CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-gb"> <head>  <script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/84950241-aca8-4db0-8eb8-dcc8e7187276/osano.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cookie-consent.ieee.org/ieee-cookie-banner.css" type="text/css"/>  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="oc4uHl3htNEATowwKz8N4pGmwtBhU1flWfcmlOYtIlo"> <base href="https://internetinitiative.ieee.org/newsletter" /> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Governance, cybersecurity, and privacy-related publications to help inform and educate the technology and policy-making community." /> <title>Newsletter - IEEE Internet Initiative</title> <link href="/templates/ieeesitetemplate/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link href="/plugins/system/jcemediabox/css/jcemediabox.css?1d12bb5a40100bbd1841bfc0e498ce7b" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/plugins/system/jcemediabox/themes/squeeze/css/style.css?904d706a133c73eabd5311fc39fa401b" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/templates/ieeesitetemplate/css/template.css.php" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="/plugins/system/jcemediabox/js/jcemediabox.js?0c56fee23edfcb9fbdfe257623c5280e" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/templates/ieeesitetemplate/js/jui/jquery.min.js?575c3e0d31f5acd472625994e776c0fd" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/media/jui/js/jquery-noconflict.js?575c3e0d31f5acd472625994e776c0fd" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/templates/ieeesitetemplate/js/jui/jquery-migrate.min.js?575c3e0d31f5acd472625994e776c0fd" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/templates/ieeesitetemplate/js/jui/bootstrap.min.js?575c3e0d31f5acd472625994e776c0fd" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> JCEMediaBox.init({popup:{width:500,height:500,legacy:1,lightbox:0,shadowbox:0,resize:1,icons:1,overlay:1,overlayopacity:0.8,overlaycolor:"#000000",fadespeed:500,scalespeed:500,hideobjects:0,scrolling:"fixed",close:2,labels:{'close':'Close','next':'Next','previous':'Previous','cancel':'Cancel','numbers':'{$current} of {$total}'},cookie_expiry:"",google_viewer:0},tooltip:{className:"tooltip",opacity:0.8,speed:150,position:"br",offsets:{x: 16, y: 16}},base:"/",imgpath:"plugins/system/jcemediabox/img",theme:"squeeze",themecustom:"",themepath:"plugins/system/jcemediabox/themes",mediafallback:0,mediaselector:"audio,video"}); </script> <meta property="og:title" content="Newsletter - IEEE Internet Initiative" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://internetinitiative.ieee.org/newsletter" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://internetinitiative.ieee.org/images/files/template/IEEE_InternetInitiative_Logo_Blue_250.png" />  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-4930232-12"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-4930232-12', {'dimension1': 'anonymous', 'dimension2': '', 'dimension3': '', 'dimension4': 'Newsletter', 'dimension5': ''}); jQuery(document).ready(function($) { 'use strict' $.noConflict(); $(".jcepopup").each( function() { $(this).on('click', function() { gtag('config', 'UA-4930232-12', {'dimension1': 'anonymous', 'dimension2': '', 'dimension3': '', 'dimension4': 'Newsletter', 'dimension5': '', 'page_title': document.title, 'page_path': 'https://internetinitiative.ieee.org/newsletter'}); }); }); $("a").each(function() { if($(this).attr("href")) { if( $(this).attr("href").match(/images\/files/) ) { $(this).on('click', function() { gtag('config', 'UA-4930232-12', {'dimension1': 'anonymous', 'dimension2': '', 'dimension3': '', 'dimension4': 'Newsletter', 'dimension5': '', 'page_title': document.title, 'page_path': $(this).attr("href")}); }); } } }); }); </script> <div class="custom" > <script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function(n){n(".meta-nav .meta:nth-child(2) li a").each(function(t){n(this).on("click",function(){ga("send","event","IEEE Meta Nav","Click",n(this).text())})}),n.noConflict()});</script></div>  <style id="acj">body{display:none !important;}</style> <script type="text/javascript"> if (self === top) { var acj = document.getElementById("acj"); acj.parentNode.removeChild(acj); } else { top.location = self.location; } </script> </head> <body class="site newsletter ">  <a id="top"></a> <div class="nav meta-nav hidden-print"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-push-8 meta"> <div> <div id="sign_in"> <div class="signinlink"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/membership/join/index.html">Join IEEE</a> <span style="padding:0 5px">|</span> <a href="/?morequest=sso"><span class="signinicon"></span>Sign In</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 col-sm-pull-4 meta"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li> <a href="http://www.ieee.org" title="IEEE.org">IEEE.org</a> </li> <li class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org" title="IEEE Xplore Digital Library">IEEE <em>Xplore</em> Digital Library</a> </li> <li class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org" title="IEEE Standards">IEEE Standards</a> </li> <li class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <a href="http://spectrum.ieee.org" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/sitemap" title="More IEEE Sites" class="hidden-xs hidden-sm">More Sites</a> <div class="dropdown visible-xs visible-sm"> <a data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" data-target="#" id="moresites" role="button" class="moresites" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">More Sites<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-down"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="moresites"> <li> <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org" title="IEEE Xplore Digital Library">IEEE <em>Xplore</em> Digital Library</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org" title="IEEE Standards">IEEE Standards</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://spectrum.ieee.org" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/sitemap" title="More IEEE Sites">More Sites</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 col-md-push-9"> <a href="http://www.ieee.org" title="IEEE.org" class="pull-right hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <img src="/templates/ieeesitetemplate/images/ieee-mb-bk.png" alt="IEEE"> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-9 col-md-pull-3 site-title"> <a href="/" title="IEEE Internet Initiative" class="pull-left"> <span class="visible-print-block"> IEEE Internet Initiative </span> <img src="/images/files/template/IEEE_InternetInitiative_Logo_Blue_250.png" alt="IEEE Internet Initiative" class="img-responsive hidden-print"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-social hidden-print"> <div class="container"> <div class="row search-and-social"> <div class="col-md-5 search"> <div> <form id="mod-finder-searchform" action="/component/finder/search" method="get" class="form-search"> <div class="input-group"> <label for="searchbox" class="sr-only">Search IEEE Internet Initiative</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" maxlength="100" name="q" id="searchbox" value="" placeholder="Search IEEE Internet Initiative" /> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Search</button> </span> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-7 social"> <div class="pull-right"> <div class="customct" > <a href="https://ieee-collabratec.ieee.org/app/community/65/activities" title="IEEE Internet Technology Policy Collabratec Community"><img src="/images/files/template/collabratec.png" alt="collabratec" /></a></div> <a href="https://twitter.com/IEEENetPolicy" target='_blank' onClick="javascript:gtag('event', 'View', {'event_category': 'Social Media', 'event_label': 'Twitter'});"><img src="https://internetinitiative.ieee.org/modules/mod_ieeesocialmedia/icons/twitter.png" width="34" height="34" alt="Twitter" title="Twitter" class="socialicon" /></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <nav class="navbar navbar-default" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#menu-primary"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div class="navbar-collapse collapse" id="menu-primary"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav menu"> <li class="item-101 parent"><a href="/" ><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="item-141 parent"><a href="/about" ><span>About</span></a></li><li class="item-291 parent"><a href="/newsroom" ><span>Newsroom</span></a></li><li class="item-143 parent"><a href="/events" ><span>Events</span></a></li><li class="item-145 parent"><a href="/resources" ><span>Resources</span></a></li><li class="item-157 child"><a href="/join" ><span>Join</span></a></li><li class="item-261 active deeper parent"><a href="/newsletter" ><span>Newsletter</span></a><ul class="nav-child"><li class="item-262 parent"><a href="/newsletter/may-2016" ><span>May 2016</span></a></li><li class="item-306 parent"><a href="/newsletter/september-2016" ><span>September 2016</span></a></li><li class="item-343 parent"><a href="/newsletter/november-2016" ><span>November 2016</span></a></li><li class="item-395 parent"><a href="/newsletter/january-2017" ><span>January 2017</span></a></li><li class="item-453 parent"><a href="/newsletter/may-2017" ><span>May 2017 </span></a></li><li class="item-464 parent"><a href="/newsletter/july-2017" ><span>July 2017 </span></a></li><li class="item-481 parent"><a href="/newsletter/september-2017" ><span>September 2017 </span></a></li><li class="item-504 parent"><a href="/newsletter/november-2017" ><span>November 2017 </span></a></li><li class="item-517 parent"><a href="/newsletter/march-2018" ><span>March 2018</span></a></li><li class="item-533 parent"><a href="/newsletter/june-2018" ><span>June 2018 </span></a></li><li class="item-557 parent"><a href="/newsletter/september-2018" ><span>September 2018 </span></a></li><li class="item-567 parent"><a href="/newsletter/december-2018" ><span>December 2018 </span></a></li><li class="item-420 parent"><a href="/newsletter/march-2017" ><span>March 2017 </span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="page-content"> <div class="container"> <div id="content" class="row"> <article id="content-column-2" class="col-md-9"> <div itemprop="articleBody"> <h1 style="background-image: url('/images/files/newsletter/newsletter-header-small.jpg'); color: #fff; padding: 20px; text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);">IEEE Internet Policy Newsletter - December 2018</h1> <h4>ISSUE 12 | DECEMBER 2018</h4> <div style="background-color: #f2f2f2; padding: 20px;"> <h3>NOTE FROM THE EDITOR</h3> <p><span>With the IEEE Internet Initiative completing its work as a special initiative of the IEEE Board of Directors at the end of this year, this will be the final issue of the <em>IEEE Internet Policy Newsletter.</em> I would like to convey a special thank you to the newsletter editorial team and the many contributing authors who—over the past two and a half years and 12 issues—have shared their perspectives on timely topics related to technical, policy, social, and governance aspects of the internet and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) advancements around the world. From data protection and privacy to blockchain and universal access to the internet, 46 published articles now comprise an impressive archive for referencing and sharing.</span></p> <p><span>While December 2018 is the final issue of the newsletter, interested authors and readers are encouraged to explore the </span><a href="http://sites.ieee.org/futuredirections/tech-policy-ethics/"><em><span>Technology Policy and Ethics IEEE Future Directions</span></em><span> <em>Newsletter</em></span></a><span>, which covers these and other similar topics<em>.</em> IEEE Future Directions considers the reflection of technology through the lens of social implications a key tenet of their work as they incubate and promote technologies. They seek short article submissions of original content (800-1200 words) on the social implications of technology, including but not limited to policy and ethics topics. Authors interested in contributing articles should email </span><a href="mailto:FDPolicyEthics@ieee.org"><span>FDPolicyEthics@ieee.org</span></a><span>.</span></p> <p><em><span>— Ali Kashif Bashir, IEEE Internet Policy Newsletter Editor-in-Chief</span></em></p> <hr /> <h2 style="border: none;">Internet Policy in the Age of Machine Learning</h2> <p><em>By Nishanth Sastry and Mischa Dohler</em></p> <p>The Internet was built on a philosophy of simplicity. This set the base for the growth of the Internet, as a network of networks operated by mutually independent domains with potentially different underlying technologies, that enter into a business relationship with each other to provide mutual interconnection to each other’s networks, and beyond.</p> <div class="readmore"><a class="btn btn-default" href="/newsletter/december-2018/internet-policy-in-the-age-of-machine-learning">Read More</a></div> <hr /> <h2 style="border: none;">Policy Elements of Decision-making Algorithms</h2> <h3>Algorithms for Making Decisions</h3> <p><em>By Garrick Villaume</em></p> <p>Algorithms are finite sequences of specific operations used for solving a particular instance or class of problem. Typically, they are designed to solve problems expressed mathematically using some symbolic encoding to represent objects, events, conditions, and parameters. As realized in contemporary computers, algorithms are formed as a reproducible series of arithmetic and logic operations to be performed on alphanumeric data to answer specific questions. The types of questions that can be answered and the characteristics of algorithms for solving different classes of problems are the focus of computing theory and form the basis of computer science.</p> <div class="readmore"><a class="btn btn-default" href="/newsletter/december-2018/policy-elements-of-decision-making-algorithms">Read More</a></div> <hr /> <h2 style="border: none;">Incomplete and Complete Data Processing on the Internet</h2> <p><em>By Syamantak Saha</em></p> <p>Internet provides a vast amount of data that can be used to gather information. However, it is important to effectively retrieve the data that is required without unnecessary distractions or confusions by introduction of unwanted results. The data domain, collection methods etc., determines whether the input data is complete or incomplete. Appropriate processing of the data can then be undertaken as per data engineering principles. Inappropriate processing can cause data hazards where there is a mismatch between input values and the expected or obtained results. Here it is important to note the differences between complete and incomplete datasets, so that appropriate processing can be undertaken.</p> <div class="readmore"><a class="btn btn-default" href="/newsletter/december-2018/incomplete-and-complete-data-processing-on-the-internet">Read More</a></div> <hr /> <h2 style="border: none;">Measuring Internet Censorship in Nigeria</h2> <h3>Evidence of Internet Policy Advocacy in Africa</h3> <p><em>By Babatunde Okunoye, Maria Xynou, Leonid Evdokimov, Sodiq Alabi, and Chukwuzitere Okoli</em></p> <p>Over the past decade, Africa has witnessed increased government censorship of the internet, including internet shutdowns, social media app shutdowns and website blockages. Advocates against internet censorship in Africa are often hindered in their advocacy work by a lack of technical evidence during incidents of censorship. This need for technical evidence potentially opens the door for collaboration between scientists, engineers, and human rights defenders .</p> <div class="readmore"><a class="btn btn-default" href="/newsletter/december-2018/measuring-internet-censorship-in-nigeria">Read More</a></div> <hr /></div> <div class="clearfix"></div></article> <div id="content-column-3" class="col-md-3"> <hr class="visible-sm-block visible-xs-block" /> <div class="custom" > <div class="custom"><br /> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Article Contributions Welcomed</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="caret-color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; text-size-adjust: auto;">If you wish to have an internet policy related article considered for publication, please contact the <a href="mailto:itp-newsletter@ieee.org">Managing Editor</a> of Technology Policy and Ethics IEEE Future Directions <a href="http://sites.ieee.org/futuredirections/tech-policy-ethics/">Newsletter</a>.</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/images/files/newsletter/IEEE_InternetPolicy_Newsletter-Guidelines_26Mar2018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View Editorial Guidelines</a></p> <hr /> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Past Issues</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/december-2018/">December 2018</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/september-2018/">September 2018</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/june-2018/">June 2018</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/march-2018/">March 2018</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/november-2017/">November 2017</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/september-2017/">September 2017</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/july-2017/">July 2017</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/may-2017/">May 2017</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/march-2017/">March 2017</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/january-2017/">January 2017</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/november-2016/">November 2016</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/newsletter/september-2016/">September 2016</a></p> <hr /> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>IEEE Internet Policy Newsletter Editorial Board</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;">Dr. Ali Kashif Bashir, Interim Editor-in- Chief <br /><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; background-color: #ffff00;"></span></span>Dr. Syed Hassan Ahmed <br />Dr. Mudassar Ahmad <br />Dr. Onur Alparslan <br />Dr. Muhammad Bilal<br />Dr. Syed Ahmad Chan Bukhari <br />Dr. Ankur Chattopadhyay <br />Dr. Junaid Chaudhry <br />Dr. Waleed Ejaz<br />Dr. Yasir Faheem<br /> Dr. Prasun Ghosal <br />Dr. Tahir Hameed <br />Dr. Y. Sinan Hanay <br />Dr. Shagufta Henna<br />Dr. Fatima Hussain <br />Dr. Rasheed Hussain <br />Dr. Saman Iftikhar <br />Dr. Stephan Jones<br />Dr. Mohammad Saud Khan <br /> Olga Kiconco <br /> Dr. Jay Ramesh Merja <br />Dr. Mubashir Husain Rehmani <br />Dr. Hafiz Maher Ali Zeeshan</p> <hr /> <p><strong>About:</strong> This newsletter features technical, policy, social, governmental, but not political commentary related to the internet. Its contents reflect the viewpoints of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions and views of IEEE. It is published by the IEEE Internet Initiative to enhance knowledge and promote discussion of the issues addressed.</p> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <footer class="hidden-print"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <hr class="footer-separator"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li> <a href="/" title="Home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/home/sitemap" title="Sitemap">Sitemap</a> </li> <li> <a href="/home/contact" title="Contact IEEE Internet Initiative">Contact IEEE Internet Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/accessibility_statement.html" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" title="Nondiscrimination Policy">Nondiscrimination Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/20410/index.html" title="IEEE Ethics Reporting">IEEE Ethics Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/security_privacy.html" title="IEEE Privacy Policy">IEEE Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" title="Terms & Disclosures">Terms & Disclosures</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <a href="http://www.ieee.org" title="IEEE.org" class="pull-right"> <img src="/templates/ieeesitetemplate/images/ieee-mb-bk.png" alt="IEEE"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <p> <span class="sitename">IEEE Internet Initiative</span> <span class="sitetagline"></span> </p> </p> © Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. </p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </body> </html>