CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Propaganda in the Soviet Union - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"071a542f-8ed6-4011-ab53-127ea101cd52","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union","wgTitle":"Propaganda in the Soviet Union","wgCurRevisionId":1259365654,"wgRevisionId":1259365654,"wgArticleId":5371832,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2019","Articles containing Russian-language text","All articles with failed verification", "Articles with failed verification from March 2023","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Commons category link from Wikidata","Propaganda in the Soviet Union","Censorship in the Soviet Union","World War II propaganda","Cold War propaganda","Propaganda in Russia","Propaganda by country","Anti-Americanism","Natalism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union","wgRelevantArticleId":5371832,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2628560","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1725"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1150"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="920"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Propaganda in the Soviet Union - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union rootpage-Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Propaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Propaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Propaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Propaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Theory of propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools_and_youth_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_youth_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Schools and youth organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_youth_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Posters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Propaganda train </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meetings_and_lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meetings_and_lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Meetings and lectures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meetings_and_lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 New man </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_enemy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_enemy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Class enemy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_enemy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 New society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Mass movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace-loving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace-loving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Peace-loving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace-loving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Internationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Personality cult </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trotsky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotsky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Trotsky </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotsky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_of_extermination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_of_extermination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Propaganda of extermination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_of_extermination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Anti-religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-intellectualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-intellectualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Anti-intellectualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-intellectualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plutocracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plutocracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Plutocracies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plutocracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Tsarist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Tsarist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Anti-Tsarist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Tsarist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Polish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Polish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Anti-Polish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Polish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Spanish war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-war_anti-Nazi_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_anti-Nazi_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15.1 Pre-war anti-Nazi propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_anti-Nazi_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molotov–Ribbentrop_pact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molotov–Ribbentrop_pact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15.2 Molotov–Ribbentrop pact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molotov–Ribbentrop_pact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15.3 Anti-German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_vs._Hitlerites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_vs._Hitlerites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15.4 Germany vs. Hitlerites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_vs._Hitlerites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15.5 Anti-fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriotism/Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriotism/Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15.6 Patriotism/Nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriotism/Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utopia_and_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utopia_and_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Utopia and space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utopia_and_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_propaganda_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_propaganda_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Soviet propaganda abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_propaganda_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="الدعاية في الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدعاية في الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_v_Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9m_svazu" title="Propaganda v Sovětském svazu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Propaganda v Sovětském svazu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_en_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Propaganda en la Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Propaganda en la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8_%D4%BD%D5%8D%D5%80%D5%84-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Քարոզչությունը ԽՍՀՄ-ում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարոզչությունը ԽՍՀՄ-ում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Propaganda di Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Propaganda di Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_Unione_Sovietica" title="Propaganda in Unione Sovietica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Propaganda in Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="პროპაგანდა საბჭოთა კავშირში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროპაგანდა საბჭოთა კავშირში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padomju_propaganda" title="Padomju propaganda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Padomju propaganda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="تبلیغات په پخواني شوروي اتحاد کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تبلیغات په پخواني شوروي اتحاد کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_radziecka" title="Propaganda radziecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Propaganda radziecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Propaganda na União Soviética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Propaganda na União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_%C3%AEn_Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83" title="Propaganda în Uniunea Sovietică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Propaganda în Uniunea Sovietică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Пропаганда в СССР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пропаганда в СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_v_Sovjetski_zvezi" title="Propaganda v Sovjetski zvezi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Propaganda v Sovjetski zvezi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetska_propaganda" title="Sovjetska propaganda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sovjetska propaganda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostopropaganda" title="Neuvostopropaganda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostopropaganda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Радянська пропаганда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радянська пропаганда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2628560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=1259365654" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&id=1259365654&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPropaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPropaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Propaganda_of_the_Soviet_Union" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2628560" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For propaganda in the post-Soviet era, see <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyadya_lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg/170px-Dyadya_lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg/255px-Dyadya_lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg/340px-Dyadya_lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>"Comrade Lenin Cleanses Earth of Filth" by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Deni" title="Viktor Deni">Viktor Deni</a>, November 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg/270px-Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg/405px-Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg/540px-Polish-soviet_propaganda_poster_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Polish Soviet propaganda poster, 1920.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">  </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the Soviet Union">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidential Council of the Soviet Union">Presidential Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union#Chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1989–1990)" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1989 Soviet Union legislative election">1989 Legislative election</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_names_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Official names of the Soviet Union">Official names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Soviet Constitution">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Soviet Constitution">1977</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of the Soviet Union">State Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">Cabinets</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premiership</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Affairs_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Administrator of Affairs of the Soviet Union">Administrator of Affairs</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Soviet_Union)" title="People's Court (Soviet Union)">People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Procurator General of the Soviet Union">Procurator General</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">Kosygin reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Repression</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="Culture of the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Great October Socialist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Public holidays in the Soviet Union">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_art" title="Soviet art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Media of the Soviet Union">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propaganda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Soviet Union">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Soviet Union">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Soviet Union">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the Soviet Union">National anthem</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Culture of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Culture of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Propaganda in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was the practice of state-directed communication aimed at promoting <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>, the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, and the party itself. The main <a href="/wiki/Soviet_censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet censorship">Soviet censorship</a> body, <a href="/wiki/Glavlit" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavlit">Glavlit</a>, was employed not only to eliminate any undesirable printed materials but also "to ensure that the correct ideological spin was put on every published item."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, punitive measures were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Punitive_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union">punitive psychiatry</a>, prison, denial of work, and loss of citizenship. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_of_propaganda">Theory of propaganda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory of propaganda">edit</a>]</div> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Peter Kenez</a>, "the Russian socialists have contributed nothing to the theoretical discussion of the techniques of mass persuasion. ... The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> never looked for and did not find devilishly clever methods to influence people's minds, to brainwash them." Kenez says this lack of interest "followed from their notion of propaganda. They thought of propaganda as part of education."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In a study published in 1958, business administration professor Raymond Bauer concluded: "Ironically, psychology and the other social sciences have been employed least in the Soviet Union for precisely those purposes for which Americans popularly think psychology would be used in a totalitarian state—political propaganda and the control of human behavior."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_and_youth_organizations">Schools and youth organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Schools and youth organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education in the Soviet Union</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2586_stamp_(International_Children%27s_Day._Young_Pioneers_with_toys_and_pets).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2586_stamp_%28International_Children%27s_Day._Young_Pioneers_with_toys_and_pets%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2586_stamp_%28International_Children%27s_Day._Young_Pioneers_with_toys_and_pets%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2586_stamp_%28International_Children%27s_Day._Young_Pioneers_with_toys_and_pets%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2586_stamp_%28International_Children%27s_Day._Young_Pioneers_with_toys_and_pets%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2586_stamp_%28International_Children%27s_Day._Young_Pioneers_with_toys_and_pets%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2586_stamp_%28International_Children%27s_Day._Young_Pioneers_with_toys_and_pets%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>Young Pioneers, with their slogan: "Prepare to fight for the cause of the Communist Party"</figcaption></figure> An important goal of Soviet propaganda was to create a <a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a>. Schools and Communist youth organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization">Young Pioneers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> served to remove children from the "<a href="/wiki/Petit-bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit-bourgeois">petit-bourgeois</a>" family and <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrinate</a> the next generation into the "<a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> way of life". The idea that the upbringing of children was the concern of their parents was explicitly rejected.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> One schooling theorist stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We must make the young into a generation of Communists. Children, like soft wax, are very malleable and they should be moulded into good Communists... We must rescue children from the harmful influence of the family... We must nationalize them. From the earliest days of their little lives, they must find themselves under the beneficent influence of Communist schools... To oblige the mother to give her child to the Soviet state – that is our task.<a href="#cite_note-Figes-5">[5]</a></blockquote> Those born after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> were explicitly told that they were to build a utopia of brotherhood and justice, and to not be like their parents, but completely Red.<a href="#cite_note-way356-6">[6]</a> "Lenin's corners", "political shrines for the display of propaganda about the god-like founder of the Soviet state", were established in all schools.<a href="#cite_note-Figes-5">[5]</a> Schools conducted marches, songs, and pledges of allegiance to Soviet leadership. One of the purposes was to instill in children the idea that they are involved in the <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>, which is more important than any family ties. <a href="/wiki/Pavlik_Morozov" title="Pavlik Morozov">Pavlik Morozov</a>, who denounced his father to the secret police <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, was promoted as a great positive example despite its fabrication.<a href="#cite_note-Figes-5">[5]</a> Teachers in economic and social sciences were particularly responsible for inculcating "unshakable" <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> All teachers were prone to strictly follow the plan for educating children approved by the top for reasons of safety, which could cause serious problems dealing with social events that, having just happened, were not included in the plan.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Children of "socially alien" elements were often the target of abuse or expelled, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Early in the regime, many teachers were drawn into Soviet plans for schooling because of a passion for literacy and numeracy, which the Soviets were attempting to spread.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization">Young Pioneers</a> were an important factor in the indoctrination of children.<a href="#cite_note-Andrei_Sokolov_p374-11">[11]</a> They were taught to be truthful and uncompromising and to fight the enemies of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By the 1930s, this indoctrination completely dominated the Young Pioneers.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio in the Soviet Union</a></div> The radio was put to good use, especially to reach the illiterate; <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a> were put in communal locations, where the peasants would have to come to hear the news, such as changes to <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rationing in the Soviet Union">rationing</a>, and received propaganda broadcasts with it; some of these locations were also used for posters.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes212-14">[14]</a> During World War II, radio was used to propagandize Germany; <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">German POWs</a> would be brought on to speak and assure their relatives they were alive, with propaganda being inserted between the announcement that a soldier would speak and when he actually did, in the time allowed for his family to gather.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes224-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posters">Posters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Posters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C._%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C._%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C._%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C._%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="3793" /></a><figcaption>"To have more, we must produce more. To produce more, we must know more"</figcaption></figure> Wall posters were widely used in the early days, often depicting the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s triumphs for the benefit of the illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes212-14">[14]</a> Throughout the 1920s, this was continued.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This continued in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, still for the benefit of the less literate, with bold, simple designs.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema of the Soviet Union</a></div> Films were heavily propagandist, although they were pioneers in the documentary field (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Karmen" title="Roman Karmen">Roman Karmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a>).<a href="#cite_note-rhodes212-14">[14]</a> When war appeared inevitable, dramas, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_(film)" title="Alexander Nevsky (film)">Alexander Nevsky</a> (1938) were written to prepare the population; these were withdrawn after the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, but returned to circulation after the war began.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes214-18">[18]</a> Films were shown in theaters and from <a href="/wiki/Agit-train" title="Agit-train">propaganda trains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> During the war <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a> were shown in <a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">subway stations</a> so that the poor were not excluded by an inability to pay.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes219-20">[20]</a> Films were also shot with stories of partisan activity, and of the suffering inflicted by the Nazis, such as <a href="/wiki/Girl_No._217" title="Girl No. 217">Girl No. 217</a>, depicting a Russian girl enslaved by an inhuman German family.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes219-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_train">Propaganda train</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Propaganda train">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agit-train" title="Agit-train">Agit-train</a></div> An institution during World War II was the propaganda train, fitted with presses and portable cinemas, staffed with lecturers.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes219-20">[20]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> the Soviets sent out both "agitation trains" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: агитпоезд) and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agitation_steamboats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agitation steamboats (page does not exist)">agitation steamboats</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Агитпароход">ru</a>]" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: агитпароход) to inform, entertain, and propagandize.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meetings_and_lectures">Meetings and lectures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meetings and lectures">edit</a>]</div> Meetings with speakers were also used. Despite their dullness, many people found they created solidarity, and made them feel important and that they were being kept up to date on news.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Lectures were habitually used to instruct in the proper way of every corner of life.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin's</a> lectures on <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> were instrumental in establishing that the Party was the cornerstone of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, a policy <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> acted on but did not write of theoretically.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_(14th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27,_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_(1889-1953))_1200dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_%2814th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27%2C_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_%281889-1953%29%29_1200dpi.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_%2814th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27%2C_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_%281889-1953%29%29_1200dpi.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_6017_stamp_%2814th_standard_issue_of_Soviet_Union._1st_issue._%27Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman%27%2C_sculpture_by_Vera_Mukhina_%281889-1953%29%29_1200dpi.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>Worker and Kolkhoz Woman commemorated in a stamp</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></div> Art, whether literature, visual art, or performing art, was used for the purpose of propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Furthermore, it should show one clear and unambiguous meaning.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Long before Stalin imposed complete restraint, a cultural bureaucracy was growing up that regarded art's highest form and purpose as propaganda and began to restrain it to fit that role.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Cultural activities were constrained by censorship and a monopoly of cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-pipes292-29">[29]</a> Imagery frequently drew on <a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">heroic realism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-design-30">[30]</a> The Soviet pavilion for the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">Paris World Fair</a> was surmounted by <a href="/wiki/Vera_Mukhina" title="Vera Mukhina">Vera Mukhina</a>'s a monumental sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman" title="Worker and Kolkhoz Woman">Worker and Kolkhoz Woman</a>, in heroic mold.<a href="#cite_note-overy260-31">[31]</a> This reflected a call for heroic and romantic art, which reflected the ideal rather than the realistic.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Art was filled with health and happiness; paintings teemed with busy industrial and agricultural scenes, and sculptures depicted workers, sentries, and schoolchildren.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1937, the Industry of Socialism was intended as a major exhibit of socialist art, but difficulties with pain and the problem of "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>" appearing in scene required reworking, and sixteen months later, the censors finally approved enough for an exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> In 1917, coming out of underground movements, the Soviets prepared to begin publishing <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The very first law the Soviets passed on assuming power was to suppress newspapers that opposed them.<a href="#cite_note-pipes292-29">[29]</a> This had to be repealed and replaced with a milder measure,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> but by 1918, Lenin had liquidated the independent press, including journals stemming from the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> From 1930 to 1941, as well as briefly in 1949, the propaganda journal <a href="/wiki/USSR_in_Construction" title="USSR in Construction">USSR in Construction</a> was circulated. It was published in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and, from 1938, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. The self-proclaimed purpose of the magazine was to "reflect in photography the whole scope and variety of the construction work now going on the USSR".<a href="#cite_note-library2.usask.ca-38">[38]</a> The issues were aimed primarily at an international audience, especially Western left-wing intellectuals and businessmen, and were quite popular during its early publications, with subscribers including <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-library2.usask.ca-38">[38]</a> Illiteracy was regarded as a grave danger, excluding the illiterate from political discussion.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In part this was because the people could not be reached by Party journals.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in the Soviet Union">Literature in the Soviet Union</a></div> Immediately after the revolution, books were treated with less severity than newspapers, but the nationalizing of <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing presses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publishing_houses_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Publishing houses in the Soviet Union">publishing houses</a> brought them under control.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> were purged, sometimes so extremely that works by Lenin were removed.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1922, the deportation of writers and scholars warned that no deviation was permitted, and pre-publication censorship was reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Due to a lack of Bolshevist authors, many "fellow travelers" were tolerated, but money only came as long as they toe the party line.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During the Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purges</a>, textbooks were often so frequently revised that students had to do without them.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> The revolutionary theater was used to inspire support for the regime and hatred of its enemies, particularly <a href="/wiki/Agitprop_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agitprop theater">agitprop theater</a>, noted for its cardboard characters of perfect virtue and complete evil, and its coarse ridicule.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrushka" title="Petrushka">Petrushka</a> was a popular figure, often used to defend rich peasants and attack <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_man">New man</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New man">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="New Soviet Man">New Soviet Man</a></div> Many Soviet works depicted the development of a "positive hero" as requiring intellectualism and hard discipline.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He was not driven by crude impulses of nature but by conscious self-mastery.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The selfless new man was willing to sacrifice not only his life but his self-respect and his sensitivity for the good of others.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Equality and sacrifice were touted as the ideal appropriate for the "socialist way of life."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Work required exertion and austerity, to show the new man triumphing over his base instincts.<a href="#cite_note-R._Myers,_p_86-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Stakhanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Stakhanov">Alexey Stakhanov</a>'s record-breaking day in mining coal caused him to be set forth as the exemplar of the "new man" and to inspire <a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The movement inspired much pressure to increase production, on both workers and managers, with critics labeled "<a href="/wiki/Wrecking_(Soviet_Union)" title="Wrecking (Soviet Union)">wreckers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> This reflected a change from early days, with emphasis on the "little man" among the anonymous labors, to favoring the "hero of labor" in the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First Five-Year Plan</a>, with writers explicitly told to produce heroization.<a href="#cite_note-overy259-55">[55]</a> While these heroes had to stem from the people, they were set apart by their heroic deeds.<a href="#cite_note-overy259-55">[55]</a> Stakhanov himself was well suited for this role, not only a worker but for his good looks like many poster hero and as a family man.<a href="#cite_note-overy259-55">[55]</a> The hardships of the First Five-Year Plan were put forth in romanticized accounts.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1937–38, young heroes who accomplished great feats appeared on the front page of Pravda more often than Stalin himself.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Later, during the purges, claims were made that criminals had been "reforged" by their work on the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">White Sea/Baltic Canal</a>; salvation through labor appeared in <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pogodin" title="Nikolai Pogodin">Nikolai Pogodin</a>'s The Aristocrats as well as many articles.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This could also be a new woman; Pravda described the Soviet woman as someone who had and could never have existed before.<a href="#cite_note-overy259-55">[55]</a> Female <a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovites</a> were rarer than male, but a quarter of all trade-union women were designated as "norm-breaking."<a href="#cite_note-overy260-31">[31]</a> For the Paris World Fair, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Mukhina" title="Vera Mukhina">Vera Mukhina</a> depicted a monumental sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman" title="Worker and Kolkhoz Woman">Worker and Kolkhoz Woman</a>, dressed in work clothing, pressing forward with his hammer and her sickle crossed.<a href="#cite_note-overy260-31">[31]</a> Pro-natalist policies encouraging women to have many children were justified by the selfishness inherent in limiting the next generation of "new men."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> "Mother-heroines" received medals for ten or more children.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Stakhanovites were also used as propaganda figures so heavily that some workers complained that they were skipping work.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The fabricated murder of <a href="/wiki/Pavlik_Morozov" title="Pavlik Morozov">Pavlik Morozov</a> was widely exploited in propaganda to urge on children the duty of informing on even their parents to the new state.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_enemy">Class enemy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Class enemy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemy of the People">Enemy of the People</a></div> The class enemy was a pervasive feature of Soviet propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a>, the newly formed army moved to massacre large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a> and otherwise promulgate a short lived "<a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">reign of terror</a>" to terrify the masses into obedience.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Lenin proclaimed that they were exterminating the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> as a class, a position reinforced by the many actions against landlords, well-off peasants, banks, factories, and private shops.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Stalin warned, often, that with the struggle to build a socialist society, the class struggle would sharpen as class enemies grew more desperate.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> During the Stalinist era, all opposition leaders were routinely described as traitors and agents of foreign, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> powers.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Five-Year Plan intensified the class struggle with many attacks on kulaks, and when it was found that many peasant opponents were not rich enough to qualify, they were declared "sub-kulaks."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> "Kulaks and other class-alien enemies" were often cited as the reason for failures on collective farms.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Throughout the First and Second Five-Year Plans, kulaks, wreckers, saboteurs and nationalists were attacked, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Those who profited from public property were "enemies of the people."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> By the late 1930s, all "enemies" were lumped together in art as supporters of historical idiocy.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Newspapers reported even on the trial of children as young as ten for counterrevolutionary and fascist behavior.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, the starving peasants were denounced as saboteurs, all the more dangerous in that their gentle and inoffensive appearance made them appear innocent; the deaths were only proof that peasants hated socialism so much they were willing to sacrifice their families and risk their lives to fight it.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Stalin, denouncing <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> counter-revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a>, wreckers, and others, particularly aimed his attention at the Communist <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">old guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The very improbability of the charges was cited as evidence, since more plausible charges could have been invented.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> These enemies were rounded up for the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a>, which propaganda proclaimed to be "<a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">corrective labor camps</a>" to such an extent that even people who saw the starvation and slave labor believed the propaganda rather than their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> During World War II, entire nationalities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Volga_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga German">Volga Germans</a>, were branded traitors.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Stalin himself informed <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> that his film <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_(1944_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan the Terrible (1944 film)">Ivan the Terrible</a> was flawed because it did not show the necessity of terror in Ivan's persecution of the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_society">New society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New society">edit</a>]</div> Propaganda can start a large movement or revolution, but only if the masses rally behind one another to make the images produced by propaganda a reality. Good propaganda must instill hope, faith, and certainty. It must bring solidarity among the population. It must stave off demoralization, hopelessness, and resignation.<a href="#cite_note-Coste-80">[80]</a> A common theme was the creation of a new, utopian society, depicted in posters and newsreels, which inspired an enthusiasm in many people.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Much propaganda was dedicated to a new community, as exemplified in the use of "<a href="/wiki/Comrade" title="Comrade">comrade</a>."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> This new society was to be <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Distinctions were to be based on function, not class, and all possessed the equal duty to work.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> During the 1930s discussion of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">constitution</a>, one speaker proclaimed that there were, in fact, no classes in the USSR,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and newspapers effused over how the dreams of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">working class</a> were coming true for the luckiest people in the world.<a href="#cite_note-way171-86">[86]</a> One admission that there were classes – workers, peasants, and working <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> – dismissed it as unimportant, as these new classes had no need to conflict.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Military metaphors were used frequently for this creation, as in 1929, where the collectivization of agriculture was officially termed a "full-scale socialist offensive on all fronts."<a href="#cite_note-way22-88">[88]</a> The Second Five-Year Plan saw a slowdown of the Socialist Offensive, this against a propaganda background of trumpeting the USSR's triumphs on "the battlefield of building socialism."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In Stalinist times, this was often portrayed as a "great family", with Stalin as the great father.<a href="#cite_note-way22-88">[88]</a> Happiness was mandatory; in a novel where a horse was described as moving "slowly", the censor objected, asking why it was not moving speedily, being happy like the rest of the collective farm workers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Kohlkhoznye Rebiata published bombastic reports from the collective farms of their children.<a href="#cite_note-way258-91">[91]</a> When hot breakfasts were provided for schoolchildren, particularly in city schools, the program was announced with great fanfare.<a href="#cite_note-way258-91">[91]</a> Since communist society was the highest and most progressive form of society, it was ethically superior to all others, and "moral" and "immoral" were determined by whether things helped or hindered its development.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Tsarist law was overtly abolished, and while judges could use it, they were to be guided by "revolutionary consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Under the pressure of the need for law, more and more was implemented; Stalin justified this in propaganda as the law would "wither away" best when its authority was raised to the highest, through its contradictions.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> When the draft of the new constitution led people to believe that private property would be returned and that workers could leave <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farms</a>, speakers were sent out to "clarify" the matter.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production">Production</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Stalin bluntly declared the Bolshevists must close the Tsar-induced fifty- or a hundred-year gap with <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a> in ten years, or "socialism would be destroyed".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In support of the Five-Year Plan, he declared being an industrial laggard had caused Russia's historical defeats.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Newspapers reported <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> of quotas, even though many had not occurred, and where they did, the goods were often shoddy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1973_CPA_4264_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1973_CPA_4264_mint.jpg/200px-1973_CPA_4264_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1973_CPA_4264_mint.jpg/300px-1973_CPA_4264_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1973_CPA_4264_mint.jpg/400px-1973_CPA_4264_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>A stamp featuring Pimenov's "Wedding on a Tomorrow Street"</figcaption></figure> During the 1930s, the development of the USSR was just about the only theme of art, literature and film.<a href="#cite_note-way208-99">[99]</a> The heroes of <a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a> were glorified.<a href="#cite_note-way208-99">[99]</a> The twentieth anniversary of the October Revolution was honored with a five volume work glorifying the accomplishments of socialism and (in the last volume) "scientifically based fantasies" of the future, raising such questions as whether the whole world or only Europe would be socialist in twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Even while a majority of the population was still rural, the USSR was proclaimed "a mighty industrial power."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/USSR_in_Construction" title="USSR in Construction">USSR in Construction</a> glorified the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Canal" title="Moscow Canal">Moscow-Volga Canal</a>, with only the briefest mention of the slave labor that had built it.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 1939, a rationing plan was considered but not implemented because it would undermine the propaganda of improving care for the people, whose lives grew better and more cheerful every year.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> During World War II, the slogans were altered from overcoming backwardness to overcoming the "fascist beast" but continued focus on production.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The slogan proclaimed "Everything for the Front!"<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Teams of Young Communists were used as shocktroops to shame workers into higher production as well as spread socialist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In the 1950s, Khrushchev repeatedly boasted that the USSR would soon surpass the West in material well-being.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Other Soviet officials agreed that the USSR would soon show its superiority because capitalism was like a dead herring – shining as it rotted.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Subsequently, the USSR was referred to as "developed socialism."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_movement">Mass movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mass movement">edit</a>]</div> This led to a great emphasis on education.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The first post-mortem attack on Stalin was the publication of articles in Pravda proclaiming that the masses made history and the error of a "cult of the individual."<a href="#cite_note-service332-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace-loving">Peace-loving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Peace-loving">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_Hammond_Slides_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Central_Asia_Hammond_Slides_48.jpg/250px-Central_Asia_Hammond_Slides_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Central_Asia_Hammond_Slides_48.jpg/375px-Central_Asia_Hammond_Slides_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Central_Asia_Hammond_Slides_48.jpg/500px-Central_Asia_Hammond_Slides_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10200" data-file-height="6599" /></a><figcaption>"We are for peace" on a poster in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a>, 1964.</figcaption></figure> A common motif in propaganda was that the Soviet Union was peace-loving.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes216-112">[112]</a> Many warnings were made of the necessity of keeping out of any imperialistic war, as the breakdown of capitalism would make capitalist countries more desperate.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> was presented as a peace measure.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes217-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationalism">Internationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Internationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a></div> Even before the Bolshevists seized power, Lenin proclaimed in speeches that the Revolution was the vanguard of a worldwide revolution, both international and socialist.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The workers were informed they were the vanguard of world socialism; the slogan "Workers of the world, unite!" was constantly repeated.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Lenin founded the organization <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> to propagate Communism internationally.<a href="#cite_note-service270-118">[118]</a> Stalin proceeded to use it to promote Communism throughout the world for the benefit of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> When this topic was a difficulty dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Comintern was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-service270-118">[118]</a> Similarly, "<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>" was dropped as the national anthem in favor of the "<a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymn of the Soviet Union">Hymn of the Soviet Union</a>".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Japanese prisoners of war</a> were intensively propagandized before their release in 1949, to act as Soviet agents.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality_cult">Personality cult</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personality cult">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Joseph Stalin's cult of personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/De-Leninization" title="De-Leninization">De-Leninization</a></div> While Lenin was uncomfortable with the <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> that sprung up about him, the party exploited it during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and officially enshrined it after his death.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> As early as 1918, a biography of Lenin was written, and busts were produced.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> With his death, his <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">embalmed body was displayed</a> (to imitate <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">beliefs that the bodies of saints did not decay</a>), and picture books of his life were produced in mass quantities.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Stalin presented himself as a simple man of the people, but distinct from everyday politics by his unique role as leader.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> His clothing was carefully selected to cement this image.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Service_p_198-126">[126]</a> Propaganda presented him as Lenin's heir, exaggerating their relationship, until the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin cult">Stalin cult</a> drained out the Lenin cult – an effect shown in posters, where at first Lenin would be the dominating figure over Stalin, but as time went on became first only equal, and then smaller and more ghostly, until he was reduced to the byline on the book Stalin was depicted reading.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This occurred despite the historical accounts describing Stalin as insignificant, or even a "gray blur", in the early Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> From the late 1920s until it was debunked in the 1960s, he was presented as the chief military leader of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a> was renamed for him on the claim that he had single-handedly, and against orders, saved it in the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> He often figured as the great father of the "great family" that was the new Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-way22-88">[88]</a> Regulations on how exactly to portray Stalin's image and write of his life were carefully promulgated.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Inconvenient facts, such as his having wanted to cooperate with the Tsarist government on his return for exile, were purged from his biography.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> His work for the Soviet Union was praised in paeans to the "light in the Kremlin window."<a href="#cite_note-R._Myers,_p_86-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a>, Lenin, and above all Stalin appeared frequently in art.<a href="#cite_note-design-30">[30]</a> Discussions of the proposed constitution in the 1930s included effusive thanks to "Comrade Stalin."<a href="#cite_note-way171-86">[86]</a> Engineering projects such as canals were described as having been decreed personally by Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization">Young Pioneers</a> were enjoined to struggle for "the cause of Lenin and Stalin".<a href="#cite_note-Andrei_Sokolov_p374-11">[11]</a> During the purges, he increased his appearances in public, having his photograph taken with children, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">airmen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovites</a>, being hailed as the source of the "happy life," and according to Pravda, riding the subway with common workers.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The propaganda was effectual.<a href="#cite_note-brendon489-135">[135]</a> Many young people hard at work at construction idolized Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Service_p_198-126">[126]</a> Many people chose to believe that the charges made at the purges were true rather than believing that Stalin had betrayed the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-brendon489-135">[135]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, this personality cult was certainly instrumental in inspiring a deep level of commitment from the masses of the Soviet Union, whether on the battlefield or in industrial production.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Stalin made a fleeting visit to the front so that propagandists could claim that he had risked his life with the frontline soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The cult was, however, toned down until approaching victory was near.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> As it became clear that the Soviet Union would eventually win the war, Stalin ensured that propaganda always mentioned his leadership of the war; the victorious generals were sidelined and never allowed to develop into political rivals. Soon after his death, attacks, first veiled and then open, were made on the "cult of the individual" arguing that history was made by the masses.<a href="#cite_note-service332-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, though leading the attacks on the cult, nevertheless sought out publicity, and his photograph frequently appeared in the newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trotsky">Trotsky</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trotsky">edit</a>]</div> As Stalin drew power to himself, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was pictured in an anti-personality cult. It began with the assertion that he had not joined the Bolshevists until late, after the planning of the October Revolution was done.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical falsification</a> of political events such as the October Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty became a distinctive element of Stalin's regime. A notable example is the 1938 publication, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks):_Short_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): Short Course">History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> in which the history of the governing party was significantly altered and revised including the importance of the leading figures during the Bolshevik revolution. Retrospectively, Lenin's primary associates such as Zinoviev, Trotsky, Radek and Bukharin were presented as "vacillating", "opportunists" and "foreign spies" whereas Stalin is depicted as the chief discipline during this revolution. However, in reality, Stalin was considered a relatively unknown figure with secondary importance at the time of the event.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In his book, <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>, Leon Trotsky cited a range of historical documents such as party speeches, meeting <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minutes</a>, and suppressed texts such as <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> He argued that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted political events, forged a theoretical basis for irreconcilable concepts such as the notion of "Socialism in One Country" and misrepresented the views of opponents through an array of employed historians alongside economists to justify policy manoeuvering and safeguarding its own set of material interests.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_of_extermination">Propaganda of extermination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Propaganda of extermination">edit</a>]</div> Some historians believe that an important goal of Soviet propaganda was "to justify <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repressions</a> of entire <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a> which <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> considered antagonistic to the class of <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Black-145">[145]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] as in <a href="/wiki/Decossackization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decossackization">decossackization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">dekulakization</a> campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-reflections-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Figes-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> wrote: "a major purpose of Soviet propaganda was arousing violent political emotions against the regime's enemies."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The most effective means to achieve this objective "was the denial of the victim's humanity through the process of <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanization</a>", "the reduction of real or imaginary enemy to a zoological state".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> called to exterminate enemies "as harmful insects", "lice" and "bloodsuckers".<a href="#cite_note-Black-145">[145]</a>: 750  According to writer and propagandist <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Gorky" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksim Gorky">Maksim Gorky</a>, <blockquote>Class hatred should be cultivated by an organic revulsion as far as the enemy is concerned. Enemies must be seen as inferior. I believe quite profoundly that the enemy is our inferior, and is a degenerate not only in the physical plane but also in the moral sense.<a href="#cite_note-Black-145">[145]</a></blockquote> State prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a> frequently demonized <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people#Marxist–Leninist_states" title="Enemy of the people">"enemies"</a> during Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a>:<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <blockquote>Shoot these rabid dogs. Death to this gang who hide their ferocious teeth, their eagle claws, from the people! Down with that vulture <a href="/wiki/Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky">Trotsky</a>, from whose mouth a bloody venom drips, putrefying the great ideals of Marxism!... Down with these abject animals! Let's put an end once and for all to these miserable hybrids of foxes and pigs, these stinking corpses! Let's exterminate the mad dogs of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, who want to tear to pieces the flower of our new Soviet nation! Let's push the bestial hatred they bear our leaders back down their own throats!</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-religious">Anti-religious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anti-religious">edit</a>]</div> Early in the revolution, atheistic propaganda was pushed in an attempt to obliterate religion.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes214-18">[18]</a> Regarding religion more as a class enemy, a cause of hate, than a contender for people's minds, the government abolished the prerogatives of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and targeted them with ridicule.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> This included lurid anti-religious processions and newspaper articles that backfired badly, shocking the deeply religious population.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> It was stopped and replaced by lectures and other more intellectual methods.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes216-112">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Godless" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of the Godless">Society of the Godless</a> organized for such purposes, and the magazines <a href="/wiki/Bezbozhnik_(magazine)" title="Bezbozhnik (magazine)">Bezbozhnik</a> (The Godless) and <a href="/wiki/Bezbozhnik_u_Stanka" title="Bezbozhnik u Stanka">Bezbozhnik u Stanka</a> (The Godless in the Workplace) promulgated atheistic propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Atheistic education was regarded as a central task of Soviet schools.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The attempt to liquidate illiteracy was hindered by attempts to combine it with atheistic education, which caused peasants to stay away and which was eventually reduced.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 1929, all forms of religious education were banned as religious propaganda, and the right to anti-religious propaganda was explicitly affirmed, whereupon the League of the Godless became the League of the Militant Godless.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A "Godless Five-Year Plan" was proclaimed, purportedly at the instigation of the masses.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Christian virtues such as humility and meekness were ridiculed in the press, with self-discipline, loyalty to the party, confidence in the future, and hatred of class enemies being recommended instead.<a href="#cite_note-Andrei_Sokolov_p75-157">[157]</a> Anti-religious propaganda in Russia led to a reduction in the public demonstrations of religion.<a href="#cite_note-Powell1967-158">[158]</a> Much anti-religious efforts were dedicated to promoting <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> in its place.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In the debunking of a <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a> weeping tears of blood, which was shown to be <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> contaminating water by pouring multicolored waters into the statue – was offered to the watching peasants as proof of science, resulting in the crowd killing two of the scientists.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> They also tried to overthrow the evangelical image of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. The literature of the USSR in the 1920s, following the tradition of the demythologization of Jesus, created in the works <a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Binet-Sangl%C3%A9" title="Charles Binet-Sanglé">Charles Binet-Sanglé</a>, put forward two main themes – <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Jesus' mental illness</a> and his deception. It was only at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s that the Soviet Union's propaganda won the <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">mythological option</a>, namely the denial of the existence of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> A "<a href="/wiki/Living_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Church">Living Church</a>" movement despised Russian Orthodoxy's hierarchy and preached that socialism was the modern form of Christianity; <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> urged their encouragement to split Orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> During World War II, this effort was rolled back; Pravda capitalized the word "God" for the first time, as religious attendance was actually encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-Overy68-163">[163]</a> Much of this was for foreign consumption, where it was widely disbelieved, with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> condemning both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union as atheistic regimes which did not permit <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of conscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> This rollback may have occurred due to the ineffectiveness of the Soviets' anti-religious effort.<a href="#cite_note-Powell1967-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Anti-intellectualism">edit</a>]</div> Between campaigns against bourgeois culture and making the ideology of the Socialist Offensive intelligible to the masses with cliches and stereotypes, an <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectual</a> tone grew in propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Andrei_Sokolov_p75-157">[157]</a> Soviet leaders posed as common people, lacking interest in such matters as fine art and ballet, even as they selectively chose from <a href="/wiki/Working_class_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Working class culture">working class culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plutocracies">Plutocracies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Plutocracies">edit</a>]</div> In the 1920s, much Soviet propaganda for the outside world was aimed at capitalist countries as plutocracies, and claiming that they intended to destroy the Soviet Union as the workers' paradise.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes216-112">[112]</a> Capitalism, being responsible for the ills of the world, therefore was fundamentally immoral.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Fascism was presented as a terroristic outburst of <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">finance capital</a>, and drawing from the <a href="/wiki/Petit_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit bourgeoisie">petit bourgeoisie</a>, and the middling peasants, equivalent to kulaks, who were the losers in the historical process.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> During the early stages of World War II, it was overtly presented as a war between capitalists, which would weaken them and allow Communist triumph as long as the Soviet Union wisely stayed out.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Communist parties over the world were instructed to oppose the war as a clash between capitalist states.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> After World War II, the United States of America was presented as a bastion of imperial oppression, with which non-violent competition would take place, as capitalism was in its last stages.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Tsarist">Anti-Tsarist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Anti-Tsarist">edit</a>]</div> Campaigns against the society of Imperial Russia continued well into the Soviet Union's history. One speaker recounted how men had had to serve for twenty-five years in the imperial army, to be heckled by an audience member that it did not matter, since they had had food and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Children were informed that the "accursed past" had been left far behind them, they could become completely "Red".<a href="#cite_note-way356-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Polish">Anti-Polish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Anti-Polish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poland-Soviet_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland-Soviet Union relations">Poland-Soviet Union relations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:293px;max-width:293px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpg/140px-Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpg/210px-Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpg/280px-Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="733" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Soviet soldier freeing Ukrainian peasants from Polish lordship, 1939. Note the Poles were characterised as mustached tormentors in jackboots</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolsheviks_to_the_end.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bolsheviks_to_the_end.jpg/145px-Bolsheviks_to_the_end.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bolsheviks_to_the_end.jpg/218px-Bolsheviks_to_the_end.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bolsheviks_to_the_end.jpg/290px-Bolsheviks_to_the_end.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="705" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Red Army soldier grabs the knife in the hand of an enemy dwarf in a Polish uniform, forcing the knife to drop. By Kriukov, Soviet Union, 1939, Poster collection, Hoover Archives</div></div></div></div></div> The Soviet press showed little favor towards its neighboring states. <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> was a subject of this approach from the very beginning. In general, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet press">Soviet press</a> portrayed <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> state, that belonged to the same club as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Anti-Polish propaganda was heavily used in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a>, when the Bolsheviks sought to subjugate that newly independent nation, in 1920 as well as during the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">annexation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> (see Fig 1) Poland's <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> government and its chief of state, Marshal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, were fierce anti-communists; all parties or groups affiliated with Communist activities were banned and its members sent to <a href="/wiki/Bereza_Kartuska_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bereza Kartuska concentration camp">Bereza Kartuska concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">eastern Poland</a>. This potentially fueled Soviet propaganda against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish state</a> and vice versa. The posters often featured capitalist mustached <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> dressed as lords, barons, nobles or generals holding a whip over enslaved <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusians</a>, which were a minority in Poland at the time. The Soviet Union perpetrated multiple atrocities against the Polish people, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> of military officers and intelligentsia in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-psb-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_war">Spanish war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Spanish war">edit</a>]</div> Many Soviet and Communist writers and artists participated in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Koltsov" title="Mikhail Koltsov">Mikhail Koltsov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ilya Ehrenburg</a>) or supported the Republicans. Popular revolutionary poem Grenada by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Arkadyevich_Svetlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Arkadyevich Svetlov">Mikhail Arkadyevich Svetlov</a> was published in 1926. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_II" title="Propaganda in World War II">Propaganda in World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-war_anti-Nazi_propaganda">Pre-war anti-Nazi propaganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pre-war anti-Nazi propaganda">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Professor_Mamlock_(1938_film)" title="Professor Mamlock (1938 film)">Professor Mamlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Oppenheim_Family_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oppenheim Family (1939 film)">The Oppenheim Family</a> were released in 1938 and 1939 respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molotov–Ribbentrop_pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop pact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Molotov–Ribbentrop pact">edit</a>]</div> In the face of massive Soviet bewilderment, the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> was defended by a speaker in <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(Moscow)" title="Gorky Park (Moscow)">Gorky Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brendon683-175">[175]</a> Molotov defended it in an article in Pravda proclaiming that it was a treaty between states, not systems.<a href="#cite_note-brendon683-175">[175]</a> Stalin himself devised diagrams to show that <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> had wanted to pit the USSR against Nazi Germany, but Comrade Stalin had wisely pit <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> against Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-brendon683-175">[175]</a> For the duration of the pact, propagandists highly praised Germans.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Anti-German or anti-Nazi propaganda like <a href="/wiki/Professor_Mamlock_(1938_film)" title="Professor Mamlock (1938 film)">Professor Mamlock</a> was banned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-German">Anti-German</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Anti-German">edit</a>]</div> After the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, Stalin himself declared in a 1941 broadcast that Germany waged war to exterminate the peoples of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Propaganda published in Pravda denounced all <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> as killers, bloodsuckers, and cannibals, and much play was made of atrocity claims.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Hatred was actively and overtly encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-Overy68-163">[163]</a> They were told that the Germans took no prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Partisans were encouraged to see themselves as avengers.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ilya Ehrenburg</a> was a prominent propaganda writer. Many anti-German films in the Nazi era revolved about the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">persecution of Jews in Germany</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Professor_Mamlock_(1938_film)" title="Professor Mamlock (1938 film)">Professor Mamlock</a> (1938) and The Oppenheim Family.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes216-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Girl_No._217" title="Girl No. 217">Girl No. 217</a> depicted the <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">horrors inflicted on Soviet POWs</a>, especially the enslavement of the main character Tanya to an inhuman German family,<a href="#cite_note-affinity-181">[181]</a> reflecting the harsh treatment of <a href="/wiki/OST-Arbeiter" class="mw-redirect" title="OST-Arbeiter">OST-Arbeiter</a> in Nazi Germany. Despite their own treatment of religion, a revival of Orthodoxy was permitted during World War II to demonize Nazism as the sole enemy of religion.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Arkadyevich_Svetlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Arkadyevich Svetlov">Mikhail Arkadyevich Svetlov</a> were war correspondents of the <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a> (Red Star). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany_vs._Hitlerites">Germany vs. Hitlerites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Germany vs. Hitlerites">edit</a>]</div> Soviet propaganda to Germans during World War II was at pains to distinguish between the ordinary Germans and their leaders, the <a href="/wiki/Hitlerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitlerite">Hitlerites</a> (Nazis), and declaring they had no quarrel with the people.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The only way to discover if a German soldier had fallen alive into Soviet hands was to listen; the radio would announce that a certain prisoner would speak, then give some time for his family to gather and listen, and fill it with propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes224-15">[15]</a> A National Committee for 'Free Germany' was founded in Soviet prisoner-of-war camps in an attempt to foment an uprising in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Anti-fascism">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INF3-327_Unity_of_Strength_British_and_Russian_servicemen_over_body_of_swastikaed_dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/INF3-327_Unity_of_Strength_British_and_Russian_servicemen_over_body_of_swastikaed_dragon.jpg/200px-INF3-327_Unity_of_Strength_British_and_Russian_servicemen_over_body_of_swastikaed_dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/INF3-327_Unity_of_Strength_British_and_Russian_servicemen_over_body_of_swastikaed_dragon.jpg/300px-INF3-327_Unity_of_Strength_British_and_Russian_servicemen_over_body_of_swastikaed_dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/INF3-327_Unity_of_Strength_British_and_Russian_servicemen_over_body_of_swastikaed_dragon.jpg/400px-INF3-327_Unity_of_Strength_British_and_Russian_servicemen_over_body_of_swastikaed_dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="3339" /></a><figcaption>British and Soviet servicemen over body of <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikaed</a> dragon</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a> was commonly used in propaganda aimed outside the USSR during the 1930s, particularly to draw people into <a href="/wiki/Front_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organizations">front organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> was, in particular, used to quash dissent among European communist parties and reports of Stalin's growing totalitarianism.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriotism/Nationalism">Patriotism/Nationalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Patriotism/Nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet patriotism</a></div> In face of the threat of Nazi Germany, the international claims of communism were played down, and people were recruited to help defend the country on patriotic motives.<a href="#cite_note-rhodes217-114">[114]</a> The presence of a real enemy was used to inspire action and production in face of the threat to the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Father Soviet Union</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_p503-187">[187]</a> All Soviet citizens were called on to fight, and soldiers who surrendered had failed in their duty.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> To prevent retreats from Stalingrad, soldiers were urged to fight for the soil.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_p503-187">[187]</a> Russian history was pressed into providing a heroic past and patriotic symbols, although selectively, for instance praising men as state builders.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_(film)" title="Alexander Nevsky (film)">Alexander Nevsky</a> made a central theme the importance of the common people in saving Russia while nobles and merchants did nothing, a motif that was heavily employed.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Still, the figures selected had no socialist connection.<a href="#cite_note-Overy68-163">[163]</a> Artists and writers were permitted more freedom, as long as they did not criticize Marxism directly and contained patriotic themes.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> It was termed the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a>" and stories presented it as a fight of ordinary people's heroism.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_p_291-193">[193]</a> While the term motherland was used, it was used to mean the Soviet Union, although primarily Russian national heroes were used to inspire the soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Appeals were also made that the home of other nationalities was the home of their own.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Many Soviet citizens found treatment of soldiers who fell into enemy hands as "traitors to the Motherland" as suitable for their own grim determination, and "not a step back" was supposed to inspire soldiers to fight with self-sacrifice and heroism. However, this was in fact realized via <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">barrier troops</a> that shot retreating soldiers in the back.<a href="#cite_note-volko-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_p_291-193">[193]</a> This continued after the war in a campaign to remove supposed "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-patriotic elements</a>".<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In the 1960s, memories of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a> were revived to bolster support for the regime, with all accounts carefully censored to prevent accounts of Stalin's early incompetence and defeats, and their heavy cost.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utopia_and_space">Utopia and space</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Utopia and space">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, the concept of a socialist utopia was heavily proselytized by the Soviet government. Under the Khrushchev administration, this idea of a Soviet utopia was worked heavily into the concept of space travel and spreading across the world.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The accomplishments in space were closely tied to a sense of utopia and the idea that communism was superior to other forms of government. In a press release after Sputnik's launch the Soviet Union states that "...our contemporaries will witness how the freed and conscientious labour of the people of the new socialist society makes the most daring dreams of mankind a reality."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The concept of success in science and space exploration were closely tied to the concept of a new socialist society and the utopia that would be created in that society. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_propaganda_abroad">Soviet propaganda abroad</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Soviet propaganda abroad">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg/250px-Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg/375px-Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg/500px-Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Residents of a town in <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Eastern Poland</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">Western Belarus</a>) assembled to greet the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> in 1939. The Russian text reads "Long Live the great theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin-Stalin". Such welcomings were organized by the activists of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_West_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of West Belarus">Communist Party of West Belarus</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Polish Communist Party</a>, delegalized in Poland by 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Stosunki-201">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_Leaflet_1941-44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Propaganda_Leaflet_1941-44.jpg/250px-Propaganda_Leaflet_1941-44.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Propaganda_Leaflet_1941-44.jpg/375px-Propaganda_Leaflet_1941-44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Propaganda_Leaflet_1941-44.jpg/500px-Propaganda_Leaflet_1941-44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption>World War II propaganda leaflet dropped from a Soviet airplane on Finnish territory, urging Finnish soldiers to surrender</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></div> Trotsky and a small group of Communists regarded the Soviet Union as doomed without the spread of the revolution internationally.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The victory of Stalin, who regarded the construction of socialism in the Soviet Union as a necessary exemplar to the rest of the world and represented the majority view,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> did not, however, stop international propaganda. In the 1980s, the US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) estimated that the budget of Soviet propaganda abroad was between $3.5 and $4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Staar-204">[204]</a> Propaganda abroad was partly conducted by Soviet intelligence agencies. <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> alone spent more than $1 billion for propaganda and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace movements">peace movements</a> against <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which was a "hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost", according to GRU defector <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Lunev" title="Stanislav Lunev">Stanislav Lunev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lunev-205">[205]</a> He claimed that "the GRU and the KGB helped to fund just about every <a href="/wiki/Antiwar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiwar movement">antiwar movement</a> and organization in America and abroad".<a href="#cite_note-Lunev-205">[205]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kalugin" title="Oleg Kalugin">Oleg Kalugin</a>, "the Soviet intelligence was really unparalleled. ... The KGB programs – which would run all sorts of <a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">congresses</a>, peace congresses, youth congresses, <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> movements, campaigns against U.S. missiles in Europe, campaigns against neutron weapons, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">allegations</a> that <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> ... was invented by the CIA ... all sorts of <a href="/wiki/Forgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgeries">forgeries</a> and faked material – [were] targeted at politicians, the academic community, at the public at large."<a href="#cite_note-Kalugin-206">[206]</a> Soviet-run movements pretended to have little or no ties with the USSR, often seen as noncommunist (or allied to such groups), but were controlled by the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-Staar79-207">[207]</a> Most members and supporters, did not realize that they were instruments of Soviet propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Staar79-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Staar84-208">[208]</a> The organizations aimed at convincing well-meaning but naive Westerners to support Soviet overt or covert goals.<a href="#cite_note-Staar86-209">[209]</a> A witness in a US congressional hearing on Soviet cover activity described the goals of such organizations as to "spread Soviet propaganda themes and create false impression of public support for the foreign policies of Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-Staar84-208">[208]</a> Much of the activity of the Soviet-run peace movements was supervised by the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">World Peace Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Staar79-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Staar84-208">[208]</a> Other important front organizations included the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">International Union of Students</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Staar84-208">[208]</a> Somewhat less important <a href="/wiki/Communist_front" title="Communist front">front organizations</a> included: Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Peace_Conference" title="Christian Peace Conference">Christian Peace Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Democratic_Lawyers" title="International Association of Democratic Lawyers">International Association of Democratic Lawyers</a>, International Federation of Resistance Movements, <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Peace" title="International Institute for Peace">International Institute for Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Journalists" title="International Organization of Journalists">International Organization of Journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">Women's International Democratic Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">World Federation of Scientific Workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Staar80-81-210">[210]</a> There were also numerous smaller organizations, affiliated with the above fronts.<a href="#cite_note-Staar86-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Staar82-83-211">[211]</a> Those organizations received in total more than 100 million dollars from the USSR every year.<a href="#cite_note-Staar79-207">[207]</a> Propaganda against the United States and the greater Western world included the following actions:<a href="#cite_note-Mitrokhin-212">[212]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Claiming that Adolf Hitler faked his death</a> as early as Pravda's evening edition of the day the Soviets captured the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Stalin (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1953) apparently believed that Hitler escaped.<a href="#cite_note-:15-214">[214]</a> Although there were problems with the remains found by the Soviets (with only—apparently planted—dental remains belonging to Hitler and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a>), they also released <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="The Death of Adolf Hitler">disinformation regarding alleged autopsies</a> as well as conflicting accounts of their subsequent disposal of the remains.<a href="#cite_note-:17-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li>Promotion of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories</a>, allegedly using writer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lane_(author)" title="Mark Lane (author)">Mark Lane</a>.</li> <li>Discrediting the CIA, using historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Agee" title="Philip Agee">Philip Agee</a> (codenamed PONT).</li> <li>Spreading rumors that US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>.</li> <li>Attempts to discredit <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> by placing publications portraying him as an "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a>" who was secretly receiving government subsidies.</li> <li>Stirring up <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racial tensions in the US</a> by mailing bogus letters from the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, and spreading <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> had been planned by the US government.</li> <li>Fabrication of the story that <a href="/wiki/AIDS_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS virus">AIDS virus</a> was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">manufactured by US scientists</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detrick" title="Fort Detrick">Fort Detrick</a>; the story was spread by Russian-born biologist <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Segal" title="Jakob Segal">Jakob Segal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Weekly" title="Soviet Weekly">Soviet Weekly</a> was published in Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(magazine)" title="Sputnik (magazine)">Sputnik</a> was a monthly edited in Soviet Union in many languages, including English.</li> <li>Discounting and downplaying the <a href="/wiki/US_military_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="US military aid">US military aid</a> given to the Soviets during WWII under the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-Lease Act">Lend-Lease Act</a>, as well as the US's role in victory in general.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Propaganda_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Propaganda of the Soviet Union">Propaganda of the Soviet Union</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukryniksy" title="Kukryniksy">Kukryniksy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">Propaganda in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Propaganda in the Polish People's Republic">Propaganda in the Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_United_States" title="Propaganda in the United States">Propaganda in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_propaganda_music_during_the_Cold_War" title="Soviet propaganda music during the Cold War">Soviet propaganda music during the Cold War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDolitsky2021" class="citation web cs1">Dolitsky, Alexander (1 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mustreadalaska.com/alexander-dolitsky-remembering-the-soviet-psychological-documentary-film-i-and-others-that-i-took-part-in/">"Alexander Dolitsky: Remembering the Soviet psychological documentary film 'I and Others' that I took part in"</a>. Must Read Alaska. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Must+Read+Alaska&rft.atitle=Alexander+Dolitsky%3A+Remembering+the+Soviet+psychological+documentary+film+%27I+and+Others%27+that+I+took+part+in&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft.aulast=Dolitsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmustreadalaska.com%2Falexander-dolitsky-remembering-the-soviet-psychological-documentary-film-i-and-others-that-i-took-part-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> p. 8, Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929, Cambridge University Press 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Raymond Bauer, "Our big advantage: the social sciences (development in the US and Soviet Union compared)", Harvard Business Review vol. 36 (1958): pp. 125–136; quoted in <a href="/wiki/Alex_Carey_(writer)" title="Alex Carey (writer)">Alex Carey</a> 1997, Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty, University of Illinois Press, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p315, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figes-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Figes_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Figes_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Figes_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Figes_5-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7461-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7461-9">0-8050-7461-9</a>, pp. 20–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-way356-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-way356_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-way356_6-1">b</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p. 356 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p. 143 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p. 365 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p. 406 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p. 94 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrei_Sokolov_p374-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrei_Sokolov_p374_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrei_Sokolov_p374_11-1">b</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p. 374 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p. 378 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p. 379 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes212-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes212_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes212_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes212_14-2">c</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p212 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes224-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes224_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes224_15-1">b</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p224, 158 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 140 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p218-9 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes214-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes214_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes214_18-1">b</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p214 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p308-9, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes219-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes219_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes219_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes219_20-2">c</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p219 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenez1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Kenez, Peter</a> (1985). "Agitational trains and ships". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7ebCPIm8KsC">The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521313988" title="Special:BookSources/9780521313988"><bdi>9780521313988</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2016. <q>An unusual and yet typically Bolshevik method of oral agitation was to send agitational trains and ships into the countryside.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agitational+trains+and+ships&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Propaganda+State%3A+Soviet+Methods+of+Mass+Mobilization%2C+1917%E2%80%931929&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521313988&rft.aulast=Kenez&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7ebCPIm8KsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Derek (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzZaCwAAQBAJ">Molotov: A Biography</a>. Centre for Russian and East European Studies. Springer. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230514522" title="Special:BookSources/9780230514522"><bdi>9780230514522</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2014. <q>On 26 June 1919, VTsIK (The All-Russian Central Executive Committee) placed [Molotov] in command of the agitparokhod (agitation steamboat) Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star). He was to work in the Volga provinces freed from White forces. [...] The Krasnaya Zvezda towed a barge equipped as an outdoor cinema to show films, such as 'Electricity in the Countryside', to audiences of 1000 strong at a single performance. [...] There was a shop that sold books; and the ship had its own press to produce free literature [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molotov%3A+A+Biography&rft.series=Centre+for+Russian+and+East+European+Studies&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780230514522&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzZaCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karel_C._Berkhoff" title="Karel C. Berkhoff">Karel C. Berkhoff</a>, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule p190 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01313-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01313-1">0-674-01313-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 358 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 157 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p282, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Richard Overy, T<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA368">he Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p368 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p283, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pipes292-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pipes292_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pipes292_29-1">b</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p292, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-design-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-design_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_30-1">b</a> eye magazine, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature.php?id=62&fid=270">Designing heroes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209015635/http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/designing-heroes">Archived</a> 9 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-overy260-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overy260_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overy260_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overy260_31-2">c</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA260">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p260 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA355">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p355-6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Lewis Stegelbuam and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA350">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p350 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a>, Let History Judgep41 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4">0-231-06350-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p292-3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p294, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-library2.usask.ca-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-library2.usask.ca_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-library2.usask.ca_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/14753/20201026153141/http://library2.usask.ca/USSRConst/">"Introduction | USSR in Construction"</a>. wayback.archive-it.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wayback.archive-it.org&rft.atitle=Introduction+%26%23124%3B+USSR+in+Construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary2.usask.ca%2FUSSRConst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Gail Warshofsky Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Change (University of California Press, 1978), p 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Gail Warshofsky Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Change (University of California Press, 1978), p 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p294-5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p84 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 137 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 138 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p482-3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p303, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p305, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/B._R._Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="B. R. Myers">B. R. Myers</a>, The Cleanest Race, p 81 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933633-91-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933633-91-6">978-1-933633-91-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA258">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p258 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA301">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p301 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p129 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Myers,_p_86-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R._Myers,_p_86_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Myers,_p_86_52-1">b</a> B. R. Myers, The Cleanest Race, p 86 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933633-91-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933633-91-6">978-1-933633-91-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA258">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p258-9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 217 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-overy259-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overy259_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overy259_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overy259_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overy259_55-3">d</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA259">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p259 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p35 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 247 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p488-9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA257">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p257 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a>, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 246 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p194 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 245 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 108 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA234">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p234 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge p93 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4">0-231-06350-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 179-80 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p54 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 210 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p197 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p210 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p233 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodlands:_Europe_Between_Hitler_and_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a>, p 41 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9">978-0-465-00239-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p466-7 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p490 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p488 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 276 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 319 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coste-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Coste_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoste1950" class="citation journal cs1">Coste, Brutus (January 1950). "Propaganda to Eastern Europe". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 14 (4): 639–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F266246">10.1086/266246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Propaganda+to+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=639-66&rft.date=1950-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F266246&rft.aulast=Coste&rft.aufirst=Brutus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA262">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p262 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA231">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p231 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA233">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p233 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA235">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p235 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p167 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-way171-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-way171_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-way171_86-1">b</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p171 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 239 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-way22-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-way22_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-way22_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-way22_88-2">c</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p22 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p98 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p86 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-way258-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-way258_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-way258_91-1">b</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p358 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA267">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p267 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA290">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p290 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA291">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p291 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p182 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a>, Dark Continent: Europe's 20th Century p120-1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43809-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43809-2">0-679-43809-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 177 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 186 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-way208-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-way208_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-way208_99-1">b</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p208 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p208-9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p281 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library2.usask.ca/USSRConst/gallery/canal">Moscow-Volga Canal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203010944/http://library2.usask.ca/USSRConst/gallery/canal">Archived</a> 3 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p253 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won p 188-9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0">0-393-03925-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 278 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, p189 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0">0-393-03925-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's 20th Century p276-7 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43809-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43809-2">0-679-43809-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 356 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 405 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 96 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-service332-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-service332_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-service332_111-1">b</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 332 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes216-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes216_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes216_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes216_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes216_112-3">d</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p216 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 254 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes217-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes217_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes217_114-1">b</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p217 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Piers_Brendon" title="Piers Brendon">Piers Brendon</a>, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p11 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 142 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 84 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-service270-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-service270_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-service270_118-1">b</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 270 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Meirion and Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 139-40 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-56935-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-56935-0">0-394-56935-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 282 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Meirion and Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 469-70 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-56935-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-56935-0">0-394-56935-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA107">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p107 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 93 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 153-4 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA112">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p112-3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Service_p_198-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Service_p_198_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Service_p_198_126-1">b</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p. 198 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA114">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p114-5 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p10-1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge p55-6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4">0-231-06350-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge p63 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4">0-231-06350-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA117">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p117 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p10 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Lewis Siegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p209 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p468-9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-brendon489-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brendon489_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brendon489_135-1">b</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p489-90 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, p 259 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0">0-393-03925-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 263 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 289 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 347 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge p133 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06350-4">0-231-06350-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2022" class="citation journal cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (2 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740">"Stalin, Falsifier in Chief: E. H. Carr and the Perils of Historical Research Introduction"</a>. Revolutionary Russia. 35 (1): 11–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546545.2022.2065740">10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6545">0954-6545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Russia&rft.atitle=Stalin%2C+Falsifier+in+Chief%3A+E.+H.+Carr+and+the+Perils+of+Historical+Research+Introduction&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-14&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546545.2022.2065740&rft.issn=0954-6545&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09546545.2022.2065740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1955" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Sydney D. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126074">"Stalin's Falsification of History: The Case of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty"</a>. The Russian Review. 14 (1): 24–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F126074">10.2307/126074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126074">126074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+Falsification+of+History%3A+The+Case+of+the+Brest-Litovsk+Treaty&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-35&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126074%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F126074&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sydney+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (13 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PF2LDwAAQBAJ&q=stalin+school">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7"><bdi>978-1-78912-348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=vii-89&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78912-348-7&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPF2LDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstalin%2Bschool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (13 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PF2LDwAAQBAJ&q=stalin+school">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-348-7"><bdi>978-1-78912-348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=vii-89&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78912-348-7&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPF2LDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstalin%2Bschool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_145-2">c</a> Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Book of Communism">Black Book of Communism</a>: Crimes, Terror, Repression, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-07608-7">0-674-07608-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reflections-146"><a href="#cite_ref-reflections_146-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> Reflections on a Ravaged Century (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04818-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04818-7">0-393-04818-7</a>, pp. 101–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> (1993) "Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime", p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Black Book, p. 749. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Black Book, p. 750. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA271">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p271 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II, p214, 216 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA271">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p271-2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p314-5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p326, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA275">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p275 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p74 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrei_Sokolov_p75-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrei_Sokolov_p75_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrei_Sokolov_p75_157-1">b</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p75 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell1967-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell1967_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell1967_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1967" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, David (1967). "The Effectiveness of Soviet Anti-Religious Propaganda". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 31 (3): 366–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F267536">10.1086/267536</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2747392">2747392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Effectiveness+of+Soviet+Anti-Religious+Propaganda&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=366-380&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F267536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2747392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p. 338 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50242-7">978-0-394-50242-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA269">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p. 269 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДождикова2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Дождикова, Надежда (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107174827/http://magazines.russ.ru/neva/2009/7/do28.html"><bdi lang="ru">Чем был недоволен Берлиоз? О романе М. А. Булгакова ″Мастер и Маргарита″ и ″проблеме Христа″</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Neva_(magazine)" title="Neva (magazine)">Нева</a> (in Russian) (7). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0130-741X">0130-741X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.russ.ru/neva/2009/7/do28.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%3F+%D0%9E+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9C.+%D0%90.+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%E2%80%B3%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%E2%80%B3+%D0%B8+%E2%80%B3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%E2%80%B3&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0130-741X&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.russ.ru%2Fneva%2F2009%2F7%2Fdo28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p. 135 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overy68-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overy68_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy68_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy68_163-2">c</a> Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, p68 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0">0-393-03925-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 283 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0">0-393-03925-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 142-3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA299">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p299 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini's Italy, p134 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-078-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-078-5">1-59420-078-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA484">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p484 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard L. Weinberg">Gerhard L. Weinberg</a>, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders p 100 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85254-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85254-4">0-521-85254-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 362 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p178 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08480-3">0-300-08480-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175057/http://archive.ge/en/blog/120">"Geopolitics through Soviet Propagandist Messages - a research by Sovlab"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ge/en/blog/120/">the original</a> on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geopolitics+through+Soviet+Propagandist+Messages+-+a+research+by+Sovlab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ge%2Fen%2Fblog%2F120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchteacher.com/the-soviet-invasion-of-poland/">"The Soviet Invasion of Poland and Historical Memory – Research Teacher"</a>. 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Invasion+of+Poland+and+Historical+Memory+%E2%80%93+Research+Teacher&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchteacher.com%2Fthe-soviet-invasion-of-poland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb-174"><a href="#cite_ref-psb_174-0">^</a> Zofia Waszkiewicz, "Baruch Steinberg", in: <a href="/wiki/Polski_S%C5%82ownik_Biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski Słownik Biograficzny">Polski Słownik Biograficzny</a>, t. XLIII, 2004–2005, pp. 305–306 </li> <li id="cite_note-brendon683-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brendon683_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brendon683_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brendon683_175-2">c</a> Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p683 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 284 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA483">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p483 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA516">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p516 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA518">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p518 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA521">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p521 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-affinity-181"><a href="#cite_ref-affinity_181-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film633871.html">Girl No. 217</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728063532/http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film633871.html">Archived</a> 28 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Richard Overy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA277">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>, p277 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Rhodes, Anthony (1976), Propaganda: The Art of Persuasion: World War II, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, pp. 158, 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Balfour, Michael, Propaganda in War 1939–1945: Organisation, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0193-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0193-2">0-7100-0193-2</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Riding" title="Alan Riding">Alan Riding</a>, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris p 22 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26897-6">978-0-307-26897-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris p 24 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26897-6">978-0-307-26897-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Overy_p503-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Overy_p503_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Overy_p503_187-1">b</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p503 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p515-6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p535 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p559 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p558 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 281 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Overy_p_291-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Overy_p_291_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Overy_p_291_193-1">b</a> Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, p 291 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0">0-393-03925-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p559-60 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 283 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X">0-674-01801-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-volko-196"><a href="#cite_ref-volko_196-0">^</a> Dmitri Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, transl. and edited by Harold Shukman, HarperCollins Publishers, London (1996), p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Mikhail Heller, Aleksander M. Nekrich, Utopia in Power, p487 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-46242-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-46242-3">0-671-46242-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, p 328 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03925-0">0-393-03925-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilison1975" class="citation book cs1">Gilison, Jerome M. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/695524202">The Soviet image of utopia</a>. The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-1696-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-1696-3"><bdi>0-8018-1696-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695524202">695524202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+image+of+utopia&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695524202&rft.isbn=0-8018-1696-3&rft.aulast=Gilison&rft.aufirst=Jerome+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F695524202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaver1959" class="citation journal cs1">Cleaver, A. V. (January 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0368393100070565">"Behind the sputniks—A Survey of soviet space science.F. J. Krieger. Public Affairs Press, U.S.A., 1958. 380 pp. Illustrated. 6 dollars"</a>. The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society. 63 (577): 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0368393100070565">10.1017/s0368393100070565</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0368-3931">0368-3931</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113748329">113748329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Aeronautical+Society&rft.atitle=Behind+the+sputniks%E2%80%94A+Survey+of+soviet+space+science.F.+J.+Krieger.+Public+Affairs+Press%2C+U.S.A.%2C+1958.+380+pp.+Illustrated.+6+dollars.&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=577&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1959-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A113748329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0368-3931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0368393100070565&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0368393100070565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stosunki-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Stosunki_201-0">^</a> (in Polish) Marek Wierzbicki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406173221/http://bialorus.pl/index.php?secId=49&docId=60&&Rozdzial=historia">Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941)</a>. "Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne" (НА СТАРОНКАХ КАМУНІКАТУ, Biełaruski histaryczny zbornik) 20 (2003), p. 186–188. Retrieved 16 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, pp. 25–26 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p 38 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02030-4">0-393-02030-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Staar_204-0">^</a> Richard Felix Staar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017000247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 17 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lunev-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lunev_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunev_205-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Lunev" title="Stanislav Lunev">Stanislav Lunev</a>. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-390-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-390-4">0-89526-390-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalugin-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalugin_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627183623/http://www3.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/21/interviews/kalugin/">"CNN – Cold War Experience: Espionage"</a>. 27 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/21/interviews/kalugin/">the original</a> on 27 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+%E2%80%93+Cold+War+Experience%3A+Espionage&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2Fcold.war%2Fepisodes%2F21%2Finterviews%2Fkalugin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar79-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staar79_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staar79_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staar79_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staar79_207-3">d</a> Richard Felix Staar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017000247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 17 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar84-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staar84_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staar84_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staar84_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staar84_208-3">d</a> Richard Felix Staar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017000247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 17 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar86-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staar86_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staar86_209-1">b</a> Richard Felix Staar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017000247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 17 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar80-81-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Staar80-81_210-0">^</a> Richard Felix Staar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017000247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 17 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p. 80–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Staar82-83-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Staar82-83_211-0">^</a> Richard Felix Staar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017000247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 17 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p. 82–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrokhin-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitrokhin_212-0">^</a> Mitrokhin, Vasili, Christopher Andrew (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7">0-14-028487-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisardParshina2018" class="citation book cs1">Brisard, Jean-Christophe; <a href="/wiki/Lana_Parshina" title="Lana Parshina">Parshina, Lana</a> (2018). The Death of Hitler. Translated by Whiteside, Shaun. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-92258-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-92258-9"><bdi>978-0-306-92258-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Hitler&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-306-92258-9&rft.aulast=Brisard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christophe&rft.au=Parshina%2C+Lana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-214"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelton2023" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felton" title="Mark Felton">Felton, Mark</a> (2023). "The 'Eva Braun' Corpse". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation. Episode 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+the+F%C3%BChrer%3A+The+Secret+Soviet+Investigation&rft.series=Episode+2&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Felton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-215"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelton2023" class="citation episode cs1">Felton, Mark (2023). "The Forgotten Theory". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation. Episode 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+the+F%C3%BChrer%3A+The+Secret+Soviet+Investigation&rft.series=Episode+6&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Felton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-216"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/hitlers-letzte-reise-a-481fd73c-0002-0001-0000-000013679755">"Hitlers letzte Reise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German). 19 July 1992. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Hitlers+letzte+Reise&rft.date=1992-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fhitlers-letzte-reise-a-481fd73c-0002-0001-0000-000013679755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachimsthaler2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Joachimsthaler" title="Anton Joachimsthaler">Joachimsthaler, Anton</a> (2000) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler00joac">The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth</a>. Translated by Helmut Bölger. London: <a href="/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)" title="Cassell (publisher)">Cassell</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-465-0"><bdi>978-1-85409-465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Hitler%3A+The+Legends%2C+The+Evidence%2C+The+Truth&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-465-0&rft.aulast=Joachimsthaler&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastdaysofhitler00joac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Weeks, Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II, 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Alexander Hill, "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941–1942." The Journal of Military History 71, no. 3 (2007): pp. 773–808. Accessed 1 November 2011. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul, Jacques</a>. <a href="/wiki/Propaganda:_The_Formation_of_Men%27s_Attitudes" title="Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes">Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes</a>. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. New York: Knopf, 1965. New York: Random House/ Vintage 1973</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFateev1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fateev, Andrey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psyfactor.org/lib/fateev0.htm">Образ врага в советской пропаганде. 1945 - 1954 гг</a> [Image of the enemy in Soviet propaganda. 1945-1954] (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="/w/index.php?title=IRH_RAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IRH RAS (page does not exist)">IRH RAS</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%98_%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D" class="extiw" title="ru:ИРИ РАН">ru</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5.+1945+-+1954+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=IRH+RAS%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bru%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fateev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsyfactor.org%2Flib%2Ffateev0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APropaganda+in+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Propaganda_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Propaganda of the Soviet Union">Propaganda of the Soviet Union</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allworldwars.com/Russian%20WWII%20Propaganda%20Posters.html">Soviet World War II Propaganda Posters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314200310/http://eng.plakaty.ru/posters?cid=1&full=1&thumbs=1">Soviet and Russian Propaganda Posters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library2.usask.ca/USSRConst/">A digital presentation of several issues of the propaganda journal USSR in Construction by the University of Saskatchewan.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=1259365654">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=1259365654</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_propaganda" title="Category:World War II propaganda">World War II propaganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_propaganda" title="Category:Cold War propaganda">Cold War propaganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_in_Russia" title="Category:Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_by_country" title="Category:Propaganda by country">Propaganda by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Americanism" title="Category:Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natalism" title="Category:Natalism">Natalism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)">Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from March 2023">Articles with failed verification from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 20:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-xp7cn","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.868","walltime":"2.176","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42901,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":335484,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33135,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":44,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":682129,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1855.765 1 -total"," 50.38% 934.978 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.48% 639.904 174 Template:ISBN"," 17.77% 329.830 174 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 8.58% 159.184 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.73% 124.846 1 Template:Soviet_Union_sidebar"," 6.55% 121.612 522 Template:Yesno-no"," 6.16% 114.303 698 Template:Yesno"," 5.79% 107.506 2 Template:Langx"," 5.72% 106.196 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.765","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17330194,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-cv8pq","timestamp":"20241130014051","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Propaganda in the Soviet Union","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2628560","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2628560","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-06-01T00:32:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T20:03:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Dyadya_lenin.jpg","headline":"communist propaganda of the former Soviet Union"}</script> </body> </html>