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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology and grouping</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology_and_grouping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology and grouping subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_vs._Iranic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_vs._Iranic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iranian vs. Iranic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_vs._Iranic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Grouping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proto-Iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Old Iranian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Iranian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old Iranian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isoglosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isoglosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Isoglosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isoglosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Middle Iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>New Iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparison table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iranian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irannese_tale" title="Irannese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irannese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="ईरानी भाषासमूह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईरानी भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات إيرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات إيرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_iranicas" title="Luengas iranicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas iranicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ir%C3%A1niques" title="Llingües irániques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües irániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_dill%C9%99ri" title="İran dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایران دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایران دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ইরানীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরানীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Иран телдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иран телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Іранскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іранскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Іранскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іранскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ирански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_jezici" title="Iranski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iranski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_iranek" title="Yezhoù iranek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù iranek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_ir%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües iràniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües iràniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Иран чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иран чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Íránské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Íránské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Iranaidd" title="Ieithoedd Iranaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Iranaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranske_sprog" title="Iranske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iranske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranische_Sprachen" title="Iranische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iranische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C5%84ske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Irańske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irańske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraani_keeled" title="Iraani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_iranias" title="Lenguas iranias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas iranias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irana_lingvaro" title="Irana lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irandar_hizkuntzak" title="Irandar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irandar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های ایرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ایرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_bhasa" title="Iranian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iranian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_iraniennes" title="Langues iraniennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues iraniennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Iar%C3%A1nacha" title="Teangacha Iaránacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Iaránacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_iranias" title="Linguas iranias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas iranias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="이란어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iranian languages" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իրանական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="ईरानी भाषा परिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरानी भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Iranske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Iranske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_jezici" title="Iranski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iranski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranana_lingui" title="Iranana lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iranana lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Iran" title="Rumpun bahasa Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_iranic" title="Linguas iranic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas iranic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Ирайнаг æвзæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирайнаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Írönsk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_iraniche" title="Lingue iraniche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue iraniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות איראניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות איראניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಇರಾನೀ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾನೀ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ირანული ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირანული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_%C3%AEran%C3%AE" title="Zimanên îranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên îranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Иран тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иран тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Iranicae" title="Linguae Iranicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Iranicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Irāņu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Iranėnų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iranėnų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ni_nyelvek" title="Iráni nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iráni nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ирански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_iraniana" title="Fiteny iraniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny iraniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇറാനിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാനിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_%C4%AAr%C4%81na" title="Take Īrāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Take Īrāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="इराणी भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराणी भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ირანული ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირანული ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغات ايرانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغات ايرانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="ایرانی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرانی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Iran" title="Bahasa-bahasa Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraanse_talen" title="Iraanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iraanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इरानेली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरानेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="イラン語群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン語群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraansk_spriaken" title="Iraansk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraansk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iranske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iranske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iranske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iranske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani_lingues" title="Irani lingues – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Irani lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_iranianas" title="Lengas iranianas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas iranianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroniy_tillar" title="Eroniy tillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eroniy tillar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਈਰਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਰਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ایرانی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایرانی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="اريايي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اريايي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_ir%C3%A0niche" title="Lenghe iràniche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe iràniche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_ira%C5%84skie" title="Języki irańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki irańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_iranianas" title="Línguas iranianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas iranianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_tilleri" title="Iran tilleri – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Iran tilleri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_iraniene" title="Limbi iraniene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi iraniene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranu_rimaykuna" title="Iranu rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iranu rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Иранские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иранские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_leids" title="Iranian leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iranian leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranic_languages" title="Iranic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iranic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Iránske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iránske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_jeziki" title="Iranski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iranski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە ئێرانییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە ئێرانییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ирански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_jezici" title="Iranski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iranski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranilaiset_kielet" title="Iranilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iranilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iranska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iranska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈரானிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரானிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Иран телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иран телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มภาษาอิหร่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาอิหร่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои эронӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои эронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_dilleri" title="İran dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Іранські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іранські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="ایرانی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایرانی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Iran" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Iran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗语支 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊朗语支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗語支 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊朗語支" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_%C4%B0ranki" title="Zıwanê İranki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê İranki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗语支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗语支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%C9%99_zyvonon" title="Ironə zyvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ironə zyvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language family. For languages spoken in the modern country of Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a>. For the official language of Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Iranian languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iranian+languages%22">"Iranian languages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iranian+languages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iranian+languages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iranian+languages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iranian+languages%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iranian+languages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Iranian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Iranic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Iranian</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ira" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ira">ira</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>58= (phylozone)</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iran1269">iran1269</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png/300px-Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png/450px-Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png/600px-Distribution_of_Iranian_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="14915" data-file-height="8658" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Iranian languages in and around the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iranian languages</b>, also called the <b>Iranic languages</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-BechertBernini1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BechertBernini1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windfuhr1979_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> that are spoken natively by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>. </p><p>The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Old Avestan</a> (the language of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalite</a> empires). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Number of speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2000s<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> estimates that there are 86 languages in the group.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top languages by number of native speakers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td>84 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </td> <td>50 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> </td> <td>35 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </td> <td>15 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caspian_languages" title="Caspian languages">Caspian</a> </td> <td>10 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> </td> <td>8 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> </td> <td>5 million </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">150–200 million<sup id="cite_ref-Wind_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wind-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_grouping">Terminology and grouping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology and grouping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iran</a></i> derives directly from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">Ērān</i></span>, first attested in a third-century inscription at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a>, with the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> inscription using the term <span title="Parthian-language romanization"><i lang="xpr-Latn">Aryān</i></span>, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKenzie_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Middle-Iranian <i>ērān</i> and <i>aryān</i> are oblique plural forms of <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">gentilic</a> nouns <i>ēr-</i> (Middle Persian) and <i>ary-</i> (Parthian), both deriving from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian language</a> <i>*arya-</i> (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Aryan</a>", i.e. "of the Iranians"),<sup id="cite_ref-MacKenzie_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt_Aryans1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt_Aryans1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognized as a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ar-yo-</span></span></i>, meaning "one who assembles (skilfully)".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Iranic languages spoken on the plateau, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier, included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_Arya_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_Arya-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names <i><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>: <span lang="os">Ир</span> <span title="Ossetian-language romanization"><i lang="os-Latn">Ir</i></span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Iron</a></i> (<span title="Ossetian-language text"><span lang="os">Ирон</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt_Aryans1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt_Aryans1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_vs._Iranic">Iranian vs. Iranic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iranian vs. Iranic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used as a linguistic term <i>Iranian</i> is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skjærvø_2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skjærvø_2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_R._Perry_(orientalist)" title="John R. Perry (orientalist)">John R. Perry</a> prefer the term <i>Iranic</i> as the <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> name for the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> family and ethnic groups of this category, and <i>Iranian</i> for anything about the modern country of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> or differentiating <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lassen" title="Christian Lassen">Christian Lassen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Needham_Cust" title="Robert Needham Cust">Robert Needham Cust</a> used the term <i>Irano-Aryan</i> in 1878,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Abraham Grierson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> contrasted <i>Irano-Aryan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>) and <i>Indo-Aryan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indic</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grouping">Grouping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grouping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a>, subdivided into: <ul><li>Southwestern, of which <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> dialects) and <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> are the dominant members;</li> <li>Northwestern, of which the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a> are the dominant members.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>, subdivided into: <ul><li>Southeastern, of which <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> is the dominant member;</li> <li>Northeastern, by far the smallest branch, of which <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> is the dominant member.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>According to modern scholarship, the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan languages</a> are not considered to fall under these categories, and are instead sometimes classified as Central Iranian, since they diverged from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Iranian">Proto-Iranian</a> before the east-west division rose to prominence. It has traditionally been viewed as Eastern Iranian; however, it lacks a large number of Eastern Iranian features and thus is only "Eastern Iranian" in the sense that it is not Western.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-Iranian">Proto-Iranian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proto-Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/220px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/330px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/440px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Iranic peoples in Central Asia during the Iron Age period.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, which itself evolved from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a>. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> is suggested as a candidate for the common <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian culture</a> around 2000 BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The language was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. It was thus in relative proximity to the other <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">satem ethno-linguistic groups</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European family">Indo-European family</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the <a href="/wiki/Pontic-Caspian_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic-Caspian Steppe">Pontic-Caspian Steppe</a> to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. </p><p>Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after the Proto-Indo-Iranian breakup, or the early-2nd millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">southeastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, and Central Asia. </p><p>Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the turning of <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ yielding to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *θ, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ turning into fricatives *f, *θ, *x, resp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Iranian">Old Iranian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Old Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multitude of <a href="#Middle_Iranian">Middle Iranian</a> languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, <i>direct</i> evidence of only two has survived. These are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, the two languages/dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> texts of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, the native language of a southwestern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Indirectly</i> attested Old Iranian languages are discussed <a href="#indirect_old">below</a>. </p><p>Old Persian was an Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in southwestern Iran (the modern-day province of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>) by the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Parsa</a>, Persia, or <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the <a href="/wiki/Behistun" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun">Behistun</a> inscription, composed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BCE</span>, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BCE the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. </p><p>The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>, which take their name from their use in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> but in the Avesta itself is simply known as <i>vohu daena</i> (later: <i>behdin</i>). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Rigvedic Sanskrit</a>. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="indirect_old"></span>In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only <i>directly</i> attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Old Parthian</a>. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "<a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a>" substrate in some of its vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-EI-IL-vi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> did for what he called "<a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a>" and in one instance, <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a> (<i>σπάκα</i> "dog"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isoglosses">Isoglosses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Isoglosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped into "western" and "eastern" branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it is not known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Further confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). </p><p>Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> consonants, *ć and *dź:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Avestan and most other Iranian languages have <a href="/wiki/Deaffrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaffrication">deaffricated</a> and depalatalized these consonants, and have *ć > <i>s</i>, *dź > <i>z</i>.</li> <li>Old Persian, however, has fronted these consonants further: *ć > <i>θ</i>, *dź > *ð > <i>d</i>.</li></ul> <p>As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a>.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: </p> <ul><li>Avestan and most other Iranian languages have shifted these clusters to <i>sp</i>, <i>zb</i>.</li> <li>In Old Persian, these clusters yield <i>s</i>, <i>z</i>, with loss of the glide *w, but <i>without</i> further fronting.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a>, attested in the Middle Iranian period, and its modern relative <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> fail to fit into either group: in these, palatalization remains, and similar glide loss as in Old Persian occurs: *ćw > <i>š</i>, *dźw > <i>ž</i>.</li></ul> <p>A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: </p> <ul><li>Persid (Old Persian and its descendants)</li> <li>Sakan (<a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>, and their Old Iranian ancestor)</li> <li>Central Iranian (all other Iranian languages)</li></ul> <p>It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian</a> in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Iranian">Middle Iranian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Iranian">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern</a>. </p><p>The Western family includes <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Arsacid</a> Pahlavi) and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Ossetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Ossetic">Old Ossetic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scytho</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a>) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic script</a>, though Bactrian was written using an adapted <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek script</a>. </p><p>Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sasanian</a> dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian, and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaeans</a>, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac script">Syriac script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Iranian">New Iranian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto literature">Pashto literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_literature" title="Ossetian literature">Ossetian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Kurdish literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Language_Status.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iranian_Language_Status.png/250px-Iranian_Language_Status.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Iranian_Language_Status.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Dark green: countries where Iranian languages are official.<br />Teal: countries where Iranian languages are official in a subdivision.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Conquest of Persia">Arab conquest of Persia</a>, there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Middle Iranian</a>, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called <a href="/wiki/Dari_(Persian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Persian)">Dari</a> as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word <i>darbâr</i> (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists and patrons of the literature flourished. The <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a> in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_al-Muqaffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa">Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa</a> (8th century) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a> (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_province" title="Isfahan province">Isfahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">dialects of Fars</a> (Persia). They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>. </p><p>The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred sometime during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik script</a>, used to write the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a>, was first <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Latinised</a> in the 1920s under the then-Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillicized</a> in the 1930s by the Soviet government. </p><p>The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> in parts of what is today <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, southern European <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the core region of the native <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> had been decisively taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a>) by the various <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Proto-Slavic</a> population of the region, by the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slovene_Studies_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slovene_Studies-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian languages</a> of the region. <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>'s close relative <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a> barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetic</a> in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>. Various small Iranian languages in the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_table"><span class="anchor" id="Iranian_languages_word_table"></span>Comparison table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Iranian languages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; line-height:1.25em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani Kurdish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji Kurdish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talyshi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani (Tabari)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> </th> <th>Shugni </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>beautiful</b></i> </td> <td>rınd, xasek </td> <td>ciwan, nayab </td> <td>rind, delal, bedew, xweşik </td> <td>x̌kūlay, x̌āista </td> <td>xojir </td> <td>ghašang </td> <td>dorr, soherâ, mah rang, sharr, juwān </td> <td>xujīrçī/xujīr </td> <td>xoşgel, xojir </td> <td>qəşəng, şihid </td> <td>qəşaŋ, xoşgel </td> <td>xushrui, xagh(<i>fem.</i>) <p>xigh(<i>masc.</i>) </p> </td> <td>zibā/xuš-čehr(e)/xoşgel(ak)/ghashanq/najib </td> <td>hučihr, hužihr </td> <td>hužihr </td> <td>naiba </td> <td>x<sup>v</sup>a<sup>i</sup>ni, sraiia, sr<sup>a</sup>o- </td> <td>ræsughd </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>blood</b></i> </td> <td>goni </td> <td>xwên </td> <td>xwîn, xûn </td> <td>wīna </td> <td>xevn </td> <td>xun </td> <td>hon </td> <td>Xun </td> <td>xun </td> <td>xun </td> <td>xī(n) </td> <td>xun </td> <td>xūn </td> <td>xōn </td> <td>gōxan </td> <td> </td> <td>vohuna, va<sup>ŋ</sup>hutāt̰ </td> <td>tug </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>bread</b></i> </td> <td>nan, non </td> <td>nan </td> <td>nan </td> <td>ḍoḍəi, məṛəi </td> <td>nun </td> <td>nun </td> <td>nān, nagan </td> <td>nön </td> <td>nun </td> <td>nun </td> <td>nu(n) </td> <td>gartha </td> <td>nān </td> <td>nān </td> <td>nān </td> <td> </td> <td>tāiiū<sup>i</sup>r<sup>i</sup>, dr<sup>a</sup>o-naŋh (scared bread) </td> <td>dzul </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>bring</b></i> </td> <td>ardene </td> <td>/anîn, hawerdin, hênan </td> <td>anîn </td> <td>(rā)wṛəl </td> <td>vârden, biyordon </td> <td>varde </td> <td>âurten, yārag, ārag </td> <td>hävərdən, härdən, ävərdən, bərdən </td> <td>biyârden </td> <td>avardən </td> <td>o(v)erden, </td> <td>videu </td> <td>āwurdan, biyār ("(you) bring!") </td> <td>āwurdan, āwāy-, āwar-, bar- </td> <td>āwāy-, āwar-, bar- </td> <td>bara- </td> <td>bara, bar- </td> <td>xæssyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>brother</b></i> </td> <td>bıra </td> <td>bira </td> <td>bira </td> <td>wror </td> <td>bərâr </td> <td>bira, boli </td> <td>brāt, brās </td> <td>bərär, bərâr </td> <td>birâr </td> <td>birar </td> <td>berar </td> <td>værod </td> <td>barādar </td> <td>brād, brâdar </td> <td>brād, brādar </td> <td>brātar </td> <td>brātar- </td> <td>æfsymær </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>come</b></i> </td> <td>ameyene </td> <td>hatin, were, bew (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>hatin, were, </td> <td>rā tləl </td> <td>biyâmiyan </td> <td>ome </td> <td>āhag, āyag, hatin </td> <td>həmän, ämön, hömän </td> <td>biyamona, enen, biyâmuen </td> <td>amarən </td> <td>umae(n) </td> <td>yà </td> <td>āmadan </td> <td>āmadan, awar </td> <td>awar, čām </td> <td>āy-, āgam </td> <td>āgam- </td> <td>cæwyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>cry</b></i> </td> <td>bermayene </td> <td>giryan, girîn, gîristin (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>girîn </td> <td>žəṛəl </td> <td>bərma </td> <td>berame, bame </td> <td>greewag, grehten </td> <td>burmə </td> <td>birme </td> <td>girəstən </td> <td>gerevesen, gereva </td> <td>náu </td> <td>gerīstan/gerīye </td> <td>griy-, bram- </td> <td>barmâdan </td> <td> </td> <td>snuδ, </td> <td>kæwyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>dark</b></i> </td> <td>tari </td> <td>tarî/tarîk </td> <td>tarî </td> <td>skəṇ, skaṇ, tyara </td> <td>ul, gur, târica, târek </td> <td>toki </td> <td>tār </td> <td>zuləmât, tärik </td> <td>tār, siyo, zolamât </td> <td>tariki </td> <td>tārīk </td> <td>torice </td> <td>tārīk, tār </td> <td>tārīg/k </td> <td>tārīg, tārēn </td> <td>tārīk </td> <td>sāmahe, sāma </td> <td>tar </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>daughter</b></i> </td> <td>keyne, çêne/çêneke </td> <td>kîj, kiç, kenîşk, düêt (Pehlewanî), dwêt (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>dot, keç </td> <td>lūr </td> <td>titiye, dətar </td> <td>kinə, kila </td> <td>dohtir, duttag </td> <td>lâku, kör, kijâ (girl) <p>dətər (daughter) </p> </td> <td>kîjâ(girl), deter (daughter) </td> <td>duxtər </td> <td>doxter </td> <td>rezin </td> <td>doxtar </td> <td>duxtar </td> <td>duxt, duxtar </td> <td> </td> <td>duxδar </td> <td>čyzg (<small><a href="/wiki/Iron_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron dialect">Iron</a></small>), kizgæ (<small><a href="/wiki/Digor_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Digor dialect">Digor</a></small>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>day</b></i> </td> <td>roce, roje, roze </td> <td>řoj, rûj (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>roj </td> <td>wrəd͡z (rwəd͡z) </td> <td>revj, ruz </td> <td>ruj </td> <td>roç </td> <td>ruz, ruj </td> <td>ruz, ruj </td> <td>ruz </td> <td>ru </td> <td>ruz </td> <td>rūz </td> <td>rōz </td> <td> </td> <td>raucah- </td> <td>raocah- </td> <td>bon </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>do</b></i> </td> <td>kerdene </td> <td>kirdin </td> <td>kirin </td> <td>kawəl </td> <td>kardan, kordan </td> <td>karde </td> <td>kanag, kurtin </td> <td>gudən, kudən, kördən </td> <td>hâkerden, hâkorden </td> <td>saxtən </td> <td>kerde </td> <td>chideu </td> <td>kardan </td> <td>kardan </td> <td>kartan </td> <td>kạrta- </td> <td>kәrәta- </td> <td>kænyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>door</b></i> </td> <td>ber, keyber, çêber </td> <td>derge/derke, derga, qapî (Kelhorî) </td> <td>derî </td> <td>wər, dərwāza </td> <td>darvâca </td> <td>bə </td> <td>dar, gelo, darwāzag </td> <td>bər </td> <td>dar, loş </td> <td>dər </td> <td>dər, dar </td> <td>dêve </td> <td>dar </td> <td>dar </td> <td>dar, bar </td> <td>duvara- </td> <td>dvara- </td> <td>dwar </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>die</b></i> </td> <td>merdene </td> <td>mirdin </td> <td>mirin </td> <td>mrəl </td> <td>bamarden </td> <td>marde </td> <td>mireg, murten </td> <td>murdən, mərdən </td> <td>bamerden </td> <td>mürdən </td> <td>morde </td> <td>mideu </td> <td>mordan </td> <td>murdan </td> <td> </td> <td>mạriya- </td> <td>mar- </td> <td>mælyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>donkey</b></i> </td> <td>her </td> <td>ker, gwêdirêj, xer (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>ker </td> <td>xər </td> <td>astar, xar </td> <td>hə, hər </td> <td>har, her, kar </td> <td>xər </td> <td>xar </td> <td>xər </td> <td>xər </td> <td>marcabe </td> <td>xar </td> <td>xar </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>kaθβa </td> <td>xæræg </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>eat</b></i> </td> <td>werdene </td> <td>xwardin </td> <td>xwarin </td> <td>xwāṛə, xurāk / xwaṛəl </td> <td>harden </td> <td>harde </td> <td>warag, warâk, wārten </td> <td>xördən, xöndən </td> <td>xerâk / baxârden </td> <td>xardən </td> <td>harde </td> <td>xideu </td> <td>xordan / xurāk </td> <td>parwarz / xwâr, xwardīg </td> <td>parwarz / xwâr </td> <td> </td> <td>hareθra / CE-, at- </td> <td>xærinag </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>egg</b></i> </td> <td>hak, akk </td> <td>hêk/hêlke, tum, xaye (Pehlewanî), xa (Kelhorî) </td> <td>hêk </td> <td>hagəi </td> <td>merqâna, karxâ </td> <td>morqana, uyə </td> <td>heyg, heyk, ā morg </td> <td>murqönə, murqänə </td> <td>merqâne, tîm, balî </td> <td>xaykərg </td> <td>xā'a </td> <td>tarmurx </td> <td>toxm, xāya ("testicle") </td> <td>toxmag, xâyag </td> <td>taoxmag, xâyag </td> <td> </td> <td>t<sup>a</sup>oxma- </td> <td>ajk </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>earth</b></i> </td> <td>erd </td> <td>zemîn, zewî, ʿerz, erd </td> <td>erd, zevî </td> <td>d͡zməka (md͡zəka) </td> <td>zemin </td> <td>zamin </td> <td>zemin, degār </td> <td>zəmi, gəl, bunə </td> <td>zamîn, bene </td> <td>xari </td> <td>zemi </td> <td>zimath </td> <td>zamīn </td> <td>zamīg </td> <td>zamīg </td> <td>zam- </td> <td>zãm, zam, zem </td> <td>zæxx </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>evening</b></i> </td> <td>şan </td> <td>êware, îware (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>êvar, şev </td> <td>māx̌ām (māš̥ām) </td> <td>nomâzyar, nomâšon </td> <td>shav </td> <td>begáh </td> <td>şänsər </td> <td>nemâşun </td> <td>şangum </td> <td>evāra </td> <td>véga </td> <td>begáh </td> <td>ēvārag </td> <td>êbêrag </td> <td> </td> <td>ar<sup>ə</sup>zaŋh </td> <td>izær </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>eye</b></i> </td> <td>çım </td> <td>çaw/çaş </td> <td>çav </td> <td>stərga </td> <td>coš </td> <td>čaş,gelgan </td> <td>cham, chem </td> <td>çum </td> <td>çəş, bəj </td> <td>çüm </td> <td>tīya, çaş </td> <td>çem </td> <td>čashm </td> <td>čašm </td> <td>čašm </td> <td>čaša- </td> <td>čašman- </td> <td>cæst </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>father</b></i> </td> <td>pi, pêr </td> <td>bawk, bab, babe, bawg (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>bav, bab </td> <td>plār </td> <td>piyar, piya, dada </td> <td>piya, lala, po </td> <td>pet, pes </td> <td>pér </td> <td>pîyer, pîyar, per </td> <td>piyər </td> <td>bua </td> <td>tat </td> <td>pedar, bābā </td> <td>pidar </td> <td>pid </td> <td>pitar </td> <td>pitar </td> <td>fyd </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>fear</b></i> </td> <td>ters </td> <td>tirs </td> <td>tirs </td> <td>wēra (yara), bēra </td> <td>târs </td> <td>tars </td> <td>turs, terseg </td> <td>tərs </td> <td>taşe-vaşe, tars </td> <td>tərsi </td> <td>ters </td> <td>hoge </td> <td>tars, harās </td> <td>tars </td> <td>tars </td> <td>tạrsa- </td> <td>tar<sup>e</sup>s- </td> <td>tas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>fiancé</b></i> </td> <td>waşti </td> <td>desgîran,xwşavest </td> <td>dergistî </td> <td>čənghol [masculine], čənghəla [feminine] </td> <td>numzâ </td> <td>nomja </td> <td>nāmzād </td> <td>nömzət </td> <td>numze </td> <td>nükürdə </td> <td> </td> <td>xîsmenz </td> <td>nāmzād </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td> <td>para-dāta (affianced) </td> <td>usag </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>fine</b></i> </td> <td>weş, hewl </td> <td>xoş </td> <td>xweş </td> <td>x̌a (š̥a), səm </td> <td>xojir, xar </td> <td>xoş </td> <td>wash, hosh </td> <td>xujīr, xurum </td> <td>xâr, xeş, xojir </td> <td>xuş, xas, xub </td> <td>xu </td> <td>bashand </td> <td>xoš, xūb, beh </td> <td>dārmag </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>srīra </td> <td>xorz, dzæbæx </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>finger</b></i> </td> <td>engışte/gışte, bêçıke </td> <td>engust, pence,angus, pênce </td> <td>tilî, pêçî </td> <td>gwəta </td> <td>anquš </td> <td>anqiştə </td> <td>changol, mordâneg, lenkutk </td> <td>ənguşt, əngüşt </td> <td>angus </td> <td>əngüşt </td> <td>kelek </td> <td>angiht </td> <td>angošt </td> <td>angust </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>aṇgušta </td> <td>ængwyldz </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>fire</b></i> </td> <td>adır </td> <td>agir/awir, ahir,ayer </td> <td>agir </td> <td>wōr (ōr) </td> <td>taš </td> <td>otaş </td> <td>âch, atesh, âs </td> <td>təş </td> <td>taş </td> <td>ataş </td> <td>taş, gor </td> <td>yoç </td> <td>ātaš, āzar </td> <td>âdur, âtaxsh </td> <td>ādur </td> <td>âç- </td> <td>ātre-/aēsma- </td> <td>art </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>fish</b></i> </td> <td>mase </td> <td>masî </td> <td>masî </td> <td>māyai </td> <td>mâyi </td> <td>moy </td> <td>māhi, māhig </td> <td>mäyi </td> <td>mâhî </td> <td>mahi </td> <td>māhi </td> <td>moie </td> <td>māhi </td> <td>māhig </td> <td>māsyāg </td> <td> </td> <td>masya </td> <td>kæsag </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>go</b></i> </td> <td>şiayene </td> <td>çûn, řoştin, řoyiştin, çün (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>çûn </td> <td>tləl </td> <td>šiyen, bišiyan </td> <td>şe </td> <td>shoten </td> <td>şön </td> <td>şunen / burden </td> <td>raftən </td> <td>ro </td> <td>sà, tideu </td> <td>ro/şo </td> <td>şow/row </td> <td>ay- </td> <td>ai- </td> <td>ay-, fra-vaz </td> <td>cæwyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>God</b></i> </td> <td>Homa/Huma/Oma </td> <td>Yezdan, Xwedê, Xuda, Xodê, Xwa(y) </td> <td>Xwedê, Xweda, Xudê </td> <td>Xwədāi </td> <td>Xədâ </td> <td>Xıdo </td> <td>Xoda, Hwdâ </td> <td>Xuda </td> <td>Xedâ </td> <td>Xuda </td> <td>xodā </td> <td>Xuthoi </td> <td>Xodā, Izad, Yazdān, Baq </td> <td>Xudā/Yazdān </td> <td> </td> <td>baga- </td> <td>baya- </td> <td>xwycaw </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>good</b></i> </td> <td>hewl, rınd, weş </td> <td>baş, çak, xas </td> <td>baş, rind </td> <td>x̌ə (š̥ə) </td> <td>xâr, xojir </td> <td>çok </td> <td>zabr, sharr, jowain </td> <td>xujīr, xurum </td> <td>xâr, xeş, xojir </td> <td>xub, xas </td> <td>xu </td> <td>bashand </td> <td>xub, nīkū, beh </td> <td>xūb, nêkog, beh </td> <td> </td> <td>vahu- </td> <td>vohu, vaŋhu- </td> <td>xorz </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>grass</b></i> </td> <td>vaş </td> <td>giya/gya </td> <td>giya, çêre </td> <td>wāx̌ə (wāš̥ə) </td> <td>vâš </td> <td>alaf </td> <td>rem, sabzag </td> <td>vâş </td> <td>vâş </td> <td>güyo </td> <td>sozi, çame </td> <td>woh </td> <td>sabzeh, giyāh </td> <td>giyâ </td> <td>giya </td> <td>viş </td> <td>urvarā </td> <td>kærdæg </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>great</b></i> </td> <td>gırd/gırs, pil </td> <td>gewre,mezin </td> <td>mezin, gir </td> <td>lōy, stər </td> <td>pilla </td> <td>yol, yal, vaz, dıjd </td> <td>mastar, mazan,tuh </td> <td>pilâ, pillə, pille, gət </td> <td>gat, pilla </td> <td>kələ </td> <td>gap </td> <td>wazmin </td> <td>bozorg </td> <td>wuzurg, pīl, yal </td> <td> </td> <td>vazraka- </td> <td>mazaṇt̰, masita, stūi </td> <td>styr </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>hand</b></i> </td> <td>dest </td> <td>dest, des </td> <td>dest </td> <td>lās </td> <td>bâl </td> <td>dast </td> <td>dast </td> <td>dəs, bâl </td> <td>das, bāl </td> <td>dəs </td> <td>das </td> <td>thust </td> <td>dast </td> <td>dast </td> <td>dast </td> <td>dasta- </td> <td>zasta- </td> <td>k'ux / arm </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>head</b></i> </td> <td>ser </td> <td>ser </td> <td>ser </td> <td>sər </td> <td>kalla </td> <td>sə, sər </td> <td>sar, sarag, saghar </td> <td>kəlle, sər </td> <td>kalle, sar </td> <td>sər </td> <td>sar </td> <td>cile, cale </td> <td>sar </td> <td>sar </td> <td> </td> <td>kalli </td> <td>sairi </td> <td>sær </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>heart</b></i> </td> <td>zerri/zerre </td> <td>dil/dił/dir(Erbil)/zil </td> <td>dil </td> <td>zṛə </td> <td>dəl </td> <td>dıl </td> <td>dil, hatyr </td> <td>dīl, dəl, qlf </td> <td>del, zel, zil </td> <td>dül </td> <td>del </td> <td>dile, zorth </td> <td>del </td> <td>dil </td> <td>dil </td> <td> </td> <td>zaraŋh, zarəδiia, aηhuš </td> <td>zærdæ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>horse</b></i> </td> <td>estor/ostor/astor </td> <td>asp/hesp/esp, hês(t)ir </td> <td>hesp </td> <td>ās [male], aspa [female] </td> <td>asb, astar </td> <td>asp </td> <td>asp </td> <td>əsb, əsp </td> <td>asp, as </td> <td>əs </td> <td>asb </td> <td>vorge </td> <td>asb </td> <td>asp, stōr </td> <td>asp, stōr </td> <td>aspa </td> <td>aspa- </td> <td>bæx </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>house</b></i> </td> <td>key/çê </td> <td>mał, xanû, xanig, ghat </td> <td>xanî, mal </td> <td>kor </td> <td>kiya </td> <td>ka </td> <td>ges, dawâr, log </td> <td>sərə, xöne </td> <td>sere, kime, xene </td> <td>xunə </td> <td>huna </td> <td>chide </td> <td>xāne </td> <td>xânag </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>demāna-, nmāna- </td> <td>xædzar </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>hungry</b></i> </td> <td>vêşan/veyşan </td> <td>birsî, wirsî (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>birçî, birsî (behdînî) </td> <td>lweǵai (lweẓ̌ai) </td> <td>vašnâ, vešir, gesnâ </td> <td>vahşian </td> <td>shudig, shud </td> <td>vəşnä, viştâ </td> <td>veşnâ, veşnâsâr </td> <td>gisnə </td> <td>gosna </td> <td>maghzönch </td> <td>gorosne, goşne </td> <td>gursag, shuy </td> <td>veşnâg </td> <td> </td> <td>ṣ̌uδ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>language</b></i> (also <i><b>tongue</b></i>) </td> <td>zıwan, zon, zuan, zuon, juan, jüan </td> <td>ziman, zuwan </td> <td>ziman </td> <td>žəba </td> <td>zobun, zəvân </td> <td>zivon </td> <td>zewān, zobān </td> <td>zəvön, zuvön, zuvän </td> <td>zivun, zebun, tok </td> <td>zuhun </td> <td>zevu </td> <td>zive </td> <td>zabān </td> <td>zuwān </td> <td>izβān </td> <td>hazâna- </td> <td>hizvā-, zafana (mouth) </td> <td>ævzag </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>laugh</b></i> </td> <td>huyayene </td> <td>kenîn/pêkenîn, kenîn,xende,xene </td> <td>kenîn </td> <td>xandəl/xənda </td> <td>xurəsen, xandastan </td> <td>sıre </td> <td>hendag, xandag </td> <td>purxə, xənde/ xəndəsən </td> <td>rîk, baxendesten, xanne </td> <td>xəndə </td> <td>xana </td> <td>shinteu </td> <td>xande </td> <td>xande, xand </td> <td> </td> <td>karta </td> <td>Syaoθnāvareza- </td> <td>xudyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>life</b></i> </td> <td>cuye, weşiye </td> <td>jiyan, jîn </td> <td>jiyan </td> <td>žwəndūn, žwənd </td> <td>zindәgi </td> <td>jimon </td> <td>zendegih, zind </td> <td>zīndəgī, zīvəş </td> <td>zindegî, jan </td> <td>həyat </td> <td>zeŋei </td> <td>zindage, umre </td> <td>zendegi, jan </td> <td>zīndagīh, zīwišnīh </td> <td>žīwahr, žīw- </td> <td> </td> <td>gaēm, gaya- </td> <td>card </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>man</b></i> </td> <td>mêrdek, camêrd/cüamêrd </td> <td>mêrd, pîyaw, cuwamêr </td> <td>mêr, camêr </td> <td>səṛay, mēṛə </td> <td>mardak, miarda </td> <td>merd </td> <td>merd </td> <td>mərd, mərdönə </td> <td>mardî </td> <td>mərd </td> <td>piyā </td> <td>chorice, mardina </td> <td>mard </td> <td>mard </td> <td>mard </td> <td>martiya- </td> <td>mašīm, mašya </td> <td>adæjmag </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>moon</b></i> </td> <td>aşme, menge (for month) </td> <td>mang, heyv </td> <td>meh, heyv </td> <td>spūǵməi (spōẓ̌məi) </td> <td>mâng </td> <td>mang, owşum </td> <td>máh </td> <td>mâng, məng </td> <td>ma, munek, mong, rojâ </td> <td>ma </td> <td>māh </td> <td>mêst </td> <td>mâh, mâng, mânk </td> <td>māh </td> <td>māh </td> <td>mâh- </td> <td>måŋha- </td> <td>mæj </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>mother</b></i> </td> <td>may, mar </td> <td>dayik, dayig </td> <td>dayik, dê </td> <td>mōr </td> <td>mâr, mâya, nana </td> <td>moa, ma, ina </td> <td>mât, mâs </td> <td>mâr, mär </td> <td>mâr, nenâ </td> <td>may </td> <td>dā(ya), dāle(ka) </td> <td>nan </td> <td>mâdar </td> <td>mâdar </td> <td>dayek </td> <td>mâtar </td> <td>mātar- </td> <td>mad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>mouth</b></i> </td> <td>fek </td> <td>dem </td> <td>dev </td> <td>xūla (xʷəla) </td> <td>duxun, dâ:ân </td> <td>gəv </td> <td>dap </td> <td>dəhən </td> <td>dâhun, lâmîze, loşe </td> <td>duhun </td> <td>dam </td> <td>gêve </td> <td>dahân </td> <td>dahân, rumb </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>zafan, zafarə, åŋhānō, åñh </td> <td>dzyx </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>name</b></i> </td> <td>name </td> <td>naw, nêw </td> <td>nav </td> <td>nūm </td> <td>num </td> <td>nom </td> <td>nâm </td> <td>nöm </td> <td>num </td> <td>num </td> <td>num </td> <td>nöme </td> <td>nâm </td> <td>nâm </td> <td> </td> <td>nâman </td> <td>nãman </td> <td>nom </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>night</b></i> </td> <td>şew </td> <td>şew </td> <td>şev </td> <td>špa </td> <td>šö, šav </td> <td>şav </td> <td>šap, shaw </td> <td>şö, şöv, şəb </td> <td>şow, şu </td> <td>şöü </td> <td>şo </td> <td>hab </td> <td>shab </td> <td>shab </td> <td> </td> <td>xšap- </td> <td>xšap-, naxti </td> <td>æxsæv </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>open (v)</b></i> </td> <td>akerdene </td> <td>kirdinewe, wazkirdin (Kelhorî) </td> <td>vekirin </td> <td>prānistəl </td> <td>vâz-kardan </td> <td>okarde </td> <td>pāch, pabozag </td> <td>vlätən, väzän, vâ-gudən </td> <td>vâ-hekârden </td> <td>vakardən </td> <td>vākerde(n) </td> <td>ët chideu </td> <td>bâz-kardan, va-kardan </td> <td>abâz-kardan, višādag </td> <td> </td> <td>būxtaka- </td> <td>būxta- </td> <td>gom kænyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>peace</b></i> </td> <td>haşti/aşti </td> <td>aştî, aramî </td> <td>aştî, aramî </td> <td>rōɣa, t͡sōkāləi </td> <td>dinj </td> <td>aşiş </td> <td>ârâm </td> <td>əşt </td> <td>âştî, esket </td> <td>salaməti, dinci </td> <td>āş(t)i </td> <td>salöm </td> <td>âshti, ârâmeš, ârâmî, sâzish </td> <td>âštih, râmīšn </td> <td>râm, râmīšn </td> <td>šiyâti- </td> <td>rāma- </td> <td>fidyddzinad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>pig</b></i> </td> <td>xoz/xonz, xınzır </td> <td>beraz,goraz </td> <td>beraz </td> <td>soḍər, xənd͡zir (Arabic), xug </td> <td>xu, xuyi, xug </td> <td>xug </td> <td>khug, huk </td> <td>xuk </td> <td>xî </td> <td>xug </td> <td>xuk </td> <td>xug </td> <td>xūk </td> <td>xūk </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>hū, varāza (boar) </td> <td>xwy </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>place</b></i> </td> <td>ca </td> <td>cê(cêga), ga, şwên, şwîn (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>cih, geh </td> <td>d͡zāi </td> <td>yâga </td> <td>vira </td> <td>ja, jaygah, hend </td> <td>jâ, jigâ, jigə </td> <td>jâ, gâ, kolâ </td> <td>cigə, cə </td> <td>jā </td> <td>joi </td> <td>jâh/gâh </td> <td>gâh </td> <td>gâh </td> <td>gâθu- </td> <td>gātu-, gātav- </td> <td>ran </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>read</b></i> </td> <td>wendene </td> <td>xwendin/xwêndin, xwenistin </td> <td>xwendin </td> <td>lwastəl, kōtəl </td> <td>baxânden </td> <td>hande, xwande </td> <td>wánag, wānten </td> <td>xöndən, xönəsən </td> <td>baxenden, baxundesten </td> <td>xundən </td> <td>vane(n) </td> <td>heideu </td> <td>xândan </td> <td>xwândan </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>pa<sup>i</sup>t<sup>i</sup>-pǝrǝs </td> <td>kæsyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>say</b></i> </td> <td>vatene </td> <td>gutin, witin </td> <td>gotin </td> <td>wayəl </td> <td>vâten, baguten </td> <td>vote </td> <td>gushag, guashten </td> <td>gutən, guftən </td> <td>baowten, boten, bagoten </td> <td>guftirən, gaf saxtən </td> <td>gute(n) </td> <td>lövdeu </td> <td>goftan, gap(-zadan) </td> <td>guftan, gōw-, wâxtan </td> <td>gōw- </td> <td>gaub- </td> <td>vac, mrū- </td> <td>dzuryn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>sister</b></i> </td> <td>waye </td> <td>xweh, xweşk, xoşk, xuşk, xoyşk </td> <td>xwîşk </td> <td>xōr (xʷōr) </td> <td>xâke, xâv, xâxor, xuâr </td> <td>hova </td> <td>gwhâr </td> <td>xâxur, xâxər </td> <td>xâxer, xâxor, xoar </td> <td>xuvar </td> <td>xuar </td> <td>yàx, yàxbìç </td> <td>xâhar/xwâhar </td> <td>xwahar </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>x<sup>v</sup>a<sup>ŋ</sup>har- </td> <td>xo </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>small</b></i> </td> <td>qıc/qıyt, wırd/werdi </td> <td>giçke, qicik, hûr, biçûk, büçik (Kelhorî) </td> <td>biçûk, hûr, qicik </td> <td>kūčnay, waṛ(ū)kay </td> <td>qijel, ruk </td> <td>hırd </td> <td>gwand, hurd </td> <td>kuçhī, kujī, kuştə </td> <td>peçik, biçuk, xerd </td> <td>küçük, küşkin, kişgələ, kəm </td> <td>koçek </td> <td>zulice </td> <td>kuchak, kam, xurd, rîz </td> <td>kam, rangas </td> <td>kam </td> <td>kamna- </td> <td>kasu, kamna- </td> <td>chysyl </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>son</b></i> </td> <td>lac, laj </td> <td>law/kuř </td> <td>kur, law, pis </td> <td>d͡zoy (zoy) </td> <td>pur, zâ </td> <td>zoə, zurə </td> <td>possag, baç </td> <td>vəçə, rikə, pəsər, rəy </td> <td>peser/rîkâ </td> <td>kuk </td> <td>kor </td> <td>puç </td> <td>pesar, pur </td> <td>pur, pusar </td> <td>puhr </td> <td>puça </td> <td>pūθra- </td> <td>fyrt </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>soul</b></i> </td> <td>roh, gan </td> <td>can, giyan, rewan, revan </td> <td>reh, can </td> <td>sā </td> <td>rəvân </td> <td>con </td> <td>rawân </td> <td>ruh, jön </td> <td>ro, jân </td> <td>can </td> <td> </td> <td>jöne </td> <td>ravân, jân </td> <td>rūwân, jyân </td> <td>rūwân, jyân </td> <td> </td> <td>urvan- </td> <td>ud </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>spring</b></i> </td> <td>wesar/usar </td> <td>behar, wehar </td> <td>bihar, behar </td> <td>spərlay </td> <td>vâ:âr </td> <td>əvəsor, bahar </td> <td>bārgāh </td> <td>vəhâr, bâhâr </td> <td>vehâr, behâr </td> <td>vasal </td> <td>behār, vehār </td> <td>bahor </td> <td>bahâr </td> <td>wahâr </td> <td> </td> <td>vâhara- </td> <td>va<sup>ŋ</sup>har </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>tall</b></i> </td> <td>berz </td> <td>bilind/berz </td> <td>bilind/berz </td> <td>lwəṛ, ǰəg </td> <td>pilla </td> <td>barz, bılınd </td> <td>borz, bwrz </td> <td>burz, bələnd </td> <td>belen, belend </td> <td>bülünd </td> <td>beleŋ </td> <td>beland </td> <td>boland / bârz </td> <td>buland, borz </td> <td>bârež </td> <td> </td> <td>bərəzaṇt̰ </td> <td>bærzond </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ten</b></i> </td> <td>des </td> <td>deh/de </td> <td>deh </td> <td>ləs </td> <td>da </td> <td>da </td> <td>dah </td> <td>dä </td> <td>da, datâ </td> <td>də </td> <td>da </td> <td>thiste </td> <td>dah </td> <td>dah </td> <td> </td> <td>datha </td> <td>dasa </td> <td>dæs </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>three</b></i> </td> <td>hirê/hiri </td> <td>sê </td> <td>sê </td> <td>drē </td> <td>so, se </td> <td>se, he </td> <td>sey </td> <td>su, sə </td> <td>se, setâ </td> <td>sə </td> <td>se </td> <td>arai </td> <td>se </td> <td>sê </td> <td>hrē </td> <td>çi- </td> <td>θri- </td> <td>ærtæ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>village</b></i> </td> <td>dewe </td> <td>gund, dêhat, dê, awayî </td> <td>gund </td> <td>kəlay </td> <td>döh, da </td> <td>di </td> <td>dehāt, helk, kallag, dê </td> <td>mällə, məhällə, kəläyə </td> <td>dih, male, kolâ </td> <td>di </td> <td>de </td> <td>qishloq </td> <td>deh, wis </td> <td>wiž </td> <td>dahyu- </td> <td>vîs-, dahyu- </td> <td>vîs </td> <td>qæw </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>want</b></i> </td> <td>waştene </td> <td>xwastin, wîstin, twastin (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>xwestin </td> <td>ɣ(ʷ)ux̌təl </td> <td>begovastan, jovastan </td> <td>piye </td> <td>loath, loteten </td> <td>xäsən, xästən </td> <td>bexâsten, bexâsti </td> <td>xastən, vayistən </td> <td>hāse </td> <td>forteu </td> <td>xâstan </td> <td>xwâstan </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ūna, a<sup>i</sup>ništi </td> <td>fændyn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>water</b></i> </td> <td>awe/awk, owe, ou </td> <td>aw </td> <td>av </td> <td>obə/ūbə </td> <td>âv, ö </td> <td>ov, wat(orandian dialect) </td> <td>âp </td> <td>ow, âv </td> <td>ow, ou ,u </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ow </td> <td>haç </td> <td>âb </td> <td>âb/aw </td> <td>aw </td> <td>âpi </td> <td>avō- </td> <td>don </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>when</b></i> </td> <td>key </td> <td>key, kengî(Hewlêrî) </td> <td>kengê, kîngê </td> <td>kəla </td> <td>key </td> <td>keyna </td> <td>kadi, ked </td> <td>kén, kəy </td> <td>ke, kemin, geder </td> <td>key, çüvəxti </td> <td>ke </td> <td>çavaxt </td> <td>key </td> <td>kay </td> <td>ka </td> <td> </td> <td>cim- </td> <td>kæd </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>wind</b></i> </td> <td>va </td> <td>ba, wa (Pehlewanî) </td> <td>ba </td> <td>siləi </td> <td>vâ </td> <td>vo </td> <td>gwáth </td> <td>vâ </td> <td>vâ </td> <td>var </td> <td>bād </td> <td>huz </td> <td>bâd </td> <td>wâd </td> <td>wa </td> <td> </td> <td>vāta- </td> <td>dymgæ / wad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>wolf</b></i> </td> <td>verg </td> <td>gurg, </td> <td>gur </td> <td>lewə, šarmux̌ (šarmuš̥) </td> <td>varg </td> <td>varg </td> <td>gurk </td> <td>vərg </td> <td>verg, verk </td> <td>gürg </td> <td>gorg </td> <td>urge/urj </td> <td>gorg </td> <td>gurg </td> <td> </td> <td>varka- </td> <td>vehrka </td> <td>birægh </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>woman</b></i> </td> <td>cıni/ceni </td> <td>jin, afret, zindage,gyian </td> <td>jin </td> <td>x̌əd͡za (š̥əd͡za) </td> <td>zeyniye, zenak </td> <td>jen, jiyan </td> <td>jan, jinik </td> <td>zən, zənək, zunönə </td> <td>zenā </td> <td>zən </td> <td>zena </td> <td>ghenice/ghinice, caxoi </td> <td>zan </td> <td>zan </td> <td>žan </td> <td> </td> <td>gǝnā, γnā, ǰa<sup>i</sup>ni-, </td> <td>sylgojmag / us </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>year</b></i> </td> <td>serre </td> <td>sal/sał </td> <td>sal </td> <td>kāl </td> <td>sâl </td> <td>sor, sal </td> <td>sâl </td> <td>sâl </td> <td>sâl </td> <td>sal </td> <td>sāl </td> <td>sol </td> <td>sâl </td> <td>sâl </td> <td> </td> <td>θard </td> <td>ýāre, sar<sup>ә</sup>d </td> <td>az </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>yes / no</b></i> </td> <td>ya, heya, ê / nê, ney, ni </td> <td>bełê, a, erê / ne, nexêr </td> <td>erê, belê, a / na </td> <td>Hao, ao, wō / na, ya </td> <td>ahan / na </td> <td>ha / ne, na </td> <td>ere, hān / na </td> <td>əhâ/nä, nâ </td> <td>are, ehe / nâ, no </td> <td>həri, hə / nə </td> <td>a, ā / na </td> <td>ön / nai, nå </td> <td>baleh, ârē, hā / na, née </td> <td>ōhāy / ne </td> <td>hâ / ney </td> <td>yâ / nay, mâ </td> <td>yā / noit, mā </td> <td>o / næ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>yesterday</b></i> </td> <td>vızêr </td> <td>dwênê, dwêke </td> <td>duho </td> <td>parūn </td> <td>azira, zira, diru </td> <td>zir, zinə </td> <td>zí </td> <td>dîru </td> <td>dîruz, aruz </td> <td>deydi </td> <td>diru </td> <td>biyor </td> <td>diruz </td> <td>dêrûž </td> <td> </td> <td>diya(ka) </td> <td>zyō </td> <td>znon </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talyshi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mazandarani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandarani language">Mazandarani</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> </th> <th>Shugni </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Avesta, the <i>airiia-</i> are members of the ethnic group of the Avesta-reciters themselves, in contradistinction to the <i>anairiia-</i> (the "<a href="/wiki/Aneran" title="Aneran">non-Arya</a>"). The word also appears four times in Old Persian: One is in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>, where <i>ariya-</i> is the name of a language (DB 4.89). The other three instances occur in <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>'s inscription at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a> (DNa 14–15), in Darius I's inscription at Susa (DSe 13–14), and in the inscription of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> (XPh 12–13). In these, the two Achaemenid dynasties describe themselves as <i>pārsa pārsahyā puça ariya ariyaciça</i> "a Persian, son of a Persian, an Ariya, of Ariya origin."—The phrase with <i>ciça</i> ("origin, descendance") assures that <i>ariya</i> is an ethnic name wider in meaning than <i>pārsa</i> and not a simple adjectival epithet.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_Arya_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_Arya-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In modern and colloquial context, the term "Indic" refers more generally to the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, thus also including non-Aryan languages like <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a>. See e.g. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsVerma2007" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Mike; Verma, Mahendra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-british-isles/indic-languages/8343FABC094E91986DBD68A492FFEA1B">"Indic languages"</a>. In Britain, David (ed.). <i>Language in the British Isles</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 293–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79488-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79488-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indic+languages&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=293-307&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79488-6&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Verma%2C+Mahendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Flanguage-in-the-british-isles%2Findic-languages%2F8343FABC094E91986DBD68A492FFEA1B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BechertBernini1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BechertBernini1990_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_BechertGiuliano_BerniniClaude_Buridant1990" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Bechert; Giuliano Bernini; Claude Buridant (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BemPapPEBYAC"><i>Toward a Typology of European Languages</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012108-7"><bdi>978-3-11-012108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Typology+of+European+Languages&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012108-7&rft.au=Johannes+Bechert&rft.au=Giuliano+Bernini&rft.au=Claude+Buridant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBemPapPEBYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windfuhr1979-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr1979_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernot_Windfuhr1979" class="citation book cs1">Gernot Windfuhr (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0g8n9mmnjKgC"><i>Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7774-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7774-8"><bdi>978-90-279-7774-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Grammar%3A+History+and+State+of+Its+Study&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7774-8&rft.au=Gernot+Windfuhr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0g8n9mmnjKgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/iranian">"Ethnologue report for Iranian"</a>. Ethnologue.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Iranian&rft.pub=Ethnologue.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Firanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIL_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IR">"Report for Iranian languages"</a>. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i> (Fifteenth ed.). Dallas: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Report+for+Iranian+languages&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DIR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wind-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wind_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780700711314/"><i>The Iranian languages</i></a>. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+languages&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780700711314%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKenzie-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacKenzie, David Niel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313095654/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah">"Ērān, Ērānšahr"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah">the original</a> on 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%92r%C4%81n%2C+%C4%92r%C4%81n%C5%A1ahr&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=David+Niel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feran-eransah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitt_Aryans1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_Aryans1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_Aryans1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1987" class="citation cs2">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans">"Aryans"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aryans&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=vol.+2&rft.pages=684-687&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Faryans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laroche. 1957. Proto-Iranian <i>*arya-</i> descends from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ar-yo-</span></span></i>, a <i>yo-</i>adjective to a root <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ar</span></span> "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek <i>harma</i> "chariot", Greek <i>aristos</i>, (as in "<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>"), Latin <i>ars</i> "art", etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_Arya-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_Arya_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_Arya_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">Bailey, Harold Walter</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194904/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet">"Arya"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 681–683. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arya&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=681-683&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Harold+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farya-an-ethnic-epithet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skjærvø_2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skjærvø_2006_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSkjærvø2006">Skjærvø 2006</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Perry1998" class="citation journal cs1">John R. Perry (Summer–Autumn 1998). "A Review of the 'Encyclopaedia Iranica'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (3/4): 517–525.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+%27Encyclopaedia+Iranica%27&rft.chron=summer%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=517-525&rft.date=1998&rft.au=John+R.+Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lassen, Christian. 1936. Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis. Entzifferung des Alphabets und Erklärung des Inhalts. Bonn: Weber. S. 182.<br />This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Wilhelm Geiger</a> in his <i>Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie</i> (1895). <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Spiegel" title="Friedrich von Spiegel">Friedrich von Spiegel</a> (1859), <i>Avesta</i>, Engelmann (p. vii) used the spelling <i>Eranian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cust, Robert Needham. 1878. <i>A sketch of the modern languages of the East Indies.</i> London: Trübner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a>. 1989. <i>History of northern areas of Pakistan.</i> Historical studies (Pakistan) series. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.<br />"We distinguish between the Aryan languages of Iran, or Irano-Aryan, and the Aryan languages of India, or Indo-Aryan. For the sake of brevity, Iranian is commonly used instead of Irano-Aryan".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Lazard" title="Gilbert Lazard">Lazard, Gilbert</a>. 1977. <i>Preface</i> in: Oranskij, Iosif M. <i>Les langues iraniennes.</i> Traduit par Joyce Blau.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitt, Rüdiger. 1994. <i>Sprachzeugnisse alt- und mitteliranischer Sprachen in Afghanistan</i> in: <i>Indogermanica et Caucasica. Festschrift für Karl Horst Schmidt zum 65. Geburtstag.</i> Bielmeier, Robert und Reinhard Stempel (Hrg.). De Gruyter. S. 168–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lazard, Gilbert. 1998. Actancy. Empirical approaches to language typology. Mouton de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-015670-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-015670-9">3-11-015670-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015670-6">978-3-11-015670-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eastern-iranian-languages">Encyclopaedia Iranica: EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES. By Nicholas Sims-Williams</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> (2001): Autochthonous Aryans? The evidence from Old Indian and Iranian texts. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7(3): 1–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland G. Kent: "Old Persion: Grammar Texts Lexicon". Part I, Chapter I: The Linguistic Setting of Old Persian. American Oriental Society, 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-IL-vi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSkjærvø2006">Skjærvø 2006</a>) vi(2). Documentation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Sims-Williams, Iranica, under entry: Eastern Iranian languages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot (2009). "Dialectology and Topics". <i>The Iranian Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 18–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialectology+and+Topics&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Languages&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Boyce. 1975. <i>A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinskiMielczarek2002" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). <i>The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 39. <q>(..) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatians%2C+600+BC-AD+450&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Mielczarek%2C+Mariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. <q>(..) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Atkinson_(historian)" title="Dorothy Atkinson (historian)">Atkinson, Dorothy</a>; et al. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninrussia0000unse/page/3"><i>Women in Russia</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninrussia0000unse/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804709101" title="Special:BookSources/9780804709101"><bdi>9780804709101</bdi></a>. <q>(..) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Russia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780804709101&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninrussia0000unse%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slovene_Studies-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slovene_Studies_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Slovene Studies</i>. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. <q>(..) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovene+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Society+for+Slovene+Studies&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailey,_H._W." class="mw-redirect" title="Bailey, H. W.">Bailey, H. W.</a> (1979). <i>Dictionary of Khotan Saka</i>. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14250-2">978-0-521-14250-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Rüdiger, ed. (1989). <i>Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum</i> (in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88226-413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88226-413-5"><bdi>978-3-88226-413-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+Linguarum+Iranicarum&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-88226-413-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996). "Iranian languages". <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 238–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pages=238-245&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran">"Iran"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frye, Richard N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"Peoples of Iran"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peoples+of+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vii1-non-iranian-languages-overview-">"Cases in Iranian languages and dialects"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 5. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 25–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cases+in+Iranian+languages+and+dialects&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pages=25-37&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-vii1-non-iranian-languages-overview-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lazard, Gilbert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">"Dari"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dari&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning1954" class="citation journal cs1">Henning, Walter B. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Azari/henningazari/henningazari.htm">"The Ancient language of Azarbaijan"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 157–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1954.tb00282.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1954.tb00282.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+language+of+Azarbaijan&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-177&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1954.tb00282.x&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azargoshnasp.net%2Flanguages%2FAzari%2Fhenningazari%2Fhenningazari.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2001" class="citation web cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041009124244/http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html">"The Iranian Language Family"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html">the original</a> on 2004-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Language+Family&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranologie.com%2Fhistory%2Filf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjærvø2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts">"Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+vi.+Iranian+languages+and+scripts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6rv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelshad2010" class="citation book cs1">Delshad, Farshid (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-3610/Diss.pdf"><i>Georgica et Irano-Semitica</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars_Poetica_(series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ars Poetica (series) (page does not exist)">Ars Poetica</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Wissenschaftsverlag_DWV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutscher Wissenschaftsverlag DWV (page does not exist)">Deutscher Wissenschaftsverlag DWV</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86888-004-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86888-004-5"><bdi>978-3-86888-004-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgica+et+Irano-Semitica&rft.series=Ars+Poetica&rft.pub=Deutscher+Wissenschaftsverlag+DWV&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-86888-004-5&rft.aulast=Delshad&rft.aufirst=Farshid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.db-thueringen.de%2Fservlets%2FDerivateServlet%2FDerivate-3610%2FDiss.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). <i>The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+world&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929668-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Toroghdar, Zia (2018). "From Astara to Fuman: Comparison words from dialects of different languages Talysh and Tatic". <i>Farhang-e Ilia</i>. pp. 38–172.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sokolova, V. S. "New information on the phonetics of Iranic languages." Trudy Instituta jazykoznanija NN SSR (Moskva) 1 (1952): 178–192.</li> <li>Jügel, Thomas. "Word-order variation in Middle Iranic: Persian, Parthian, Bactrian, and Sogdian." Word order variation: Semitic, Turkic, and Indo-European languages in contact, Studia Typologica [STTYP] 31 (2022): 39–62.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Joachim_Kümmel" class="citation web cs1">Martin Joachim Kümmel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801207.us.archive.org/15/items/dokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east/dokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east.pdf">"Areal developments in the history of Iranic: West vs. East"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Indo-European linguistics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Areal+developments+in+the+history+of+Iranic%3A+West+vs.+East&rft.pub=Department+of+Indo-European+linguistics%2C+University+of+Jena&rft.au=Martin+Joachim+K%C3%BCmmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia801207.us.archive.org%2F15%2Fitems%2Fdokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east%2Fdokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123210035/http://www.iranianlinguistics.org/">Society for Iranian Linguistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=node/153">Kurdish and other Iranic Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian-efl-journal.com">Iranian EFL Journal</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122021909/http://www.iranian-efl-journal.com/">Archived</a> 2019-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bues.ru/iranskie_yaziki/">Iranian language tree</a> in Russian, identical with above classification.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/aveol">Old Iranian Online</a> by Scott L. Harvey and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tocharian A</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Old_Iranian">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_Iranian_languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#New_Iranian_languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a></i> <ul><li><i>Alanian</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_peoples" title="Template talk:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baloch_tribes" title="List of Baloch tribes">Baloch tribes</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_people" title="Bashkardi people">Bashkardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar" title="Dehwar">Dehwaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_people" title="Kumzari people">Kumzaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiaris</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shehni" title="Shehni">Shehnis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Feyli_Lurs" title="Feyli Lurs">Feyli Lurs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hadavand_tribe" title="Hadavand tribe">Hadavand</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hasanvand" title="Hasanvand">Hasanvand</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lurs" title="Southern Lurs">Southern Lurs</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_(tribe)" title="Mamasani (tribe)">Mamasanis</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazanderanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jaszs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Chinese Tajiks</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Badzhui_people" title="Badzhui people">Badzhuis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Oroshoris" title="Oroshoris">Oroshoris</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha–Munji</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Arab-Persians" title="Arab-Persians">Arab-Persians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basseri" title="Basseri">Basseries</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sistani_Persians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistani Persians">Sistanis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_people" title="Semnani people">Semnanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talyshs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">'Ajam of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iranians in the United Arab Emirates">Iranians in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Qatar" title="Iranians in Qatar">Iranians in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihuh" title="Shihuh">Shihuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranian peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_language" title="Template:Persian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_language" title="Template talk:Persian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#History" title="Persian language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <small>(c. 3000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 2000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 1500 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <small>(c. 525 – 300 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <small>(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> <small>(from 800)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Varieties" title="Persian language">Dialects and varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat (<i>Juhuri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_vocabulary" title="Persian vocabulary">Vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_nouns" title="Persian nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian grammar</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanized Persian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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