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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Population affinities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_affinities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population affinities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_affinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_of_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_of_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cult of the dead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_of_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livelihood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livelihood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Livelihood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livelihood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_zoology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_zoology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In zoology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_zoology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vedda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddl%C9%99r" title="Veddlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veddlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Веды (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Веды (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddah" title="Veddah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veddah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddov%C3%A9" title="Veddové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veddové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddas" title="Veddas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Veddas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanniyala-Aetto" title="Wanniyala-Aetto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wanniyala-Aetto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedda_etnia" title="Vedda etnia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vedda etnia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vedda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="베다인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베다인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="वैदा लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैदा लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Wedda" title="Suku Wedda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Wedda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vedda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98)" title="ვედები (ხალხი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვედები (ხალხი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Веддалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Веддалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedai" title="Vedai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vedai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda_(vahoaka)" title="Veda (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Veda (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC" title="വെദ്ധാ വംശജർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെദ്ധാ വംശജർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%80%E4%BA%BA" title="ヴェッダ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェッダ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddlar" title="Veddlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Veddlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddowie" title="Weddowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Weddowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanniyala-Aetto" title="Wanniyala-Aetto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wanniyala-Aetto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Ведды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ведды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="වැදි ජනයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වැදි ජනයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddas" title="Veddas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veddas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ڤێدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddat" title="Veddat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veddat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddafolket" title="Veddafolket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veddafolket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88)" title="வேடுவர் (இலங்கை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேடுவர் (இலங்கை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ванниялаето – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ванниялаето" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ведди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ведди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E8%BE%BE%E4%BA%BA" title="维达人 – Chinese" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Vedda people</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people in Sri Lanka</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a>. For articles with similar titles, see <a href="/wiki/Veda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Veda (disambiguation)">Veda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vedic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic people">Vedic people</a> or <a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda people</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki 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10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Vedda</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vedda_man_and_child,_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vedda_man_and_child%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/270px-Vedda_man_and_child%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vedda_man_and_child%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/405px-Vedda_man_and_child%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Vedda_man_and_child%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Vedda man and child.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Between <b>2,500 - 6,600</b><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (less than 0.20% of the population) (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Sri Lanka <span class="nowrap">      </span> 2,500 (2002)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditional animistic beliefs with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Vedda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">වැද්දා</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈvædːaː]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">வேடர்</span> (<i>Vēḍar</i>)), or <b>Wanniyalaeto</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a minority <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> group of people in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> who, among other sub-communities such as <a href="/wiki/Coast_Veddas" title="Coast Veddas">Coast Veddas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Veddas" title="Anuradhapura Veddas">Anuradhapura Veddas</a> and Bintenne Veddas,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are accorded indigenous status. The Vedda minority in Sri Lanka may become completely assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most speak <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> instead of their indigenous languages, which are nearing extinction. It has been hypothesized that the Vedda were probably the earliest inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and have lived on the island since before the arrival of other groups from the Indian mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2024 genetics study using high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> found that the Veddas were genetically closer to the <a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juang_people" title="Juang people">Juang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irula_people" title="Irula people">Irula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paniya_people" title="Paniya people">Paniya</a> tribes (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Pallar" title="Pallar">Pallar</a> caste) of India, than to the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WeliVedda_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeliVedda-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concluded that the Veddas were "a genetically drifted group with limited gene flow from neighbouring Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil populations" and that the maternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">Haplogroup M</a> mediated their initial settlement of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-WeliVedda_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeliVedda-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have shown the Vedda share genetic components with the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils as well as genetic affinity with the Irula, Kota and Mulla Kuruma of India, the <a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> of Malaysia and tribal groups of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Myanmar" title="Upper Myanmar">Upper Myanmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WeliVedda_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeliVedda-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ratnapura District, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sabaragamuwa_Province" title="Sabaragamuwa Province">Sabaragamuwa Province</a>, is known to have been inhabited by the Veddas in the distant past. This has been shown by scholars like Nandadeva Wijesekera. The very name <i>Sabaragamuwa</i> is believed to have meant the village of the <i>Sabaras</i> or "forest barbarians". Place-names such as <i>Vedda-gala</i> (Vedda Rock), <i>Vedda-ela</i> (Vedda Canal) and <i>Vedi-Kanda</i> (Vedda Mountain) in the Ratnapura District also bear testimony to this. As Wijesekera observes, a strong Vedda element is discernible in the population of <i>Vedda-gala</i> and its environs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnonyms of Vedda include <i>Vadda</i>, <i>Veddah</i>, <i>Veddha</i> and <i>Vaddo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Vedda" is a word that stems from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> word <i>Vēdan</i> meaning "hunter",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>vyādha</i> ("hunter") or <i>veddhṛ</i> ("the one who pierces").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_affinities">Population affinities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Population affinities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vedda are often seen as the native population of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. A 2011 study on dental characteristics suggested a close relation between Vedda and other South Asians as well as to western Eurasian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 study on crania showed the Vedda to have close affinities with other South Asian populations such as other <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">South Indians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> and to differ significantly from <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman islanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 craniometric study by Raghavan et al. showed that the Vedda are closely related to other groups in Sri Lanka and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, especially to <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>, and also indicated deep relations between South Asian populations and the modern populations of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. According to Raghavan et al. the cranial characteristics of the Vedda are closest to other South Asians and distinct from "Australo-Melanesians". However, Raghavan et al. also, while also noting the distinctiveness of between South Asian (including Vedda) and Andamanese crania, explain that this is not in conflict with genetic evidence showing a partial common ancestry (a non-West Eurasian component known as "Ancestral South Indian" or "ASI") and genetic affinity between South Asians and the native <a href="/wiki/Andamanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Andamanese">Andamanese</a> (who are sometimes classified as <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Australo-Melanesians">Australo-Melanesians</a>), stating that "The distinctiveness of Andamanese and southern Indian crania need not challenge the finding by <a href="/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)" title="David Reich (geneticist)">Reich</a> et al. for an "Ancestral South Indian" ancestry shared by southern Indians and Andamanese", and that the differences may be in part due to the greater craniometric specialization of South Asians compared to Andamanese.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups ancestral to the modern <a href="/wiki/Vedda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Veddas</a> were probably the earliest inhabitants of Sri Lanka. Their arrival is dated tentatively to about 40,000–35,000 years ago. They show a relationship with other South Asian and Sri Lankan populations, but are genetically distinguishable from the other peoples of Sri Lanka, and show a high degree of intra-group diversity. This is consistent with a long history of existing as small subgroups undergoing significant <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ranaweera_2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranaweera_2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup R (mtDNA)">R</a> and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a> and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">haplogroup M</a> is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups. It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U "found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent."<sup id="cite_ref-Ranaweera_2014_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranaweera_2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study on maternal haplogroups in Sri Lankan groups (also the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese) found similar results, with the Vedda belonging predominantly to the mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">haplogroup N</a> (which "exists in almost all European, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceanian</a>, and many Asian and Amerindian populations.") and its subgroups U and R (with those comprising about two thirds of their maternal lineages), differing from other South Asian groups (such as the Sri Lankan Tamil, Sinhalese, and several Indian Tribal groups) among whom haplogroup M is predominant. The study also found that "South Asian (Indian) haplogroups were predominant" in the three Sri Lankan groups (including the Vedda) but that the Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Vedda populations also "had a considerable presence of West Eurasian haplogroups." One phylogenetic study on mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segments HVI and part of HVII showed the Vedda to be "genetically distinct from other major ethnic groups (Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils) in Sri Lanka." Another study on alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein allele frequency showed the Veddas and Sinhalese to be more biologically related to each other than to most other ethnic groups in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tisahamy_Aththo_(Vedda_Chief).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tisahamy_Aththo_%28Vedda_Chief%29.jpg/170px-Tisahamy_Aththo_%28Vedda_Chief%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tisahamy_Aththo_%28Vedda_Chief%29.jpg/255px-Tisahamy_Aththo_%28Vedda_Chief%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tisahamy_Aththo_%28Vedda_Chief%29.jpg/340px-Tisahamy_Aththo_%28Vedda_Chief%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Most prominent Vedda chief late Tisahamy Aththo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tisahamy_Aththo_with_Some_Vedda_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tisahamy_Aththo_with_Some_Vedda_Women.jpg/170px-Tisahamy_Aththo_with_Some_Vedda_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tisahamy_Aththo_with_Some_Vedda_Women.jpg/255px-Tisahamy_Aththo_with_Some_Vedda_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tisahamy_Aththo_with_Some_Vedda_Women.jpg/340px-Tisahamy_Aththo_with_Some_Vedda_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Tisahamy Aththo with some Vedda women</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Important_locations_of_Anuradhapura_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Important_locations_of_Anuradhapura_Kingdom.png/220px-Important_locations_of_Anuradhapura_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Important_locations_of_Anuradhapura_Kingdom.png/330px-Important_locations_of_Anuradhapura_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Important_locations_of_Anuradhapura_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Rata" title="Malaya Rata">Malaya Rata</a> was the historical center of the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>-based creole.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original language of the Veddas is the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a>, which today is used primarily by the interior Veddas of <a href="/wiki/Dambana,_Sri_Lanka" title="Dambana, Sri Lanka">Dambana</a>. Communities such as <a href="/wiki/Coast_Veddas" title="Coast Veddas">Coast Veddas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Veddas" title="Anuradhapura Veddas">Anuradhapura Veddas</a>, who do not identify themselves strictly as Veddas, also use Vedda language for communication during hunting and or for religious chants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When a systematic field study was conducted in 1959, it was determined that the language was confined to the older generation of Veddas from Dambana. In the 1990s, self-identifying Veddas knew few words and phrases in the Vedda language, but there were individuals who knew the language comprehensively. Initially, there was considerable debate among <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a> as to whether Vedda is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> or an independent language. Later studies indicate that it diverged from its parent stock in the 10th century and became a <a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creole</a> and a stable independent language by the 13th century, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>. </p><p>The parent Vedda language(s) is of unknown <a href="/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic (linguistics)">genetic origins</a>, while Sinhala is of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologically</a> it is distinguished from Sinhala by the higher frequency of <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a> sounds C and J. The effect is also heightened by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">inanimate</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixes">suffixes</a>. Vedda language word class is <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphologically</a> divided into <a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a> and variables with unique <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender distinctions</a> in animate nouns. Per its Creole tradition, it has reduced and simplified many forms of Sinhala such as second person <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a> and denotations of negative meanings. Instead of borrowing new words from Sinhala, Vedda created combinations of words from a limited lexical stock. Vedda also maintains many <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic</a> Sinhala terms prior to the 10th to 12th centuries, as a <a href="/wiki/Relict" title="Relict">relict</a> of its close contact with Sinhala. Vedda also retains a number of unique words that cannot be derived from Sinhala. Likewise, Sinhala has also borrowed from the original Vedda language, words, and grammatical structures, differentiating it from its related Indo-Aryan languages. Vedda has exerted a <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> influence in the formation of Sinhala. </p><p>Veddas that have adopted <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> are found primarily in the southeastern part of the country, especially in the vicinity of Bintenne in <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva Province</a>. There are also Veddas that have adopted Sinhala who live in Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrow1978_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrow1978-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nira_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nira-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another group, often termed <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Veddas" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast Veddas">East Coast Veddas</a>, is found in coastal areas of the Eastern Province, between <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>. These Veddas have adopted <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> as their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-vedda.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedda.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_aspects">Cultural aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_2">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a></div> <p>The parent of Vedda language is of unknown <a href="/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic (linguistics)">linguistic origin</a> and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. Early linguists and observers of the language considered it to be either a separate language or a dialect of Sinhala. The chief proponent of the dialect theory was <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Wilhelm Geiger</a>, but he also contradicted himself by claiming that Vedda was a <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexified</a> aboriginal language.<sup id="cite_ref-V227_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V227-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veddas consider the Vedda language to be distinct from Sinhala and use it as an ethnic marker to differentiate them from Sinhalese people.<sup id="cite_ref-D81_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D81-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original religion of Veddas is <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. The Sinhalized interior Veddahs follow a mix of animism and nominal <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>; whereas the Tamilized east coast Veddahs follow a mix of animism and nominal <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">folk</a> influences among anthropologists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the most distinctive features of Vedda religion is the worship of dead ancestors, who are called <i>nae yaku</i> among the Sinhala-speaking Veddas and are invoked for the game and <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeligmannSeligmann1911123–135_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeligmannSeligmann1911123–135-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also peculiar deities unique to Veddas, such as <i>Kande Yakka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeligmannSeligmann191130–31_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeligmannSeligmann191130–31-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veddas, along with the Island's <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> communities, venerate the temple complex situated at <a href="/wiki/Kataragama" title="Kataragama">Kataragama</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> that has evolved over 2,000 years of coexistence and assimilation. Kataragama is supposed to be the site where the Hindu god Skanda or <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> met and married a local tribal girl, <a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a>, who in Sri Lanka is believed to have been a Vedda.<sup id="cite_ref-Kataragama_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kataragama-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of less famous <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> across the island which are sacred to the Veddas as well as to other communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kataragama_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kataragama-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals">Rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veddah_ritual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Veddah_ritual.jpg/220px-Veddah_ritual.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Veddah_ritual.jpg/330px-Veddah_ritual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Veddah_ritual.jpg/440px-Veddah_ritual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>A Veddah ritual about to be performed</figcaption></figure> <p>Vedda marriage is a simple ceremony. It consists of the bride tying a bark rope (<i>Diya lanuva</i>) that she has twisted, around the waist of the groom. This symbolizes the bride's acceptance of the man as her mate and life partner. Although <a href="/wiki/Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous">endogamous</a> marriage between cross-cousins was the norm until recently, this has changed significantly, with Vedda women even contracting marriages with their Sinhalese and Moor neighbors. </p><p>In Vedda society, women are in many respects men's equals. They are entitled to similar inheritance. Monogamy is the general rule, though a widow would frequently marry her husband's brother as a means of support and consolation (<a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate marriage</a>). They also do not practice a <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Death, too, is a simple affair without ostentatious funeral ceremonies where the corpse of the deceased is promptly buried. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the opening of colonization schemes, Vedda burials changed when they dug graves of 1.2–1.5 m (4–5 feet) deep and wrapped the body wrapped cloth and covered it with leaves and earth. The Veddas also laid the body between the scooped out trunks of the <i>gadumba</i> tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Trema_orientalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema orientalis">Trema orientalis</a></i>) before they buried it. At the head of the grave were kept three open coconuts and a small bundle of wood, while at its foot were kept an opened <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and an untouched coconut. Certain cactus species (<i>pathok</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia_dillenii" title="Opuntia dillenii">Opuntia dillenii</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia_stricta" title="Opuntia stricta">O. stricta</a></i>) were planted at the head, the middle and the foot. Personal possessions like the bow and arrow, betel pouch, were also buried. This practice varied by community. The contents of the <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> pouch of the deceased were eaten after his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_of_the_dead">Cult of the dead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cult of the dead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Veddas practice what is referred to by Western ethnologists as "a cult of the dead".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vedda perception of the world when originally studied in the mid 19th and early 20th centuries was not divided into polarities as life and afterlife or living and dead. At that time when asked whether the dead lived on as spirits they found that "they did not consider whether the departed were living or dead, they were just spirits...all spirits were alike neither good nor bad".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the words of John Bailey studying this population in 1853: "the Veddahs have a vague belief in a host of undefined spirits, whose influence is rather for good than evil...they believe the air is peopled by spirits, that every rock and every tree, every forest and every hill, in short every feature of nature, has its genus loci;but these seem little else than nameless phantoms whom they regard with mysterious awe than actual dread".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to this experience of the world often referred to as "animism" they have a belief that after death every relative is a spirit "of those who watches over the welfare of those left behind. These, which include their ancestors and their children, the term their 'nehya yakoon', kindred spirits. They describe them as ever watchful, coming to them in sickness, visiting them in dreams, giving them flesh when hunting".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vedda behavior at the time of these original ethnological studies regarding the recently dead is quite different from our behavior toward the dead. "When a person dies it is the hetha that killed him; and the hetha of the dead one remains by the corpse and haunts the vicinity for years."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the Vedda tribes studied at that time held what is referred to as a "kirikohraha ceremony". This was often held "to present an offering to the newly dead within a week or two of their decease...The yaku of the recently dead....are supposed to stand towards the surviving members of the group in the light of friends and relatives, who if well treated will continue to show loving kindness to their survivors, and only if neglected will show disgust and anger by withdrawing their assistance, or becoming actively hostile."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groepsportret_van_Veddah_mannen_in_de_bossen_van_Ceylon_Veddahs_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-F80068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Groepsportret_van_Veddah_mannen_in_de_bossen_van_Ceylon_Veddahs_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F80068.jpg/220px-Groepsportret_van_Veddah_mannen_in_de_bossen_van_Ceylon_Veddahs_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F80068.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Groepsportret_van_Veddah_mannen_in_de_bossen_van_Ceylon_Veddahs_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F80068.jpg/330px-Groepsportret_van_Veddah_mannen_in_de_bossen_van_Ceylon_Veddahs_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F80068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Groepsportret_van_Veddah_mannen_in_de_bossen_van_Ceylon_Veddahs_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F80068.jpg/440px-Groepsportret_van_Veddah_mannen_in_de_bossen_van_Ceylon_Veddahs_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F80068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4062" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>Group portrait of Veddah men in the forests, between 1870 and 1904.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until fairly recent times, the clothing of the Veddas was limited. In the case of men, it consisted only of a <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a> suspended with a string at the waist, while in the case of women, it was a piece of cloth that extended from the navel to the knees. Today, however, Vedda attire is more covering, men wear a short <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a> extending from the waist to the knees, while the women clad themselves in a garment similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> <i>diya-redda</i> which extends from the breast line to the knees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Bori Bori Sellam-Sellam Bedo Wannita,</i> </p><p><i>Palletalawa Navinna-Pita Gosin Vetenne,</i> </p><p><i>Malpivili genagene-Hele Kado Navinne,</i> </p><p><i>Diyapivili Genagene-Thige Bo Haliskote Peni,</i> </p><p><i>Ka tho ipal denne</i> </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>A Vedda honeycomb cutter's folk song<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Meaning of this song: The bees from yonder hills of Palle Talawa and Kade suck nectar from the flowers and made the honeycomb. So why should you give them undue pain when there is no honey by cutting the honeycomb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livelihood">Livelihood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Livelihood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veddah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Veddah.jpg/180px-Veddah.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Veddah.jpg/270px-Veddah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Veddah.jpg/360px-Veddah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>A Veddah hunter with bow and arrow</figcaption></figure> <p>Veddas were originally <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. They used bows and arrows to hunt game, harpoons and toxic plants for fishing and gathered wild plants, yams, honey, fruit and nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Veddas also farm, frequently using <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> or swidden cultivation, which is called <i>Hena</i> in Sri Lanka. East Coast Veddas also practice sea fishing. Veddas are famously known for their rich meat diet. Venison and the flesh of rabbit, turtle, tortoise, monitor lizard, wild boar and the common brown monkey are consumed with much relish. The Veddas kill only for food and do not harm young or pregnant animals. Game is commonly shared amongst the family and clan. Fish are caught by employing fish poisons such as the juice of the <i>pus-vel</i> (Entada scandens) and <i>daluk-kiri</i> (Cactus milk). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vedar_bow_and_harpoon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vedar_bow_and_harpoon.gif/60px-Vedar_bow_and_harpoon.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vedar_bow_and_harpoon.gif/90px-Vedar_bow_and_harpoon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vedar_bow_and_harpoon.gif/120px-Vedar_bow_and_harpoon.gif 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Vedda bow and fishing harpoon</figcaption></figure> <p>Vedda culinary fare is also deserving of mention. Amongst the best known are <i>gona perume</i>, which is a sort of sausage containing alternate layers of meat and fat, and <i>goya-tel-perume</i>, which is the tail of the monitor lizard (talagoya), stuffed with fat obtained from its sides and roasted in embers. Another Vedda delicacy is dried meat preserve soaked in honey. The Veddas used to preserve such meat in the hollow of a tree, enclosing it with clay. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equipment_used.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Equipment_used.jpg/220px-Equipment_used.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Equipment_used.jpg/330px-Equipment_used.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Equipment_used.jpg/440px-Equipment_used.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Some of the bows used by the Veddahs</figcaption></figure> <p>Such succulent meat served as a ready food supply in times of scarcity. The early part of the year (January–February) is considered to be the season of yams and mid-year (June–July) that of fruit and honey, while hunting is availed of throughout the year. <i>Kurakkan</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Eleusine_coracana" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusine coracana">Eleusine coracana</a></i>) is cultivated very often. Maize, yams, gourds and melons are also cultivated. The Veddas used to live in caves and rock shelters. Today, they live in huts of wattle, daub and thatch. </p><p>In the reign of Datusena (6th century CE) the Mahaweli ganga was diverted at Minipe in the Minipe canal nearly 80 km (47 miles) long said to be constructed with help from the Yakkas. The Mahawamsa refers to the canal as Yaka-bendi-ela. When the Ruwanweli Seya was built in King Dutugemunu's time (2nd century BCE) the Veddas procured the necessary minerals from the jungles. </p><p>Parakrama Bahu the Great (12th century), in his war against the rebels, employed Veddas as scouts. </p><p>Rajasinghe II (17th century), in his battle with the Dutch, had a Vedda regiment. In the abortive Uva-Welessa revolt of 1817–1818 of the British times, led by Keppetipola Disawe, the Veddas too fought with the rebels against the British forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−45.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+233.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−15.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−53.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1953 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−66.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1963 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−50.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px"></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989 (est.) </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px"></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px"></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px"></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Census_%26_Statistics,_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Department of Census<br />& Statistics</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Data is based on <br /><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Government">Sri Lankan Government</a> Census.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some observers have said Veddas are disappearing and have lamented the decline of their distinct culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Nira_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nira-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land acquisition for mass irrigation projects, government forest reserve restrictions, and the civil war have disrupted traditional Vedda ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Nira_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nira-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1977 and 1983 under the Accelerated <a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_Development_programme" title="Mahaweli Development programme">Mahaweli Development Project</a> and colonization schemes, approximately 51468 hectares were turned into a gigantic hydroelectric dam irrigation project.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-passports_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passports-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Maduru_Oya_National_Park" title="Maduru Oya National Park">Maduru Oya National Park</a> deprived the Veddhas their last hunting grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-passports_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passports-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, the Veddha Chief Thissahamy and his delegation were obstructed from attending the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Indigenous_Populations" title="Working Group on Indigenous Populations">Working Group on Indigenous Populations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-passports_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passports-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Wiveca Stegeborn, an <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>, has been studying the Vedda since 1977 and alleges that their young women are being tricked into accepting contracts to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a> when in fact they will be <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficked</a> into <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> or sold as <a href="/wiki/Sex_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slaves">sex slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> of Veddas with other local populations has been going on for a long time. "Vedda" has been used in Sri Lanka to mean not only hunter-gatherers but also to refer to any people who adopt an unsettled and rural way of life and thus can be a <a href="/wiki/Derogatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Derogatory">derogatory</a> term not based on ethnic group. Thus, over time, it is possible for non-Vedda groups to become Veddas, in this broad cultural sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrow197834_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrow197834-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vedda populations of this kind are increasing in some districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrow19783_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrow19783-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_zoology">In zoology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In zoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A spider genus endemic to Sri Lanka was named <i><a href="/wiki/Wanniyala" title="Wanniyala">Wanniyala</a></i> as a dedication to Sri Lanka's oldest civilized people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A species of Sri Lankan snake, <i><a href="/wiki/Indotyphlops_veddae" class="mw-redirect" title="Indotyphlops veddae">Indotyphlops veddae</a></i>, was named in honor of the Vedda.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asian ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></li> <li>The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/sri-lankan-political-geography/vedda">"Vedda | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span> – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+Debrief+News+-+21.+07.+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2ae4JoWqWkU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-passports-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-passports_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passports_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passports_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedda.org/wanniyalaeto.htm">Sri Lanka's Indigenous Wanniya-laeto: A Case History</a>, vedda.org Retrieved 4-12-2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220031338/http://gender-policy.tripod.com/backissues/March01.html#Article%20Two">"Endangered Wanniyala-Aetto Women sent as Sex Slaves to the Middle East"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gender-policy.tripod.com/backissues/March01.html#Article%20Two">the original</a> on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Wanniyala-Aetto+Women+sent+as+Sex+Slaves+to+the+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgender-policy.tripod.com%2Fbackissues%2FMarch01.html%23Article%2520Two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrow197834-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrow197834_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrow1978">Brow 1978</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217140154/http://www.artsrilanka.org/essays/vaddaprimitivism/index.html">"Obeyesekere, Gananath. Colonial Histories and Vadda Primitivism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsrilanka.org/essays/vaddaprimitivism/index.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obeyesekere%2C+Gananath.+Colonial+Histories+and+Vadda+Primitivism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsrilanka.org%2Fessays%2Fvaddaprimitivism%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrow19783-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrow19783_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrow1978">Brow 1978</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber,_Bernhard_A.Benjamin,_Suresh_P.2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_A._Huber" class="extiw" title="fr:Bernhard A. Huber">Huber, Bernhard A.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span>; Benjamin, Suresh P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pholcidae.de/PDFs/sri_lanka_2005.pdf">"The pholcid spiders from Sri Lanka: redescription of <i>Pholcus ceylonicus</i> and description of a new genus (Araneae: Pholcidae)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Natural History</i>. <b>39</b> (37): 3305–3319. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JNatH..39.3305H">2005JNatH..39.3305H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222930500145123">10.1080/00222930500145123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53418516">53418516</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+pholcid+spiders+from+Sri+Lanka%3A+redescription+of+Pholcus+ceylonicus+and+description+of+a+new+genus+%28Araneae%3A+Pholcidae%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=3305-3319&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53418516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00222930500145123&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JNatH..39.3305H&rft.au=Huber%2C+Bernhard+A.&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Suresh+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pholcidae.de%2FPDFs%2Fsri_lanka_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). <i>The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5">978-1-4214-0135-5</a>. ("Vedda/Veddha", p. 273).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrow1978" class="citation book cs1">Brow, James (1978). <i>Vedda Villages of Anuradhapura</i>. University of Washington Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedda+Villages+of+Anuradhapura&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Brow&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharmadasa1974" class="citation journal cs1">Dharmadasa, K. N. O. (February 1974). "The Creolization of an Aboriginal language:The case of Vedda in Sri Lanka (Ceylon)". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>16</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>: 79–106. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30029514">30029514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Creolization+of+an+Aboriginal+language%3AThe+case+of+Vedda+in+Sri+Lanka+%28Ceylon%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-106&rft.date=1974-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30029514%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dharmadasa&rft.aufirst=K.+N.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Driem2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">Van Driem, George</a> (15 January 2002). <i>Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10390-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10390-2"><bdi>90-04-10390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+Himalayas%3A+An+Ethnolinguistic+Handbook+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002-01-15&rft.isbn=90-04-10390-2&rft.aulast=Van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligmannSeligmann1911" class="citation book cs1">Seligmann, Charles; Seligmann, Brenda (1911). <i>The Veddas</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Veddas&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Seligmann&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Seligmann%2C+Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeDaly2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard, eds. (March 2005). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-60919-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-60919-4"><bdi>0-521-60919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+Hunters+and+Gatherers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-03&rft.isbn=0-521-60919-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulatilake2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kulatilake, Samanti (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.200428">"The Sarasins' Collection of Historical Sri Lankan Crania"</a>. <i>Anthropological Science</i>. <b>128</b> (3): 119–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.200428">10.1537/ase.200428</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Science&rft.atitle=The+Sarasins%27+Collection+of+Historical+Sri+Lankan+Crania&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=119-128&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1537%2Fase.200428&rft.aulast=Kulatilake&rft.aufirst=Samanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1537%252Fase.200428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A great deal of information on them can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedda.org">Vedda.org</a> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.survival-international.org/tribes.php?tribe_id=59">Survival International profile on the Wanniyala-Aetto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srilankareference.org/srilankahistory/thammanna.htm">Sri Lankan history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/cul/veddha/veddha_1.htm">Veddas - now only a household name</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=32048#">Veddas of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu3y9sHBWBs">Last of the Devil Dancers</a></li></ul> <div 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan people">Sri Lankans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan diaspora">Sri Lankan diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Indians in Sri Lanka">Indians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bharatha_people" title="Bharatha people">Bharatha</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Chetties" title="Sri Lankan Chetties">Chetty</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Tamil</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Telugus" title="Sri Lankan Telugus">Telugu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Malays</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Sri_Lankans" title="Javanese Sri Lankans">Javanese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Pathans in Sri Lanka">Pathans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Burghers" title="Dutch Burghers">Dutch Burghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Portuguese Burghers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Japanese people in Sri Lanka">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Koreans in Sri Lanka">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Maldivians in Sri Lanka">Maldivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memons_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Memons in Sri Lanka">Memons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> by <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Location of Africa"><img alt="Location of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Eurasia" title="Location of Eurasia"><img alt="Location of Eurasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Location of North America"><img alt="Location of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Location of Oceania"><img alt="Location of Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Location of South America"><img alt="Location of South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:khaki;"><div><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples by geographic regions</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369883#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369883#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369883#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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