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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Gatha</i> (Zoroaster)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatlar" title="Qatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathas" title="Gathas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gathas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гатсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гатсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1thy" title="Gáthy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gáthy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathas" title="Gathas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gathas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathas" title="Gathas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gathas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7" title="گاتاها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاتاها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathas" title="Gathas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gathas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%ED%83%80_(%EC%A1%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EA%B5%90)" title="가타 (조로아스터교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가타 (조로아스터교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)" title="गाथा (अवेस्ता) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गाथा (अवेस्ता)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2th%C3%A2" title="Gâthâ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gâthâ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroastrianisme)" title="Gatha (Zoroastrianisme) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gatha (Zoroastrianisme)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81th%C4%81" title="Gāthā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gāthā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%AA%27%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גאת'ות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאת'ות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE_(%E0%B2%9D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0)" title="ಗಾಥಾ (ಝರತುಷ್ಟ್ರ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಥಾ (ಝರತುಷ್ಟ್ರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гати – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гати" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%D0%B0%CC%84th%D0%B0%CC%84" title="Gа̄thа̄ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gа̄thа̄" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Гаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatha_(zoroastriz%C3%ABm)" title="Gatha (zoroastrizëm) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gatha (zoroastrizëm)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatha" title="Gatha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gatha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathas" title="Gathas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gathas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гаталар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гаталар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Готҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Готҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatalar" title="Gatalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gatalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gata" title="Gata – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gata" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E8%96%A9" title="伽薩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伽薩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gathas&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sacred hymns of Zarathushtra</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sacred hymns of Zarathushtra. 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title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gathas</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are 17 <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> in the Avestan language from the Zoroastrian oral tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, the oldest surviving text fragment of which dates from 1323 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce19841_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce19841-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are traditionally believed to have been composed by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathushtra (Zoroaster)</a> himself. They form the core of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a>). They are arranged in five different modes or metres. </p><p>The Avestan term <i><span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae">gāθā</span></span></i> (𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 "hymn", but also "mode, metre") is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81th%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāthā">gāthā</a></i> (गाथा), both from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> word <i>*gaHtʰáH</i>, from the root <i>*gaH-</i> "to sing". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_organization">Structure and organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatha_(Zoroaster)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg/250px-Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg/375px-Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg/500px-Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><i>Yasna</i> 28.1, <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas"><i>Ahunavaiti</i> Gatha</a> (Bodleian MS J2)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gathas are in verse, metrical in the nature of ancient <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Iranian">Iranian</a> religious poetry, that is extremely terse. </p><p>The 17 hymns of the Gathas consist of 238 <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a>, of about 1300 lines or 6000 words in total. They were later incorporated into the 72-chapter <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> (chapter: <i>ha</i> or <i>had</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> <i>ha'iti</i>, 'cut'), that in turn is the primary liturgical collection of texts within the greater compendium of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>. The 17 hymns are identified by their chapter numbers in the <i>Yasna</i>, and are divided into five major sections: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>28–34</td> <td> </td> <td><i>Ahunavaiti</i> Gatha</td> <td> </td> <td>(cf. <a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a>), 100 stanzas, (3 verses, 7+9 syllable meter) </td></tr> <tr> <td>43–46</td> <td> </td> <td><i>Ushtavaiti</i> Gatha</td> <td> </td> <td>'Having Happiness', 66 stanzas (5 verses, 4+7 syllable meter) </td></tr> <tr> <td>47–50</td> <td> </td> <td><i>Spenta Mainyu</i> Gatha</td> <td> </td> <td>'Bounteous Spirit', 41 stanzas (4 verses, 4+7 syllable meter) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td> </td> <td><i>Vohu Khshathra</i> Gatha</td> <td> </td> <td>'Good Dominion', 22 stanzas (3 verses, 7+7 syllable meter) </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td> </td> <td><i>Vahishto Ishti</i> Gatha</td> <td> </td> <td>'Best Beloved', 9 stanzas (4 verses, two of 7+5 and two of 7+7+5 syllables) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the exception of <i>Ahunavaiti</i> Gatha, that is named after the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></i> prayer (<i>Yasna</i> 27, not in the Gathas), the names of the Gathas reflect the first word(s) of the first hymn within them. The meter of the hymns is historically related to the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> <i>tristubh-jagati</i> family of meters.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_1969_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_1969-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hymns of these meters are recited, not sung. </p><p>The sequential order of the Gathas is structurally interrupted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna_Haptanghaiti" title="Yasna Haptanghaiti">Yasna Haptanghaiti</a></i> ("seven-chapter <i>Yasna</i>", chapters 35–41, linguistically as old as the Gathas but in prose) and by two other minor hymns at <i>Yasna</i> 42 and 52. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatha_(Zoroaster)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language of the Gathas, <i>Gathic</i> or <i>Old</i> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>, belongs to the old <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language group</a> that is a sub-group of Eastern families of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Although arising from the same family, it is still not possible to translate them using Proto <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid</a> era translations and commentaries (the <i><a href="/wiki/Zend" title="Zend">Zend</a></i>) have been used to interpret the Gathas, but by the 3rd century the Avestan language was virtually extinct, and a dependency on the medieval texts is often discouraged as the commentaries are frequently conjectural. While some scholars argue that an interpretation using younger texts is inadvisable (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Geldner" title="Karl Friedrich Geldner">Geldner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Humbach" title="Helmut Humbach">Humbach</a>), others argue that such a view is excessively skeptical (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Spiegel" title="Friedrich von Spiegel">Spiegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Darmesteter" title="James Darmesteter">Darmesteter</a>). The risks of misinterpretation are real, but lacking alternates, such dependencies are perhaps necessary. </p><p>"The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> translation seldom offers an appropriate point of departure for a detailed scholarly approach to the Gathas, but an intensive comparison of its single lines and their respective glosses with their Gathic originals usually reveals the train of thought of the translator. This obviously reflects the Gatha interpretation by the priests of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> period, the general view of which is closer to the original than what is sometimes taught about the Gathas in our time."<sup id="cite_ref-EI_Humbach_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI_Humbach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problems that face a translator of the Avestan Gathas are significant: "No one who has ever read a stanza of [the Gathas] in the original will be under any illusions as to the labour that underlies the effort [of translating the hymns]. The most abstract and perplexing thought, veiled further by archaic language, only half understood by later students of the seer's own race and tongue, tends to make the Gathas the hardest problem to be attempted by those who would investigate the literary monuments."<sup id="cite_ref-Moulton_on_Bartholomae_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moulton_on_Bartholomae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatha_(Zoroaster)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the verses of the Gathas are directly addressed to the Omniscient Creator <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>. These verses, devotional in character, expound on the divine essences of truth (<i><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></i>), the good-mind (<i><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></i>), and the spirit of righteousness. Some other verses are addressed to the public that may have come to hear the prophet, and in these verses, he exhorts his audience to live a life as Ahura Mazda has directed, and pleads to Ahura Mazda to intervene on their behalf. </p><p>Other verses, from which some aspects of Zoroaster's life have been inferred, are semi-(auto)biographical, but all revolve around Zarathustra's mission to promote his view of the Truth (again <i><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></i>). For instance, some of the passages describe Zarathustra's first attempts to promote the teachings of Ahura Mazda, and the subsequent rejection by his kinsmen. This and other rejection led him to have doubts about his message, and in the Gathas he asked for assurance from Ahura Mazda, and requests repudiation of his opponents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatha_(Zoroaster)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatha_(Zoroaster)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gatha">"Gatha"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce19841-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce19841_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1984">Boyce 1984</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlerath_1969-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_1969_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchlerath1969" class="citation cs2">Schlerath, Bernfried (1969), "Der Terminus aw. Gāθā", <i>Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft</i>, <b>25</b>: 99–103</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%BCnchener+Studien+zur+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.atitle=Der+Terminus+aw.+G%C4%81%CE%B8%C4%81&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=99-103&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Schlerath&rft.aufirst=Bernfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI_Humbach-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI_Humbach_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumbach2001" class="citation cs2">Humbach, Helmut (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gathas-i-texts">"Gathas: The texts"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>, vol. 10, Costa Mesa: Mazda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gathas%3A+The+texts&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Humbach&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgathas-i-texts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moulton_on_Bartholomae-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moulton_on_Bartholomae_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton1906" class="citation cs2">Moulton, James Hope (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428600">"Bartholomae's Lexicon and Translation of the Gathas (Review)"</a>, <i>The Classical Review</i>, <b>20</b> (9): 471–472, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009840x00995398">10.1017/s0009840x00995398</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Bartholomae%27s+Lexicon+and+Translation+of+the+Gathas+%28Review%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=471-472&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009840x00995398&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=James+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatha_(Zoroaster)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1984" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1984), <i>Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism</i>, Manchester UP</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.pub=Manchester+UP&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gatha_(Zoroaster)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalandra2001" class="citation cs2">Malandra, William (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gathas-ii-translations">"Gathas: Translations"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>, vol. 10, Costa Mesa: Mazda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gathas%3A+Translations&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Malandra&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgathas-ii-translations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p>Selected translations available online: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomae1951" class="citation cs2">Bartholomae, Christian (1951), Taraporewala, Irach Jehangir Sorabji (trans.) (ed.), <i>Divine Songs of Zarathushtra: A Philological Study of the Gathas of Zarathushtra, Containing the Text With Literal Translation into English</i>, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Songs+of+Zarathushtra%3A+A+Philological+Study+of+the+Gathas+of+Zarathushtra%2C+Containing+the+Text+With+Literal+Translation+into+English&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=K.+R.+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Bartholomae&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span><br />Bartholomae's translations ("Die Gatha's des Awesta", 1905) were re-translated into English by Taraporewala. The raw texts, sans commentary or introduction, are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/yasna/yasna.htm">online</a></li> <li>The PDF version of <i>The Divine Songs of Zarathushtra</i> by Irach J. S. Taraporewala is published by FEZANA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fezana.org/files/drupalfiles/Taraporewala_Divine_Songs_Of_Zarathushtra_FEZANA.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIraniTagore1924" class="citation cs2">Irani, Dinshaw Jamshedji; Tagore, Rabindranath (1924), <i>The Divine Songs Of Zarathushtra</i>, London: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Songs+Of+Zarathushtra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Irani&rft.aufirst=Dinshaw+Jamshedji&rft.au=Tagore%2C+Rabindranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span><br />Complete text of the book including introduction and a plain English synopsis of each verse is available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zarathushtra.com/z/gatha/dji/">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjærvø1999" class="citation cs2">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (1999), "Avestan Quotations in Old Persian? Literary sources of the Old Persian Inscriptions", in Shaked, Saul; Netzer, Amnon (eds.), <i>Irano-Judaica IV</i>, Jerusalem: Makhon Ben-Zvi (Ben-Zvi Institute), pp. 1–64</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avestan+Quotations+in+Old+Persian%3F+Literary+sources+of+the+Old+Persian+Inscriptions&rft.btitle=Irano-Judaica+IV&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=1-64&rft.pub=Makhon+Ben-Zvi+%28Ben-Zvi+Institute%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6rv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGatha+%28Zoroaster%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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