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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men's_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Men's World Skimming Championship winners by year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men's_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Women's World Skimming Championship winners by year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underlying_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underlying_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Underlying physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underlying_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llan%C3%A7ament_de_pedres_damunt_l%27aigua" title="Llançament de pedres damunt l'aigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llançament de pedres damunt l'aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1zen%C3%AD_%C5%BEabek" title="Házení žabek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Házení žabek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stensmut" title="Stensmut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stensmut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steineh%C3%BCpfen" title="Steinehüpfen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steinehüpfen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrilla" title="Cabrilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabrilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltigo_de_%C5%9Dtonetoj" title="Saltigo de ŝtonetoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saltigo de ŝtonetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricochet_(jeu)" title="Ricochet (jeu) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ricochet (jeu)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciotair%C3%ADn%C3%AD_uisce" title="Sciotairíní uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sciotairíní uisce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%88%98%EC%A0%9C%EB%B9%84" title="물수제비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물수제비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancang-lancang" title="Lancang-lancang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lancang-lancang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimbalzello" title="Rimbalzello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rimbalzello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הקפצת אבנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקפצת אבנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Skimming stones" redirects here. For the music album, see <a href="/wiki/Skipping_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Skipping Stone"><i>Skipping Stone</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_skimming_-Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stone_skimming_-Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg/220px-Stone_skimming_-Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stone_skimming_-Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg/330px-Stone_skimming_-Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Stone_skimming_-Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg/440px-Stone_skimming_-Patagonia-9Mar2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption>A stone skimming across the water</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/220px--Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm/Rock_skipping_in_slow_motion2.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Stone skipping in slow motion</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stone skipping</b> and <b>stone skimming</b> are the arts of <a href="/wiki/Throwing" title="Throwing">throwing</a> a flat <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> across water in such a way (usually <a href="/wiki/Sidearm_(baseball)" title="Sidearm (baseball)">sidearm</a>) that it bounces off the surface. "Skipping" counts the number of bounces; "skimming" measures the distance traveled. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg/220px-TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg/330px-TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg/440px-TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7733" data-file-height="5158" /></a><figcaption>People skipping stones in Haast, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2nd-century CE Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Julius Pollux</a> calls the game ἐποστρακισμός.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3rd-century CE Latin writer <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Minucius_Felix" title="Marcus Minucius Felix">Marcus Minucius Felix</a> described children skipping shells on the beach.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, a 1583 text calls it "Ducks and Drakes".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early explanation of the physics of stone-skipping was provided by <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-LSEB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSEB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaPoLay_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoLay-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world record for the number of skips, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i>, is 88, by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Steiner_(stone_skipper)" title="Kurt Steiner (stone skipper)">Kurt "Mountain Man" Steiner</a>. The cast was achieved on September 6, 2013, at Red Bridge in the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous record was 65 skips, by Max Steiner (no relation), set at Riverfront Park, <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin, Pennsylvania">Franklin, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before him, the record was 51 skips, set by Russell Byars on July 19, 2007, skipping at the same location.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurt Steiner also held the world record between 2002 and 2007 with a throw of 40 skips, achieved in competition in Franklin, PA. </p><p>The Guinness World Record for the furthest distance skimmed using natural stone stands at 121.8m for men, established by Dougie Isaacs (Scotland), and 52.5m for women, thrown by Nina Luginbuhl (Switzerland). These records were made on 28 May 2018 at Abernant Lake, <a href="/wiki/Llanwrtyd_Wells" title="Llanwrtyd Wells">Llanwrtyd Wells, Powys, Wales.</a> </p><p>There are several stone skimming championships held. The record for most World Championship wins also sits with Dougie Isaacs (Scotland), with 8 Men's World Stone Skimming Championship wins (2005, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016) and the Women's World Stone Skimming Championship wins record sits with Lucy Wood (England) with 5 wins (2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Championships">Championships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Championships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Big Four" American stone skipping contests include (in order of establishment and participant rankings): </p> <ol><li>The Mackinac Island championship, held on July 4 in northern Michigan (entry by invite only; must win prior Mackinac Open or Pennsylvania Qualifier to enter);</li> <li>The Pennsylvania championship, held usually the 3rd Saturday of August in <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin, PA">Franklin, PA</a>, about one hour southeast of Erie (winners invited to the subsequent Michigan contest);</li> <li>The Vermont championship (about one month after Pennsylvania) on the shore of Lake Paran, North of Bennington; and</li> <li>The Great Southern championship in Arkansas (Labor Day weekend).</li></ol> <p>Former world champion Coleman-McGhee founded the North American Stone Skipping Association (NASSA) in 1989 in <a href="/wiki/Driftwood,_Texas" title="Driftwood, Texas">Driftwood, Texas</a>. NASSA-sanctioned world championships were held from 1989 through 1992<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Wimberley, Texas. The next official NASSA World Championship is expected to be held at Platja d'en Ros beach in <a href="/wiki/Cadaqu%C3%A9s" title="Cadaqués">Cadaqués</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>A stone skimming championship takes place every year in <a href="/wiki/Easdale" title="Easdale">Easdale, Scotland</a>, where relative distance counts as opposed to the number of skips, as tends to be the case outside of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was run for more than 20 years by Donald Melville, who is seen as having done more for the sport than anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1997, competitors from all over the world have taken part in the World Stone Skimming Championships (WSSC) in a disused water-filled quarry on <a href="/wiki/Easdale_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Easdale Island">Easdale Island</a> using sea-worn Easdale slate of maximum 3" diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each participant gets three throws and the stone must bounce/skip at least twice to count (i.e. 3 water touches minimum).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event featured in the 2019 BBC Scotland documentary <i>Sink or Skim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WSSC for 2020-2022 were cancelled due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> before resuming competition in September 2023. </p><p>Other domestic distance-based championships in the UK are currently the Welsh and British, but they were cancelled in 2020 and 2021 for reasons including the COVID-19 pandemic. The British is next due to be held in 2023. Japan holds competitions where both skimming and skipping principles, as well as a throw's overall aesthetic quality, are taken into account to determine the winners. At present, there is also a competition at Ermatingen in Switzerland and occasionally in the Netherlands (both skimming/distance-based). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men's_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year"><span id="Men.27s_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year"></span>Men's World Skimming Championship winners by year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Men's World Skimming Championship winners by year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>Simon Power </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>Finn Dower </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>(Canceled due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td rowspan="2">Péter Szép </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>Keisuke Hashimoto </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td rowspan="4">Dougie Isaacs </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>Ron Long </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td rowspan="2">Dougie Isaacs </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>David Gee </td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>Eric Robertson </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Dougie Isaacs </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>Tony Kynn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Dougie Isaacs </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>Andrew McKinna </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Ian Brown </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>Alastair Judkins </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>Iain MacGregor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>Scott Finnie </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td rowspan="2">Ian Shellcock </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>Ian Sherriff </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><b>Joint Champions:</b><br />David Rhys-Jones,<br />Matthew Burnham,<br />Jonathan Ford </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year"><span id="Women.27s_World_Skimming_Championship_winners_by_year"></span>Women's World Skimming Championship winners by year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women's World Skimming Championship winners by year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>Cari Jones </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>Linsay McGeachy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>(Canceled due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>Christina Bowen-Bravery </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>Lucy Wood </td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>Nina Luginbuhl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td rowspan="2">Lucy Wood </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Helen Mannion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td rowspan="2">Lucy Wood </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>Joanne Giannandrea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>Manuela Kniebusch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>Tessa Pirie </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>Jillian Hunter </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>Cara Crosby </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underlying_physics">Underlying physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Underlying physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skipping_stones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Skipping_stones.svg/300px-Skipping_stones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Skipping_stones.svg/450px-Skipping_stones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Skipping_stones.svg/600px-Skipping_stones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a stone skipping</figcaption></figure> <p>Although stone skipping occurs at the air-water interface, <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> has very little to do with the physics of stone-skipping.<sup id="cite_ref-LSEB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSEB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the stones are a <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> akin to a <a href="/wiki/Planing_(boat)" title="Planing (boat)">planing boat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Frisbee</a>, generating <a href="/wiki/Lift_(aerodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift (aerodynamics)">lift</a> from a body <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angled upwards</a> and a high horizontal <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoLay_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoLay-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same physical effects apply to a stone when traveling in air or water. However, the force only compares to <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">gravity</a> when immersed in water, because the latter <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> has higher <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>. The result is a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Deflection_(physics)" title="Deflection (physics)">bouncing</a> or skipping motion, in which a series of extremely brief collisions with the water appear to support the stone.<sup id="cite_ref-STLay_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STLay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiftRegimes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiftRegimes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During each collision, the stone's horizontal velocity is approximately constant and its vertical motion can be approximated as a <a href="/wiki/Anharmonic_oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Anharmonic oscillator">non-Hookean spring</a>. The stone is only partially immersed, and lift from the immersed back suspends the stone and <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torques</a> it towards <a href="/wiki/Poinsot%27s_ellipsoid#Special_case" title="Poinsot's ellipsoid">tumbling</a>. That torque is stabilized by the <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> effect: the stone-skipper imparts a perpendicular initial <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> much larger than the collisional impulse, so that the latter induces only a small <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axis of rotation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theory_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stones improperly oriented at the moment of collision will not rebound: the largest observed angle of attack preceding a rebound occurred at an angle of approximately 45°. Conversely, a stone making angle 20° with the water's surface may rebound even at relatively low velocities, as well as minimizing the time and energy spent in the following collision.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In principle, a stone can skip arbitrarily-long distances, given a sufficiently high initial speed and rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-LiftRegimes_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiftRegimes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theory_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each collision saps an approximately constant <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> from the stone (a dynamical equation equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Coulomb_friction#Kinetic_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulomb friction">Coulomb friction</a>), as well as imparting an approximately constant <a href="/wiki/Angular_impulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular impulse">angular impulse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theory_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Experiment_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experiment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments suggest that initial angular momentum's stabilizing effect limits most stones: even "long-lived" throws still have high translational velocities when they finally sink.<sup id="cite_ref-Experiment_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experiment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>English: "skipping stones" or "skipping rocks" (North America); "lobsta cutting" (Cape Cod, North America); "stone skimming" or "ducks and drakes" (Britain); Skliffing<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "skiting"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Scotland) and "stone skiffing" (Ireland)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: "frog jumps" (<i>Bengbaji</i>); "kingfisher" (<i>Machhranga</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: "frogs" (жабки)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a>: "skipping (little) stones" (片石(仔)) [<i>pin3 sek6 (zai2)</i>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: "making step-stone bridges" (<i>fer passeres</i>); "making furrows" (<i>fer rigalets</i>); "skipping stones" (<i>llençar passanelles</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: "to make/throw froggies" (<i>dělat (házet) žabky/žabičky</i> – countrywide and generally intelligible); "to make ducks/drakes/ducklings" (<i>dělat kačky/kačeny/kačery/kačenky/káčata/káčírky</i> - in East Bohemia and parts of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>); "little fishes" (<i>rybičky/rybky</i>); "saucers" (<i>mističky</i>); "plates/dishes" (<i>talíře</i>); "wagtails" (<i>podlisky/podlíšky/lyšky</i>); "divers" (<i>potápky</i>); "pot-lids" (<i>pokličky/pukličky</i>); "flaps" (<i>plisky/plesky</i>); "plops" (<i>žbluňky</i>); "darts" (<i>šipky</i>); "bubbles" (<i>bubliny</i>); "<a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>" (<i>židy</i>); "figures" (<i>páni/panáky</i>); "gammers"/"wagtails" (<i>babky</i>); "dolls"/"girls"/"dragonflies" (<i>panenky</i>); "to ferry <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>" (<i>převážet panenku Mariu</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: "slipping" (<i>smut</i> or <i>at smutte</i>); "to make slips" (<i>at slå smut</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: "bouncing" (<i>ketsen</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: "throwing a <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>" (<i>lutsu viskama</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: "throwing breads/sandwiches" (<i>heittää leipiä/voileipiä</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: "making ricochets" (<i>faire des ricochets</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: "stone skipping" (<i>Steinehüpfen</i>); colloquially i.a. "flitting" (<i>flitschen</i>, old synonym of <i>schwirren</i>, "whirring"), its diminutive <i>flitscheln</i>, and "bouncing" (<i>ditschen</i>, a variant of <i>titschen</i>); older synonyms rarely used are i.a. "leading the bride" (<i>die Braut führen</i>), "throwing frogs" (<i>Frösche werfen</i>), "shooting/throwing maids/virgins" (<i>Jungfern schießen/werfen</i>), "skiffing" (<i>schiffeln</i>, <i>schippern</i>), "springing" (<i>schnellern</i>, from <i>schnellen</i>, "springing" or "darting"), and "pebbling" (<i>steineln</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: "little frogs" (<i>βατραχάκια</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: "making it to waddle", lit. "making it walk like a duck" (<i>kacsáztatás</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i>rimbalzello</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: "cutting water" (「水切り」[<i>mizu kiri</i>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <i>mulsujebi</i> (물수제비), meaning water (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">물</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">mul</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean soup</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sujebi" title="Sujebi">sujebi</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: "throwing (stone) froggies" (<i>mest (akmens) vardītes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: "making frogs" (<i>daryti varlytes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Language">Macedonian</a>: "frogs" (жабчиња)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>: <i>da shui piao</i> (打水漂)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <i>bhakrya kadhne</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: "making the rabbit leap" (<i>tuulai kharailgakh</i>); "making the dog lick" (<i>nokhoi doloolgokh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian language">Nigerian</a>: "the way a dragonfly skips across the water" (<i>lami lami</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: "fish bounce" (<i>fiskesprett</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: "letting the ducks out" (<i>puszczanie kaczek</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> "water shearing" ("capar a água");<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "making tiny hats" ("fazer chapeletas")<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> "making frogs" ("a face broaşte")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: "pancakes" (блинчики [<i>Blinchiki</i>]); "frogs" (лягушки [<i>Lyagushki</i>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>: "(to throw) little frogs" ([<i>bacati</i>] <i>žabice</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: "making white-caps" (<i>hacer cabrillas</i>); "making little frogs" (<i>hacer ranitas</i>); making ducklings (<i>hacer patitos</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: "throwing a sandwich" (<i>kasta smörgås</i> or <i>kasta macka</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: "frog jumps" (<i>kappa gantulu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: "skimming stone" (<i>taş sektirme</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: "letting the frogs out" (<i>zapuskaty zhabky</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Farsi</a>/Persian: "Syrian bashing" (<i>سوری زدن</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: "ricochet" (ném thia lia); "tossing stone" (liếc đá, lia đá)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lead character of the 2001 film <i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie" title="Amélie">Amélie</a></i> skips stones along the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Martin" title="Canal Saint-Martin">Canal Saint-Martin</a> in Paris as a plot point,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and picks up good skipping stones when she spots them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion_on_the_water_surface" title="Animal locomotion on the water surface">Animal locomotion on the water surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">Bouncing bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_balancing" title="Rock balancing">Rock balancing</a> (another hobby or pastime using stones)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skip_bombing" title="Skip bombing">Skip bombing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Dindorf (ed.): Julii Pollucis Onomasticon. Leipzig 1824, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/onomasticon01polluoft#page/n589/mode/2up">archive.org, p. 191 (section 9,119)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Minucius Felix: Octavius (cap. 3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/octaviul.htm">Latin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-34.htm">English</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/11/02/3054976.htm">Skipping stone secrets launch maximum spin</a>. ABC Science (2010-11-02). 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"Continual Skipping on Water". <i>J. Fluid Mech</i>. <b>669</b>: 328–353. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JFM...669..328H">2011JFM...669..328H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022112010005057">10.1017/S0022112010005057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6102984">6102984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Fluid+Mech.&rft.atitle=Continual+Skipping+on+Water&rft.volume=669&rft.pages=328-353&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6102984%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022112010005057&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JFM...669..328H&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=I.+J.&rft.au=Balmforth%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=McElwaine%2C+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+skipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theory-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theory_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theory_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theory_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBocquet2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bocquet, Lydéric (2003). "The physics of stone skipping". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 150–155. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0210015">physics/0210015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AmJPh..71..150B">2003AmJPh..71..150B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1519232">10.1119/1.1519232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11432407">11432407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+physics+of+stone+skipping&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=150-155&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0210015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11432407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1519232&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AmJPh..71..150B&rft.aulast=Bocquet&rft.aufirst=Lyd%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+skipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoselliniHersenClanetBocquet2005">Rosellini et al. 2005</a>; also summarized in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersenClanetBocquet2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hersen, Fabien; Clanet, Christophe & Bocquet, Lydéric (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427029a">"Secrets of successful stone-skipping"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>427</b> (6969): 29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.427...29C">2004Natur.427...29C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427029a">10.1038/427029a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14702075">14702075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4373833">4373833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+successful+stone-skipping&rft.volume=427&rft.issue=6969&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F427029a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4373833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14702075&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.427...29C&rft.aulast=Hersen&rft.aufirst=Fabien&rft.au=Clanet%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Bocquet%2C+Lyd%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F427029a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+skipping" class="Z3988"></span> <p>Both texts state that rebounds are impossible beyond 45°. The plots of viable impact angles and initial velocities include a rebound around 53°, but do not explain the discrepancy.</p></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Experiment-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Experiment_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Experiment_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoselliniHersenClanetBocquet2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rosellini, Lionel; Hersen, Fabien; Clanet, Christophe & Bocquet, Lydéric (2005). "Skipping Stones". <i>J. Fluid Mech</i>. <b>543</b>. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press: 137–146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JFM...543..137R">2005JFM...543..137R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022112005006373">10.1017/S0022112005006373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209359309">209359309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Fluid+Mech.&rft.atitle=Skipping+Stones&rft.volume=543&rft.pages=137-146&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209359309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022112005006373&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JFM...543..137R&rft.aulast=Rosellini&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft.au=Hersen%2C+Fabien&rft.au=Clanet%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Bocquet%2C+Lyd%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+skipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/skliff">"SKLIFF 4. To make (a flat stone) skip over water</a> Dictionary of the Scots Language"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4280078.stm">"Scots dominate in stone skimming"</a> - BBC News, 25 September 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Secrets of Stone Skipping, Coleman-McGhee, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883856-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-883856-01-9">1-883856-01-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Český jazykový atlas 1</i> (Czech Language Atlas 1), Academia, Prague, 2004, pp. 110–113, <i>(dělat) žabky</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803051001/http://www.slang.gr/search/user/8273">"Ορισμοί του χρήστη: σφυρίζων - slang.gr"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slang.gr/search/user/8273">the original</a> on 3 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%3A+%CF%83%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD+-+slang.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slang.gr%2Fsearch%2Fuser%2F8273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+skipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeite_de_Vasconcellos1882" class="citation book cs1">Leite de Vasconcellos, José (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tradicoespopular00vasc/page/71/mode/2up"><i>Tradições populares de Portugal</i></a>. Porto: Livraria portuense de Clavel & ca. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+populares+de+Portugal&rft.place=Porto&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Livraria+portuense+de+Clavel+%26+ca.&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Leite+de+Vasconcellos&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftradicoespopular00vasc%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+skipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieyra1860" class="citation book cs1">Vieyra, Antonio (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=yQktAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PP146&hl=en_GB&q=chapeletae"><i>A Dictionary of the English and Portuguese Languages: In Two Parts, English and Portuguese, and Portuguese and English, Volume 1</i></a>. london: Luke Hansard. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+English+and+Portuguese+Languages%3A+In+Two+Parts%2C+English+and+Portuguese%2C+and+Portuguese+and+English%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=london&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Luke+Hansard&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Vieyra&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DyQktAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PP146%26hl%3Den_GB%26q%3Dchapeletae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+skipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2001/aug/15/artsfeatures2"><i>The Guardian</i> review, 15 August 2001</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coleman, Jerry. <i>The Secrets of Stone Skipping</i>, Stone Age Sports Publications, January 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781883856014" title="Special:BookSources/9781883856014">9781883856014</a></li> <li>Lorenz, Ralph. <i>Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones</i>, Copernicus, New York, September 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-30779-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-30779-6">0-387-30779-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stone_skipping" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ducks_and_drakes" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ducks and drakes">ducks and drakes</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4553758">John Zehr's Patent, "Skipping stones and method of use thereof", US Patent 4553758</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713114228/http://www.johnskippykolar.com/">John "Skippy" Kolar Skipumentary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeeha.net/nassa/a1.html">NASSA homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoneskimming.com/">Easdale's Stone Skimming World Championships</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4280078.stm">World Championships on the BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skimwales.com">Wales Open Stone Skimming Championships</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814190626/http://www.skimwales.com/">Archived</a> 14 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoneskipping.com/">Mackinac Island Stone Skipping & Gerplunking Club</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145527/http://stoneskippinghalloffame.com/">The Stone Skipping Hall of Fame (virtual)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915102224/http://www.stoneskimmingbrouwersdam.nl/">European Championships Stone Skimming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franklinpa.gov/festivals_events/rock_in_river_festival">Rock in River Festival, Pennsylvania Stone Skipping Championship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603072123/http://www.franklinpa.gov/festivals_events/rock_in_river_festival">Archived</a> 3 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoneskimmingvlaardingen.nl/">European Championship Stone Skimming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521225230/https://stoneskimmingvlaardingen.nl/">Archived</a> 21 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodysurfing" title="Bodysurfing">Bodysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_skiing" title="Cable skiing">Cable skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">Kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboating" title="Kiteboating">Kiteboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeboarding_(towsport)" title="Kneeboarding (towsport)">Kneeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standup_paddleboarding" title="Standup paddleboarding">standup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skurfing_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skurfing (sport)">Skurfing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubing_(recreation)" title="Tubing (recreation)">Tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeskating" title="Wakeskating">Wakeskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakesurfing" title="Wakesurfing">Wakesurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_skiing" title="Barefoot skiing">barefoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">Yachting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Team sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">Canoe polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy_racing" title="Dinghy racing">Dinghy racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat#Racing" title="Outrigger boat">Outrigger canoe racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronized diving">Synchronized diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Synchronized swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waboba" title="Waboba">Waboba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_basketball" title="Water basketball">Water basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_volleyball" title="Water volleyball">Water volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_racing" title="Boat racing">Boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">Yacht racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water_sports" title="Category:Water sports">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic civilization">Hydraulic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">River valley civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_cruise" title="River cruise">River cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river" title="Wild river">Wild river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">Rivers by length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="List of drainage basins">Drainage basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers" title="List of whitewater rivers">Whitewater rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_floods" title="List of flash floods">Flash floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies" title="List of river name etymologies">River name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers" title="List of countries without rivers">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&oldid=1257205246">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_skipping&oldid=1257205246</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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