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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extradition treaties or agreements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extradition_treaties_or_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemptions_in_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemptions_in_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Exemptions in the European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemptions_in_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extradition_to_federations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extradition_to_federations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Extradition to federations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extradition_to_federations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bars_to_extradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bars_to_extradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bars to extradition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bars_to_extradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bars to extradition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bars_to_extradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Failure_to_fulfill_dual_criminality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_to_fulfill_dual_criminality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Failure to fulfill dual criminality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_to_fulfill_dual_criminality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_nature_of_the_alleged_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_nature_of_the_alleged_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Political nature of the alleged crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_nature_of_the_alleged_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possibility_of_certain_forms_of_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibility_of_certain_forms_of_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Possibility of certain forms of punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibility_of_certain_forms_of_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Own_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Own_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Own citizens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Own_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_private_and_family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_private_and_family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Right to private and family life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_private_and_family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_trial_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_trial_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Fair trial standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_trial_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_extradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_extradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Human rights and extradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_extradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aut_dedere_aut_judicare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aut_dedere_aut_judicare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Aut dedere aut judicare</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aut_dedere_aut_judicare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>International tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extradition_case_of_Huawei_CFO_Meng_Wanzhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extradition_case_of_Huawei_CFO_Meng_Wanzhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Extradition case of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extradition_case_of_Huawei_CFO_Meng_Wanzhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_law_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_law_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>2019 Hong Kong extradition law protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_law_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Abductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Extraordinary_rendition"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Extraordinary_rendition""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>"Extraordinary rendition"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Extraordinary_rendition"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uyghur_extradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uyghur_extradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Uyghur extradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uyghur_extradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Extradition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تسليم المجرمين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسليم المجرمين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstradisiya" title="Ekstradisiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekstradisiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Экстрадыцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экстрадыцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Экстрадыцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Экстрадыцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Екстрадиция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екстрадиция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradici%C3%B3" title="Extradició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extradició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradice" title="Extradice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Extradice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estraddodiad" title="Estraddodiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Estraddodiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udlevering_(Jura)" title="Udlevering (Jura) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udlevering (Jura)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslieferung_(Recht)" title="Auslieferung (Recht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auslieferung (Recht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Έκδοση εγκληματία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έκδοση εγκληματία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradici%C3%B3n" title="Extradición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extradición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstradicio" title="Ekstradicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstradicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradizio" title="Estradizio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estradizio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="استرداد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استرداد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extradition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiseachadadh" title="Eiseachadadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eiseachadadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%A3%84%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84" title="범죄인 인도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범죄인 인도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հանցագործների հանձնում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանցագործների հանձնում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izru%C4%8Denje" title="Izručenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izručenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstradisi" title="Ekstradisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekstradisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradizione" title="Estradizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estradizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94" title="הסכם הסגרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם הסגרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ექსტრადიცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ექსტრადიცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экстрадиция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экстрадиция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экстрадиция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экстрадиция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstradicija" title="Ekstradicija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekstradicija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiadat%C3%A1s_(jog)" title="Kiadatás (jog) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kiadatás (jog)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रत्यर्पण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रत्यर्पण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تسليم المجرمين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تسليم المجرمين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstradisi" title="Ekstradisi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekstradisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitlevering" title="Uitlevering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitlevering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E3%81%97" title="犯罪人引渡し – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="犯罪人引渡し" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utlevering" title="Utlevering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utlevering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraditsiya" title="Ekstraditsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekstraditsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstradycja" title="Ekstradycja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekstradycja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Extradição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extradição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extr%C4%83dare" title="Extrădare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extrădare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экстрадиция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экстрадиция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istraditamentu" title="Istraditamentu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istraditamentu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstradimi" title="Ekstradimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekstradimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extradition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Екстрадиција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екстрадиција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izru%C4%8Denje" title="Izručenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izručenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikoksen_johdosta_tapahtuva_luovuttaminen" title="Rikoksen johdosta tapahtuva luovuttaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rikoksen johdosta tapahtuva luovuttaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utl%C3%A4mning" title="Utlämning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utlämning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="การส่งผู้ร้ายข้ามแดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การส่งผู้ร้ายข้ามแดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Истирдод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Истирдод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transfer of a suspect from one jurisdiction to another by law enforcement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Extradition Order" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Extradition_Order_(band)" title="Extradition Order (band)">Extradition Order (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telegram_from_St_Louis_Police_to_American_Consul_in_NZ_-_April_1865_%26_Court_Records_from_St_Louis_Court_of_Criminal_Correction._In_the_case_of_Walter_Horace_Lennox_Maxwell,_accused_of_murder._(26473521102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Telegram_from_St_Louis_Police_to_American_Consul_in_NZ_-_April_1865_%26_Court_Records_from_St_Louis_Court_of_Criminal_Correction._In_the_case_of_Walter_Horace_Lennox_Maxwell%2C_accused_of_murder._%2826473521102%29.jpg/380px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Telegram_from_St_Louis_Police_to_American_Consul_in_NZ_-_April_1865_%26_Court_Records_from_St_Louis_Court_of_Criminal_Correction._In_the_case_of_Walter_Horace_Lennox_Maxwell%2C_accused_of_murder._%2826473521102%29.jpg/570px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Telegram_from_St_Louis_Police_to_American_Consul_in_NZ_-_April_1865_%26_Court_Records_from_St_Louis_Court_of_Criminal_Correction._In_the_case_of_Walter_Horace_Lennox_Maxwell%2C_accused_of_murder._%2826473521102%29.jpg/760px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>An extradition document from the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department">St. Louis Police Department</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, requesting the extradition of a murder suspect suspected of fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, 1885.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In an <b>extradition</b>, one <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a> delivers a person <a href="/wiki/Suspect" title="Suspect">accused</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">convicted</a> of committing a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> in another jurisdiction, into the custody of the other's <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>. It is a cooperative law enforcement procedure between the two jurisdictions, and depends on the arrangements made between them. In addition to legal aspects of the process, extradition also involves the physical transfer of custody of the person being extradited to the legal authority of the requesting jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an extradition process, one sovereign jurisdiction makes a formal request to another sovereign jurisdiction ("the requested state"). If the fugitive is found within the territory of the requested state, then the requested state may arrest the fugitive and subject them to its extradition process.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extradition procedures to which the fugitive will be subjected are dependent on the law and practice of the requested state.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between countries, extradition is normally regulated by <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a>. Where extradition is compelled by laws, such as among sub-national jurisdictions, the concept may be known more generally as <a href="/wiki/Rendition_(law)" title="Rendition (law)">rendition</a>. It is an ancient mechanism, dating back to at least the 13th century BCE, when an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, negotiated an extradition treaty with a <a href="/wiki/Hittite_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite king">Hittite king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extradition_treaties_or_agreements">Extradition treaties or agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extradition treaties or agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consensus in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> is that a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> does not have any obligation to surrender an alleged criminal to a foreign state, because one principle of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> is that every state has legal authority over the people within its borders. Such absence of international obligation, and the desire for the right to demand such criminals from other countries, have caused a web of extradition <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> or agreements to evolve. When no applicable extradition agreement is in place, a state may still request the expulsion or lawful return of an individual pursuant to the requested state's domestic law.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be accomplished through the immigration laws of the requested state or other facets of the requested state's domestic law. Similarly, the codes of penal procedure in many countries contain provisions allowing for extradition to take place in the absence of an extradition agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States may, therefore, still request the expulsion or lawful return of a fugitive from the territory of a requested state in the absence of an extradition treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No country in the world has an extradition treaty with all other countries; for example, the United States lacks extradition treaties with China, Russia, Namibia, the United Arab Emirates, North Korea, Bahrain, and many other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two types of extradition treaties: list and dual criminality treaties. The most common and traditional is the list treaty, which contains a list of crimes for which a suspect is to be extradited. Dual criminality treaties generally allow for the extradition of a criminal suspect if the punishment is more than one year imprisonment in accordance with the laws of both countries. Occasionally the length of the sentence agreed upon between the two countries is varied. Under both types of treaties, if the conduct is not considered a crime in both of the countries involved then it will not be an extraditable offense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Generally, an extradition treaty requires that a country seeking extradition be able to show that: </p> <ul><li>The relevant crime is sufficiently serious.</li> <li>There exists a <i>prima facie</i> case against the individual sought.</li> <li>The event in question qualifies as a crime in both countries.</li> <li>The extradited person can reasonably expect a fair trial in the recipient country.</li> <li>The likely penalty will be proportionate to the crime.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most countries require themselves to deny extradition requests if, in the government's opinion, the suspect is being sought for a <a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crime</a>. Many countries, such as Mexico, Canada and most European nations, will not allow extradition if the death penalty may be imposed on the suspect unless they are assured that the death sentence will not be passed or carried out. In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Soering_v._United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Soering v. United Kingdom">Soering v. United Kingdom</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> held that it would violate Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> to extradite a person to the United States from the United Kingdom in a capital case. This was due to the harsh conditions on death row and the uncertain timescale within which the sentence would be executed. Parties to the European Convention also cannot extradite people where they would be at significant risk of being tortured inhumanely or degradingly treated or punished. </p><p>These restrictions are normally clearly spelled out in the extradition treaties that a government has agreed upon. They are, however, controversial in the United States, where the death penalty is practiced in some U.S. states, as it is seen by many as an attempt by foreign nations to interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal law in the United States">U.S. criminal justice system</a>. In contrast, pressures by the U.S. government on these countries to change their laws, or even sometimes to ignore their laws, is perceived by many in those nations as an attempt by the United States to interfere in their sovereign right to manage justice within their own borders. Famous examples include the extradition dispute with Canada on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ng" title="Charles Ng">Charles Ng</a>, who was eventually extradited to the United States on murder charges. </p><p>Countries with a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> typically make extradition subject to review by that country's courts. These courts may impose certain restrictions on extradition, or prevent it altogether, if for instance they deem the accusations to be based on dubious evidence, or evidence obtained from <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, or if they believe that the defendant will not be granted a <a href="/wiki/Fair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair trial">fair trial</a> on arrival, or will be subject to cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment if extradited. </p><p>Several countries, such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, have laws against extraditing their respective citizens. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, do not allow for extradition of their own citizens in their constitutions. Some others stipulate such prohibition on extradition agreements rather than their laws. Such restrictions are occasionally controversial in other countries when, for example, a French citizen commits a crime abroad and then returns to their home country, often being perceived as doing so to avoid prosecution. These countries, however, make their criminal laws applicable to citizens abroad, and they try citizens suspected of crimes committed abroad under their own laws. Such suspects are typically prosecuted as if the crime had occurred within the country's borders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exemptions_in_the_European_Union">Exemptions in the European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exemptions in the European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usual extradition agreement safeguards relating to dual-criminality, the presence of <i>prima facie</i> evidence and the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Fair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair trial">fair trial</a> have been waived by many European nations for a list of specified offences under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">European Arrest Warrant</a>. The warrant entered into force in eight European Union (EU) member-states on 1 January 2004, and is in force in all member-states since 22 April 2005. Defenders of the warrant argue that the usual safeguards are not necessary because every EU nation is committed by treaty, and often by legal and constitutional provisions, to the right to a fair trial, and because every EU member-state is subject to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extradition_to_federations">Extradition to federations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extradition to federations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> structure of some countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, can pose particular problems for extraditions when the <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">police power</a> and the power of foreign relations are held at different levels of the federal hierarchy. For instance, in the United States, most criminal prosecutions occur at the state level, and most foreign relations occurs on the federal level. In fact, under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, foreign countries may not have official treaty relations with the individual states; rather, they may have treaty relations only with the federal government. As a result, a US state that wishes to prosecute an individual located in foreign territory must direct its extradition request through the federal government, which will negotiate the extradition with the requested state. However, due to the constraints of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, any conditions on the extradition accepted by the federal government – such as not to impose the death penalty – are not binding on the states. In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Soering_v._United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Soering v. United Kingdom">Soering v. United Kingdom</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was not permitted under its treaty obligations to extradite an individual to the United States, because the United States' federal government was constitutionally unable to offer binding assurances that the death penalty would not be sought in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> state courts. Ultimately, the Commonwealth of Virginia itself had to offer assurances to the federal government, which passed those assurances on to the United Kingdom, which then extradited the individual to the United States. </p><p>Less important problems can arise due to differing qualifications for crimes. For instance, in the United States, crossing state lines is a prerequisite for certain federal crimes (otherwise crimes such as murder, etc. are handled by state governments (except in certain circumstances such as the killing of a federal official)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This transportation clause is, understandably, absent from the laws of many countries, however. Extradition treaties or subsequent diplomatic correspondence often include language providing that such criteria should not be taken into account when checking if the crime is one in the country from which extradition should apply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bars_to_extradition">Bars to extradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bars to extradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By enacting laws or in concluding treaties or agreements, countries determine the conditions under which they may entertain or deny extradition requests. Observing fundamental human rights is also an important reason for denying some extradition requests. It is common for human rights exceptions to be specifically incorporated in bilateral treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such bars can be invoked in relation to the treatment of the individual in the receiving country, including their trial and sentence. These bars may also extend to take account of the effect on family of the individual if extradition proceeds. Therefore, human rights recognised by international and regional agreements may be the basis for denying extradition requests. However, cases where extradition is denied should be treated as independent exceptions and will only occur in exceptional circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Radu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common bars to extradition include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_to_fulfill_dual_criminality">Failure to fulfill dual criminality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Failure to fulfill dual criminality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Double_criminality" title="Double criminality">Double criminality</a></div> <p>Generally the act for which extradition is sought must constitute a crime punishable by some minimum penalty in both the requesting and the requested states. </p><p>This requirement has been abolished for broad categories of crimes in some jurisdictions, notably within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_nature_of_the_alleged_crime">Political nature of the alleged crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political nature of the alleged crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_offence_exception" title="Political offence exception">Political offence exception</a></div> <p>Many countries refuse to extradite suspects of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners">political crimes</a>. Such exceptions aim to prevent the misuse of extradition for political purposes, protecting individuals from being prosecuted or punished for their political beliefs or activities in another country. Countries may refuse extradition to avoid becoming involved in politically motivated cases, or gaining a bargaining chip over a rival state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possibility_of_certain_forms_of_punishment">Possibility of certain forms of punishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Possibility of certain forms of punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some countries refuse extradition on grounds that the person, if extradited, may receive capital punishment or face <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>. A few go as far as to cover all punishments that they themselves would not administer. </p> <ul><li><b>Death penalty</b>: Several jurisdictions, such as Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada, Macao,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa, United Kingdom and most European nations except Belarus, will not consent to the extradition of a suspect if the death penalty is a possible sentencing option unless they are assured that the death sentence will not be passed or carried out. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> considered the case of Joseph Kindler, following the Canadian Supreme Court's decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Kindler_v_Canada_(Minister_of_Justice)" title="Kindler v Canada (Minister of Justice)">Kindler v Canada</a></i> to extradite Kindler who faced the death penalty in the United States. This decision was given despite the fact that it was expressly provided in the extradition treaty between these two states that extradition may be refused, unless assurances were given that the death penalty shall not be imposed or executed, as well as arguably being a violation of the individual's rights under the Canadian Charter of Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision by the Committee considered Article 6 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, the "inherent right to life" and whether this right prohibited Canada from extraditing the individual to the United States where he faced the death penalty. The Committee decided that there was nothing contained in the terms of Article 6 which required Canada to seek assurance that the individual would not face the death penalty if extradited.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Committee noted that if Canada had extradited without due process it would have breached its obligation under the Convention in this case.</li> <li><b>Torture, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman or degrading treatment">inhuman or degrading treatment</a> or punishment</b>: Many countries will not extradite if there is a risk that a requested person will be subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In regard to torture the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has in the past not accepted assurances that torture will not occur when given by a state where torture is systematic or endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in the more recent case before the same court <i><a href="/wiki/Othman_(Abu_Qatada)_v._United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Othman (Abu Qatada) v. United Kingdom">Othman (Abu Qatada) v. United Kingdom</a></i> the court retreated from this firm refusal and instead took a more subjective approach for assessing state assurances. Unlike capital punishment it is often more difficult to prove the existence of torture within a state and considerations often depend on the assessment of quality and validity of assurances given by the requesting state. In the deportation case of <i><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qatada_al-Filistini" title="Abu Qatada al-Filistini">Othman (Abu Qatada)</a></i> the court provided 11 factors the court will assess in determining the validity of these assurances.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While torture is provided for as a bar to extradition by the European Convention on Human Rights and more universally by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention Against Torture">Convention Against Torture</a>, it is also a <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a></i> norm under international law and can therefore be invoked as a bar even if it is not provided for in an extradition agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Radu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Soering_v_United_Kingdom" title="Soering v United Kingdom">Soering v United Kingdom</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> held that it would violate Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> to extradite a person to the United States from the United Kingdom in a capital punishment case. This was due to the harsh conditions on death row and the uncertain timescale within which the sentence would be executed, but not the death penalty sentence itself. The Court in Soering stressed however that the personal circumstances of the individual, including age and mental state (the individual in this case was 18 years old) were relevant in assessing whether their extradition would give rise to a real risk of treatment exceeding the threshold in Article 3.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jurisdiction over a crime can be invoked to refuse extradition.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Own_citizens">Own citizens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Own citizens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several countries, such as Austria,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czechia (the Czech Republic),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel, Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the People's Republic of China (Mainland China),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Republic of China (Taiwan),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saudi Arabia,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slovenia, Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the UAE, and Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have laws against extraditing their own citizens to other countries' jurisdictions. Instead, they often have special laws in place that give them jurisdiction over crimes committed abroad by or against citizens. By virtue of such jurisdiction, they can locally prosecute and try citizens accused of crimes committed abroad as if the crime had occurred within the country's borders (see, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Xiao_Zhen" title="Trial of Xiao Zhen">trial of Xiao Zhen</a>). <a href="/wiki/Israeli_law" title="Israeli law">Israeli law</a> permits the extradition of Israeli citizens who have not established residency in Israel; resident citizens may be extradited to stand trial in a foreign country, provided that the prosecuting country agrees that any prison sentence imposed will be served in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_private_and_family_life">Right to private and family life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Right to private and family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a limited number of cases <a href="/wiki/Article_8_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a> has been invoked to stop extradition from proceeding. Article 8 states that everyone has the right to the respect of their private and family life. This is achieved by way of balancing the potential harm to private life against the public interest in upholding the extradition arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this article is useful as it provide for a prohibition to extradition, the threshold required to meet this prohibition is high.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 8 does explicitly provide that this right is subject to limits in the interests of national security and public safety, so these limits must be weighed in a balancing of priority against this right. Cases where extradition is sought usually involve serious crimes so while these limits are often justified there have been cases where extradition could not be justified in light of the individual's family life. Cases to date have mostly involved dependant children where the extradition would be counter to the best interests of this child.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <i>FK v. Polish Judicial Authority</i> the court held that it would violate article 8 for a mother of five young children to be extradited amidst charges of minor fraud which were committed a number of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case is an example of how the gravity of the crime for which extradition was sought was not proportionate to protecting the interests of the individual's family. However the court in this case noted that even in circumstances where extradition is refused a custodial sentence will be given to comply with the principles of <a href="/wiki/International_comity" class="mw-redirect" title="International comity">international comity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast the case of <i>HH v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic, Genoa</i> is an example of when the public interest for allowing extradition outweighed the best interests of the children. In this case both parents were being extradited to Italy for serious drug importation crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 8 does not only address the needs of children, but also all family members, yet the high threshold required to satisfy Article 8 means that the vulnerability of children is the most likely circumstance to meet this threshold. In the case of <i>Norris v US (No 2)</i> a man sought to argue that if extradited his health would be undermined and it would cause his wife depression.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim was rejected by the Court which stated that a successful claim under Article 8 would require "exceptional" circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suicide Risk: Cases where there is risk of the individual committing suicide have also invoked article 8 as the public interest of extraditing must be considered in light of the risk of suicide by the individual if extradited. In the case of <i>Jason's v Latvia</i> extradition was refused on these grounds, as the crime for which the individual was sought was not enough of a threat to public interest to outweigh the high risk of suicide which had been assessed to exist for the individual if extradited.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_trial_standards">Fair trial standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fair trial standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consideration of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a> is particularly complex in extradition cases. Its complexity arises from the fact that while the court deciding whether to surrender the individual must uphold these rights this same court must also be satisfied that any trial undertaken by the requesting state after extradition is granted also respects these rights. Article 14 of the <a href="/wiki/ICCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCPR">ICCPR</a> provides a number of criteria for fair trial standards.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These standards have been reflected in courts who have shown that subjective considerations should be made in determining whether such trials would be ‘unjust’ or ‘oppressive’ by taking into account factors such as the duration of time since the alleged offences occurred, health of the individual, prison conditions in the requesting state and likelihood of conviction among other considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet exactly how the standards provided for in ICCPR are incorporated or recognised by domestic courts and decision makers is still unclear although it seems that these standards can at a minimum be used to inform the notions of such decision makers.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> If it is found that fair trial standards will not be satisfied in the requesting country this may be a sufficient bar to extradition. </p><p>Article 6 of the ECHR also provides for fair trial standards, which must be observed by European countries when making an extradition request.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This court in the <i>Othman</i> case, whom if extradited would face trial where evidence against him had been obtained by way of torture.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was held to be a violation of Article 6 ECHR as it presented a real risk of a ‘flagrant denial of justice’.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court in Othman stressed that for a breach of Article 6 to occur the trial in the requesting country must constitute a flagrant denial of justice, going beyond merely an unfair trial.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence obtained by way of torture has been sufficient to satisfy the threshold of a flagrant denial of justice in a number of case. This is in part because torture evidence threatens the "integrity of the trial process and the rule of law itself."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_and_extradition">Human rights and extradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human rights and extradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human rights as a bar to extradition can be invoked in relation to the treatment of the individual in the receiving country, including their trial and sentence as well as the effect on family of the individual if extradition is granted. The repressive nature and the limitations of freedoms imposed on an individual is part of the extradition process and is the reason for these exceptions and the importance that human rights are observed in the extradition process. Therefore, human rights protected by international and regional agreements may be the basis for denying extradition requests, but only as independent exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Radu_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While human rights concerns can add to the complexity of extradition cases it is positive as it adds to the legitimacy and institutionalisation of the extradition system.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determining whether to allow extradition by the requested state is, among other considerations, a balancing exercise between the interests of the requesting state's pursuit of justice over the accused individuals, the requested state's interests in holding dominion over those presently in its territory, and the rights of the extraditable persons.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extradition raises human rights concerns in determining this balance in relation to the extraditable person. States make provision to recognise these rights both expressing in bilateral treaty agreements and also, potentially by way of state's obligations under the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> is particularly relevant to extradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although regional, the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention of Human Rights">European Convention of Human Rights</a> has also been invoked as a bar to extradition in a number of cases falling within its jurisdiction and decisions from the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> have been a useful source of development in this area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aut_dedere_aut_judicare"><i>Aut dedere aut judicare</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aut dedere aut judicare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aut_dedere_aut_judicare" title="Aut dedere aut judicare">Aut dedere aut judicare</a></div> <p>A concept related to extradition that has significant implications in <a href="/wiki/Transnational_crime" title="Transnational crime">transnational criminal law</a> is that of <i><a href="/wiki/Aut_dedere_aut_judicare" title="Aut dedere aut judicare">aut dedere aut judicare</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This maxim represents the principle that states must either surrender a criminal within their jurisdiction to a state that wishes to prosecute the criminal or prosecute the offender in its own courts. Many international agreements contain provisions for <i>aut dedere aut judicare</i>. These include all four <a href="/wiki/1949_Geneva_Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Geneva Conventions">1949 Geneva Conventions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.N._Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Terrorist_Bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings">U.N. Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.N._Convention_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Convention Against Corruption">U.N. Convention Against Corruption</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Seizure_of_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft">Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Against_Torture_and_Other_Cruel,_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_an_Armed_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of an Armed Conflict">Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of an Armed Conflict</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Suppression_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid">International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary scholars hold the opinion that <i>aut dedere aut judicare</i> is not an obligation under customary international law but rather "a specific conventional clause relating to specific crimes" and, accordingly, an obligation that only exists when a state has voluntarily assumed the obligation. <a href="/wiki/M._Cherif_Bassiouni" title="M. Cherif Bassiouni">Cherif Bassiouni</a>, however, has posited that, at least with regard to international crimes, it is not only a rule of customary international law but a <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a></i> principle. Professor Michael Kelly, citing Israeli and Austrian judicial decisions, has noted that "there is some supporting anecdotal evidence that judges within national systems are beginning to apply the doctrine on their own".<sup id="cite_ref-Stigall_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_tensions">International tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg/220px-Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg/330px-Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Baltic_extration_-_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Swedish extradition of German and Baltic soldiers to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in January 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguelrodriguez-extradition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Miguelrodriguez-extradition.png/220px-Miguelrodriguez-extradition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Miguelrodriguez-extradition.png 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a> boss <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Orejuela" title="Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela">Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela</a> extradited from Colombia to the United States.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Carlos_Ramirez_Abadia_extradition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Juan_Carlos_Ramirez_Abadia_extradition.jpg/220px-Juan_Carlos_Ramirez_Abadia_extradition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Juan_Carlos_Ramirez_Abadia_extradition.jpg/330px-Juan_Carlos_Ramirez_Abadia_extradition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Juan_Carlos_Ramirez_Abadia_extradition.jpg/440px-Juan_Carlos_Ramirez_Abadia_extradition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ram%C3%ADrez_Abad%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía">Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía</a> being extradited to face charges in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viktor_Bout_Extradited_to_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Viktor_Bout_Extradited_to_US.jpg/220px-Viktor_Bout_Extradited_to_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Viktor_Bout_Extradited_to_US.jpg/330px-Viktor_Bout_Extradited_to_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Viktor_Bout_Extradited_to_US.jpg/440px-Viktor_Bout_Extradited_to_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bout" title="Viktor Bout">Viktor Bout</a> extradited to the United States aboard a <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">plane</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The refusal of a country to extradite suspects or criminals to another may lead to international relations being strained. Often, the country to which extradition is refused will accuse the other country of refusing extradition for political reasons (regardless of whether or not this is justified). A case in point is that of <a href="/wiki/Ira_Einhorn" title="Ira Einhorn">Ira Einhorn</a>, in which some US commentators pressured President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> of France, who does not intervene in legal cases, to permit extradition when the case was held up due to differences between French and American human rights law. Another long-standing example is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> whose extradition was pursued by California for over 20 years. For a brief period he was placed under arrest in Switzerland, however subsequent legal appeals there prevented extradition. </p><p>The questions involved are often complex when the country from which suspects are to be extradited is a democratic country with a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Typically, in such countries, the final decision to extradite lies with the national executive (prime minister, <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> or equivalent). However, such countries typically allow extradition defendants recourse to the law, with multiple appeals. These may significantly slow down procedures. On the one hand, this may lead to unwarranted international difficulties, as the public, politicians and journalists from the requesting country will ask their executive to put pressure on the executive of the country from which extradition is to take place, while that executive may not in fact have the authority to deport the suspect or criminal on their own. On the other hand, certain delays, or the unwillingness of the local prosecution authorities to present a good extradition case before the court on behalf of the requesting state, may possibly result from the unwillingness of the country's executive to extradite. </p><p>Even though the United States has an extradition treaty with Japan, most extraditions are not successful due to Japan's domestic laws. For the United States to be successful, they must present their case for extradition to the Japanese authorities. However, certain evidence is barred from being in these proceedings such as the use of confessions, searches or electronic surveillance. In most cases involving international drug trafficking, this kind of evidence constitutes the bulk of evidence gathered in the investigation on a suspect for a drug-related charge. Therefore, this usually hinders the United States from moving forward with the extradition of a suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is at present controversy in the United Kingdom about the <a href="/wiki/Extradition_Act_2003" title="Extradition Act 2003">Extradition Act 2003</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which dispenses with the need for a <i>prima facie</i> case for extradition. This came to a head over the extradition of <a href="/wiki/The_Natwest_Three" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natwest Three">the Natwest Three</a> from the UK to the U.S., for their alleged fraudulent conduct related to <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a>. Several British political leaders were heavily critical of the British government's handling of the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the United States submitted extradition requests to many nations for former National Security Agency employee <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It criticized Hong Kong for allowing him to leave despite an extradition request.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extradition_case_of_Huawei_CFO_Meng_Wanzhou">Extradition case of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Extradition case of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou</a></div> <p>It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a>, which is political in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_law_protests">2019 Hong Kong extradition law protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2019 Hong Kong extradition law protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></div> <p>A proposed Hong Kong extradition law tabled in April 2019 led to one of the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">biggest protests in the city's history</a>, with 1 million demonstrators joining the protests on 9 June 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-cbsnews.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsnews.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took place three days before the Hong Kong government planned to bypass the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legislative committee (page does not exist)">committee process</a> and bring the contentious bill straight to the full legislature to hasten its approval.<sup id="cite_ref-cbsnews.com_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsnews.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill, which would ease extradition to <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, includes 37 types of crimes. While the Beijing-friendly ruling party maintains that the proposal contains protections of the <a href="/wiki/Double_criminality" title="Double criminality">dual criminality requirement</a> and human rights, its opponents allege that after people are surrendered to the mainland, it could charge them with some other crime and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">impose the death penalty</a> (which has been <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Capital punishment in Hong Kong">abolished</a> in Hong Kong) for that other crime.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also concerns about the retroactive effect of the new law.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's proposal was amended to remove some categories after complaints from the business sector, such as "the unlawful use of computers".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experts have noted that the legal systems of mainland China and Hong Kong follow 'different protocols' with regard to the important conditions of <i>double criminality</i> and <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">non-refoulement</a>, as well as on the matter of executive vs. judicial oversight on any extradition request.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abductions">Abductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Abductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases a state has <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">abducted</a> an alleged criminal from the territory of another state either after normal extradition procedures failed, or without attempting to use them. Notable cases are listed below: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Year </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morton_Sobell" title="Morton Sobell">Morton Sobell</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Argentina </td> <td>Israel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Argoud" title="Antoine Argoud">Antoine Argoud</a> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>West Germany </td> <td>France </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isang_Yun" title="Isang Yun">Isang Yun</a> </td> <td>1967<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>West Germany </td> <td>South Korea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Vanunu" title="Mordechai Vanunu">Mordechai Vanunu</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>Israel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humberto_%C3%81lvarez_Macha%C3%ADn" title="Humberto Álvarez Machaín">Humberto Álvarez Machaín</a> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ocalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ocalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Kenya </td> <td>Turkey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Vietnam </td> <td>China </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Mustafa_Osama_Nasr" title="Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr">Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Granda" title="Rodrigo Granda">Rodrigo Granda</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Venezuela </td> <td>Colombia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Yaroshenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Yaroshenko (page does not exist)">Konstantin Yaroshenko</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Jaro%C5%A1enko" class="extiw" title="et:Konstantin Jarošenko">et</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Ярошенко, Константин Владимирович">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Ярошенко Костянтин Володимирович">uk</a>]</span> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Liberia </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dirar_Abu_Seesi" title="Dirar Abu Seesi">Dirar Abu Seesi</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Ukraine </td> <td>Israel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gui_Minhai" title="Gui Minhai">Gui Minhai</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td>China </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Xu%C3%A2n_Thanh" title="Trịnh Xuân Thanh">Trịnh Xuân Thanh</a> </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>Vietnam </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Extraordinary_rendition""><span id=".22Extraordinary_rendition.22"></span>"Extraordinary rendition"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: "Extraordinary rendition""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></div> <p>"Extraordinary rendition" is an <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial">extrajudicial</a> procedure in which criminal suspects, generally suspected <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorists</a> or supporters of terrorist organisations, are transferred from one country to another.<sup id="cite_ref-MJC-2009-09-08_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJC-2009-09-08-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure differs from extradition as the purpose of the rendition is to extract information from suspects, while extradition is used to return fugitives so that they can stand trial or fulfill their sentence. The United States' <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) allegedly operates a global extraordinary rendition programme, which from 2001 to 2005 captured an estimated 150 people and transported them around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-17-Feb-2009_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-17-Feb-2009-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA-Background-Memo_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-Background-Memo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huff-Post-08-28-09_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huff-Post-08-28-09-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACLU-Fact-Sheet_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU-Fact-Sheet-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alleged US programme prompted several official investigations in Europe into alleged <a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">secret detentions</a> and illegal international transfers involving <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> member states. A <a href="#27_June_2006_Council_of_Europe_resolution">June 2006 report</a> from the Council of Europe estimated 100 people had been kidnapped by the CIA on EU territory (with the cooperation of Council of Europe members), and rendered to other countries, often after having transited through secret detention centres ("<a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">black sites</a>") used by the CIA, some of which could be located in Europe. According to the separate <a href="#The_European_Parliament's_14_February_2007_report">European Parliament report of February 2007</a>, the CIA has conducted 1,245 flights, many of them to destinations where suspects could face torture, in violation of article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large majority of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Parliament">European Union Parliament</a> endorsed the report's conclusion that many member states tolerated illegal actions by the CIA, and criticised such actions. Within days of his inauguration, President Obama signed an Executive Order opposing rendition torture and established a task force to provide recommendations about processes to prevent rendition torture.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse.gov_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse.gov-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uyghur_extradition">Uyghur extradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Uyghur extradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <p>In June 2021, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported testimonies of several <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> accounting for the detention and extradition of people they knew or were related to, from the United Arab Emirates. Documents issued by the Dubai public prosecutor and viewed by CNN, showed the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>’s request for the extradition of a detained Uyghur man, Ahmad Talip, despite insufficient proof of reasons for extradition.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, UAE, along with several other Muslim nations publicly endorsed China's Xinjiang policies, despite Beijing being accused of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> by the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>. Neither Dubai authorities nor the foreign ministry of UAE respond to the several requests for comment made by CNN on the <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detention</a> and extradition of Uyghurs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_jurisdiction" title="Extraterritorial jurisdiction">Extraterritorial jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">Extraterritoriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution_(international_law)" title="Immunity from prosecution (international law)">Immunity from prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sosa_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain">Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>International</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">European Arrest Warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Extradition" title="European Convention on Extradition">European Convention on Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_Australia" title="Extradition law in Australia">Extradition law in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_China" title="Extradition law in China">Extradition law in China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition_law_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extradition law in Japan (page does not exist)">Extradition law in Japan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E3%81%97%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84#日本" class="extiw" title="ja:犯罪人引渡し条約">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_Israel" title="Extradition law in Israel">Extradition law in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Extradition law in the Republic of Ireland">Extradition law in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_the_United_States" title="Extradition law in the United States">Extradition law in the United States</a> (including inter-state extradition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_Nigeria" title="Extradition law in Nigeria">Extradition law in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Extradition law in the Philippines">Extradition law in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_bilateral_treaties_on_extradition_and_criminal_matters" title="List of Australian bilateral treaties on extradition and criminal matters">List of Australian extradition treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_surrender_of_fugitive_offenders_agreements" title="List of Hong Kong surrender of fugitive offenders agreements">List of Hong Kong extradition treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_extradition_treaties" title="List of Indian extradition treaties">List of Indian extradition treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_extradition_treaties" title="List of Dutch extradition treaties">List of Dutch extradition treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_extradition_treaties" title="List of United States extradition treaties">List of United States extradition treaties</a></li></ul> <p><b>Individuals:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Posada_Carriles" title="Luis Posada Carriles">Luis Posada Carriles</a>, anti-Castrist detained in the U.S. and wanted by Cuba and Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Rourke" title="Brian O'Rourke">Brian O'Rourke</a> (1540?–1591), first man to be extradited within Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramil_Safarov" title="Ramil Safarov">Ramil Safarov</a>, Azerbaijani officer extradited from Hungary to Azerbaijan</li></ul> <p><b>Protest:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSadoff2016" class="citation book cs1">Sadoff, David A. (24 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSvUjwEACAAJ"><i>Bringing International Fugitives to Justice: Extradition and its Alternatives</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12928-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12928-3"><bdi>978-1-107-12928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+International+Fugitives+to+Justice%3A+Extradition+and+its+Alternatives&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-12-24&rft.isbn=978-1-107-12928-3&rft.aulast=Sadoff&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSvUjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stigall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigall_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStigall2013" class="citation ssrn cs1">Stigall, Dan E. (3 February 2013). "Ungoverned Spaces, Transnational Crime, and the Prohibition on Extraterritorial Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Law". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2211219">2211219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Ungoverned+Spaces%2C+Transnational+Crime%2C+and+the+Prohibition+on+Extraterritorial+Enforcement+Jurisdiction+in+International+Law&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2211219%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stigall&rft.aufirst=Dan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/71600.pdf">Extradition Treaties Interpretation Act of 1998</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/l/treaty/faqs/70138.htm">Extradition Treaties</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_P2014" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, P (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AIAdminLawF/2014/3.html">"The Incorporation of Human Rights Fair Trial Standards into Australian Extradition Law"</a>. <i>Aial Forum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aial+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Incorporation+of+Human+Rights+Fair+Trial+Standards+into+Australian+Extradition+Law&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Johnston%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FAIAdminLawF%2F2014%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span> (2014) 76 Australian Institute of Administrative Law Forum 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radu_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radu_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radu_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariana (Mitra) Radu, Cătălina Mititelu (2013) "The Observance of Human Rights and Freedoms in the Extradition Proceedings at National and International Levels" JDSR 3, 100 at 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Extradition Act 1988</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ea1988149/s15b.html">s 15B</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 7 of Macau Law No. 6/2006 Law of judicial cooperation in criminal matters (<span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2006/30/lei06.asp">Lei n.º 6/2006</a>, Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2006/30/lei06_cn.asp">第6/2006號法律</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 30(3)(a) of the Extradition Act 1999. Also section 48(1)(b)(ii) of the Extradition Act 1999, although this section only applies to extraditions from New Zealand to Australia or the UK, neither of which have the death penalty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/cases,UNCHR,51b6e4fc4.html"><i>Kindler v. Canada</i></a>, CCPR/C/48/D/470/1991, UN Commission on Human Rights, 11 November 1993, at 2.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/cases,UNCHR,51b6e4fc4.html"><i>Kindler v. Canada</i></a>, CCPR/C/48/D/470/1991, UN Commission on Human Rights, 11 November 1993, at 14.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Fitzgerald (2013). Recent Human Rights Developments in Extradition Law & Related Immigration Law, The Denning Law Journal 25 89 at 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Othman (Abu Qatada) v UK [2013] 55 EHRR 1. para 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soering v. The United Kingdom, 1/1989/161/217 , Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 7 July 1989, [109]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.refworld.org/cases,ECHR,3ae6b6fec.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Abelson2010" class="citation web cs1">Adam Abelson (19 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jilp.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/volume-16-1/Abelson.pdf">"The prosecute/extradite dilemma: Concurrent criminal jurisdiction and global governance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>The criminal laws of the United States, whether state or federal, ordinarily apply only to conduct within U.S. territory. Sometimes, however, they apply to conduct abroad, from antitrust conspiracies to torture. Where such extraterritorial criminal prescriptive jurisdiction exists under U.S. law, jurisdiction typically exists under the law of another country as well, such as the country where the conduct occurred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+prosecute%2Fextradite+dilemma%3A+Concurrent+criminal+jurisdiction+and+global+governance&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.au=Adam+Abelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjilp.law.ucdavis.edu%2Fissues%2Fvolume-16-1%2FAbelson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10002441">"section 12 of the Austrian Extradition and Legal Assistance Act ("Auslieferungs- und Rechtshilfegesetz (ARHG)")"</a>. Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), the official website of the Austrian government for the publication of legislation. 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=section+12+of+the+Austrian+Extradition+and+Legal+Assistance+Act+%28%22Auslieferungs-+und+Rechtshilfegesetz+%28ARHG%29%22%29&rft.pub=Rechtsinformationssystem+des+Bundes+%28RIS%29%2C+the+official+website+of+the+Austrian+government+for+the+publication+of+legislation&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ris.bka.gv.at%2FGeltendeFassung.wxe%3FAbfrage%3DBundesnormen%26Gesetzesnummer%3D10002441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brazilian constitution of 1988, Article 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliament.bg/bills/39/502-01-9.pdf">Условия за отказ на екстрадиция. Глава втора.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ustavni_soud_www/prilohy/Listina_English_version.pdf">"Charter of fundamental rights and freedoms, Article 14 (4), second sentence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 16 December 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+fundamental+rights+and+freedoms%2C+Article+14+%284%29%2C+second+sentence&rft.date=1992-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usoud.cz%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fustavni_soud_www%2Fprilohy%2FListina_English_version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/content/download/1958/13719/version/3/file/Code_34.pdf">"Code of criminal procedure (legislative part), Articles 696-1 to 696–7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. published by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gifrance" title="Légifrance">Légifrance</a>, the official website of the French government for the publication of legislation, regulations, and legal information. 13 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+criminal+procedure+%28legislative+part%29%2C+Articles+696-1+to+696%E2%80%937&rft.pub=published+by+L%C3%A9gifrance%2C+the+official+website+of+the+French+government+for+the+publication+of+legislation%2C+regulations%2C+and+legal+information&rft.date=2005-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F1958%2F13719%2Fversion%2F3%2Ffile%2FCode_34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Traductions/en-English/Legifrance-translations">"Légifrance publications of the French legislation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gifrance" title="Légifrance">Légifrance</a>. 13 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%A9gifrance+publications+of+the+French+legislation&rft.pub=L%C3%A9gifrance&rft.date=2005-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FTraductions%2Fen-English%2FLegifrance-translations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except to a member state of the European Union or to an international court: <i>Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#GGengl_000P16">Article 16 (2)</a>, 29 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/information/loe-01.html">Law of Extradition</a> (<span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%83%E4%BA%A1%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:逃亡犯罪人引渡法">逃亡犯罪人引渡法</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adala.justice.gov.ma/production/html/Fr/liens/..%5C97273.htm">"Dahir n° 1-58-057 du 25rebia II 1378 (8 novembre 1958) relatif à l'extradition"</a>. <i>adala.justice.gov.ma</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adala.justice.gov.ma&rft.atitle=Dahir+n%C2%B0+1-58-057+du+25rebia+II+1378+%288+novembre+1958%29+relatif+%C3%A0+l%27extradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadala.justice.gov.ma%2Fproduction%2Fhtml%2FFr%2Fliens%2F..%255C97273.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lovdata.no/NL/lov/1975-06-13-39/%C2%A72">"Lov om utlevering av lovbrytere m.v. (utleveringsloven) – Kap. I. Vilkår for utlevering til fremmed stat"</a> [Act on extradition of offenders, etc. (Extradition Act) – Ch. I. Conditions for extradition to a foreign state]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lovdata" title="Lovdata">Lovdata</a></i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lovdata&rft.atitle=Lov+om+utlevering+av+lovbrytere+m.v.+%28utleveringsloven%29+%E2%80%93+Kap.+I.+Vilk%C3%A5r+for+utlevering+til+fremmed+stat.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flovdata.no%2FNL%2Flov%2F1975-06-13-39%2F%25C2%25A72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 8 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/22/content_68710.htm">Extradition Law of the People's Republic of China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010735/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/22/content_68710.htm">Archived</a> 22 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="s:zh:中华人民共和国引渡法">中华人民共和国引渡法</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/law-reference/constitution-portuguese-republic-17">"Constitution of the Portuguese Republic"</a>. <i>European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights</i>. 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union+Agency+for+Fundamental+Rights&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Portuguese+Republic&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Fen%2Flaw-reference%2Fconstitution-portuguese-republic-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 4 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.moj.gov.tw/pdaeng/FLAWDAT01.aspx?PCODE=I0030001">Law of Extradition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E6%B3%95_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" class="extiw" title="s:zh:引渡法 (中華民國)">引渡法</a></span>) prohibits a citizen of the Republic of China from being extradited from Taiwan, unless the person acquired the citizenship after the request for extradition is made.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211052703/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005401953">"Saudis: No extradition of suspects to Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jiji_Press" title="Jiji Press">Jiji Press</a>. 10 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005401953">the original</a> on 11 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We do not extradite our citizens," Adel al-Jubeir told a news conference in Riyadh at the end of a summit of Gulf Cooperation Council states.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudis%3A+No+extradition+of+suspects+to+Turkey&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-japan-news.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F0005401953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19810037/201301010000/351.1.pdf">Swiss Federal Act on International Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112030147/https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19810037/201301010000/351.1.pdf">Archived</a> 12 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/91436/106031/F-931434246/constitution2.pdf">"Article 38 of the constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+38+of+the+constitution+of+the+Syrian+Arab+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnatlex%2Fdocs%2FELECTRONIC%2F91436%2F106031%2FF-931434246%2Fconstitution2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/turkey-country-information-template-extradition/1680a1bc3d">"Turkey – National Procedures for Extradition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128232648/https://rm.coe.int/turkey-country-information-template-extradition/1680a1bc3d">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+%E2%80%93+National+Procedures+for+Extradition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2Fturkey-country-information-template-extradition%2F1680a1bc3d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moj.gov.vn/qt/tintuc/Pages/van-ban-chinh-sach-moi.aspx?ItemID=311">Các trường hợp từ chối dẫn độ cho nước ngoài</a> – Vietnam's Ministry of Justice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevush2002" class="citation web cs1">Levush, Ruth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021700332/2021700332.pdf">"Foreign Law Brief: Israel: Extradition Law – Its Evolution and the Effect of the Sheinbein Case"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>Current law generally allows the extradition of nationals who are not residents of Israel. It also allows the extradition of those who are both nationals and residents at the time of committing the offense for which the extradition is sought. This extradition, however, is for the purpose of standing trial in the requesting country, while any prison sentences are to be served in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Law+Brief%3A+Israel%3A+Extradition+Law+%E2%80%93+Its+Evolution+and+the+Effect+of+the+Sheinbein+Case&rft.pub=The+Law+Library+of+Congress%2C+Global+Legal+Research+Directorate&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Levush&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fservice%2Fll%2Fllglrd%2F2021700332%2F2021700332.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/israel-extradition-19-/168097d9a1">"Israel – National Procedures for Extradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> PC-OC. 12 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>When the extradition of an Israeli citizen who is also a resident, is requested, Israel requires a preliminary commitment that the requested person will be allowed to serve the prison sentence, if imposed, in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+%E2%80%93+National+Procedures+for+Extradition&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe+PC-OC&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2Fisrael-extradition-19-%2F168097d9a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2012-0039-judgment.pdf">F-K v Polish Judicial Authority 2012 UKSC 25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2012-0039-judgment.pdf">"F-K v Polish Judicial Authority 2012 UKSC 25 para 132"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F-K+v+Polish+Judicial+Authority+2012+UKSC+25+para+132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.uk%2Fcases%2Fdocs%2Fuksc-2012-0039-judgment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HH v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic, Genoa 2012 UKSC 25 para 132.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2012-0039-judgment.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norris v US (No 2) [2010] UKSC 9 as discussed in J.R. Spencer Extradition (2013). The European Arrest Warrant and Human Rights, The Cambridge Law Journal 250 at 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.R. Spencer Extradition (2013). The European Arrest Warrant and Human Rights, The Cambridge Law Journal 250 at 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasons v Latvia [2004] EWHC 1845.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf">"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2Fpublication%2Funts%2Fvolume%2520999%2Fvolume-999-i-14668-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span> Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 19 December 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>O'Connor v Adamas</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCAFC/2013/14.html">[2013] FCAFC 14</a> at [323]-[331], (2013) 210 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court Reports">FCR</a> 364, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court (Full Court)</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Othman (Abu Qatada) v UK [2013] 55 EHRR 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Othman (Abu Qatada) v UK [2013] 55 EHRR 1 para 258–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rwanda v Brown [2009] EWHC 770 para 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Boister, <i>An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law</i>(OUP, 2012) at 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) and the Republic of Austria v Kainhofer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1995/35.html">[1995] HCA 35</a>, (1995) 185 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 528 at [48] per Gummow J, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSurenaGrovePerlZagaris1990" class="citation journal cs1">Surena, André M.; Grove, Margaret A.; Perl, Raphael; Zagaris, Bruce; Blum, Jack A. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/USExtradition_210503.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extradition+Treaty+between+the+Government+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland+and+the+Government+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2FFiles%2Fkfile%2FUSExtradition_210503.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver_King_and_agencies2006" class="citation web cs1">Oliver King and agencies (4 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/foreignaffairs/story/0,,1812471,00.html">"Lib Dem leader joins bankers' extradition battle"</a>. Politics.guardian.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+requests+provisional+arrest+warrants+from+various+countries+against+Edward+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusdoj.com%2F7663%2F38803%2Fa%2Fusa-requests-provisional-arrest-warrants-from-various-countries-against-edward-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/11/world/nsa-snowden/index.html">"U.S. criticizes China's handling of Snowden case – CNN.com"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=U.S.+criticizes+China%27s+handling+of+Snowden+case+%E2%80%93+CNN.com&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F07%2F11%2Fworld%2Fnsa-snowden%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbsnews.com-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbsnews.com_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbsnews.com_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hong-kong-protest-against-china-extradition-bill-draws-1-million-people-to-stage-mass-demonstration/">"Hong Kong protests against Chinese extradition bill draw 1 million demonstrators"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. 10 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+War+on+Terror+May+Resemble+Bush%27s+in+Some+Areas&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.au=Charlie+Savage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F18policy.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-Background-Memo-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-Background-Memo_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/torturefoia/released/082409/olcremand/2004olc97.pdf">Background Paper on CIA's Combined Use of Interrogation Techniques</a>". 30 December 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huff-Post-08-28-09-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huff-Post-08-28-09_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/28/new-cia-docs-detail-bruta_n_271299.html">New CIA Docs Detail Brutal 'Extraordinary Rendition' Process</a>". <i>Huffington Post</i>. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLU-Fact-Sheet-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACLU-Fact-Sheet_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/safefree/extraordinaryrendition/22203res20051206.html">Fact sheet: Extraordinary rendition</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta06/ERES1507.htm">Resolution 1507 (2006).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612123848/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta06%2FERES1507.htm">Archived</a> 12 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitehouse.gov-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitehouse.gov_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126061153/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/EnsuringLawfulInterrogations/">"Ensuring Lawful Interrogations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/EnsuringLawfulInterrogations/">the original</a> on 26 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensuring+Lawful+Interrogations&rft.pub=White+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe_press_office%2FEnsuringLawfulInterrogations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/08/middleeast/uyghur-arab-muslim-china-disappearances-cmd-intl/index.html">"Uyghurs are being deported from Muslim countries, raising concerns about China's growing reach"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Uyghurs+are+being+deported+from+Muslim+countries%2C+raising+concerns+about+China%27s+growing+reach&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F08%2Fmiddleeast%2Fuyghur-arab-muslim-china-disappearances-cmd-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extradition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extradition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extradition">Extradition</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-extradition">What Is Extradition?</a>—A primer from the Council on Foreign Relations. Jonathan Masters, 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110081904/http://www.burneylawfirm.com/international_law_primer.htm">A Brief Primer on International Law</a>—with cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/article.php3?id_article=1340">Extraditions Cut Short</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613230005/http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/article.php3?id_article=1340">Archived</a> 13 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Extraditions between Colombia and United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/article.php3?id_article=1364">Chiquita Board Members: Total Identification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080812011100/http://www.colectivodeabogados.org/article.php3?id_article=1364">Archived</a> 12 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Extradition of Chiquita board members</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Expulsions_Extraditions_DEU.pdf">Expulsions and extraditions</a>, fact sheet of the ECtHR case law</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deflem.blogspot.com/2006/03/extradition-international-2006.html">Deflem, Mathieu, and Kyle Irwin. 2017. "Extradition, International."</a> pp. 340–342 in Encyclopedia of American Civil Rights and Liberties: Revised and Expanded, edited by Kara E. Stooksbury, John M. Scheb II, and Otis H. Stephens Jr.. 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