> since 1777, in a private capacity. When he returned to France, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> received him and sent back as an emissary to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> on <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1779)" title="French frigate Hermione (1779)"><i>Hermione</i></a> in March 1780. On 11 June 1780, the French reinforced their naval presence with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_Particuli%C3%A8re" title="Expédition Particulière">Expédition Particulière</a>, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri-Louis_d%27Arsac_de_Ternay" title="Charles-Henri-Louis d'Arsac de Ternay">Ternay</a>. <i>Hermione</i> stayed around Boston, carrying out reconnaissance for the squadron and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiding</a>. </p><p>In June 1781 <i>Hermione</i> was attached to a frigate division under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Lapérouse</a>, recently promoted to Captain after capturing <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ariel_(1777)" title="HMS Ariel (1777)">HMS <i>Ariel</i></a>, with his flag on <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Astr%C3%A9e_(1780)" title="French frigate Astrée (1780)"><i>Astrée</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200063_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200063-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both ships were light frigates, designed for speed, <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">coppered</a>, and armed with 26 <a href="/wiki/12-pounder_long_gun" title="12-pounder long gun">12-pounder long guns</a>, a larger calibre than that carried by most privateers, but under-powered against larger naval ships. The two ships cruised off Pennsylvania, preying on British merchantmen, privateers, and smaller naval ships. </p><p>In the morning of 21 July, <i>Astrée</i> and <i>Hermione</i> detected a 20-ship convoy, with two corvettes or frigates detaching to investigate. The convoy, which consisted of 18 merchant vessels, including nine <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">colliers</a> and four supply ships, was bound for <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Spanish River</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> to pick up <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> for delivery to <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004b155_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004b155-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The escorts were the <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1777)" title="USS Boston (1777)"><i>Charlestown</i></a> (Charleston) (28), the <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloops</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Allegiance_(1779)" title="HMS Allegiance (1779)"><i>Allegiance</i></a> (24) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vulture_(1776)" title="HMS Vulture (1776)"><i>Vulture</i></a> (20), the armed transport <a href="/wiki/Vernon_(1779_ship)" title="Vernon (1779 ship)"><i>Vernon</i></a> (14), and <i>Jack</i> (14), a small armed ship commanded by Richard Peter Tonge.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Action">Action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Astr%C3%A9e_(1780)" title="French frigate Astrée (1780)"><i>Astrée</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1779)" title="French frigate Hermione (1779)"><i>Hermione</i></a> approached the convoy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004b155_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004b155-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four further escorts joined the two that were sailing to meet them, while the convoy tried to escape to Spanish River. Five of the British warships, <i>Charlestown</i>, <i>Allegiance</i>, <i>Vernon</i>, <i>Vulture</i> and <i>Jack</i>, formed a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200064_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200064-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lapérouse maneuvered to try to prevent the convoy from escaping, and it was not until 1830 that <i>Astrée</i> came in cannon range and opened fire. The French had the advantage in gunnery, as the British had 9-pounder guns, less powerful than the French 12-pounders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200066_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200066-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Astrée</i> concentrated her fire on the British flagship <i>Charlestown</i>, which sought support from the two ships preceding her, but <i>Hermione</i> then overtook <i>Astrée</i> and for 30 minutes she also fired broadsides into her. <i>Charlestown</i> stopped, but doing so she fell in <i>Astrée</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> line of fire again, while <i>Hermione</i> was free to fire on <i>Jack</i> at point-blank range. <i>Jack</i> <a href="/wiki/Struck_her_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Struck her colors">struck her colours</a>. Soon afterward, the maintop of <i>Charlestown</i> fell; with her captain dead, <i>Charlestown</i> also struck. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200066_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200066-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By nightfall, the three remaining British warships were trying to escape, chased by <i>Hermione</i>. <i>Astrée</i> took possession of <i>Jack</i> and signaled <i>Hermione</i> to take possession of <i>Charlestown</i>, but by then <i>Charlestown</i> had established a <a href="/wiki/Jury_rigging" title="Jury rigging">jury rigging</a> and she escaped into the darkness under her first officer, Lieutenant Michael Cashman. <i>Hermione</i> and <i>Astrée</i> gave chase but failed to find her again, and by 2200 they abandoned the pursuit. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Captain <a href="/wiki/Rupert_George" title="Rupert George">Rupert George</a> of <i>Vulture</i> led the damaged escorts into a safe harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the British escort was severely damaged, the convoy was still able to pick up a load of coal at Spanish River and deliver it to Halifax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six French and seventeen British sailors were killed in the action.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hermione</i> had three killed, six gravely wounded (three of whom died in the following days), and 13 lightly wounded; <i>Astrée</i> had three killed and 15 wounded. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hermione</i> had sustained a dozen hits, was holed in three places, and had suffered two fires during the action. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Charleston</i> had 8 killed and 29 wounded; <i>Allegiance</i>, 1 killed and 5 wounded; <i>Vulture</i>, 1 killed and 2 wounded; and <i>Vernon</i>, 7 killed and 6 wounded, totaling 13 killed and 42 wounded on the British side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After effective temporary repairs, <i>Astrée</i> and <i>Hermione</i> returned to Boston, arriving on 17 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Learning of their presence, the British scrambled three heavy frigates to intercept <i>Astrée</i> and <i>Hermione</i>, but the division did not meet and the French frigates returned safely to Boston. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Tonge and his crew were taken prisoner to Boston. The French sent <i>Jack</i> to Boston with a prize crew, as they had done with four other ships that they had captured in the previous days: the 18-gun corvette <i>Thorn</i>, captured on 12 July; <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200075_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200075-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 12-gun merchantman <i>Friendship</i>, captured on 17; the 8-gun merchantman <i>Phoenix</i>, captured on 18; and the merchantman <i>Lockard Ross</i>, taken on 19 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200075_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200075-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British recaptured <i>Friendship</i> and <i>Lockard Ross</i> while in transit. </p><p><i>Jack</i> was sold at Salem, only to be recaptured the following year in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle off Halifax">Naval battle off Halifax</a>. (Captain Tonge later commanded the <i>Little Jack</i>, which after a brief skirmish with two American privateers in Canso, took American prisoners to Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Lapérouse and Latouche were at first irritated by <i>Charleston</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s escape, but expressed regrets when they learnt that Evans had died of his wound. Lapérouse called him "a very brave man". <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American privateers attacked British mining on Cape Breton throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1788, <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Louis_de_Rossel_de_Cercy" title="Auguste-Louis de Rossel de Cercy">Rossel de Cercy</a> painted a large depiction of the battle. The painting is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine" title="Musée national de la Marine">Musée national de la Marine</a> in Paris. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse_jeune.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lapérouse in 1778, then a Lieutenant"><img alt="Lapérouse in 1778, then a Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse_jeune.jpg/144px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse_jeune.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse_jeune.jpg/216px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse_jeune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse_jeune.jpg/288px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse_jeune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Lapérouse</a> in 1778, then a <a href="/wiki/Naval_lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval lieutenant">Lieutenant</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astrée (detail of Cercy's Combat naval à la Hauteur de Louisbourg)"><img alt="Astrée (detail of Cercy's Combat naval à la Hauteur de Louisbourg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg/180px-Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg/270px-Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg/360px-Combatlouisbourg400_004210900_1924_14072007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Astr%C3%A9e_(1780)" title="French frigate Astrée (1780)"><i>Astrée</i></a> (detail of <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Louis_de_Rossel_de_Cercy" title="Auguste-Louis de Rossel de Cercy">Cercy</a>'s <i>Combat naval à la Hauteur de Louisbourg</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Hermione_d%C3%A9tail_du_tableau_de_Rossel_de_Cercy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermione (detail of Cercy's Combat naval à la Hauteur de Louisbourg)"><img alt="Hermione (detail of Cercy's Combat naval à la Hauteur de Louisbourg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Hermione_d%C3%A9tail_du_tableau_de_Rossel_de_Cercy.jpg/180px-L%27Hermione_d%C3%A9tail_du_tableau_de_Rossel_de_Cercy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Hermione_d%C3%A9tail_du_tableau_de_Rossel_de_Cercy.jpg/270px-L%27Hermione_d%C3%A9tail_du_tableau_de_Rossel_de_Cercy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Hermione_d%C3%A9tail_du_tableau_de_Rossel_de_Cercy.jpg/360px-L%27Hermione_d%C3%A9tail_du_tableau_de_Rossel_de_Cercy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="1539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1779)" title="French frigate Hermione (1779)">Hermione</a></i> (detail of <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Louis_de_Rossel_de_Cercy" title="Auguste-Louis de Rossel de Cercy">Cercy</a>'s <i>Combat naval à la Hauteur de Louisbourg</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_de_Louisbourg_21Juillet_1781Lieutenant_de_Fregate_auxillaire_Mullon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Description of the order of battle by Lieutenant de Frégate auxillaire Mullon, who was aboard the Hermione the day of the battle."><img alt="Description of the order of battle by Lieutenant de Frégate auxillaire Mullon, who was aboard the Hermione the day of the battle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Combat_de_Louisbourg_21Juillet_1781Lieutenant_de_Fregate_auxillaire_Mullon.jpg/116px-Combat_de_Louisbourg_21Juillet_1781Lieutenant_de_Fregate_auxillaire_Mullon.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Combat_de_Louisbourg_21Juillet_1781Lieutenant_de_Fregate_auxillaire_Mullon.jpg/174px-Combat_de_Louisbourg_21Juillet_1781Lieutenant_de_Fregate_auxillaire_Mullon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Combat_de_Louisbourg_21Juillet_1781Lieutenant_de_Fregate_auxillaire_Mullon.jpg/232px-Combat_de_Louisbourg_21Juillet_1781Lieutenant_de_Fregate_auxillaire_Mullon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Description of the order of battle by Lieutenant de Frégate auxillaire Mullon, who was aboard the <i>Hermione</i> the day of the battle.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptHenryFrancisEvansStPaulsChurchHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capt Henry Francis Evans Memorial, St. Paul's Church (Halifax), Nova Scotia"><img alt="Capt Henry Francis Evans Memorial, St. Paul's Church (Halifax), Nova Scotia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CaptHenryFrancisEvansStPaulsChurchHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/134px-CaptHenryFrancisEvansStPaulsChurchHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CaptHenryFrancisEvansStPaulsChurchHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/202px-CaptHenryFrancisEvansStPaulsChurchHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CaptHenryFrancisEvansStPaulsChurchHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/269px-CaptHenryFrancisEvansStPaulsChurchHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capt Henry Francis Evans Memorial, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Church (Halifax)">St. Paul's Church (Halifax)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <caption>British fleet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="15%;" rowspan="2">Ship </th> <th width="10%;" rowspan="2">Rate </th> <th width="5%;" rowspan="2">Guns </th> <th width="25%;" rowspan="2">Commander </th> <th width="15%;" colspan="3"><small>Casualties</small> </th> <th width="30%;" rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th width="5%;"><small> Killed </small> </th> <th width="5%;"><small> Wounded </small> </th> <th width="5%;"><small> Total</small> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1777)" title="USS Boston (1777)">HMS <i>Charlestown</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth rate">Fifth rate</a> </td> <td align="center">34 </td> <td>Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Evans" title="Henry Francis Evans">Henry Evans</a> </td> <td align="right">8 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">37 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Allegiance_(1779)" title="HMS Allegiance (1779)">HMS <i>Allegiance</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a> </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td>Commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Phips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Phips (page does not exist)">David Phips</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">5 </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Vulture_(1776)" title="HMS Vulture (1776)">HMS <i>Vulture</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a> </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Rupert_George" title="Rupert George">Rupert George</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vernon_(1779_ship)" title="Vernon (1779 ship)"><i>Vernon</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hired_armed_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hired armed vessel">Transport</a> </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">7 </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="right">13 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><i>Jack</i> </td> <td align="center">Merchantman </td> <td align="center">14 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <caption>French fleet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="15%;" rowspan="2">Ship </th> <th width="10%;" rowspan="2">Rate </th> <th width="5%;" rowspan="2">Guns </th> <th width="25%;" rowspan="2">Commander </th> <th width="15%;" colspan="3"><small>Casualties</small> </th> <th width="30%;" rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th width="5%;"><small> Killed </small> </th> <th width="5%;"><small> Wounded </small> </th> <th width="5%;"><small> Total</small> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Astr%C3%A9e_(1780)" title="French frigate Astrée (1780)"><i>Astrée</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth rate">Fifth rate</a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td>Captain <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse">Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse</a> </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1779)" title="French frigate Hermione (1779)"><i>Hermione</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth rate">Fifth rate</a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td>Captain <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ren%C3%A9_Levassor_de_Latouche_Tr%C3%A9ville" title="Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville">Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville</a> </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200063-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200063_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonaque2000">Monaque (2000)</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004a72–73_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2004a">Gwyn (2004a)</a>, p. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004b155-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004b155_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2004b155_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2004b">Gwyn (2004b)</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electriccanadian.com/history/novascotia/collections/20a21collectionsof20novauoft.pdf">p. 29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200064-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200064_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonaque2000">Monaque (2000)</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200066-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200066_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200066_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonaque2000">Monaque (2000)</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200068_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonaque2000">Monaque (2000)</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426225351/https://www.awiatsea.com/incidents/1781-07-21-Battle%20off%20Spanish%20River.pdf">Battle off Spanish River.</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426225351/https://www.awiatsea.com/incidents/1781-07-21-Battle%20off%20Spanish%20River.pdf">Battle off Spanish River.</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200070_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonaque2000">Monaque (2000)</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaque200075-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200075_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaque200075_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonaque2000">Monaque (2000)</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20190512">"Old Province Tales"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Province+Tales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20190512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beamish_Murdoch" title="Beamish Murdoch">Murdoch, Beamish</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorynovasco01murdgoog#page/n639"><i>A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie</i></a>. Vol. II. Halifax: J. Barnes. p. 619.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nova-Scotia%2C+Or+Acadie&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=J.+Barnes&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Beamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorynovasco01murdgoog%23page%2Fn639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044219/http://collections.stfx.ca/cdm/ref/collection/texts/id/6060">"Timothy Hierlihy and his times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.stfx.ca/cdm/ref/collection/texts/id/6060">the original</a> on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timothy+Hierlihy+and+his+times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.stfx.ca%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Ftexts%2Fid%2F6060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallu2007" class="citation book cs1">Ballu, Jean-Marie (2007). <i>L'Hermione, l'aventure de sa reconstruction</i>. Editions du Gerfaut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35191-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35191-018-4"><bdi>978-2-35191-018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Hermione%2C+l%27aventure+de+sa+reconstruction&rft.pub=Editions+du+Gerfaut&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-35191-018-4&rft.aulast=Ballu&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontainieuGaubert2002" class="citation book cs1">Fontainieu, Emmanuel; Gaubert, Yves (2002). <i>L'Hermione, de Rochefort à la gloire américaine</i>. Editions de Monza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-908071-95-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-908071-95-5"><bdi>978-2-908071-95-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Hermione%2C+de+Rochefort+%C3%A0+la+gloire+am%C3%A9ricaine&rft.pub=Editions+de+Monza&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-908071-95-5&rft.aulast=Fontainieu&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Gaubert%2C+Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalbachGireaud2004" class="citation book cs1">Kalbach, Robert; Gireaud, Jean-Luc (2004). <i>L'Hermione, Frégate des Lumières</i>. Dervy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84454-319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84454-319-6"><bdi>978-2-84454-319-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Hermione%2C+Fr%C3%A9gate+des+Lumi%C3%A8res&rft.pub=Dervy&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-84454-319-6&rft.aulast=Kalbach&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Gireaud%2C+Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2004a" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Julian (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzV49UC6mnkC&pg=PP1"><i>Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters, 1745-1815</i></a>. UBC Press. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0911-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-0911-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frigates+and+Foremasts%3A+The+North+American+Squadron+in+Nova+Scotia+Waters%2C+1745-1815&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0911-5&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzV49UC6mnkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2004b" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Julian (2004b). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashoreafloatbrit0000gwyn"><i>Ashore and Afloat: The British Navy and the Halifax Naval Yard Before 1820</i></a></span>. University of Ottawa Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashoreafloatbrit0000gwyn/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-3031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-3031-1"><bdi>978-0-7766-3031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashore+and+Afloat%3A+The+British+Navy+and+the+Halifax+Naval+Yard+Before+1820&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-3031-1&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fashoreafloatbrit0000gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacour-Gayet1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lacour-Gayet" title="Georges Lacour-Gayet">Lacour-Gayet, Georges</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1181278.texteImage"><i>La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI</i></a>. Paris: Honoré Champion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+marine+militaire+de+la+France+sous+le+r%C3%A8gne+de+Louis+XVI&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Lacour-Gayet&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k1181278.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaque2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Monaque" title="Rémi Monaque">Monaque, Rémi</a> (2000). <i>Les aventures de Louis-René de Latouche-Tréville, compagnon de La Fayette et commandant de l'Hermione</i> (in French). Paris: SPM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+aventures+de+Louis-Ren%C3%A9+de+Latouche-Tr%C3%A9ville%2C+compagnon+de+La+Fayette+et+commandant+de+l%27Hermione&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=SPM&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Monaque&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2005" class="citation book cs1">Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). <i>Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours</i>. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9525917-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9525917-0-6"><bdi>978-2-9525917-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+b%C3%A2timents+de+la+flotte+de+guerre+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Colbert+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Group+Retozel-Maury+Millau&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-9525917-0-6&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroude1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/On%C3%A9sime-Joachim_Troude" title="Onésime-Joachim Troude">Troude, Onésime-Joachim</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwZv6FX-RpsC"><i>Batailles navales de la France</i></a> (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batailles+navales+de+la+France&rft.pub=Challamel+ain%C3%A9&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Troude&rft.aufirst=On%C3%A9sime-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwZv6FX-RpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolo2007" class="citation book cs1">Volo, James M. (2007). <i>Blue Water Patriots: The American Revolution Afloat</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98907-1"><bdi>978-0-275-98907-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Water+Patriots%3A+The+American+Revolution+Afloat&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98907-1&rft.aulast=Volo&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, Rif (2007). <i>British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates</i>. Seaforth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-295-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-295-5"><bdi>978-1-86176-295-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Warships+of+the+Age+of+Sail+1714%E2%80%931792%3A+Design%2C+Construction%2C+Careers+and+Fates&rft.pub=Seaforth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-295-5&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Rif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAction+of+21+July+1781" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>External links</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221023719/http://www.awiatsea.com/Royal%20Navy/Battle%20off%20Spanish%20River-British%20Narrative.html#B000014T">The Royal Gazette, New York, 08 Dec 1781, p. 3, col. 2-3.</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&oldid=1253183701">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_of_21_July_1781&oldid=1253183701</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_involving_France" title="Category:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving France">Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_involving_Great_Britain" title="Category:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain">Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Category:Naval battles of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Naval battles of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1781" title="Category:Conflicts in 1781">Conflicts in 1781</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Conflicts in Nova Scotia">Conflicts in Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Maritime history of Canada">Maritime history of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1780s_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:1780s in Nova Scotia">1780s in Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Nova Scotia">Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Nova Scotia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018">Use dmy dates from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 18:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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