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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Brook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Runnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tributary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Distributary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Northern America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Related terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ranking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gradient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Meander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stream_load" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stream_load"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stream load</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stream_load-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perennial_or_not" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_or_not"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Perennial or not</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennial_or_not-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ephemeral_stream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ephemeral_stream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Ephemeral stream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ephemeral_stream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermittent_or_seasonal_stream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermittent_or_seasonal_stream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Intermittent or seasonal stream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermittent_or_seasonal_stream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequential_or_not" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequential_or_not"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consequential or not</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequential_or_not-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_the_water_underneath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_the_water_underneath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>According to the water underneath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_the_water_underneath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indicators_of_a_perennial_stream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicators_of_a_perennial_stream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indicators of a perennial stream</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indicators_of_a_perennial_stream-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indicators of a perennial stream subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indicators_of_a_perennial_stream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benthic_macroinvertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benthic_macroinvertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Benthic macroinvertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benthic_macroinvertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Geological indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrological_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrological_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Hydrological indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrological_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drainage_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drainage_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Drainage basins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stream</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroom" title="Stroom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stroom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تيار مائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيار مائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak%C3%A3" title="Yakã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yakã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B3-khe" title="Sió-khe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sió-khe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="གྲོག་ཆུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྲོག་ཆུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwazh_(dour)" title="Gwazh (dour) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwazh (dour)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grick" title="Grick – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Grick" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oja" title="Oja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9_(%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ρυάκι (γεωγραφία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρυάκι (γεωγραφία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جویبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جویبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3" title="河 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="河" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%B2%9C" title="하천 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하천" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korama" title="Korama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Korama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%84" title="Հոսք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոսք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torento" title="Torento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Torento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliran_air" title="Aliran air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aliran air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9C" title="נחל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಹೊಳೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೊಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugezi" title="Umugezi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umugezi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Агым – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Агым" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%BAk%C3%A1" title="Molúká – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Molúká" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drodro" title="Drodro – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Drodro" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekke" title="Bekke – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bekke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="खोला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खोला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF" title="गल्लिछि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गल्लिछि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਧਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ندی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ندی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%84" title="ស្ទឹង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្ទឹង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrroi" title="Përroi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përroi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umsinga" title="Umsinga – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Umsinga" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جۆبار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆبار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batis" title="Batis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/gong" title="gong – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="gong" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D3%AF%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ҷӯйбор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷӯйбор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%B4%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎤᏪᏴᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏪᏴᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ندی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_ch%E1%BA%A3y" title="Dòng chảy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dòng chảy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uja" title="Uja – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Uja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri_(aiwe)" title="Ri (aiwe) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ri (aiwe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AA" title="溪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="溪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body of surface water flowing down a channel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rivulet" redirects here. For the moth, see <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_affinitata" title="Perizoma affinitata">Rivulet (moth)</a>. For the musician, see <a href="/wiki/Rivulets" title="Rivulets">Rivulets</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stream_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stream (disambiguation)">Stream (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potok_pod_jezerom_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Potok_pod_jezerom_1.jpg/170px-Potok_pod_jezerom_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Potok_pod_jezerom_1.jpg/255px-Potok_pod_jezerom_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Potok_pod_jezerom_1.jpg/340px-Potok_pod_jezerom_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Rocky stream in Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frozen_stream_En%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi,_Pori.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Frozen_stream_En%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi%2C_Pori.JPG/170px-Frozen_stream_En%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi%2C_Pori.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Frozen_stream_En%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi%2C_Pori.JPG/255px-Frozen_stream_En%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi%2C_Pori.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Frozen_stream_En%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi%2C_Pori.JPG/340px-Frozen_stream_En%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi%2C_Pori.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>Frozen stream in Enäjärvi, <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dranse_de_Montriond_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dranse_de_Montriond_09.jpg/250px-Dranse_de_Montriond_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dranse_de_Montriond_09.jpg/330px-Dranse_de_Montriond_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dranse_de_Montriond_09.jpg/500px-Dranse_de_Montriond_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4349" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption>Stream near <a href="/wiki/Montriond" title="Montriond">Montriond</a> in south-eastern France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aubach_(Wiehl)_nahe_dem_Weiherdamm_in_Wildbergerh%C3%BCtte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aubach_%28Wiehl%29_nahe_dem_Weiherdamm_in_Wildbergerh%C3%BCtte.jpg/220px-Aubach_%28Wiehl%29_nahe_dem_Weiherdamm_in_Wildbergerh%C3%BCtte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aubach_%28Wiehl%29_nahe_dem_Weiherdamm_in_Wildbergerh%C3%BCtte.jpg/330px-Aubach_%28Wiehl%29_nahe_dem_Weiherdamm_in_Wildbergerh%C3%BCtte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aubach_%28Wiehl%29_nahe_dem_Weiherdamm_in_Wildbergerh%C3%BCtte.jpg/440px-Aubach_%28Wiehl%29_nahe_dem_Weiherdamm_in_Wildbergerh%C3%BCtte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aubach_(Wiehl)" title="Aubach (Wiehl)">Aubach (Wiehl)</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>stream</b> is a continuous <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a><sup id="cite_ref-definitions_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definitions-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Current_(stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (stream)">flowing</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">bed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">banks</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channel</a>. Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to by a variety of local or regional names. Long, large streams are usually called <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, while smaller, less voluminous and more <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_river" title="Intermittent river">intermittent</a> streams are known, amongst others, as <b>brook</b>, <b>creek</b>, <b>rivulet</b>, <b>rill</b>, <b>run</b>, <b>tributary</b>, <b>feeder</b>, <b>freshet</b>, <b>narrow river</b>, and <b>streamlet</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flow of a stream is controlled by three inputs – <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a>), <a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">daylighted</a> <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">subterranean water</a>, and surfaced <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring water</a>). The surface and subterranean water are highly variable between periods of rainfall. Groundwater, on the other hand, has a relatively constant input and is controlled more by long-term patterns of precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stream encompasses surface, subsurface and groundwater fluxes that respond to geological, geomorphological, hydrological and biotic controls.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Streams are important as conduits in the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, instruments in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a>, and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zone</a>. Given the status of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>, streams play an important <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">corridor</a> role in connecting <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmented habitats</a> and thus in conserving <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The study of streams and <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> in general is known as <i>surface <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a></i> and is a core element of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">environmental geography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/220px--Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm/Creek_babbling_through_Benvoulin_wetlands.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Creek babbling through <a href="/wiki/Benvoulin" title="Benvoulin">Benvoulin, Canada</a>, wetlands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WymingBrook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WymingBrook.jpg/220px-WymingBrook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WymingBrook.jpg/330px-WymingBrook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WymingBrook.jpg/440px-WymingBrook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wyming_Brook" title="Wyming Brook">Wyming Brook</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parramattastream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parramattastream.jpg/220px-Parramattastream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parramattastream.jpg/330px-Parramattastream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parramattastream.jpg/440px-Parramattastream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>A small stream in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Parramatta" title="Lake Parramatta">Lake Parramatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_Isenach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bach_Isenach.jpg/170px-Bach_Isenach.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bach_Isenach.jpg/255px-Bach_Isenach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bach_Isenach.jpg/340px-Bach_Isenach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Stream with low gradient surrounded by natural riparian vegetation (<a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevens_Creek_Tributary_A_in_Macon_County,_IL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stevens_Creek_Tributary_A_in_Macon_County%2C_IL.jpg/170px-Stevens_Creek_Tributary_A_in_Macon_County%2C_IL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stevens_Creek_Tributary_A_in_Macon_County%2C_IL.jpg/255px-Stevens_Creek_Tributary_A_in_Macon_County%2C_IL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stevens_Creek_Tributary_A_in_Macon_County%2C_IL.jpg/340px-Stevens_Creek_Tributary_A_in_Macon_County%2C_IL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A low level stream in <a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Illinois" title="Macon County, Illinois">Macon County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brook">Brook</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>brook</b> is a stream smaller than a creek, especially one that is fed by a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seep_(hydrology)" title="Seep (hydrology)">seep</a>. It is usually small and easily <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">forded</a>. A brook is characterised by its shallowness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creek">Creek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A creek (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or crick (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>):<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a (narrow) stream that is smaller than a river; a minor tributary of a river; a brook.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes navigable by water craft and may be intermittent.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlet</a>, typically in a <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove swamp</a>, or between enclosed and drained former salt marshes or swamps (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Portsbridge_Creek" title="Portsbridge Creek">Portsbridge Creek</a> separating <a href="/wiki/Portsea_Island" title="Portsea Island">Portsea Island</a> from the mainland). In these cases, the "stream" is the tidal stream, the course of the <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_creek" title="Tidal creek">creek</a> channel at low and high tide.</li></ul> <p>In hydrography, <b>gut</b> is a small creek;<sup id="cite_ref-MW_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is seen in proper names in eastern North America from the Mid-Atlantic states (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Run_(West_Branch_Susquehanna_River_tributary)" title="Spring Run (West Branch Susquehanna River tributary)">The Gut</a> in Pennsylvania, <a href="/wiki/Ash_Gut_(Murderkill_River_tributary)" title="Ash Gut (Murderkill River tributary)">Ash Gut</a> in Delaware,<sup id="cite_ref-anyplace_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anyplace-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other streams)<sup id="cite_ref-GNIS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNIS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down into the Caribbean (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Gut" title="Guinea Gut">Guinea Gut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_Bay_Gut" title="Fish Bay Gut">Fish Bay Gut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cob_Gut" title="Cob Gut">Cob Gut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battery_Gut" title="Battery Gut">Battery Gut</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of rivers of the United States Virgin Islands">other rivers and streams</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>, in Jamaica (Sandy Gut,<sup id="cite_ref-iTouch_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iTouch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bens Gut River,<sup id="cite_ref-Geoview2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoview2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White Gut River), and in <a href="/wiki/List_of_streams_of_the_Dutch_Caribbean" title="List of streams of the Dutch Caribbean">many streams and creeks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gazettering_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazettering-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River">River</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> is a large natural stream that is much wider and deeper than a creek and not easily fordable, and may be a <a href="/wiki/Navigable" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigable">navigable</a> <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runnel">Runnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Runnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The linear channel between the parallel ridges or <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">bars</a> on a shoreline beach or river floodplain, or between a bar and the shore. Also called a <a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">swale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributary">Tributary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tributary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> is a contributory stream to a larger stream, or a stream which does not reach a static <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but joins another river (a parent river). Sometimes also called a branch or fork.<sup id="cite_ref-FS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributary">Distributary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distributary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributary</a></i>, or a <i>distributary channel</i>, is a stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel, and the phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">river bifurcation</a>. Distributaries are common features of <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river deltas</a>, and are often found where a <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleyed</a> stream enters wide <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">flatlands</a> or approaches the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plains</a> around a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. They can also occur inland, on <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a>, or where a tributary stream bifurcates as it nears its <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with a larger stream. Common terms for individual river distributaries in <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a> are <i>arm</i> and <i>channel</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of regional names for a stream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_America">Northern America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Northern America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Branch</i> is used to name streams in Maryland and Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Creek</i> is common throughout the United States, as well as Australia.</li> <li><i>Falls</i> is also used to name streams in Maryland, for streams/rivers which have waterfalls on them, even if such falls only have a small vertical drop. <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_River" title="Gunpowder River">Little Gunpowder Falls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Falls" title="Jones Falls">Jones Falls</a> are actually rivers named in this manner, unique to Maryland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kill_(body_of_water)" title="Kill (body of water)">Kill</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> comes from a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a> word meaning "riverbed" or "water channel", and can also be used for the UK meaning of 'creek'.</li> <li><i>Run</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, or West Virginia can be the name of a stream.<sup id="cite_ref-Watkins_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkins-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Run</i> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> is the name given to streams coming out of small natural springs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>River</i> is used for streams from larger springs like the <a href="/wiki/Silver_River_(Florida)" title="Silver River (Florida)">Silver River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_River" title="Rainbow River">Rainbow River</a>.</li> <li><i>Stream</i> and <i>brook</i> are used in <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watkins_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkins-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Allt</i> is used in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Beck</a></i> is used in an area between <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> which were areas once occupied by the Danes and Norwegians.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">winterbourne</a></i> is used in the chalk <a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">downland</a> of southern England for ephemeral rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When permanent, they are <i><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">chalk streams</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Brook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Burn</i> is used in Scotland and <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></i> or <i>ghyll</i> is seen in the north of England and <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. The variant "ghyll" is used in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and appears to have been an invention of <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nant</i> is used in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i> Rivulet</i> is a term encountered in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> publications.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Syke</i> is used in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> and Cumbria for a seasonal stream.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_terminology">Related terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Related terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_fluvial_landforms" title="List of fluvial landforms">List of fluvial landforms</a>.</div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Bar</a></dt> <dd>A shoal that develops in a stream as sediment is deposited as the current slows or is impeded by wave action at the confluence.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">Bifurcation</a></dt> <dd>A fork into two or more streams.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></dt> <dd>A depression created by constant <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> that carries the stream's flow.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></dt> <dd>The point at which the two streams merge. If the two tributaries are of approximately equal size, the confluence may be called a fork.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></dt> <dd>(also known as a <i>watershed</i> in the United States) The area of land where water flows into a stream. A large drainage basin such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> contains many smaller drainage basins.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Glossary_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Glossary-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></dt> <dd>Lands adjacent to the stream that are subject to <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> when a stream overflows its banks.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Glossary_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Glossary-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">Headwaters</a> or source</dt> <dd>The part of a stream or river proximate to its source. The word is most commonly used in the plural where there is no single <a href="/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source">point source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Glossary_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Glossary-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></dt> <dd>The point on a stream's profile where a sudden change in <a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">stream gradient</a> occurs.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></dt> <dd>The point at which the stream discharges, possibly via an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> or delta, into a static body of water such as a lake or ocean.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Pool</a></dt> <dd>A segment where the water is deeper and slower moving.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent</a>, fast-flowing stretch of a stream or river.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></dt> <dd>A segment where the flow is shallower and more <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</a></dt> <dd>A large natural stream, which may be a <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Glossary_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Glossary-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Run</dt> <dd>A somewhat smoothly flowing segment of the stream.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Spring</a></dt> <dd>The point at which a stream emerges from an underground course through unconsolidated <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> or through caves. A stream can, especially with caves, flow aboveground for part of its course, and underground for part of its course.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Glossary_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Glossary-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></dt> <dd>The bottom of a stream.</dd> <dt>Stream corridor</dt> <dd>Stream, its floodplains, and the transitional upland fringe.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></dt> <dd>The water moving through a stream channel.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Glossary_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Glossary-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></dt> <dd>A site along the route of a stream or river, used for reference marking or water monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Glossary_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Glossary-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></dt> <dd>The river's longitudinal section, or the line joining the deepest point in the channel at each stage from source to mouth.</dd> <dt>Watercourse</dt> <dd>The channel followed by a stream (a flowing body of water)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the stream itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-definition_in_the_Cambridge_English_Dictionary_2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition_in_the_Cambridge_English_Dictionary_2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_Hilton_Fallon_2022_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Hilton_Fallon_2022-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, some aspects of criminal law, such as the Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act 1951, specify that a watercourse includes those rivers which are <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_river" title="Intermittent river">dry for part of the year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some jurisdictions, owners of land over which the water flows may have the legal right to use or retain some or much of that water.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This right may extend to estuaries, rivers, streams, <a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">anabranches</a><sup id="cite_ref-SedimentaryResearch_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SedimentaryResearch-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a> or cascade</dt> <dd>The fall of water where the stream goes over a sudden drop called a knickpoint; some knickpoints are formed by erosion when water flows over an especially resistant <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a>, followed by one less so. The stream expends <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> in "trying" to eliminate the knickpoint.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></dt> <dd>The line on which the stream's surface meets the channel walls.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homesteadcreekflowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Homesteadcreekflowers.jpg/170px-Homesteadcreekflowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Homesteadcreekflowers.jpg/255px-Homesteadcreekflowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Homesteadcreekflowers.jpg/340px-Homesteadcreekflowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Small tributary stream, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Ridge,_Alaska" title="Diamond Ridge, Alaska">Diamond Ridge</a>, Alaska</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creek_in_perisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Creek_in_perisher.jpg/250px-Creek_in_perisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Creek_in_perisher.jpg/330px-Creek_in_perisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Creek_in_perisher.jpg/500px-Creek_in_perisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption> Creek in <a href="/wiki/Perisher_Ski_Resort" title="Perisher Ski Resort">Perisher Ski Resort</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>A stream's source depends on the surrounding landscape and its function within larger river networks. While perennial and intermittent streams are typically supplied by smaller upstream waters and groundwater, headwater and ephemeral streams often derive most of their water from precipitation in the form of rain and snow.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of this precipitated water re-enters the atmosphere by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> from soil and water bodies, or by the <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> of plants. Some of the water proceeds to sink into the earth by <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltration</a> and becomes groundwater, much of which eventually enters streams. Some precipitated water is temporarily locked up in snow fields and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, to be released later by evaporation or melting. The rest of the water flows off the land as runoff, the proportion of which varies according to many factors, such as wind, humidity, vegetation, rock types, and relief. This runoff starts as a thin film called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, together constituting sheet runoff; when this water is concentrated in a channel, a stream has its birth. Some creeks may start from ponds or lakes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluerock_Creek,_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bluerock_Creek%2C_Alberta.jpg/220px-Bluerock_Creek%2C_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bluerock_Creek%2C_Alberta.jpg/330px-Bluerock_Creek%2C_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bluerock_Creek%2C_Alberta.jpg/440px-Bluerock_Creek%2C_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Stream in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The streams typically derive most of their water from rain and snow precipitation. Most of this water re-enters the atmosphere either by evaporation from soil and water bodies, or by plant evapotranspiration. By infiltration some of the water sinks into the earth and becomes groundwater, much of which eventually enters streams. Most precipitated water is partially bottled up by evaporation or freezing in snow fields and glaciers. The majority of the water flows as a runoff from the ground; the proportion of this varies depending on several factors, such as climate, temperature, vegetation, types of rock, and relief. This runoff begins as a thin layer called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, which together form the sheet runoff; when this water is focused in a channel, a stream is born. Some rivers and streams may begin from lakes or ponds. </p><p>Freshwater's primary sources are precipitation and mountain snowmelt. However, rivers typically originate in the highlands, and are slowly created by the erosion of mountain snowmelt into lakes or rivers. Rivers usually flow from their source topographically, and erode as they pass until they reach the base stage of erosion. </p><p>The scientists have offered a way based on data to define the origin of the lake. A classified sample was the one measured by the Chinese researchers from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. </p><p>As an essential symbol of the river formation environment, the river source needs an objective and straightforward and effective method of judging<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. A calculation model of river source catchment area based on critical support flow (CSD) proposed, and the relationship between CSA and CSD with a minimum catchment area established. Using the model for comparison in two basins in Tibet (Helongqu and Niyang River White Water), the results show that the critical support flow (Qc) of the <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">housing dragon song</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is 0.0028 m<sup>3</sup>/s. At the same time, the white water curvature is 0.0085 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Besides, the critical support flow can vary with hydrologic climate conditions, and the vital support flow Qc in wet areas (white water) is larger than in semi-arid regions (heap slot). The proposed critical support flow (CSD) concept and model method can be used to determine the hydrographic indicators of river sources in complex geographical areas, and it can also reflect the impact of hydrologic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> on river recharge in different regions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The source of a river or stream (its point of origin) can consist of lakes, swamps, springs, or glaciers. A typical river has several tributaries; each of these may be made up of several other smaller tributaries, so that together this stream and all its tributaries are called a drainage network. Although each tributary has its own source, international practice is to take the source farthest from the river mouth as the source of the entire river system, from which the most extended length of the river measured as the starting point is taken as the length of the whole river system,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that furthest starting point is conventionally taken as the source of the whole river system. For example, the origin of the Nile River is the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile, but the source of the whole river system is in its upper reaches. If there is no specific designation, "length of the Nile" refers to the "river length of the Nile system", rather than to the length of the Nile river from the point where it is formed by a confluence of tributaries. The Nile's source is often cited as Lake Victoria, but the lake has significant feeder rivers. The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near Bukoba's Tanzanian town<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, is the longest feeder, though sources do not agree on which is the Kagera's longest tributary and therefore the Nile's most remote source itself.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranking">Ranking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strahler_Stream_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Strahler Stream Order">Strahler Stream Order</a></div> <p>To qualify as a stream, a body of water must be either recurring or perennial. Recurring (intermittent) streams have water in the channel for at least part of the year. A stream of the <a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">first order</a> is a stream which does not have any other recurring or perennial stream feeding into it. When two first-order streams come together, they form a second-order stream. When two second-order streams come together, they form a third-order stream. Streams of lower order joining a higher order stream do not change the order of the higher stream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradient">Gradient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gradient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></div> <p>The <i>gradient</i> of a stream is a critical factor in determining its character and is entirely determined by its <a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">base level</a> of erosion. The base level of erosion is the point at which the stream either enters the ocean, a lake or pond, or enters a stretch in which it has a much lower gradient, and may be specifically applied to any particular stretch of a stream. </p><p>In geological terms, the stream will erode down through its bed to achieve the base level of erosion throughout its course. If this base level is low, then the stream will rapidly cut through underlying strata and have a steep gradient, and if the base level is relatively high, then the stream will form a flood plain and meander. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Profile">Profile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically, streams are said to have a particular <i><a href="/wiki/Elevation_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation profile">elevation profile</a></i>, beginning with steep gradients, no flood plain, and little shifting of channels, eventually evolving into streams with low gradients, wide flood plains, and extensive meanders. The initial stage is sometimes termed a "young" or "immature" stream, and the later state a "mature" or "old" stream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meander">Meander</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Meander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meanders</a> are looping changes of direction of a stream caused by the erosion and deposition of bank materials. These are typically serpentine in form. Typically, over time the meanders gradually migrate downstream. If some resistant material slows or stops the downstream movement of a meander, a stream may erode through the neck between two legs of a meander to become temporarily straighter, leaving behind an arc-shaped body of water termed an <i><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lake</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayou</a></i>. A flood may also cause a meander to be cut through in this way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stream_load">Stream load</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stream load"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stream_load" title="Stream load">stream load</a> is defined as the solid matter carried by a stream. Streams can carry sediment, or alluvium. The amount of load it can carry (capacity) as well as the largest object it can carry (competence) are both dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> of the stream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perennial_or_not">Perennial or not</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Perennial or not"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whites_Creek_from_Road_313_bridge_Douglas_County,_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Whites_Creek_from_Road_313_bridge_Douglas_County%2C_Missouri.jpg/220px-Whites_Creek_from_Road_313_bridge_Douglas_County%2C_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Whites_Creek_from_Road_313_bridge_Douglas_County%2C_Missouri.jpg/330px-Whites_Creek_from_Road_313_bridge_Douglas_County%2C_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/70/Whites_Creek_from_Road_313_bridge_Douglas_County%2C_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whites_Creek_(Hunter_Creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites Creek (Hunter Creek)">Whites Creek</a> a small perennial stream in the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gangi_River,_Arrah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gangi_River%2C_Arrah.jpg/250px-Gangi_River%2C_Arrah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gangi_River%2C_Arrah.jpg/330px-Gangi_River%2C_Arrah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gangi_River%2C_Arrah.jpg/440px-Gangi_River%2C_Arrah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gangi_River" title="Gangi River">Gangi River</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Arrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>perennial stream</b> is one which flows continuously all year.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinzer_1923_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinzer_1923-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> Some perennial streams may only have continuous flow in segments of its stream bed year round during years of normal rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinzer_1923_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinzer_1923-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlOSM-COALEX97_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlOSM-COALEX97-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue-line streams are perennial streams and are marked on <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic maps</a> with a solid blue line. </p><p>The word "perennial" from the 1640s, meaning "evergreen," is established in Latin perennis, keeping the meaning as "everlasting all year round," per "over" plus annus "year." This has been proved since the 1670s by the "living years" in the sense of botany. The metaphorical sense of "enduring, eternal" originates from 1750. They are related to "perennial." See biennial for shifts in vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perennial streams have one or more of these characteristics: </p> <ol><li>Direct observation or compelling evidence suggests that there is no interruption in the flow at ground.</li> <li>The existence of one or more specific features of the perennial streams, including: <ul><li>Riverbed forms, for example, riffles, pools, runs, gravel bars, other depositional characteristics, bed armor layer.</li> <li>Riverbank erosion and/or polishment.</li> <li>Indications of waterborne debris and sediment transport.</li> <li>Defined river or stream bed and banks.</li></ul></li> <li>The catchment area exceeds .25 square miles (0.65 km<sup>2</sup>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> regression on the VHD data layer-oriented<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help— (June 2020)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> application on the probability of intermittent flow.</li> <li>The existence of aquatic organisms that require uninterrupted circulation.</li> <li>As shown by bank leakage, spring, or other indicators, grass-roots flow mainly supports groundwater recharge.</li> <li>There are high channels of permeability, especially stratospheric, boundary conditions; while stratospheric groundwater also decreases on occasion.</li> <li>Existence of native aquatic organisms which require undisturbed survival flow.</li> <li>The surrounding topography exhibits features of being formed by fluvial processes.</li></ol> <p>Absence of such characteristics supports classifying a stream as intermittent, "showing interruptions in time or space".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ephemeral_stream"><span class="anchor" id="Ephemeral"></span> Ephemeral stream</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ephemeral stream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Pelat_%2B_Lake_Allos_tour_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mont_Pelat_%2B_Lake_Allos_tour_14.jpg/220px-Mont_Pelat_%2B_Lake_Allos_tour_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mont_Pelat_%2B_Lake_Allos_tour_14.jpg/330px-Mont_Pelat_%2B_Lake_Allos_tour_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mont_Pelat_%2B_Lake_Allos_tour_14.jpg/440px-Mont_Pelat_%2B_Lake_Allos_tour_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6800" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ephemeral stream in <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelat" title="Mont Pelat">Mont Pelat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercantour_National_Park" title="Mercantour National Park">Mercantour National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, streams that flow only during and immediately after precipitation are termed <i>ephemeral</i>. There is no clear demarcation between surface runoff and an ephemeral stream,<sup id="cite_ref-Meinzer_1923_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinzer_1923-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> and some ephemeral streams can be classed as intermittent—flow all but disappearing in the normal course of seasons but ample flow (backups) restoring stream presence — such circumstances are documented when stream beds have opened up a path into mines or other underground chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to official U.S. definitions, the channels of intermittent streams are well-defined,<sup id="cite_ref-USFSFed_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFSFed-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to ephemeral streams, which may or may not have a defined channel, and rely mainly on storm runoff, as their aquatic bed is above the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCaro_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCaro-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ephemeral stream does not have the biological, hydrological, and physical characteristics of a continuous or intermittent stream.<sup id="cite_ref-NCaro_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCaro-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same non-perennial channel might change characteristics from intermittent to ephemeral over its course.<sup id="cite_ref-NCaro_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCaro-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intermittent_or_seasonal_stream"><span class="anchor" id="torrent"></span>Intermittent or seasonal stream</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Intermittent or seasonal stream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_river" title="Intermittent river">Intermittent river</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Low_creek.jpg/220px-Low_creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Low_creek.jpg/330px-Low_creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Low_creek.jpg/440px-Low_creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Australian creek, low in the dry season, carrying little water. The energetic flow of the stream had, in flood, moved finer sediment further downstream. There is a pool to lower right and a riffle to upper left of the photograph.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_stream_in_a_dell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Small_stream_in_a_dell.jpg/220px-Small_stream_in_a_dell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Small_stream_in_a_dell.jpg/330px-Small_stream_in_a_dell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Small_stream_in_a_dell.jpg/440px-Small_stream_in_a_dell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A small, narrow stream flowing down a tiny dell in Pennsylvania.</figcaption></figure> <p>Washes can fill up quickly during rains, and there may be a sudden torrent of water after a <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a> begins upstream, such as during <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a> conditions. In the United States, an <i>intermittent</i> or <i>seasonal stream</i> is one that only flows for part of the year and is marked on topographic maps with a line of blue dashes and dots.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinzer_1923_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinzer_1923-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57–58">: 57–58 </span></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arroyo (creek)">wash</a>,</i> <i>desert wash, or arroyo</i> is normally a dry streambed in the <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a>, which flows after sufficient rainfall. </p><p>In Italy, an intermittent stream is termed a <b>torrent</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">torrente</i>). In full flood the stream may or may not be "torrential" in the dramatic sense of the word, but there will be one or more seasons in which the flow is reduced to a trickle or less. Typically torrents have <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> sources, and in the summer they are fed by little precipitation and no melting snow. In this case the maximum discharge will be during the spring and autumn. </p><p>An intermittent stream can also be called a <a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">winterbourne</a> in Britain, a <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking world or torrente or <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arroyo (creek)">rambla</a> (this last one from Arabic origin) in Spain and Latin America. In Australia, an intermittent stream is usually called a creek and marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequential_or_not">Consequential or not</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Consequential or not"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five generic classifications: <span class="anchor" id="consequent_stream"></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Consequent</b> streams are streams whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon which it developed, i.e., streams that follow slope of the land over which they originally formed.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="subsequent_stream"></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Subsequent</b> streams are streams whose course has been determined by selective <a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">headward erosion</a> along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts.</li> <li><b>Resequent</b> streams are streams whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Obsequent</b> streams are streams flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage.</li> <li><b>Insequent</b> streams have an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_the_water_underneath">According to the water underneath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: According to the water underneath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Gaining</i>: A stream or path to receive water from groundwater.</li> <li><i>Losing</i>: A stream or reach of a stream which shows a net loss of water to groundwater or evaporation.</li> <li><i>Isolated</i>: The water flow or channel shall not supply or remove water from the saturated region.</li> <li><i>Perched</i>: refers to the loss or isolation flow separated from the groundwater in the air zone. <a href="/wiki/Classification" title="Classification">Classification</a><sup id="cite_ref-definitions_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definitions-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indicators_of_a_perennial_stream">Indicators of a perennial stream</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indicators of a perennial stream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benthic_macroinvertebrates">Benthic macroinvertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Benthic macroinvertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Macroinvertebrate" refers to easily seen <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, larger than 0.5 mm, found in stream and river bottoms.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macroinvertebrates are larval stages of most aquatic insects and their presence is a good indicator that the stream is perennial. Larvae of <a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">caddisflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">stoneflies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Damselfly" title="Damselfly">damselflies</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require a continuous aquatic habitat until they reach maturity. <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">Crayfish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a> (clams), and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a> also indicate the stream is perennial. These require a persistent aquatic environment for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fish and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> are secondary indicators in assessment of a perennial stream because some fish and amphibians can inhabit areas without persistent water regime. When assessing for fish, all available habitat should be assessed: pools, riffles, root clumps and other obstructions. Fish will seek cover if alerted to human presence, but should be easily observed in perennial streams. Amphibians also indicate a perennial stream and include <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newts</a>. These amphibians can be found in stream channels, along stream banks, and even under rocks. Frogs and tadpoles usually inhabit shallow and slow moving waters near the sides of stream banks. Frogs will typically jump into water when alerted to human presence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_indicators">Geological indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Geological indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Well defined river beds composed of riffles, pools, runs, gravel bars, a bed armor layer, and other depositional features, plus well defined banks due to bank erosion, are good identifiers when assessing for perennial streams.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particle size will help identify a perennial stream. Perennial streams cut through the soil profile, which removes fine and small particles. By assessing areas for relatively coarse material left behind in the stream bed and finer sediments along the side of the stream or within the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> will be a good indicator of persistent water regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrological_indicators">Hydrological indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hydrological indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A perennial stream can be identified 48 hours after a storm. Direct storm runoff usually has ceased at this point. If a stream is still flowing and contributing inflow is not observed above the channel, the observed water is likely baseflow. Another perennial stream indication is an abundance of red rust material in a slow-moving wetted channel or stagnant area. This is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Iron-oxidizing_bacteria" title="Iron-oxidizing bacteria">iron-oxidizing bacteria</a> are present, indicating persistent expression of oxygen-depleted ground water. In a forested area, leaf and needle litter in the stream channel is an additional indicator. Accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> does not occur in perennial streams since such material is continuously flushed. In the adjacent overbank of a perennial stream, fine sediment may cling to riparian plant stems and tree trunks. Organic debris drift lines or piles may be found within the active overbank area after recent high flow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Streams, headwaters, and streams flowing only part of the year provide many benefits upstream and downstream. They defend against floods, remove contaminants, recycle nutrients that are potentially dangerous as well as provide food and habitat for many forms of fish. Such streams also play a vital role in preserving our drinking water quality and supply, ensuring a steady flow of water to surface waters and helping to restore deep aquifers. </p> <ol><li>Clean drinking water</li> <li>Flood and erosion protection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li>Pollution reduction</li> <li>Wildlife habitat</li> <li>Economic importance in fishing, hunting, manufacturing and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-coalex_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coalex-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drainage_basins">Drainage basins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Drainage basins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extent of land basin drained by a stream is termed its drainage basin (also known in North America as the watershed and, in British English, as a catchment).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A basin may also be composed of smaller basins. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a> in North America divides the mainly easterly-draining Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean basins from the largely westerly-flowing Pacific Ocean basin. The Atlantic Ocean basin, however, may be further subdivided into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico drainages. (This delineation is termed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide" title="Eastern Continental Divide">Eastern Continental Divide</a>.) Similarly, the Gulf of Mexico basin may be divided into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> basin and several smaller basins, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tombigbee_River" title="Tombigbee River">Tombigbee River</a> basin. Continuing in this vein, a component of the Mississippi River basin is the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> basin, which in turn includes the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_River" title="Kentucky River">Kentucky River</a> basin, and so forth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crossings">Crossings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stream_crossing" title="Stream crossing">Stream crossings</a> are where streams are crossed by <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a>, or any other thing which might restrict the flow of the stream in ordinary or flood conditions. Any structure over or in a stream which results in limitations on the movement of fish or other ecological elements may be an issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueduct (water supply)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_flow" title="Environmental flow">Environmental flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes" title="Fluvial sediment processes">Fluvial sediment processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_cut_(stream_geomorphology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head cut (stream geomorphology)">Head cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Playfair's Law">Playfair's Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a>, a stream that flows only in winter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definitions-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-definitions_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-definitions_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLangbeinIseri1995" class="citation book cs1">Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/wsc/glossary.html#Stream">"Hydrologic Definitions: Stream"</a>. <i>Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques</i> (Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509220533/http://water.usgs.gov/wsc/glossary.html#Stream">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hydrologic+Definitions%3A+Stream&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Hydrology%3A+Part+1.+General+Surface-Water+Techniques&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Langbein&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rft.au=Iseri%2C+Kathleen+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fwsc%2Fglossary.html%23Stream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/thesaurus/watercourse">"Watercourse"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Watercourse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fthesaurus%2Fwatercourse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasic_Biology2016" class="citation web cs1">Basic Biology (16 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basicbiology.net/environment/freshwater/river">"River"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=River&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft.au=Basic+Biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasicbiology.net%2Fenvironment%2Ffreshwater%2Friver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>kreek, krik</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=creek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518043127/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/crick">"crick"</a>. <i>English Oxford Living Dictionaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>Northern, North Midland, and Western U.S.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Oxford+Living+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=crick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924200715/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/creek">"creek"</a>. <i>oxforddictionaries.com</i>. Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>British...especially an inlet...(whereas) NZ, North American, Australian...stream or minor tributary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=creek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924215553/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/creek">"(US) creek"</a>. <i>English Oxford Living Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>North American, Australian, NZ...A stream, brook, or minor tributary of a river.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Oxford+Living+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=%28US%29+creek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fcreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/creek">"creek"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. Dictionary.com, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=consequent+stream&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fconsequent%2520stream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resequent">"Definition of RESEQUENT"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+RESEQUENT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fresequent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maine.gov/dep/water/monitoring/rivers_and_streams/vrmp/stream-survey-manual/survmanv1_mainbody.pdf">"A Citizen's Primer on Stream Ecology, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Fluvial Geomorphology-Volume II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.maine.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maine.gov&rft.atitle=A+Citizen%27s+Primer+on+Stream+Ecology%2C+Water+Quality%2C+Hydrology%2C+and+Fluvial+Geomorphology-Volume+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fdep%2Fwater%2Fmonitoring%2Frivers_and_streams%2Fvrmp%2Fstream-survey-manual%2Fsurvmanv1_mainbody.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/Water%20Quality/Surface%20Water%20Protection/401/Policies_Guides_Manuals/StreamID_v_4point11_Final_sept_01_2010.pdf">"Methodology for Identification of Intermittent and Perennial Streams and Their Origins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nc.gov&rft.atitle=Methodology+for+Identification+of+Intermittent+and+Perennial+Streams+and+Their+Origins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.nc.gov%2Fncdeq%2FWater%2520Quality%2FSurface%2520Water%2520Protection%2F401%2FPolicies_Guides_Manuals%2FStreamID_v_4point11_Final_sept_01_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/ChesapeakeBay/PerennialStreamFieldIDProtocol(Fairfax%20County).pdf">"Perennial Stream Field Identification Protocol May 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.deq.virginia.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deq.virginia.gov&rft.atitle=Perennial+Stream+Field+Identification+Protocol+May+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deq.virginia.gov%2FPortals%2F0%2FDEQ%2FWater%2FChesapeakeBay%2FPerennialStreamFieldIDProtocol%28Fairfax%2520County%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/wsm/rivers/docs/rv_guidance_for_the_identification_of_perennial_streams.pdf">"Technical guidance for Identification of Perennial Stream For the Purpose of Jurisdictional Determinations Under 10 VSA Section 1021(a) and 1002(10) January 16, 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+guidance+for+Identification+of+Perennial+Stream+For+the+Purpose+of+Jurisdictional+Determinations+Under+10+VSA+Section+1021%28a%29+and+1002%2810%29+January+16%2C+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdec.vermont.gov%2Fsites%2Fdec%2Ffiles%2Fwsm%2Frivers%2Fdocs%2Frv_guidance_for_the_identification_of_perennial_streams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coalex-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coalex_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/streams.html">"The importance of stream"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+importance+of+stream&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Fwater%2Farchive%2Fweb%2Fhtml%2Fstreams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangbeinIseri1995" class="citation book cs1">Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/wsc/glossary.html#Watershed">"Hydrologic Definitions: Watershed"</a>. <i>Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques</i> (Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509220533/http://water.usgs.gov/wsc/glossary.html#Watershed">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hydrologic+Definitions%3A+Watershed&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Hydrology%3A+Part+1.+General+Surface-Water+Techniques&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Langbein&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rft.au=Iseri%2C+Kathleen+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fwsc%2Fglossary.html%23Watershed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nile Basin Initiative. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2006" class="citation news cs1">Grainger, Lisa (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/activityandadventure/734885/Journey-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html">"Journey to the source of the Nile"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Journey+to+the+source+of+the+Nile&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Factivityandadventure%2F734885%2FJourney-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cheng Haining, Liu Shaoyuan. Discussion on criteria for the determination of sources of large rivers [J]. Qinghai Land Survey 2009, 06:24–28.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiLiuNiuKejia2015" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Zhouyuan; Liu, Xuehua; Niu, Tianlin; Kejia, De; Zhou, Qingping; Ma, Tianxiao; Gao, Yunyang (19 May 2015). "Ecological Restoration and Its Effects on a Regional Climate: The Source Region of the Yellow River, China". <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>49</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">5897–</span>5904. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...49.5897L">2015EnST...49.5897L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes505985q">10.1021/es505985q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25894303">25894303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Ecological+Restoration+and+Its+Effects+on+a+Regional+Climate%3A+The+Source+Region+of+the+Yellow+River%2C+China&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5897-%3C%2Fspan%3E5904&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25894303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes505985q&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EnST...49.5897L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhouyuan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xuehua&rft.au=Niu%2C+Tianlin&rft.au=Kejia%2C+De&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Qingping&rft.au=Ma%2C+Tianxiao&rft.au=Gao%2C+Yunyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maine.gov/dep/water/monitoring/rivers_and_streams/vrmp/stream-survey-manual/survmanv2_mainbody.pdf"><i>Stream Survey Manual: Volume 2. A Citizen's Primer on Stream Ecology, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Fluvial Geomorphology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Maine Stream Team Program of the Maine Department of Environmental Protection. October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stream+Survey+Manual%3A+Volume+2.+A+Citizen%27s+Primer+on+Stream+Ecology%2C+Water+Quality%2C+Hydrology%2C+and+Fluvial+Geomorphology&rft.pub=Maine+Stream+Team+Program+of+the+Maine+Department+of+Environmental+Protection&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fdep%2Fwater%2Fmonitoring%2Frivers_and_streams%2Fvrmp%2Fstream-survey-manual%2Fsurvmanv2_mainbody.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStream" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers,_streams_and_springs876" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs876" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> 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