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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كتسياس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتسياس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ктэсій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ктэсій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ктезий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ктезий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ct%C3%A8sies_de_Cnidos" title="Ctèsies de Cnidos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ctèsies de Cnidos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kt%C3%A9si%C3%A1s" title="Ktésiás – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ktésiás" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesias_von_Knidos" title="Ktesias von Knidos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ktesias von Knidos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κτησίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κτησίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ctesias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezio_de_Knido" title="Ktezio de Knido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ktezio de Knido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کتزیاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتزیاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ct%C3%A9sias" title="Ctésias – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ctésias" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ctesias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%ED%85%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4" title="크테시아스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크테시아스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Կտեսիաս Կնիդացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կտեսիաս Կնիդացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezije" title="Ktezije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ktezije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesias" title="Ktesias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ktesias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesia_di_Cnido" title="Ctesia di Cnido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ctesia di Cnido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1" title="קטסיאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטסיאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ктесий Книдский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ктесий Книдский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ctesias" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesijus" title="Ktesijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ktesijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്റ്റെസിയസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്റ്റെസിയസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كتسياس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتسياس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ctesias" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9" title="クテシアス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クテシアス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesias_fra_Knidos" title="Ktesias fra Knidos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ktesias fra Knidos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesii_Knidlik" title="Ktesii Knidlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ktesii Knidlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezjasz" title="Ktezjasz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ktezjasz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ct%C3%A9sias_de_Cnido" title="Ctésias de Cnido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ctésias de Cnido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ctesias" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ктесий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ктесий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kt%C3%A9sias" title="Ktésias – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ktésias" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezij" title="Ktezij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ktezij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Ктезије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ктезије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezija" title="Ktezija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ktezija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesias" title="Ktesias – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ktesias" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesias_av_Knidos" title="Ktesias av Knidos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ktesias av Knidos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesias" title="Ktesias – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ktesias" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ктесій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ктесій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="克特西亚斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克特西亚斯" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fifth century BC Greek physician and historian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the genus, see <a href="/wiki/Ctesias_(beetle)" title="Ctesias (beetle)">Ctesias (beetle)</a>.</div> <p><b>Ctesias</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TEE</span>-zhəs</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κτησίᾱς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ktēsíās</i></span>; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century BC</span>), also known as <b>Ctesias of Cnidus</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> from the town of <a href="/wiki/Cnidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidus">Cnidus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_events">Historical events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg/330px-Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg/495px-Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg/660px-Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Ctesias was on the Achaemenid side, attending to <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a> (401 BC), Jean Adrien Guignet</figcaption></figure> <p>Ctesias, who lived in the fifth century BC, was physician to the Achaemenid king, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II</a>, whom he accompanied in 401 BC on his expedition against his brother <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ctesias was part of the entourage of King Artaxerxes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a> (401 BC) against Cyrus the Younger and his Greek mercenaries called the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand" title="Ten Thousand">Ten Thousand</a>, when Ctesias provided medical assistance to the king by treating his flesh wound.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reportedly was involved in negotiations with the Greeks after the battle, and also helped their Spartan general <a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Sparta" title="Clearchus of Sparta">Clearchus</a> before his execution at the royal court at Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ctesias was the author of treatises on rivers and on the Persian revenues, as well as an account of India, <i><a href="/wiki/Indica_(Ctesias)" title="Indica (Ctesias)">Indica</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰνδικά</span></span>), and of a history of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Persia">Persia</a> in 23 books, <i>Persica</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Περσικά</span></span>), drawn from documents in the Persian Royal Archives, written in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic dialect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persica"><i>Persica</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Persica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persica_(Ctesias)" title="Persica (Ctesias)">Persica (Ctesias)</a></div> <p>The first six books of <i>Persica</i> covered the history of Assyria and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> to the foundation of the Persian empire in 550 BC by Cyrus the Great; the remaining 17 books covered the years to 398 BC. Of the two histories, abridgments by <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a> and fragments are preserved by <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, whose second book is derived mainly from Ctesias. As to the worth of <i><a href="/wiki/Persica_(Ctesias)" title="Persica (Ctesias)">Persica</a></i>, much controversy occurred, both in ancient and modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many ancient authorities valued the work highly and used it to discredit <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, a modern author writes, "(Ctesias's) unreliability makes Herodotus seem a model of accuracy."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, Ctesias's account of the Assyrian kings does not reconcile with the <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> evidence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The satirist <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> thought so little of the historical reliability of Ctesias that in his satirical <i><a href="/wiki/True_History" class="mw-redirect" title="True History">True Story</a></i> he places Ctesias on an island where the evil were punished. Lucian wrote, "The people who suffered the greatest torment were those who had told lies when they were alive and written mendacious histories; among them were Ctesias of Cnidus, Herodotus, and many others."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, Ctesias mentioned that the grave of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> was in a cliff face that could be reached with an apparatus of ropes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indica"><i>Indica</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indica_(Ctesias)" title="Indica (Ctesias)">Indica (Ctesias)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Strange_People_-_Umbrella_Foot_(XIIr).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Strange_People_-_Umbrella_Foot_%28XIIr%29.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Strange_People_-_Umbrella_Foot_%28XIIr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Strange_People_-_Umbrella_Foot_%28XIIr%29.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Strange_People_-_Umbrella_Foot_%28XIIr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Strange_People_-_Umbrella_Foot_%28XIIr%29.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Strange_People_-_Umbrella_Foot_%28XIIr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Some absurd claims form part of <i>Indica</i>, such as the stories of a <a href="/wiki/Monopod_(creature)" title="Monopod (creature)">race of people with only one leg</a>, or with feet so big they could be used as an umbrella</figcaption></figure> <p>A record of the view that the Persians held of India was written by Ctesias under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Indica_(Ctesias)" title="Indica (Ctesias)">Indica</a></i>. It includes descriptions of artisans, philosophers, and people having the qualities of deities, as well as accounts of unquantifiable gold, among other riches and wonders.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is of value as it records the beliefs of the Persians about India.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book only remains in fragments and in reports made about the book by later authors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesias&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ctesias" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ctesias">Ctesias</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 594.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ctesias&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=594&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The first certain event related to Ctesias is his medical assistance to the king during the battle of Cunaxa and his treatment of his flesh wound (Plut. Art. 11.3) in 401 BCE" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2014" class="citation book cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIbOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The Greek World in the 4th and 3rd Centuries BC: Electrum vol. 19</i></a>. Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323388197" title="Special:BookSources/9788323388197"><bdi>9788323388197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World+in+the+4th+and+3rd+Centuries+BC%3A+Electrum+vol.+19&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+UJ&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788323388197&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIbOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowa2014" class="citation book cs1">Dąbrowa, Edward (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIbOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The Greek World in the 4th and 3rd Centuries BC: Electrum vol. 19</i></a>. Wydawnictwo UJ. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323388197" title="Special:BookSources/9788323388197"><bdi>9788323388197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World+in+the+4th+and+3rd+Centuries+BC%3A+Electrum+vol.+19&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+UJ&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788323388197&rft.aulast=D%C4%85browa&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIbOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1740/00dissertation.pdf?sequence=2">Peter Frederick Barker, <i>From The Scamander To Syracuse, Studies In Ancient Logistics</i>, page 9, chapter 1.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian, <i>A True Story</i>, 2.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Persepolis">"Persepolis"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persepolis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPersepolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavers2009" class="citation book cs1">Lavers, Chris (2009). <i>The Natural History of Unicorns</i>. New York, NY: Morrow. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-087414-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-087414-8"><bdi>978-0-06-087414-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Unicorns&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-087414-8&rft.aulast=Lavers&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesias&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ed., trad. et commentaire par Dominique Lenfant, <i>Ctésias de Cnide. La Perse. L'Inde. Autres fragments</i>, <a href="/wiki/Collection_Bud%C3%A9" title="Collection Budé">Collection Budé</a>, Belles Lettres, Paris, 2004 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2251005188" title="Special:BookSources/2251005188">2251005188</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1993). "CTESIAS". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesias-"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 4</i></a>. pp. 441–446.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CTESIAS&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VI%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=441-446&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fctesias-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jan P. Stronk: <i>Ctesias' Persian History. Part I: Introduction, Text, and Translation</i>, Wellem Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2010 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783941820012" title="Special:BookSources/9783941820012">9783941820012</a>).</li> <li>Andrew G. Nichols, <i>Ctesias: On India. Translation and Commentary</i>, Duckworth, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85399-742-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85399-742-0">1-85399-742-0</a></li> <li>Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and James Robson, <i>Ctesias' History of Persia: Tales of the Orient</i>, Oxford, 2010 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415364119" title="Special:BookSources/9780415364119">9780415364119</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesias&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/ctesias-of-cnidus/">Ctesias of Cnidus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/ctesias-overview-of-the-works/">Overview of all fragments of the <i>Persica</i> and <i>Indica</i></a> by Jona Lendering</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/ctesias-overview-of-the-works/photius-excerpt-of-ctesias-persica/">Photius' Excerpt of Ctesias' <i>Persica</i></a> translated by J. H. Freese (1920)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/ctesias-overview-of-the-works/photius-excerpt-of-ctesias-indica/">Photius' Excerpt of Ctesias' <i>Indica</i></a> translated by J.H. Freese (1920)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=diwAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA517">Greek text</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller">Müller</a> 1858)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=classical:ctesias">Texts of Ctesias</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000398080418">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/192092583">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/310653407">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95224366">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30151776816318012334">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/21149542732200301137">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/231566052">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102815430">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39346085">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1319154380966730290517">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7602159478220427990007">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/297597638">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/277159474307627662278">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9776159248300504870006">13</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/390159474328227662273">14</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52163510523210932439">15</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3018159248421004870008">16</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/85504/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjw7b7P8brd3DyGHGxjmYd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119379295">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82006134">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120075297">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120075297">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001317697">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ctesias : Cnidius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V056315">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2005262658&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4771244">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810552555905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/40558">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260095405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14786600">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06806924?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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