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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication_and_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Communication and connection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_classes_and_power_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_classes_and_power_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bluetooth classes and power use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_classes_and_power_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bluetooth profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>List of applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Computer requirements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computer_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computer requirements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_system_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Operating system implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specifications and features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications_and_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications and features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_1.0_and_1.0B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_1.0_and_1.0B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_1.0_and_1.0B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_1.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_1.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bluetooth 1.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_1.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_1.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_1.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bluetooth 1.2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_1.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_2.0_+_EDR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_2.0_+_EDR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_2.0_+_EDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_2.1_+_EDR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_2.1_+_EDR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_2.1_+_EDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_3.0_+_HS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_3.0_+_HS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Bluetooth 3.0 + HS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_3.0_+_HS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultra-wideband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra-wideband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Ultra-wideband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra-wideband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_4.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_4.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Bluetooth 4.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_4.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_4.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_4.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Bluetooth 4.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_4.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_4.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_4.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Bluetooth 4.2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_4.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Bluetooth 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_5.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_5.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Bluetooth 5.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_5.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_5.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_5.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Bluetooth 5.2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_5.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_5.3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_5.3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Bluetooth 5.3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_5.3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_5.4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_5.4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>Bluetooth 5.4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_5.4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_6.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_6.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>Bluetooth 6.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_6.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Technical information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_protocol_stack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_protocol_stack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bluetooth protocol stack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_protocol_stack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Link_Manager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_Manager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Link Manager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_Manager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_Controller_Interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_Controller_Interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Host Controller Interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_Controller_Interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_Link_Control_and_Adaptation_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_Link_Control_and_Adaptation_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_Link_Control_and_Adaptation_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_Discovery_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_Discovery_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Service Discovery Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_Discovery_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_Frequency_Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_Frequency_Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Radio Frequency Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_Frequency_Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth_Network_Encapsulation_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth_Network_Encapsulation_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.6</span> <span>Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth_Network_Encapsulation_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio/Video_Control_Transport_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio/Video_Control_Transport_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.7</span> <span>Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio/Video_Control_Transport_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio/Video_Distribution_Transport_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio/Video_Distribution_Transport_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.8</span> <span>Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio/Video_Distribution_Transport_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephony_Control_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephony_Control_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.9</span> <span>Telephony Control Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephony_Control_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adopted_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adopted_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.10</span> <span>Adopted protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adopted_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseband_error_correction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseband_error_correction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Baseband error correction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseband_error_correction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting_up_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_up_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Setting up connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_up_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pairing_and_bonding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pairing_and_bonding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Pairing and bonding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pairing_and_bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Motivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pairing_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pairing_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.3</span> <span>Pairing mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pairing_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.4</span> <span>Security concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluejacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluejacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bluejacking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluejacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_security_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_security_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>History of security concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_security_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2001–2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>2001–2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.4</span> <span>2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.5</span> <span>2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.6</span> <span>2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.7</span> <span>2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Health concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Award_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Award programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Award_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluetooth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بلوتوث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلوتوث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5" title="ব্লুটুথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্লুটুথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्लूटूथ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्लूटूथ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ལཱན་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལཱན་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bludento" title="Bludento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bludento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بلوتوث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوتوث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8%ED%88%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="블루투스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블루투스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्लूटूथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्लूटूथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%AA%27" title="בלוטות' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלוטות'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ಲ್ಯೂಟೂತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಲ್ಯೂಟೂತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലൂടൂത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലൂടൂത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्लूटूथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्लूटूथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بلوتوث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلوتوث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="ဘလူးထူးသ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘလူးထူးသ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्लुटुथ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्लुटुथ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5tann" title="Blåtann – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blåtann" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5" title="ਬਲੂਟੁੱਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੂਟੁੱਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بلوٹتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلوٹتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بلوتوت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بلوتوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="බ්ලූටූත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්ලූටූත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بلوتووس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بلوتووس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="புளூடூத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளூடூத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్లూటూత్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్లూటూత్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%98" title="บลูทูธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บลูทูธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بلوٹوتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلوٹوتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D9%83%DA%86%D9%89%D8%B4" title="كۆكچىش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆكچىش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E7%89%99" title="蓝牙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蓝牙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98" title="בלו טוט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בלו טוט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%89%99" title="藍牙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藍牙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%89%99" title="藍牙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藍牙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bluetooth" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39531#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluetooth_4.1&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth 4.1">Bluetooth 4.1</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A short-range wireless technology standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Danish king, see <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Bluetooth</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluetooth_logo_(2016).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluetooth_logo_%282016%29.svg/220px-Bluetooth_logo_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluetooth_logo_%282016%29.svg/330px-Bluetooth_logo_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluetooth_logo_%282016%29.svg/440px-Bluetooth_logo_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="86" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth Special Interest Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1998<span class="noprint"> (26 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-05-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">Personal area networks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Compatible hardware</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Gaming consoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_finder" title="Key finder">Key finders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Physical range</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically less than 10 m (33 ft), up to 100 m (330 ft).<br />Bluetooth 5.0: 40–400 m (100–1,000 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-BTrange_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTrange-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bluetooth1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluetooth1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bluetooth.com">bluetooth<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG/220px-Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG/330px-Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG/440px-Plantronics_Voyager_Legend.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>A Bluetooth <a href="/wiki/Earbud" class="mw-redirect" title="Earbud">earbud</a>, an earphone and microphone that communicates with a cellphone using the Bluetooth protocol</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bluetooth</b> is a short-range <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal area networks</a> (PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Milliwatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliwatt">milliwatts</a>, giving it a very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). It employs <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM bands</a>, from 2.402<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a> to 2.48<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly used as an alternative to wired connections to exchange files between nearby portable devices and connect <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a> and music players with <a href="/wiki/Wireless_headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless headphone">wireless headphones</a>. </p><p>Bluetooth is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth Special Interest Group</a> (SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> standardized Bluetooth as <b>IEEE 802.15.1</b> but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A manufacturer must meet <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group#Qualification" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG standards</a> to market it as a Bluetooth device.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A network of <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> applies to the technology, which is licensed to individual qualifying devices. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluetooth&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 4.7 billion Bluetooth <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chips are shipped annually.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bluetooth was first demonstrated in space in 2024, an early test envisioned to enhance <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name "Bluetooth" was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach of <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, one of the founders of the Bluetooth SIG. The name was inspired by a conversation with Sven Mattisson who related Scandinavian history through tales from <a href="/wiki/Frans_G._Bengtsson" title="Frans G. Bengtsson">Frans G. Bengtsson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Ships" title="The Long Ships">The Long Ships</a></i>, a historical novel about Vikings and the 10th-century Danish king <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a>. Upon discovering a picture of the <a href="/wiki/Jelling_stones#Runestone_of_Harald_Bluetooth" title="Jelling stones">runestone of Harald Bluetooth</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the book <i>A History of the Vikings</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Gwyn Jones</a>, Kardach proposed Bluetooth as the codename for the short-range wireless program which is now called Bluetooth.<sup id="cite_ref-EETimes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EETimes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bluetooth's official website, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bluetooth was only intended as a placeholder until marketing could come up with something really cool. </p><p>Later, when it came time to select a serious name, Bluetooth was to be replaced with either RadioWire or PAN (Personal Area Networking). PAN was the front runner, but an exhaustive search discovered it already had tens of thousands of hits throughout the internet. </p><p> A full trademark search on RadioWire couldn't be completed in time for launch, making Bluetooth the only choice. The name caught on fast and before it could be changed, it spread throughout the industry, becoming synonymous with short-range wireless technology.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bluetooth is the <a href="/wiki/Anglicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicised">Anglicised</a> version of the Scandinavian <i>Blåtand</i>/<i>Blåtann</i> (or in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>blátǫnn</i>). It was the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> of King Harald Bluetooth, who united the disparate Danish tribes into a single kingdom; Kardach chose the name to imply that Bluetooth similarly unites communication protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bluetooth logo <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluetooth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bluetooth.svg/20px-Bluetooth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bluetooth.svg/30px-Bluetooth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bluetooth.svg/40px-Bluetooth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="781" /></a></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Bind_rune" title="Bind rune">bind rune</a> merging the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ior.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Runic_letter_ior.svg/8px-Runic_letter_ior.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Runic_letter_ior.svg/12px-Runic_letter_ior.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Runic_letter_ior.svg/16px-Runic_letter_ior.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> (ᚼ, <a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz">Hagall</a>) and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/8px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/12px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/16px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> (ᛒ, <a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">Bjarkan</a>), Harald's initials.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ericsson_Bluetooth_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ericsson_Bluetooth_module.jpg/220px-Ericsson_Bluetooth_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ericsson_Bluetooth_module.jpg/330px-Ericsson_Bluetooth_module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ericsson_Bluetooth_module.jpg/440px-Ericsson_Bluetooth_module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Ericsson Bluetooth module PBA 313 01/2S R2A, manufactured in week 22 of 2001</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bluetooth" title="Special:EditPage/Bluetooth">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bluetooth%22">"Bluetooth"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bluetooth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bluetooth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bluetooth%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bluetooth%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bluetooth%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ericsson Mobile">Ericsson Mobile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, Sweden. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ullman" title="Johan Ullman">Johan Ullman</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=SE8902098-6">SE 8902098-6</a>, issued 1989-06-12</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=8902098-6&rft.cc=SE&rft.title=&rft.date=1989-06-12"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=SE9202239">SE 9202239</a>, issued 1992-07-24</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=9202239&rft.cc=SE&rft.title=&rft.date=1992-07-24"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>. Nils Rydbeck tasked <a href="/wiki/Tord_Wingren" title="Tord Wingren">Tord Wingren</a> with specifying and Dutchman <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Haartsen" title="Jaap Haartsen">Jaap Haartsen</a> and Sven Mattisson with developing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were working for Ericsson in Lund.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Principal design and development began in 1994 and by 1997 the team had a workable solution.<sup id="cite_ref-documents.epo_2012-03-30_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-documents.epo_2012-03-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1997 Örjan Johansson became the project leader and propelled the technology and standardization.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, Adalio Sanchez, then head of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a> product R&D, approached Nils Rydbeck about collaborating on integrating a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> into a ThinkPad notebook. The two assigned engineers from <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> studied the idea. The conclusion was that power consumption on cellphone technology at that time was too high to allow viable integration into a notebook and still achieve adequate battery life. Instead, the two companies agreed to integrate Ericsson's short-link technology on both a ThinkPad notebook and an Ericsson phone to accomplish the goal. </p><p>Since neither IBM ThinkPad notebooks nor Ericsson phones were the market share leaders in their respective markets at that time, Adalio Sanchez and Nils Rydbeck agreed to make the short-link technology an open industry standard to permit each player maximum market access. Ericsson contributed the short-link radio technology, and IBM contributed patents around the logical layer. Adalio Sanchez of IBM then recruited Stephen Nachtsheim of Intel to join and then Intel also recruited <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>. In May 1998, the Bluetooth SIG was launched with IBM and Ericsson as the founding signatories and a total of five members: Ericsson, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba, and IBM. </p><p>The first Bluetooth device was revealed in 1999. It was a hands-free mobile headset that earned the "Best of show Technology Award" at <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a>. The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the unreleased prototype Ericsson T36, though it was the revised Ericsson model <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_T39" title="Ericsson T39">T39</a> that actually made it to store shelves in June 2001. However Ericsson released the R520m in Quarter 1 of 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the R520m the first ever commercially available Bluetooth phone. In parallel, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad A30 in October 2001 which was the first notebook with integrated Bluetooth. </p><p>Bluetooth's early incorporation into consumer electronics products continued at Vosi Technologies in Costa Mesa, California, initially overseen by founding members Bejan Amini and Tom Davidson. Vosi Technologies had been created by real estate developer Ivano Stegmenga, with United States Patent 608507, for communication between a cellular phone and a vehicle's audio system. At the time, Sony/Ericsson had only a minor market share in the cellular phone market, which was dominated in the US by Nokia and Motorola. Due to ongoing negotiations for an intended licensing agreement with Motorola beginning in the late 1990s, Vosi could not publicly disclose the intention, integration, and initial development of other enabled devices which were to be the first "<a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Smart Home</a>" internet connected devices. </p><p>Vosi needed a means for the system to communicate without a wired connection from the vehicle to the other devices in the network. Bluetooth was chosen, since <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> was not yet readily available or supported in the public market. Vosi had begun to develop the Vosi Cello integrated vehicular system and some other internet connected devices, one of which was intended to be a table-top device named the Vosi Symphony, networked with Bluetooth. Through the negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, Vosi introduced and disclosed its intent to integrate Bluetooth in its devices. In the early 2000s a legal battle<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ensued between Vosi and Motorola, which indefinitely suspended release of the devices. Later, Motorola implemented it in their devices which initiated the significant propagation of Bluetooth in the public market due to its large market share at the time. </p><p>In 2012, Jaap Haartsen was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a> for the <a href="/wiki/European_Inventor_Award" title="European Inventor Award">European Inventor Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-documents.epo_2012-03-30_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-documents.epo_2012-03-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div> <p>Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2.402 and 2.480<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz, or 2.400 and 2.4835<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz, including <a href="/wiki/Guard_band" title="Guard band">guard bands</a> 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz wide at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-Radio-Electronics.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio-Electronics.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial, scientific and medical (<a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM</a>) 2.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called <a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">frequency-hopping spread spectrum</a>. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz. It usually performs 1600<span class="nowrap"> </span>hops per second, with <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum">adaptive frequency-hopping</a> (AFH) enabled.<sup id="cite_ref-Radio-Electronics.com_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio-Electronics.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a> uses 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_frequency-shift_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaussian frequency-shift keying">Gaussian frequency-shift keying</a> (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-<a href="/wiki/DQPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="DQPSK">DQPSK</a> (differential quadrature phase-shift keying) and 8-DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode, where an instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> of 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> is possible. The term <i>Enhanced Data Rate</i> (<i>EDR</i>) is used to describe π/4-DPSK (EDR2) and 8-DPSK (EDR3) schemes, transferring 2 and 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s respectively. </p><p>In 2019, Apple published an extension called HDR which supports data rates of 4 (HDR4) and 8 (HDR8) Mbit/s using π/4-<a href="/wiki/DQPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="DQPSK">DQPSK</a> modulation on 4 MHz channels with forward error correction (FEC).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bluetooth is a <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet-based protocol</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Master/slave_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master/slave (technology)">master/slave architecture</a>. One master may communicate with up to seven slaves in a <a href="/wiki/Piconet" title="Piconet">piconet</a>. All devices within a given piconet use the clock provided by the master as the base for packet exchange. The master clock ticks with a period of 312.5<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Μs">μs</a>, two clock ticks then make up a slot of 625<span class="nowrap"> </span>μs, and two slots make up a slot pair of 1250<span class="nowrap"> </span>μs. In the simple case of single-slot packets, the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots. The slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3, or 5 slots long, but in all cases, the master's transmission begins in even slots and the slave's in odd slots. </p><p>The above excludes Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4.0 specification,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy#Radio_interface" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">uses the same spectrum but somewhat differently</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_connection">Communication and connection</h3></div> <p>A master BR/EDR Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone necessarily begins as master—as an initiator of the connection—but may subsequently operate as the slave). </p><p>The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a <a href="/wiki/Scatternet" title="Scatternet">scatternet</a>, in which certain devices simultaneously play the master/leader role in one piconet and the slave role in another. </p><p>At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode). The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in a <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">round-robin</a> fashion. Since it is the master that chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is possible; being a slave of more than one master is possible. The specification is vague as to required behavior in scatternets.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p>Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">microchips</a> in each device.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other; however, a <i><a href="/wiki/Quasi-optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-optical">quasi optical</a></i> wireless path must be viable.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_classes_and_power_use">Bluetooth classes and power use</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Bluetooth device power by class </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Class </th> <th colspan="2">Maximum permitted power </th></tr> <tr> <th>mW </th> <th><a href="/wiki/DBm" title="DBm">dBm</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>10–100</td> <td>+10–+20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.5* </th> <td>2.5–10</td> <td>+4–+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>1–2.5</td> <td>0–+4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>0.01–1</td> <td>−20–0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">* Class<span class="nowrap"> </span>1.5 included in Class<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 for BR/EDR </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">Source: Bluetooth Core Specification revision<span class="nowrap"> </span>5.3,<br />Volume<span class="nowrap"> </span>6, Part<span class="nowrap"> </span>A, §<span class="nowrap"> </span>3, and<br />Volume<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, Part<span class="nowrap"> </span>A, §<span class="nowrap"> </span>3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/specs/core-specification-5-3/">Bluetooth SIG</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, the Bluetooth range was defined by the radio class, with a lower class (and higher output power) having larger range.<sup id="cite_ref-bluetooth1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluetooth1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual range of a given link depends on several qualities of both communicating devices and the <a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">air and obstacles in between</a>. The primary attributes affecting range are the data rate, protocol (Bluetooth Classic or Bluetooth Low Energy), transmission power, and receiver sensitivity, and the relative orientations and gains of both antennas.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effective range varies depending on propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections make the range far lower than specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products. </p><p>Most Bluetooth applications are battery-powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower-powered device tends to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended when a Class 2 device is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and transmission power than a typical Class 2 device.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, however, Class 1 devices have sensitivities similar to those of Class 2 devices. Connecting two Class 1 devices with both high sensitivity and high power can allow ranges far in excess of the typical 100 m, depending on the throughput required by the application. Some such devices allow open field ranges of up to 1 km and beyond between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits.<sup id="cite_ref-WT41_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT41-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BluBear_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BluBear-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OBS433_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBS433-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_profile">Bluetooth profile</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_profiles" title="List of Bluetooth profiles">List of Bluetooth profiles</a></div> <p>To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles. For example, </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_profiles#Headset_Profile_(HSP)" title="List of Bluetooth profiles">Headset Profile (HSP)</a> connects headphones and earbuds to a cell phone or laptop.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_profiles#Health_Device_Profile_(HDP)" title="List of Bluetooth profiles">Health Device Profile (HDP)</a> can connect a cell phone to a digital thermometer or heart rate detector.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_profiles#Video_Distribution_Profile_(VDP)" title="List of Bluetooth profiles">Video Distribution Profile (VDP)</a> sends a video stream from a video camera to a TV screen or a recording device.</li></ul> <p>Profiles are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles include settings to parameterize and to control the communication from the start. Adherence to profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_applications">List of applications</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluetooth_headset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bluetooth_headset.jpg/250px-Bluetooth_headset.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bluetooth_headset.jpg/375px-Bluetooth_headset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bluetooth_headset.jpg/500px-Bluetooth_headset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>A typical Bluetooth mobile phone <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">headset</a> from the early 2000s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JBL_GO2_Bluetooth_speaker_00_10_27_681000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JBL_GO2_Bluetooth_speaker_00_10_27_681000.jpeg/220px-JBL_GO2_Bluetooth_speaker_00_10_27_681000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JBL_GO2_Bluetooth_speaker_00_10_27_681000.jpeg/330px-JBL_GO2_Bluetooth_speaker_00_10_27_681000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/JBL_GO2_Bluetooth_speaker_00_10_27_681000.jpeg/440px-JBL_GO2_Bluetooth_speaker_00_10_27_681000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="2383" /></a><figcaption>A handheld, waterproof JBL <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth speaker">Bluetooth speaker</a> with a rechargeable battery, made in the late 2010s</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Wireless control and communication between a mobile phone and a <a href="/wiki/Handsfree" title="Handsfree">handsfree</a> <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">headset</a>. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless control of audio and communication functions between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo system (and sometimes <a href="/wiki/SIM_Access_Profile" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM Access Profile">between the SIM card and the car phone</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li>Wireless communication between a smartphone and a <a href="/wiki/Smart_lock" title="Smart lock">smart lock</a> for unlocking doors.</li> <li>Wireless control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones, tablets and portable <a href="/wiki/Wireless_speaker" title="Wireless speaker">wireless speakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_headset" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth headset">Bluetooth headset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercom" title="Intercom">intercom</a>. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a Bluetooth".</li> <li>Wireless streaming of audio to <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> with or without communication capabilities.</li> <li>Wireless streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to phone or PC.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_technology" title="Keyboard technology">keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printer</a>.</li> <li>Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with <a href="/wiki/OBEX" class="mw-redirect" title="OBEX">OBEX</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sharing directories <a href="/wiki/FTP_server" title="FTP server">via FTP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Triggering the camera shutter of a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> using a Bluetooth controlled <a href="/wiki/Selfie_stick" title="Selfie stick">selfie stick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Replacement of previous wired <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> serial communications in test equipment, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS receivers</a>, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.</li> <li>For controls where <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> was often used.</li> <li>For low bandwidth applications where higher <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> bandwidth is not required and cable-free connection desired.</li> <li>Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g., <a href="/wiki/PROFINET" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFINET">PROFINET</a>) networks.</li> <li>Game consoles have been using Bluetooth as a wireless communications protocol for peripherals since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(seventh_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (seventh generation)">seventh generation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> which use Bluetooth for their respective controllers.</li> <li>Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone as a wireless modem.</li> <li>Short-range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone, <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> or dedicated <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">telehealth</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Allowing a <a href="/wiki/DECT" title="DECT">DECT</a> phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile phone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time location systems</a> (RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of objects in real time using "Nodes" or "tags" attached to, or embedded in, the objects tracked, and "Readers" that receive and process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items. The protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g., a tag) that is in constant communication with the phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of range of the phone) then an alarm is raised. This can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Man_overboard" title="Man overboard">man overboard</a> alarm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada's Roads Traffic division uses data collected from travelers' Bluetooth devices to predict travel times and road congestion for motorists.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless transmission of audio (a more reliable alternative to <a href="/wiki/FM_transmitter_(personal_device)" title="FM transmitter (personal device)">FM transmitters</a>)</li> <li>Live video streaming to the visual cortical implant device by Nabeel Fattah in Newcastle university 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Connection of <a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">motion controllers</a> to a PC when using VR headsets</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devices">Devices</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TP-Link_Archer_T2UB_Nano_dongle_plugged_in_to_a_computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TP-Link_Archer_T2UB_Nano_dongle_plugged_in_to_a_computer.jpg/250px-TP-Link_Archer_T2UB_Nano_dongle_plugged_in_to_a_computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TP-Link_Archer_T2UB_Nano_dongle_plugged_in_to_a_computer.jpg/375px-TP-Link_Archer_T2UB_Nano_dongle_plugged_in_to_a_computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TP-Link_Archer_T2UB_Nano_dongle_plugged_in_to_a_computer.jpg/500px-TP-Link_Archer_T2UB_Nano_dongle_plugged_in_to_a_computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3746" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>A modern Bluetooth <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> dongle</figcaption></figure> <p>Bluetooth exists in numerous products such as telephones, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_speaker" title="Wireless speaker">speakers</a>, tablets, media players, robotics systems, laptops, and game console equipment as well as some high definition <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">headsets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bluetooth_Hearing_Aids_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluetooth_Hearing_Aids-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even watches.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bluetooth is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files). </p><p>Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Devices_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devices-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bluetooth devices can advertise all of the services they provide.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes using services easier, because more of the security, <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a> and permission configuration can be automated than with many other network types.<sup id="cite_ref-Devices_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devices-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_requirements">Computer requirements</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BluetoothUSB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BluetoothUSB.jpg/250px-BluetoothUSB.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BluetoothUSB.jpg/375px-BluetoothUSB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BluetoothUSB.jpg/500px-BluetoothUSB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An early Bluetooth <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> dongle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DELL_TrueMobile_350_Bluetooth_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DELL_TrueMobile_350_Bluetooth_card.jpg/250px-DELL_TrueMobile_350_Bluetooth_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DELL_TrueMobile_350_Bluetooth_card.jpg/375px-DELL_TrueMobile_350_Bluetooth_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DELL_TrueMobile_350_Bluetooth_card.jpg/500px-DELL_TrueMobile_350_Bluetooth_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>An early internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm)</figcaption></figure> <p>A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a> and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB "<a href="/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">dongle</a>". </p><p>Unlike its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a>, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth lets multiple devices communicate with a computer over a single adapter.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_system_implementation">Operating system implementation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_stack" title="Bluetooth stack">Bluetooth stack</a></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> platforms, <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Service_Pack_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP Service Pack 2">Windows XP Service Pack 2</a> and SP3 releases work natively with Bluetooth v1.1, v2.0 and v2.0+EDR.<sup id="cite_ref-WinBT_2010_FAQ_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinBT_2010_FAQ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2. Windows Vista RTM/SP1 with the Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 work with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR.<sup id="cite_ref-WinBT_2010_FAQ_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinBT_2010_FAQ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 7 works with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR).<sup id="cite_ref-WinBT_2010_FAQ_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinBT_2010_FAQ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Windows XP and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following Bluetooth profiles natively: PAN, SPP, <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">DUN</a>, HID, HCRP. The Windows XP stack can be replaced by a third party stack that supports more profiles or newer Bluetooth versions. The Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles without requiring that the Microsoft stack be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-WinBT_2010_FAQ_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinBT_2010_FAQ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 8 and later support Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). It is generally recommended to install the latest vendor driver and its associated stack to be able to use the Bluetooth device at its fullest extent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> products have worked with Bluetooth since <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.2">Mac OS<span class="nowrap"> </span>X v10.2</a>, which was released in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> has two popular <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_stack#Linux" title="Bluetooth stack">Bluetooth stacks</a>, BlueZ and Fluoride. The BlueZ stack is included with most Linux kernels and was originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluoride, earlier known as Bluedroid is included in Android OS and was originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also Affix stack, developed by <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>. It was once popular, but has not been updated since 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> has included Bluetooth since its v5.0 release, implemented through <a href="/wiki/Netgraph" title="Netgraph">netgraph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-f_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> has included Bluetooth since its v4.0 release.<sup id="cite_ref-n_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Bluetooth stack was ported to <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> as well, however OpenBSD later removed it as unmaintained.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a> has had NetBSD's Bluetooth implementation since 1.11 (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-d_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Netgraph" title="Netgraph">netgraph</a>-based implementation from <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> has also been available in the tree, possibly disabled until 2014-11-15, and may require more work.<sup id="cite_ref-d_ng_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d_ng-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_and_features">Specifications and features</h2></div> <p>The specifications were formalized by the <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth Special Interest Group</a> (SIG) and formally announced on 20 May 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 it had a membership of over 30,000 companies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established by <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, and later joined by many other companies. </p><p>All versions of the Bluetooth standards are <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward-compatible</a> with all earlier versions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bluetooth Core Specification Working Group (CSWG) produces mainly four kinds of specifications: </p> <ul><li>The Bluetooth Core Specification – typically released every few years</li> <li>Core Specification Addendum (CSA)</li> <li>Core Specification Supplements (CSS) – can be released more frequently than Addenda</li> <li>Errata – available with a Bluetooth SIG account: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluetooth.com/log-in?btorgReturnURL=/errata/index.cfm?_ga=1.184939692.467079692.1485266743">Errata login</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_1.0_and_1.0B">Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B</h3></div> <ul><li>Products were not interoperable.</li> <li>Anonymity was not possible, preventing certain services from using Bluetooth environments.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_1.1">Bluetooth 1.1</h3></div> <ul><li>Ratified as <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15#IEEE_802.15.1:_WPAN_/_Bluetooth" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2002</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many errors found in the v1.0B specifications were fixed.</li> <li>Added possibility of non-encrypted channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_signal_strength_indicator" title="Received signal strength indicator">Received signal strength indicator</a> (RSSI)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_1.2">Bluetooth 1.2</h3></div> <p>Major enhancements include: </p> <ul><li>Faster connection and discovery</li> <li><i>Adaptive <a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">frequency-hopping spread spectrum</a> (AFH)</i>, which improves resistance to <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequency interference">radio frequency interference</a> by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence</li> <li>Higher transmission speeds in practice than in v1.1, up to 721 kbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-Guy_Kewney_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy_Kewney-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better concurrent data transfer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_protocols#Host/controller_interface_(HCI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth protocols">Host Controller Interface</a> (HCI) operation with three-wire <a href="/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver/transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter">UART</a></li> <li>Ratified as <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15#IEEE_802.15.1:_WPAN_/_Bluetooth" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2005</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Introduced flow control and retransmission modes for <abbr title="Logical link control and adaptation protocol">L2CAP</abbr></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_2.0_+_EDR"><span id="Bluetooth_2.0_.2B_EDR"></span>Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR</h3></div> <p>This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released before 2005. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">data transfer</a>. The data rate of EDR is 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s, although the maximum data transfer rate (allowing for inter-packet time and acknowledgements) is 2.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy_Kewney_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy_Kewney-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EDR uses a combination of <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_frequency-shift_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaussian frequency-shift keying">GFSK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">phase-shift keying</a> modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-<a href="/wiki/DQPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="DQPSK">DQPSK</a> and 8-<a href="/wiki/DPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="DPSK">DPSK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bluetooth_specs_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluetooth_specs-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced <a href="/wiki/Duty_cycle" title="Duty cycle">duty cycle</a>. </p><p>The specification is published as <i>Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR</i>, which implies that EDR is an optional feature. Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_2.1_+_EDR"><span id="Bluetooth_2.1_.2B_EDR"></span>Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR</h3></div> <p>Bluetooth Core Specification version 2.1 + EDR was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-bluetooth_specs_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluetooth_specs-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The headline feature of v2.1 is <a href="#Pairing">secure simple pairing</a> (SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including <i>extended inquiry response</i> (EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_3.0_+_HS"><span id="Bluetooth_3.0_.2B_HS"></span>Bluetooth 3.0 + HS</h3></div> <p>Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification<sup id="cite_ref-bluetooth_specs_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluetooth_specs-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21 April 2009. Bluetooth v3.0 + HS provides theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> link. </p><p>The main new feature is <abbr title="Alternative MAC/PHY">AMP</abbr> (Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> as a high-speed transport. The high-speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices that display the "+HS" logo actually support Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A Bluetooth v3.0 device without the "+HS" suffix is only required to support features introduced in Core Specification version 3.0<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or earlier Core Specification Addendum 1.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><a href="#Logical_Link_Control_and_Adaptation_Protocol">L2CAP</a> Enhanced modes</dt> <dd>Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM) implements reliable L2CAP channel, while Streaming Mode (SM) implements unreliable channel with no retransmission or flow control. Introduced in Core Specification Addendum 1.</dd> <dt>Alternative MAC/PHY</dt> <dd>Enables the use of alternative <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/PHY" class="mw-redirect" title="PHY">PHYs</a> for transporting Bluetooth profile data. The Bluetooth radio is still used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration. However, when large quantities of data must be sent, the high-speed alternative MAC PHY 802.11 (typically associated with Wi-Fi) transports the data. This means that Bluetooth uses proven low power connection models when the system is idle, and the faster radio when it must send large quantities of data. AMP links require enhanced L2CAP modes.</dd> <dt>Unicast Connectionless Data</dt> <dd>Permits sending service data without establishing an explicit L2CAP channel. It is intended for use by applications that require low latency between user action and reconnection/transmission of data. This is only appropriate for small amounts of data.</dd> <dt>Enhanced Power Control</dt> <dd>Updates the power control feature to remove the open loop power control, and also to clarify ambiguities in power control introduced by the new modulation schemes added for EDR. Enhanced power control removes the ambiguities by specifying the behavior that is expected. The feature also adds closed loop power control, meaning RSSI filtering can start as the response is received. Additionally, a "go straight to maximum power" request has been introduced. This is expected to deal with the headset link loss issue typically observed when a user puts their phone into a pocket on the opposite side to the headset.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultra-wideband">Ultra-wideband</h4></div> <p>The high-speed (AMP) feature of Bluetooth v3.0 was originally intended for <a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a>, but the WiMedia Alliance, the body responsible for the flavor of UWB intended for Bluetooth, announced in March 2009 that it was disbanding, and ultimately UWB was omitted from the Core v3.0 specification.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/WiMedia_Alliance" title="WiMedia Alliance">WiMedia Alliance</a> announced it was entering into technology transfer agreements for the WiMedia <a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">Ultra-wideband</a> (UWB) specifications. WiMedia has transferred all current and future specifications, including work on future high-speed and power-optimized implementations, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), <a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a> Promoter Group and the <a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB Implementers Forum</a>. After successful completion of the technology transfer, marketing, and related administrative items, the WiMedia Alliance ceased operations.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth Special Interest Group</a> suspended development of UWB as part of the alternative MAC/PHY, Bluetooth v3.0 + HS solution. A small, but significant, number of former <a href="/wiki/WiMedia_Alliance" title="WiMedia Alliance">WiMedia</a> members had not and would not sign up to the necessary agreements for the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">IP</a> transfer. As of 2009, the Bluetooth SIG was in the process of evaluating other options for its longer-term roadmap.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_4.0"><span class="anchor" id="v4.0"></span>Bluetooth 4.0</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a></div> <p>The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluetooth&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. It includes <i>Classic Bluetooth</i>, <i>Bluetooth high speed</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a></i> (BLE) protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a>, previously known as Wibree,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications powered by a <a href="/wiki/Button_cell" title="Button cell">coin cell</a>. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past versions.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provisional names <i>Wibree</i> and <i>Bluetooth ULP</i> (Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the BLE name was used for a while. In late 2011, new logos "Bluetooth Smart Ready" for hosts and "Bluetooth Smart" for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to <i>Classic Bluetooth</i>, Bluetooth Low Energy is intended to provide considerably reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a <a href="#Radio_interface">similar communication range</a>. In terms of lengthening the battery life of Bluetooth devices, <abbr title="Bluetooth Low Energy">BLE</abbr> represents a significant progression. </p> <ul><li>In a single-mode implementation, only the low energy protocol stack is implemented. <a href="/wiki/Dialog_Semiconductor" title="Dialog Semiconductor">Dialog Semiconductor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMICCOM,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CSR_plc" title="CSR plc">CSR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor" title="Nordic Semiconductor">Nordic Semiconductor</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have released single mode Bluetooth Low Energy solutions.</li> <li>In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth Smart functionality is integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller. As of March 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluetooth&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the following semiconductor companies have announced the availability of chips meeting the standard: <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Atheros" title="Qualcomm Atheros">Qualcomm Atheros</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSR_plc" title="CSR plc">CSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>. The compliant architecture shares all of Classic Bluetooth's existing radio and functionality resulting in a negligible cost increase compared to Classic Bluetooth.</li></ul> <p>Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact devices, feature a lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest possible cost. </p><p>General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> Encryption. </p><p>Core Specification Addendum 2 was unveiled in December 2011; it contains improvements to the audio Host Controller Interface and to the High Speed (802.11) Protocol Adaptation Layer. </p><p>Core Specification Addendum 3 revision 2 has an adoption date of 24 July 2012. </p><p>Core Specification Addendum 4 has an adoption date of 12 February 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_4.1"><span class="anchor" id="v4.1"></span>Bluetooth 4.1</h3></div> <p>The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on 4 December 2013. This specification is an incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0, and not a hardware update. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that improve consumer usability. These include increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk data exchange rates—and aid developer innovation by allowing devices to support multiple roles simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New features of this specification include: </p> <ul><li>Mobile wireless service coexistence signaling</li> <li>Train nudging and generalized interlaced scanning</li> <li>Low Duty Cycle Directed Advertising</li> <li>L2CAP connection-oriented and dedicated channels with credit-based flow control</li> <li>Dual Mode and Topology</li> <li>LE Link Layer Topology</li> <li>802.11n PAL</li> <li>Audio architecture updates for Wide Band Speech</li> <li>Fast data advertising interval</li> <li>Limited discovery time<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some features were already available in a Core Specification Addendum (CSA) before the release of v4.1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_4.2"><span class="anchor" id="v4.2"></span>Bluetooth 4.2</h3></div> <p>Released on 2 December 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it introduces features for the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a>. </p><p>The major areas of improvement are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Low Energy</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol" title="Cryptographic protocol">Secure Connection</a> with <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">Data Packet</a> Length Extension</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link Layer</a> Privacy with Extended Scanner Filter Policies</li> <li>Internet Protocol Support Profile (IPSP) <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">version 6</a> ready for <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Smart</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">things</a> to support connected home</li></ul> <p>Older Bluetooth hardware may receive 4.2 features such as Data Packet Length Extension and improved privacy via firmware updates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_5"><span class="anchor" id="v5"></span>Bluetooth 5</h3></div> <p>The Bluetooth SIG released Bluetooth 5 on 6 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its new features are mainly focused on new <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a> technology. Sony was the first to announce Bluetooth 5.0 support with its <a href="/wiki/Xperia_XZ_Premium" class="mw-redirect" title="Xperia XZ Premium">Xperia XZ Premium</a> in Feb 2017 during the Mobile World Congress 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samsung <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_S8" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy S8">Galaxy S8</a> launched with Bluetooth 5 support in April 2017. In September 2017, the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_8" title="IPhone 8">iPhone 8</a>, 8 Plus and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_X" title="IPhone X">iPhone X</a> launched with Bluetooth 5 support as well. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> also integrated Bluetooth 5 in its new <a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> offering released on 9 February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marketing drops the point number; so that it is just "Bluetooth 5" (unlike Bluetooth 4.0);<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the change is for the sake of "Simplifying our marketing, communicating user benefits more effectively and making it easier to signal significant technology updates to the market." </p><p>Bluetooth 5 provides, for <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">BLE</a>, options that can double the data rate (2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s burst) at the expense of range, or provide up to four times the range at the expense of data rate. The increase in transmissions could be important for Internet of Things devices, where many nodes connect throughout a whole house. Bluetooth 5 increases capacity of connectionless services such as location-relevant navigation<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of low-energy Bluetooth connections.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major areas of improvement are: </p> <ul><li>Slot Availability Mask (SAM)</li> <li>2 Mbit/s PHY for <abbr title="Low Energy">LE</abbr></li> <li>LE Long Range</li> <li>High Duty Cycle Non-Connectable Advertising</li> <li>LE Advertising Extensions</li> <li>LE Channel Selection Algorithm #2</li></ul> <p>Features added in CSA5 – integrated in v5.0: </p> <ul><li>Higher Output Power</li></ul> <p>The following features were removed in this version of the specification: </p> <ul><li>Park State<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_5.1"><span class="anchor" id="v5"></span>Bluetooth 5.1</h3></div> <p>The Bluetooth SIG presented Bluetooth 5.1 on 21 January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major areas of improvement are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Arrival" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of Arrival">Angle of Arrival</a> (AoA) and Angle of Departure (AoD) which are used for locating and tracking of devices</li> <li>Advertising Channel Index</li> <li>GATT caching</li> <li>Minor Enhancements batch 1: <ul><li>HCI support for debug keys in LE Secure Connections</li> <li>Sleep clock accuracy update mechanism</li> <li>ADI field in scan response data</li> <li>Interaction between <abbr title="Quality of service">QoS</abbr> and Flow Specification</li> <li>Block Host channel classification for secondary advertising</li> <li>Allow the SID to appear in scan response reports</li> <li>Specify the behavior when rules are violated</li></ul></li> <li>Periodic Advertising Sync Transfer</li></ul> <p>Features added in Core Specification Addendum (CSA) 6 – integrated in v5.1: </p> <ul><li>Models</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_mesh#Mesh_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth mesh">Mesh-based model</a> hierarchy</li></ul> <p>The following features were removed in this version of the specification: </p> <ul><li>Unit keys</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_5.2">Bluetooth 5.2</h3></div> <p>On 31 December 2019, the Bluetooth SIG published the Bluetooth Core Specification version 5.2. The new specification adds new features:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Enhanced Attribute Protocol (EATT), an improved version of the Attribute Protocol (ATT)</li> <li>LE Power Control</li> <li>LE Isochronous Channels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy#Audio" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">LE Audio</a> that is built on top of the new 5.2 features. BT LE Audio was announced in January 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">CES</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a>. Compared to regular Bluetooth Audio, Bluetooth Low Energy Audio makes lower battery consumption possible and creates a standardized way of transmitting audio over BT LE. Bluetooth LE Audio also allows one-to-many and many-to-one transmission, allowing multiple receivers from one source or one receiver for multiple sources, known as Auracast.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses a new <a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3 codec</a>. BLE Audio will also add support for hearing aids.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 July 2022, the Bluetooth SIG announced the completion of Bluetooth LE Audio. The standard has a lower minimum latency claim of 20–30 ms vs Bluetooth Classic audio of 100–200 ms.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/IFA_Berlin" title="IFA Berlin">IFA</a> in August 2023 Samsung announced support for <a href="/wiki/Auracast" class="mw-redirect" title="Auracast">Auracast</a> through a software update for their <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Buds_series" title="Samsung Galaxy Buds series">Galaxy Buds2 Pro</a> and two of their TV's.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October users started getting updates for the earbuds.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_5.3">Bluetooth 5.3</h3></div> <p>The Bluetooth SIG published the Bluetooth Core Specification version 5.3 on 13 July 2021. The feature enhancements of Bluetooth 5.3 are:<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Connection Subrating</li> <li>Periodic Advertisement Interval</li> <li>Channel Classification Enhancement</li> <li>Encryption key size control enhancements</li></ul> <p>The following features were removed in this version of the specification: </p> <ul><li>Alternate MAC and PHY (AMP) Extension</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_5.4">Bluetooth 5.4</h3></div> <p>The Bluetooth SIG released the Bluetooth Core Specification version 5.4 on 7 February 2023. This new version adds the following features:<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Periodic Advertising with Responses (PAwR)</li> <li>Encrypted Advertising Data</li> <li>LE <abbr title="Generic Attribute Profile">GATT</abbr> Security Levels Characteristic</li> <li>Advertising Coding Selection</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_6.0">Bluetooth 6.0</h3></div> <p>The Bluetooth SIG released the Bluetooth Core Specification version 6.0 on 27 August 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version adds the following features:<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bluetooth Channel Sounding</li> <li>Decision-based advertising filtering</li> <li>Monitoring advertisers</li> <li><abbr title="Isochronous Adaptation Layer">ISOAL</abbr> enhancement</li> <li>LL extended feature set</li> <li>Frame space update</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_information">Technical information</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software">Software</h4></div> <p>Seeking to extend the compatibility of Bluetooth devices, the devices that adhere to the standard use an interface called HCI (Host Controller Interface) between the host and the controller. </p><p>High-level protocols such as the SDP (Protocol used to find other Bluetooth devices within the communication range, also responsible for detecting the function of devices in range), RFCOMM (Protocol used to emulate serial port connections) and TCS (Telephony control protocol) interact with the baseband controller through the L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol). The L2CAP protocol is responsible for the segmentation and reassembly of the packets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardware">Hardware</h4></div> <p>The hardware that makes up the Bluetooth device is made up of, logically, two parts; which may or may not be physically separate. A radio device, responsible for modulating and transmitting the signal; and a digital controller. The digital controller is likely a CPU, one of whose functions is to run a Link Controller; and interfaces with the host device; but some functions may be delegated to hardware. The Link Controller is responsible for the processing of the baseband and the management of ARQ and physical layer FEC protocols. In addition, it handles the transfer functions (both asynchronous and synchronous), audio coding (e.g. <a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC (codec)</a>) and data encryption. The CPU of the device is responsible for attending the instructions related to Bluetooth of the host device, in order to simplify its operation. To do this, the CPU runs software called Link Manager that has the function of communicating with other devices through the LMP protocol. </p><p>A Bluetooth device is a <a href="/wiki/Short-range_device" title="Short-range device">short-range</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> device. Bluetooth devices are <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">fabricated</a> on <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (<a href="/wiki/RF_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="RF circuit">RF circuit</a>) chips.<sup id="cite_ref-Happich_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Happich-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth_protocol_stack">Bluetooth protocol stack</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_protocols" title="List of Bluetooth protocols">List of Bluetooth protocols</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluetooth_protokoly.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bluetooth_protokoly.svg/250px-Bluetooth_protokoly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bluetooth_protokoly.svg/375px-Bluetooth_protokoly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bluetooth_protokoly.svg/500px-Bluetooth_protokoly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Bluetooth protocol stack</figcaption></figure> <p>Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable replacement protocols, telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are LMP, L2CAP and SDP. In addition, devices that communicate with Bluetooth almost universally can use these protocols: <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_protocols#Host_Controller_Interface_(HCI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth protocols">HCI</a> and RFCOMM.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Link_Manager">Link Manager</h4></div> <p>The Link Manager (LM) is the system that manages establishing the connection between devices. It is responsible for the establishment, authentication and configuration of the link. The Link Manager locates other managers and communicates with them via the management protocol of the LMP link. To perform its function as a service provider, the LM uses the services included in the Link Controller (LC). The Link Manager Protocol basically consists of several PDUs (Protocol Data Units) that are sent from one device to another. The following is a list of supported services: </p> <ul><li>Transmission and reception of data.</li> <li>Name request</li> <li>Request of the link addresses.</li> <li>Establishment of the connection.</li> <li>Authentication.</li> <li>Negotiation of link mode and connection establishment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Host_Controller_Interface">Host Controller Interface</h4></div> <p>The Host Controller Interface provides a command interface between the controller and the host. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logical_Link_Control_and_Adaptation_Protocol">Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol</h4></div> <p>The <i>Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol</i> (L2CAP) is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different higher level protocols. Provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets. </p><p>In <i>Basic</i> mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64 kB, with 672 bytes as the default <a href="/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit" title="Maximum transmission unit">MTU</a>, and 48 bytes as the minimum mandatory supported MTU. </p><p>In <i>Retransmission and Flow Control</i> modes, L2CAP can be configured either for isochronous data or reliable data per channel by performing retransmissions and CRC checks. </p><p>Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes: </p> <dl><dt>Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM)</dt> <dd>This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel.</dd> <dt>Streaming Mode (SM)</dt> <dd>This is a very simple mode, with no retransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.</dd></dl> <p>Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio flushes packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer. </p><p>Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Service_Discovery_Protocol">Service Discovery Protocol</h4></div> <p>The <i>Service Discovery Protocol</i> (SDP) allows a device to discover services offered by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when you use a mobile phone with a Bluetooth headset, the phone uses SDP to determine which <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth profile">Bluetooth profiles</a> the headset can use (Headset Profile, Hands Free Profile (HFP), <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Distribution_Profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Audio Distribution Profile">Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)</a> etc.) and the protocol multiplexer settings needed for the phone to connect to the headset using each of them. Each service is identified by a <a href="/wiki/Universally_Unique_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Universally Unique Identifier">Universally Unique Identifier</a> (UUID), with official services (Bluetooth profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_Frequency_Communications">Radio Frequency Communications</h4></div> <p><i>Radio Frequency Communications</i> (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates <a href="/wiki/EIA-232" class="mw-redirect" title="EIA-232">EIA-232</a> (formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer, i.e., it is a serial port emulation. </p><p>RFCOMM provides a simple, reliable, data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth. </p><p>Many Bluetooth applications use RFCOMM because of its widespread support and publicly available API on most operating systems. Additionally, applications that used a serial port to communicate can be quickly ported to use RFCOMM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bluetooth_Network_Encapsulation_Protocol">Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol</h4></div> <p>The <i>Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol</i> (BNEP) is used for transferring another protocol stack's data via an L2CAP channel. Its main purpose is the transmission of IP packets in the Personal Area Networking Profile. BNEP performs a similar function to <a href="/wiki/Subnetwork_Access_Protocol" title="Subnetwork Access Protocol">SNAP</a> in Wireless LAN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio/Video_Control_Transport_Protocol"><span id="Audio.2FVideo_Control_Transport_Protocol"></span>Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol</h4></div> <p>The <i>Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol</i> (AVCTP) is used by the remote control profile to transfer AV/C commands over an L2CAP channel. The music control buttons on a stereo headset use this protocol to control the music player. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio/Video_Distribution_Transport_Protocol"><span id="Audio.2FVideo_Distribution_Transport_Protocol"></span>Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol</h4></div> <p>The <i>Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol</i> (AVDTP) is used by the advanced audio distribution (<a href="/wiki/A2DP" class="mw-redirect" title="A2DP">A2DP</a>) profile to stream music to stereo headsets over an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_protocols#Logical_link_control_and_adaptation_protocol_(L2CAP)" title="List of Bluetooth protocols">L2CAP</a> channel intended for video distribution profile in the Bluetooth transmission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telephony_Control_Protocol">Telephony Control Protocol</h4></div> <p>The <i>Telephony Control Protocol<span class="nowrap"> </span>– Binary</i> (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, "TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices." </p><p>TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract implementers. As such it is only of historical interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adopted_protocols">Adopted protocols</h4></div> <p>Adopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth's protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to code protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">Point-to-Point Protocol</a> (PPP)</dt> <dd>Internet standard protocol for transporting <a href="/wiki/IP_datagram" class="mw-redirect" title="IP datagram">IP datagrams</a> over a point-to-point link.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>/UDP</dt> <dd>Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP protocol suite</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/OBject_EXchange" title="OBject EXchange">Object Exchange Protocol</a> (OBEX)</dt> <dd>Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol</a> (WAE/WAP)</dt> <dd>WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseband_error_correction">Baseband error correction</h3></div> <p>Depending on packet type, individual packets may be protected by <a href="/wiki/Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a>, either 1/3 rate <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a> (FEC) or 2/3 rate. In addition, packets with CRC will be retransmitted until acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Automatic_repeat_request" title="Automatic repeat request">automatic repeat request</a> (ARQ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting_up_connections">Setting up connections</h3></div> <p>Any Bluetooth device in <i>discoverable mode</i> transmits the following information on demand: </p> <ul><li>Device name</li> <li>Device class</li> <li>List of services</li> <li>Technical information (for example: device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset)</li></ul> <p>Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows the address of the device, it always responds to direct connection requests and transmits the information shown in the list above if requested. Use of a device's services may require pairing or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated by any device and held until it goes out of range. Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting to them prevents them from connecting to other devices and appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the other device. </p><p>Every device has a <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">unique 48-bit address</a>. However, these addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices. </p><p>Most cellular phones have the Bluetooth name set to the manufacturer and model of the phone by default. Most cellular phones and laptops show only the Bluetooth names and special programs are required to get additional information about remote devices. This can be confusing as, for example, there could be several cellular phones in range named <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_T610" title="Sony Ericsson T610">T610</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bluejacking" title="Bluejacking">Bluejacking</a>). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Pairing"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pairing_and_bonding">Pairing and bonding</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motivation">Motivation</h4></div> <p>Many services offered over Bluetooth can expose private data or let a connecting party control the Bluetooth device. Security reasons make it necessary to recognize specific devices, and thus enable control over which devices can connect to a given Bluetooth device. At the same time, it is useful for Bluetooth devices to be able to establish a connection without user intervention (for example, as soon as in range). </p><p>To resolve this conflict, Bluetooth uses a process called <i>bonding</i>, and a bond is generated through a process called <i>pairing</i>. The pairing process is triggered either by a specific request from a user to generate a bond (for example, the user explicitly requests to "Add a Bluetooth device"), or it is triggered automatically when connecting to a service where (for the first time) the identity of a device is required for security purposes. These two cases are referred to as dedicated bonding and general bonding respectively. </p><p>Pairing often involves some level of user interaction. This user interaction confirms the identity of the devices. When pairing completes, a bond forms between the two devices, enabling those two devices to connect in the future without repeating the pairing process to confirm device identities. When desired, the user can remove the bonding relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation_2">Implementation</h4></div> <p>During pairing, the two devices establish a relationship by creating a <a href="/wiki/Shared_secret" title="Shared secret">shared secret</a> known as a <i>link key</i>. If both devices store the same link key, they are said to be <i>paired</i> or <i>bonded</i>. A device that wants to communicate only with a bonded device can <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographically</a> <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authenticate</a> the identity of the other device, ensuring it is the same device it previously paired with. Once a link key is generated, an authenticated <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_connection-oriented_logical_transport" title="Asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport">ACL</a> link between the devices may be <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> to protect exchanged data against <a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdropping</a>. Users can delete link keys from either device, which removes the bond between the devices—so it is possible for one device to have a stored link key for a device it is no longer paired with. </p><p>Bluetooth services generally require either encryption or authentication and as such require pairing before they let a remote device connect. Some services, such as the Object Push Profile, elect not to explicitly require authentication or encryption so that pairing does not interfere with the user experience associated with the service use-cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pairing_mechanisms">Pairing mechanisms</h4></div> <p>Pairing mechanisms changed significantly with the introduction of Secure Simple Pairing in Bluetooth v2.1. The following summarizes the pairing mechanisms: </p> <ul><li><i>Legacy pairing</i>: This is the only method available in Bluetooth v2.0 and before. Each device must enter a <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN code</a>; pairing is only successful if both devices enter the same PIN code. Any 16-byte UTF-8 string may be used as a PIN code; however, not all devices may be capable of entering all possible PIN codes. <ul><li><i>Limited input devices</i>: The obvious example of this class of device is a Bluetooth Hands-free headset, which generally have few inputs. These devices usually have a <i>fixed PIN</i>, for example "0000" or "1234", that are hard-coded into the device.</li> <li><i>Numeric input devices</i>: Mobile phones are classic examples of these devices. They allow a user to enter a numeric value up to 16 digits in length.</li> <li><i>Alpha-numeric input devices</i>: PCs and smartphones are examples of these devices. They allow a user to enter full UTF-8 text as a PIN code. If pairing with a less capable device the user must be aware of the input limitations on the other device; there is no mechanism available for a capable device to determine how it should limit the available input a user may use.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Secure Simple Pairing</i> (SSP): This is required by Bluetooth v2.1, although a Bluetooth v2.1 device may only use legacy pairing to interoperate with a v2.0 or earlier device. Secure Simple Pairing uses a form of <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>, and some types can help protect against <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man in the middle</a>, or MITM attacks. SSP has the following authentication mechanisms: <ul><li><i>Just works</i>: As the name implies, this method just works, with no user interaction. However, a device may prompt the user to confirm the pairing process. This method is typically used by headsets with minimal IO capabilities, and is more secure than the fixed PIN mechanism this limited set of devices uses for legacy pairing. This method provides no man-in-the-middle (MITM) protection.</li> <li><i>Numeric comparison</i>: If both devices have a display, and at least one can accept a binary yes/no user input, they may use Numeric Comparison. This method displays a 6-digit numeric code on each device. The user should compare the numbers to ensure they are identical. If the comparison succeeds, the user(s) should confirm pairing on the device(s) that can accept an input. This method provides MITM protection, assuming the user confirms on both devices and actually performs the comparison properly.</li> <li><i>Passkey Entry</i>: This method may be used between a device with a display and a device with numeric keypad entry (such as a keyboard), or two devices with numeric keypad entry. In the first case, the display presents a 6-digit numeric code to the user, who then enters the code on the keypad. In the second case, the user of each device enters the same 6-digit number. Both of these cases provide MITM protection.</li> <li><i>Out of band</i> (OOB): This method uses an external means of communication, such as <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a> (NFC) to exchange some information used in the pairing process. Pairing is completed using the Bluetooth radio, but requires information from the OOB mechanism. This provides only the level of MITM protection that is present in the OOB mechanism.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>SSP is considered simple for the following reasons: </p> <ul><li>In most cases, it does not require a user to generate a passkey.</li> <li>For use cases not requiring MITM protection, user interaction can be eliminated.</li> <li>For <i>numeric comparison</i>, MITM protection can be achieved with a simple equality comparison by the user.</li> <li>Using OOB with NFC enables pairing when devices simply get close, rather than requiring a lengthy discovery process.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Security_concerns">Security concerns</h4></div> <p>Prior to Bluetooth v2.1, encryption is not required and can be turned off at any time. Moreover, the encryption key is only good for approximately 23.5 hours; using a single encryption key longer than this time allows simple <a href="/wiki/Stream_cipher_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream cipher attack">XOR attacks</a> to retrieve the encryption key. </p> <ul><li>Turning off encryption is required for several normal operations, so it is problematic to detect if encryption is disabled for a valid reason or a security attack.</li></ul> <p>Bluetooth v2.1 addresses this in the following ways: </p> <ul><li>Encryption is required for all non-SDP (Service Discovery Protocol) connections</li> <li>A new Encryption Pause and Resume feature is used for all normal operations that require that encryption be disabled. This enables easy identification of normal operation from security attacks.</li> <li>The encryption key must be refreshed before it expires.</li></ul> <p>Link keys may be stored on the device file system, not on the Bluetooth chip itself. Many Bluetooth chip manufacturers let link keys be stored on the device—however, if the device is removable, this means that the link key moves with the device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_security#Attacks_based_on_communication_networks" title="Mobile security">Mobile security § Attacks based on communication networks</a></div> <p>Bluetooth implements <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">key</a> derivation with custom algorithms based on the <a href="/wiki/SAFER" title="SAFER">SAFER+</a> <a href="/wiki/Block_cipher" title="Block cipher">block cipher</a>. Bluetooth key generation is generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered into both devices. This procedure might be modified if one of the devices has a fixed PIN (e.g., for headsets or similar devices with a restricted user interface). During pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated, using the E22 algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/E0_(cipher)" title="E0 (cipher)">E0</a> stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting confidentiality, and is based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key. Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both devices. </p><p>An overview of Bluetooth vulnerabilities exploits was published in 2007 by Andreas Becker.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2008, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) published a Guide to Bluetooth Security as a reference for organizations. It describes Bluetooth security capabilities and how to secure Bluetooth technologies effectively. While Bluetooth has its benefits, it is susceptible to denial-of-service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, message modification, and resource misappropriation. Users and organizations must evaluate their acceptable level of risk and incorporate security into the lifecycle of Bluetooth devices. To help mitigate risks, included in the NIST document are security checklists with guidelines and recommendations for creating and maintaining secure Bluetooth piconets, headsets, and smart card readers.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bluetooth v2.1 – finalized in 2007 with consumer devices first appearing in 2009 – makes significant changes to Bluetooth's security, including pairing. See the <a href="#Pairing_mechanisms">pairing mechanisms</a> section for more about these changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluejacking">Bluejacking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bluejacking" title="Bluejacking">Bluejacking</a></div> <p>Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from one user to an unsuspecting user through Bluetooth wireless technology. Common applications include short messages, e.g., "You've just been bluejacked!"<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some form of <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">DoS</a> is also possible, even in modern devices, by sending unsolicited pairing requests in rapid succession; this becomes disruptive because most systems display a full screen notification for every connection request, interrupting every other activity, especially on less powerful devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_security_concerns">History of security concerns</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001–2004"><span id="2001.E2.80.932004"></span>2001–2004</h4></div> <p>In 2001, Jakobsson and Wetzel from <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> discovered flaws in the Bluetooth pairing protocol and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L. Digital Ltd. discovered that serious flaws in some poor implementations of Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-trial at the <a href="/wiki/CeBIT" title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a> fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world. A new attack called <a href="/wiki/Bluebugging" title="Bluebugging">BlueBug</a> was used for this experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 the first purported <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">virus</a> using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian OS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus was first described by <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a> and requires users to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate. The virus was written as a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as "29A" and sent to anti-virus groups. Thus, it should be regarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Bluetooth technology or <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian OS</a> since the virus has never spread outside of this system. In August 2004, a world-record-setting experiment (see also <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_sniping" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth sniping">Bluetooth sniping</a>) showed that the range of Class 2 Bluetooth radios could be extended to 1.78 km (1.11 mi) with directional antennas and signal amplifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This poses a potential security threat because it enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth devices from a distance beyond expectation. The attacker must also be able to receive information from the victim to set up a connection. No attack can be made against a Bluetooth device unless the attacker knows its Bluetooth address and which channels to transmit on, although these can be deduced within a few minutes if the device is in use.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005">2005</h4></div> <p>In January 2005, a mobile <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> worm known as Lasco surfaced. The worm began targeting mobile phones using <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian OS</a> (<a href="/wiki/S60_(software_platform)" title="S60 (software platform)">Series 60 platform</a>) using Bluetooth enabled devices to replicate itself and spread to other devices. The worm is self-installing and begins once the mobile user approves the transfer of the file (Velasco.sis) from another device. Once installed, the worm begins looking for other Bluetooth enabled devices to infect. Additionally, the worm infects other <a href="/w/index.php?title=.SIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".SIS (page does not exist)">.SIS</a> files on the device, allowing replication to another device through the use of removable media (<a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">Secure Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a>, etc.). The worm can render the mobile device unstable.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2005, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> security researchers published results of their actual implementation of passive attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN-based</a> pairing between commercial Bluetooth devices. They confirmed that attacks are practicably fast, and the Bluetooth symmetric key establishment method is vulnerable. To rectify this vulnerability, they designed an implementation that showed that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for certain classes of devices, such as mobile phones.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Avishai Wool<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published a paper describing both passive and active methods for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. The passive attack allows a suitably equipped attacker to eavesdrop on communications and spoof if the attacker was present at the time of initial pairing. The active method makes use of a specially constructed message that must be inserted at a specific point in the protocol, to make the master and slave repeat the pairing process. After that, the first method can be used to crack the PIN. This attack's major weakness is that it requires the user of the devices under attack to re-enter the PIN during the attack when the device prompts them to. Also, this active attack probably requires custom hardware, since most commercially available Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2005, police in <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, England, issued warnings about thieves using Bluetooth enabled phones to track other devices left in cars. Police are advising users to ensure that any mobile networking connections are de-activated if laptops and other devices are left in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006">2006</h4></div> <p>In April 2006, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Secure_Network" title="Secure Network">Secure Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-Secure" title="F-Secure">F-Secure</a> published a report that warns of the large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on the spread of various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an eventual Bluetooth worm.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2006, at the Luxembourgish Hack.lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10.3.9 and v10.4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based on the research of Wool and Shaked.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017">2017</h4></div> <p>In April 2017, security researchers at Armis discovered multiple exploits in the Bluetooth software in various platforms, including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, Apple <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, and Google <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>. These vulnerabilities are collectively called "<a href="/wiki/BlueBorne" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueBorne">BlueBorne</a>". The exploits allow an attacker to connect to devices or systems without authentication and can give them "virtually full control over the device". Armis contacted Google, Microsoft, Apple, Samsung and Linux developers allowing them to patch their software before the coordinated announcement of the vulnerabilities on 12 September 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4></div> <p>In July 2018, Lior Neumann and <a href="/wiki/Eli_Biham" title="Eli Biham">Eli Biham</a>, researchers at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology identified a security vulnerability in the latest Bluetooth pairing procedures: Secure Simple Pairing and LE Secure Connections.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, in October 2018, Karim Lounis, a network security researcher at Queen's University, identified a security vulnerability, called CDV (Connection Dumping Vulnerability), on various Bluetooth devices that allows an attacker to tear down an existing Bluetooth connection and cause the deauthentication and disconnection of the involved devices. The researcher demonstrated the attack on various devices of different categories and from different manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019">2019</h4></div> <p>In August 2019, security researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design" title="Singapore University of Technology and Design">Singapore University of Technology and Design</a>, Helmholtz Center for Information Security, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> discovered a vulnerability, called KNOB (Key Negotiation of Bluetooth) in the key negotiation that would "brute force the negotiated encryption keys, decrypt the eavesdropped ciphertext, and inject valid encrypted messages (in real-time)". <sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google released an <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> security patch on 5 August 2019, which removed this vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023">2023</h4></div> <p>In November 2023, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Eurecom" title="Eurecom">Eurecom</a> revealed a new class of attacks known as BLUFFS (Bluetooth Low Energy Forward and Future Secrecy Attacks). These 6 new attacks expand on and work in conjunction with the previously known KNOB and BIAS (Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS) attacks. While the previous KNOB and BIAS attacks allowed an attacker to decrypt and spoof Bluetooth packets within a session, BLUFFS extends this capability to all sessions generated by a device (including past, present, and future). All devices running Bluetooth versions 4.2 up to and including 5.4 are affected.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></div> <p>Bluetooth uses the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> spectrum in the 2.402<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz to 2.480<span class="nowrap"> </span>GHz range,<sup id="cite_ref-D._Chomienne,_M._Eftimakis_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Chomienne,_M._Eftimakis-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is <a href="/wiki/Non-ionizing_radiation" title="Non-ionizing radiation">non-ionizing radiation</a>, of similar bandwidth to that used by wireless and mobile phones. No specific harm has been demonstrated, even though wireless transmission has been included by <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a> in the possible <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> list. Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Milliwatt#Multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliwatt">mW</a> for Class<span class="nowrap"> </span>1, 2.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>mW for Class<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, and 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>mW for Class<span class="nowrap"> </span>3 devices. Even the maximum power output of Class<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 is a lower level than the lowest-powered mobile phones.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a> output 250<span class="nowrap"> </span>mW, <a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM1800/1900</a> outputs 1000<span class="nowrap"> </span>mW, and <a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM850/900</a> outputs 2000<span class="nowrap"> </span>mW. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Award_programs">Award programs</h2></div> <p>The Bluetooth Innovation World Cup, a marketing initiative of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), was an international competition that encouraged the development of innovations for applications leveraging Bluetooth technology in sports, fitness and health care products. The competition aimed to stimulate new markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Getstarted_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getstarted-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bluetooth Innovation World Cup morphed into the Bluetooth Breakthrough Awards in 2013. Bluetooth SIG subsequently launched the Imagine Blue Award in 2016 at Bluetooth World.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bluetooth Breakthrough Awards program highlights the most innovative products and applications available today, prototypes coming soon, and student-led projects in the making.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANT_(network)" title="ANT (network)">ANT+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_stack" title="Bluetooth stack">Bluetooth stack</a> – building blocks that make up the various implementations of the Bluetooth protocol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_profiles" title="List of Bluetooth profiles">List of Bluetooth profiles</a> – features used within the Bluetooth stack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluesniping" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluesniping">Bluesniping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueSoleil" title="BlueSoleil">BlueSoleil</a> – proprietary Bluetooth driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy_beacon" title="Bluetooth Low Energy beacon">Bluetooth Low Energy beacons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Types_of_beacons#AltBeacon_(Radius_Networks)" title="Types of beacons">AltBeacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBeacon" title="IBeacon">iBeacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_(Google)" title="Eddystone (Google)">Eddystone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_mesh_networking" title="Bluetooth mesh networking">Bluetooth mesh networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continua_Health_Alliance" title="Continua Health Alliance">Continua Health Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH7" title="DASH7">DASH7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">Headset (audio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_hotspot" title="Wi-Fi hotspot">Wi-Fi hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_APIs_for_Bluetooth" title="Java APIs for Bluetooth">Java APIs for Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_finder" title="Key finder">Key finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_protocols" title="List of Bluetooth protocols">List of Bluetooth protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyriaNed" title="MyriaNed">MyriaNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">Near-field communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NearLink" title="NearLink">NearLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">RuBee</a> – secure wireless protocol alternative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(network_protocol)" title="Thread (network protocol)">Thread (network protocol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">Wi-Fi HaLow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a> – low-power lightweight wireless protocol in the <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM band</a> based on <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">IEEE 802.15.4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many operating systems delete incomplete files if the file transfer has failed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BTrange-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BTrange_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613072937/http://www.bluair.pl/bluetooth-range">"Bluetooth Range: 100m, 1 km, or 10 km?"</a>. <i>bluair.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluair.pl/bluetooth-range">the original</a> on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bluair.pl&rft.atitle=Bluetooth+Range%3A+100m%2C+1+km%2C+or+10+km%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluair.pl%2Fbluetooth-range&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bluetooth1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bluetooth1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bluetooth1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028194747/http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/basics.aspx">"Basics | Bluetooth Technology Website"</a>. Bluetooth.com. 23 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Basics.aspx">the original</a> on 28 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basics+%26%23124%3B+Bluetooth+Technology+Website&rft.pub=Bluetooth.com&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluetooth.com%2FPages%2FBasics.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2002" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Nathan J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qv4KbasX7wC&q=bluetooth&pg=PA45"><i>Networking A to Z</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071429139" title="Special:BookSources/9780071429139"><bdi>9780071429139</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205933/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qv4KbasX7wC&q=bluetooth&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networking+A+to+Z&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780071429139&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qv4KbasX7wC%26q%3Dbluetooth%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluetooth.com/about-us/">"About us – Bluetooth Technology Website"</a>. Bluetooth.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426192848/https://www.bluetooth.com/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us+%E2%80%93+Bluetooth+Technology+Website&rft.pub=Bluetooth.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluetooth.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluetooth.com/develop-with-bluetooth/marketing-branding/brand-enforcement-program/">"Brand Enforcement Program"</a>. Bluetooth.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220182035/https://www.bluetooth.com/develop-with-bluetooth/marketing-branding/brand-enforcement-program">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brand+Enforcement+Program&rft.pub=Bluetooth.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluetooth.com%2Fdevelop-with-bluetooth%2Fmarketing-branding%2Fbrand-enforcement-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederica_Laricchia2022" class="citation web cs1">Federica Laricchia (31 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1220933/global-bluetooth-device-shipment-forecast/">"Global Bluetooth device shipments 2022"</a>. Statista<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interesting+Engineering&rft.atitle=US+achieves+1st-ever+space+Bluetooth+link+using+satellites&rft.date=2024-05-03&rft.aulast=Paleja&rft.aufirst=Ameya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Finnovation%2Fbluetooth-connection-space-hubble-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jelling.natmus.dk/en/about-jelling/the-rune-stones/harald-bluetooths-rune-stone">"Harald Bluetooth's rune stone"</a>. National Museum of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026032119/http://jelling.natmus.dk/en/about-jelling/the-rune-stones/harald-bluetooths-rune-stone/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harald+Bluetooth%27s+rune+stone&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjelling.natmus.dk%2Fen%2Fabout-jelling%2Fthe-rune-stones%2Fharald-bluetooths-rune-stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EETimes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EETimes_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKardach2008" class="citation news cs1">Kardach, Jim (5 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/tech-history-how-bluetooth-got-its-name">"Tech History: How Bluetooth got its name"</a>. <i>eetimes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205132704/https://www.eetimes.com/tech-history-how-bluetooth-got-its-name/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eetimes&rft.atitle=Tech+History%3A+How+Bluetooth+got+its+name&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft.aulast=Kardach&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Ftech-history-how-bluetooth-got-its-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth,_Mark2011" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Mark (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologiconcirc00fors_748"><i>The Etymologicon</i></a></span>. London: Icon Books Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologiconcirc00fors_748/page/n138">139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848313071" title="Special:BookSources/9781848313071"><bdi>9781848313071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etymologicon&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Icon+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781848313071&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymologiconcirc00fors_748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKardach,_Jim" class="citation web cs1">Kardach, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kardach.com/bluetooth/naming-bluetooth">"The Naming of a Technology"</a>. kardach.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022195739/https://www.kardach.com/bluetooth/naming-bluetooth">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BSD+Cross+Reference&rft.atitle=bluetooth.4+%E2%80%93+Bluetooth+Protocol+Family&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Iain+Hibbert&rft.au=Itronix+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbxr.su%2Fn%2Fshare%2Fman%2Fman4%2Fbluetooth.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313080003/http://man.netbsd.org/bluetooth.4">"bluetooth(4)"</a>. <i>NetBSD Manual Pages</i>. NetBSD. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>bluetooth support doesn't work and isn't going anywhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CVS%3A+cvs.openbsd.org%3A+src&rft.pub=OpenBSD&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.au=Ted+Unangst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Dopenbsd-cvs%26m%3D140511572108715%26w%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtbert2014" class="citation web cs1">tbert, ed. 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Unfortunately, the current code doesn't work and isn't structured properly to encourage much future development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenBSD+Journal&rft.atitle=g2k14%3A+Ted+Unangst+on+the+Art+of+the+Tedu&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundeadly.org%2Fcgi%3Faction%3Darticle%26sid%3D20140729070721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasso_Tepper2008" class="citation web cs1">Hasso Tepper, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compatibility+guide&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kohls.com%2Fmedia%2Fdigital%2Fecom%2Fpdfs%2Fpdf%2FBluetooth_Compatibility_Guide_May_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blue-tooth.50webs.com/bluetooth1_and_1.0b.html">"BlueTooth"</a>. <i>BlueTooth</i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214234923/http://blue-tooth.50webs.com/bluetooth1_and_1.0b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BlueTooth&rft.atitle=BlueTooth&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblue-tooth.50webs.com%2Fbluetooth1_and_1.0b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IEEE Standard for Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems – LAN/MAN – Specific Requirements – Part 15: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)</i>. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2002.93621">10.1109/IEEESTD.2002.93621</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-3335-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-3335-5"><bdi>978-0-7381-3335-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+for+Telecommunications+and+Information+Exchange+Between+Systems+%E2%80%93+LAN%2FMAN+%E2%80%93+Specific+Requirements+%E2%80%93+Part+15%3A+Wireless+Medium+Access+Control+%28MAC%29+and+Physical+Layer+%28PHY%29+Specifications+for+Wireless+Personal+Area+Networks+%28WPANs%29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2002.93621&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-3335-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guy_Kewney-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guy_Kewney_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy_Kewney_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Kewney2004" class="citation web cs1">Guy Kewney (16 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115173504/http://www.newswireless.net/index.cfm/article/629">"High speed Bluetooth comes a step closer: enhanced data rate approved"</a>. Newswireless.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswireless.net/index.cfm/article/629">the original</a> on 15 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+speed+Bluetooth+comes+a+step+closer%3A+enhanced+data+rate+approved&rft.pub=Newswireless.net&rft.date=2004-11-16&rft.au=Guy+Kewney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswireless.net%2Findex.cfm%2Farticle%2F629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 15.1a: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2005.96290">10.1109/IEEESTD.2005.96290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-4708-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-4708-6"><bdi>978-0-7381-4708-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+for+Information+technology--+Local+and+metropolitan+area+networks--+Specific+requirements--+Part+15.1a%3A+Wireless+Medium+Access+Control+%28MAC%29+and+Physical+Layer+%28PHY%29+specifications+for+Wireless+Personal+Area+Networks+%28WPAN%29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2005.96290&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-4708-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bluetooth_specs-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bluetooth_specs_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bluetooth_specs_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bluetooth_specs_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=40560&ei=25GiT8L3CuTa0QGnmqDVDA&usg=AFQjCNGXY5pm4Tkju1KGs4dYRJLtd03FEg">"Specification Documents"</a>. Bluetooth SIG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163507/https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=40560&ei=25GiT8L3CuTa0QGnmqDVDA&usg=AFQjCNGXY5pm4Tkju1KGs4dYRJLtd03FEg">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specification+Documents&rft.pub=Bluetooth+SIG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluetooth.org%2Fdocman%2Fhandlers%2FDownloadDoc.ashx%3Fdoc_id%3D40560%26ei%3D25GiT8L3CuTa0QGnmqDVDA%26usg%3DAFQjCNGXY5pm4Tkju1KGs4dYRJLtd03FEg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012113727/http://www.europe.htc.com/z/pdf/products/1766_TyTN_LFLT_OUT.PDF">"HTC TyTN Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HTC. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTC+TyTN+Specification&rft.pub=HTC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe.htc.com%2Fz%2Fpdf%2Fproducts%2F1766_TyTN_LFLT_OUT.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018032605/http://www.bluetooth.com/NR/rdonlyres/0A0B3F36-D15F-4470-85A6-F2CCFA26F70F/0/SimplePairing_WP_V10r00.pdf">"Simple Pairing Whitepaper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Version V10r00. Bluetooth SIG. 3 August 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bluetooth+Core+Version+3.0+%2B+HS+specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluetooth.org%2Fdocman%2Fhandlers%2FDownloadDoc.ashx%3Fdoc_id%3D40560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluetooth.org/DocMan/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=174214">"Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum (CSA) 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163555/https://www.bluetooth.org/DocMan/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=174214">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+Distance+Snarf&rft.pub=Trifinite.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrifinite.org%2Ftrifinite_stuff_lds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150109/http://www.sans.edu/research/security-laboratory/article/bluetooth">"Dispelling Common Bluetooth Misconceptions"</a>. SANS. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F-Secure+Malware+Information+Pages%3A+Lasco.A&rft.pub=F-Secure.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f-secure.com%2Fv-descs%2Flasco_a.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord-Long_WongFrank_StajanoJolyon_Clulow2005" class="citation web cs1">Ford-Long Wong; Frank Stajano; Jolyon Clulow (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616082657/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fw242/publications/2005-WongStaClu-bluetooth.pdf">"Repairing the Bluetooth pairing protocol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yaniv+Shaked%27s+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.tau.ac.il%2F~shakedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yash/">"Avishai Wool – אבישי וול"</a>. <i>tau.ac.il</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163419/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yash/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tau.ac.il&rft.atitle=Avishai+Wool+%E2%80%93+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.tau.ac.il%2F~yash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaniv_ShakedAvishai_Wool2005" class="citation web cs1">Yaniv Shaked; Avishai Wool (2 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yash/shaked-wool-mobisys05/">"Cracking the Bluetooth PIN"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/region_wide/2005/08/17/06967453-8002-45f8-b520-66b9bed6f29f.lpf">the original</a> on 17 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Phone+pirates+in+seek+and+steal+mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fregion_wide%2F2005%2F08%2F17%2F06967453-8002-45f8-b520-66b9bed6f29f.lpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060610072813/http://www.securenetwork.it/bluebag_brochure.pdf">"Going Around with Bluetooth in Full Safety"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. F-Secure. May 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=armis&rft.atitle=BlueBorne+Information+from+the+Research+Team+%E2%80%93+Armis+Labs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armis.com%2Fblueborne%2F%23%2Ftechnical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2018/07/24/bluetooth-hack-warning-for-iphone-android-and-windows">"Update Your iPhones And Androids Now If You Don't Want Your Bluetooth Hacked"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 24 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926093726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2018/07/24/bluetooth-hack-warning-for-iphone-android-and-windows">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Update+Your+iPhones+And+Androids+Now+If+You+Don%27t+Want+Your+Bluetooth+Hacked&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fthomasbrewster%2F2018%2F07%2F24%2Fbluetooth-hack-warning-for-iphone-android-and-windows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumannBiham2020" class="citation book cs1">Neumann, Lior; Biham, Eli (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1043">"Breaking the Bluetooth Pairing – the Fixed Coordinate Invalid Curve Attack"</a>. <i>Selected Areas in Cryptography – SAC 2019</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11959. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=New+Critical+Bluetooth+Security+Issue+Exposes+Millions+of+Devices+To+Attack&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzakdoffman%2F2019%2F08%2F15%2Fcritical-new-bluetooth-security-issue-leaves-your-devices-and-data-open-to-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluetooth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonioliTippenhauerRasmussen2019" class="citation book cs1">Antonioli, Daniele; Tippenhauer, Nils Ole; Rasmussen, Kasper B. 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text" href="https://www.bluetooth.org/en-us/specification/adopted-specifications">Specifications</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CDMA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CDMA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spread_spectrum_in_digital_communications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a> in digital communications</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division multiple access (CDMA)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum#Commercial_use" title="Spread spectrum">Commercial use</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum#History" title="Spread spectrum">More...</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spread spectrum <i>methods</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">Direct-sequence spread spectrum</a> (DSSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">Frequency-hopping spread spectrum</a> (FHSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum" title="Chirp spread spectrum">Chirp spread spectrum</a> (CSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-hopping" title="Time-hopping">Time-hopping spread spectrum</a> (THSS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CDMA <i>schemes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-sequence CDMA">DS-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FH-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access" title="Multi-carrier code-division multiple access">MC-CDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless phones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Cellular</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO</a> Mobile</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">IS-95</a> (aka cdmaOne)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> (aka IS-2000)</dd> <dt>Also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless#Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise#PN_Code" title="Pseudorandom noise">PN (pseudorandom noise) code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_(CDMA)" title="Chip (CDMA)">Chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near%E2%80%93far_problem" title="Near–far problem">Near–far problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_density" title="Spectral density">Power spectral density</a> (PSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_gain" title="Process gain">Process gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_receiver" title="Rake receiver">Rake receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_probability_of_intercept" class="mw-redirect" title="Low probability of intercept">Low probability of intercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">Digital communication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Modulation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Statistical_time-division_multiplexing" title="Statistical time-division multiplexing">Statistical multiplexing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">Waveform</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_standards" title="Template talk:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_693" title="IEEE 693">693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><i>See also</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category:IEEE standards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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