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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #000000; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#000000"><b><a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit"><font color="white">The divine comedy</font></a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Creationism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F2F2F2;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><img alt="Icon creationism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/100px-Icon_creationism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/150px-Icon_creationism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/200px-Icon_creationism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b>Running gags</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Creation scientists</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation"><font color="white">Jokes aside</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Pg_extinction_event" title="K-Pg extinction event">K-Pg extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><font color="white">Blooper reel</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_hole_cosmology" title="White hole cosmology">White hole cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_essentialism" title="Species essentialism">Species essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IslamicAwakening.com" title="IslamicAwakening.com">IslamicAwakening.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="创造论">创造论</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism"><font color="white">Evolutionism</font></a> <font color="white">debunkers</font></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Porter" title="Janet Porter">Janet Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crenav" title="Template:Crenav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crenav" title="Template talk:Crenav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Crenav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>It would <i>have</i> to mean that <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">the designer of this plan was <i>unbelievably</i> lazy and inept, or <i>unbelievably</i> callous. <i>And</i> cruel. <i>And</i> indifferent. <i>And</i> capricious.</a> And <i>that</i> is the case with <i>every</i> argument for design, and <i>every </i>argument for <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">intervention</a>, that has <a href="/wiki/PRATT" class="mw-redirect" title="PRATT"><i>ever</i> been made</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">what by necessity follows from all arguments from design</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>argument from design</b>, also known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleological</a> argument</b>, is an argument for the existence of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> (or life-engineering <a href="/wiki/Didit_fallacy#Aliensdidit" title="Didit fallacy">aliens</a>) that may be summarized as follows: When I see a complex object such as a watch, I know it has been designed: therefore, when I see a complex object such as a tiger, I <i>should infer</i> that it has been designed. This act of comparing two objects and drawing similar conclusions based on similarities (while ignoring important differences) is a prime example of a <a href="/wiki/False_analogy" title="False analogy">false analogy</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Paley"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Paley</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Swinburne"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Swinburne</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Creationism"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Creationism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Irreducible_complexity"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Irreducible complexity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Argument_from_fine_tuning"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Argument from fine tuning</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Argument_from_beauty"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Argument from beauty</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Problems_with_the_above"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Problems with the above</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Paley.27s_argument_and_the_march_of_science"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Paley's argument and the march of science</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Objectivity"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Objectivity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Aesop_on_the_argument_from_design"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Aesop on the argument from design</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Occam.27s_Razor"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Occam's Razor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Lack_of_perfection"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Lack of perfection</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Backwards_causation.3F"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Backwards causation?</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Corollary"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Corollary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Paley">Paley</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paley">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>In crossing a heath, suppose I pitched my foot against a stone, and were asked how the stone came to be there; I might possibly answer, that, for anything I knew to the contrary, it had lain there forever: nor would it perhaps be very easy to show the absurdity of this answer. But suppose I had found a watch upon the ground, and it should be inquired how the watch happened to be in that place; I should hardly think of the answer I had before given, that for anything I knew, the watch might have always been there. ... There must have existed, at some time, and at some place or other, an artificer or artificers, who formed [the watch] for the purpose which we find it actually to answer; who comprehended its construction, and designed its use. ... Every indication of contrivance, every manifestation of design, which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature; with the difference, on the side of nature, of being greater or more, and that in a degree which exceeds all computation.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—William Paley<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is commonplace to associate the argument from design with William Paley, so much so that it is often referred to as "Paley's argument" or "Paley's watch". However, the argument is not original with him: by the time he wrote his version, the argument had been advanced by the naturalist and clergyman John Ray, and by William Derham, Fellow of the Royal Society and author of <i>The Artificial Clockmaker</i>, both of whom got their argument from Cicero; the argument from design had also been discussed critically by David Hume in his <i>Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</i>. </p><p>It is equally an error to charge Paley with <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> on this count: he was writing about an opinion so widely known in his time that it was not necessary for him to disclaim originality; and it is not his fault that subsequent generations have tended to give him the credit for the argument. Indeed the argument from design dates back at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> among Christians, and as mentioned earlier pagans like Cicero had made it long before him too. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Swinburne">Swinburne</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Swinburne">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" class="extiw" title="wp:Richard Swinburne" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne's</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> argument may be more properly termed an "argument from order", but relies on the same premises as an argument from design. Swinburne writes: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Now there are two reasons why human beings produce order. One is aesthetic—beauty comes in the patterns of things, such as dances and songs. Some sort of order is a necessary condition of phenomena having beauty; complete chaos is just ugly—although of course not any order is beautiful. The second reason why a human being produces order is that when there is order he or other rational agents can perceive that order and utilize it to achieve ends. <b>If we see that there is a certain pattern of order in phenomena we can then justifiably predict that that order will continue, and that enables us to make predictions about the future on which we can rely.</b> A librarian puts books in an alphabetical order of authors in order that he and users of the library who come to know that the order is there may subsequently be able to find any book in the library very quickly (because, given knowledge of the order, we can predict whereabouts in the library any given book will be). </p><p><b>God has similar reasons for producing an orderly, as opposed to a chaotic universe. In so far as some sort of order is a necessary condition of beauty, and it is a good thing—as it surely is—that the world be beautiful rather than ugly, God has reason for creating an orderly universe.</b> Secondly, I shall argue in Chapter 10 that it is good that God should make finite creatures with the opportunity to grow in knowledge and power. Now if creatures are going consciously to extend their control of the world, they will need to know how to do so. There will need to be some procedures which they can find out, such that if they follow those procedures, certain events will occur. This entails the existence of temporal order. There can only be such procedures if the world is orderly, and, I should add, there can only be such procedures ascertainable by men if the order of the world is such as to be discernible by men. </p><p>To take a simple example, if hitting things leads to them breaking or penetrating other things, and heating things leads to them melting, men can discover these regularities and utilize them to make artifacts such as houses, tables, and chairs. They can heat iron ore to melt it to make nails, hammers, and axes, and use the latter to break wood into the right shapes to hammer together with nails to make the artifacts. Or, if light and other electro-magnetic radiation behave in predictable ways comprehensible by men, men can discover those ways and build telescopes and radio and television receivers and transmitters. <b>A world must evince the temporal order exhibited by laws of nature if men are to be able to extrapolate from how things have behaved in the past, to how they will behave in the future, which extrapolation is necessary if men are to have the knowledge of how things will behave in the future, which they must have in order to be able to extend their control over the world.</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Swinburne's argument relies on God wanting humans to exist as humans exist now, with the ability to conduct science. There's no reason given for this. It's entirely possible that God wanted another entity to exist, and humans are just an unfortunate byproduct; given how little of the universe is habitable to humans, this appears much more probable. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Creationism">Creationism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creationism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Then I start thinking — wait, the ‘big bang’. For a ‘big bang’ to create all this is more wild to think about than thinking about there being a God. Imagine putting a bunch of gold into a box, shaking up the box, and out comes a Rolex. It’s so preposterous once people start saying it.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—noted <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology">cosmologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Bieber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justin Bieber (page does not exist)">Justin Bieber</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The argument from design was quickly adopted by <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationists</a> as part of their arsenal to toss out during a <a href="/wiki/Gish_Gallop" title="Gish Gallop">Gish Gallop</a> but it has found its true home with the <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> movement. ID's whole argument is one giant argument from design (and incredulity); its core claims such as <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">irreducible complexity</a> are nothing more than Paley recast in modern genetics. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Most people who use an argument from design will simply assume that, because something <i>looks</i> designed, it is. There are some more developed forms of the argument, however: </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Irreducible_complexity">Irreducible complexity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irreducible complexity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a></div> <p>Irreducible complexity argues that there are some things which are so complicated that they could not have evolved or randomly occurred, and therefore a creator <i>must</i> exist. No mathematical or scientific definitions of irreducible complexity have yet been offered, and all examples have been found to have entirely natural explanations. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Argument_from_fine_tuning">Argument from fine tuning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Argument from fine tuning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a></div> <p>The argument from fine tuning asserts that the possibility of life coming into existence is so incredibly low that an intervening actor must have caused it, ignoring the evolutionary nature of life and the hostility of the universe. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Argument_from_beauty">Argument from beauty</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Argument from beauty">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a></div> <p>The argument from beauty asserts that the world is so beautiful that it could not have been caused by chance, ignoring the evolutionary origins of beauty. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Problems_with_the_above">Problems with the above</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Problems with the above">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span id="Paley's_argument_and_the_march_of_science"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Paley.27s_argument_and_the_march_of_science">Paley's argument and the march of science</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paley's argument and the march of science">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Now that <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">the courts have protected Americans</a> (at least for the moment) from <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">the inculcation of compulsory "creationist" stupidity in the classroom</a>, we can echo that other great Victorian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" class="extiw" title="wp:Thomas Babington Macaulay" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Thomas_Babington_Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and say that "every schoolchild knows" that Paley had put his creaking, leaking cart in front of his wheezing and broken-down old horse. Fish do not have fins because they need them for the water, any more than birds are equipped with wings so that they can meet the dictionary definition of an "avian." (Apart from anything else, there are too many flightless species of birds.) It is exactly the other way about: <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">a process of adaptation and selection</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Christopher Hitchens, <i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The argument from design, used as an argument for the existence of a creator, may have been useful to <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism"> theists</a> in Paley's day, but is utterly futile in the hands of modern creationists. </p><p>Paley and other theists argued that the appearance of design shows the existence of a designer, addressing his arguments to people who knew of only one cause for the appearance of design, namely a designer. </p><p>The creationist, on the other hand, argues that the appearance of design shows the existence of a designer, addressing his arguments to people who know of two possible causes for the appearance of design, namely: the existence of a designer, and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> by random mutation and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. </p><p>Take the particular example given by Paley of the resemblance between the eye and a telescope, for example. It is no use arguing that the eye resembles a telescope and so must have been specially designed for that purpose when talking to someone who understands the evolution of the eye. </p><p>To draw a parallel, people used to know about fire as a source of heat and light, but not about nuclear fusion as a cause of these same two effects: and so in those days people quite sensibly based their reasoning on the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> was a fire, since it resembled one. We might call this the Argument from Fire. But it would be foolish for someone living today to say: "We know that fire produces heat and light: therefore the Sun is on fire: therefore the Sun is not powered by nuclear fusion." </p><p>Not only has <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> moved on since Paley's day - so has design. It is now commonplace among engineers, computer scientists, and mathematicians not to design complex structures, but rather to hand the problem over to a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> which simulates the processes of reproduction, mutation, and selection to produce a design fit for a given task. Paley in his day could point to a man-made object such as a telescope, and say "It is complex, so it had a designer". Today, even looking at an object we know to be man-made, we cannot make that inference. To resume the parallel with nuclear fusion, the creationists' use of the Argument from Design is like continuing to use the Argument from Fire - even after nuclear fusion has been produced artificially in the laboratory. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Objectivity">Objectivity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Objectivity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_(Melanchthon%27s_Watch)_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg/300px-German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg/450px-German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg/600px-German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1282" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_(Melanchthon%27s_Watch)_-_Walters_5817_-_View_E.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/List_of_transitional_forms" title="List of transitional forms">Transitional</a> "turnip" form</div></div></div> <p>Argument from design also fails on another level: it assumes that evidence of design is an <a href="/wiki/Scientific_objectivity" title="Scientific objectivity">objective</a> quality obvious to all viewers. In reality, the ability to discern design is largely a function of familiarity and cultural context. Paley's "watchmaker" analogy presupposes that anyone finding a complex man-made object would immediately conclude that it was designed; however, there have been cases where observers from cultures unfamiliar with such objects have concluded that they were natural, such as flint tools found in Europe during the 17<sup>th</sup> century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Not to mention the multitude of phenomena we now know are natural, but which in the past were explained through <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> or benevolent creation, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" class="extiw" title="wp:Giant's Causeway" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, the rock upon which the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaiktiyo_Pagoda" class="extiw" title="wp:Kyaiktiyo Pagoda" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kyaiktiyo Pagoda">Kyaiktiyo Pagoda</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> has been built, or the numerous legends explaining how various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_erratic" class="extiw" title="wp:Glacial erratic" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Glacial erratic">glacial erratics</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> ended up in their current positions. </p><p>To illustrate: when you walk through the woods and see a watch, you recognize it as designed not because of its complexity or by contrasting it with the surrounding nature, but because you have seen other watches and all of those watches have, to your knowledge, been engineered by people. It is also clearly not safe to judge whether or not an object is designed purely by its complexity. A perfectly smooth perfect sphere is an extremely simple shape. However, if you found a perfectly smooth perfectly spherical wooden ball in the woods, you would recognize it as most likely not having arisen naturally, but rather having been carved and sanded into that shape. </p><p>The watchmaker analogy, when used in combination with comparison to nature, also fails in that it is <a href="/wiki/Self-refuting_idea" title="Self-refuting idea">self-refuting</a>. If you recognize that a watch is designed because it is more complex than nature, but then you recognize that nature must be designed because it is actually much more complex than a watch, you then have a contradiction (is the watch more complex than nature or nature more complex than a watch?). In the case where you don't recognize a watch is complex by comparing it to nature but rather you know that watches are designed, you have an argument that is really nothing more than a set of unjustified assertions (A is complex, A is designed, B is more complex than A, therefore B is designed). How exactly do we define "complexity"? Is "complexity" really a good indicator of something being designed? Is it possible for a simple system to naturally become more "complex" over time? </p><p>Humans also tend to assume deliberate agency is involved in many situations where it is not - this evidences a survival technique: the extra cost of assuming many non-sentient things in the world might actually be sentient and plotting to harm you can outweigh the cost of death should you incorrectly not make that assumption even once. This manifests today when people are afraid of "bumps in the night", or, more humorously, when people yell at their computers for failure to function as they wish. </p><p>The analogy also fails due to being extremely reductive; a watch does not <i>just</i> imply a watchmaker, instead being the culmination of many generations of craftspeople and inventors working in a great many fields (gears, smelting, springs, time-keeping, mathematics, measurement, machine tools...), the watch simply being the final link (to date) in a chain or a web of uninterrupted, progressively different devices - each adapted to specific demands (<a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">sound familiar?</a>). Indeed, if the same logic is used but the device found is scaled up to the point no single human could hope to build such a device in one lifetime (say, an aircraft carrier) one would have to conclude <i>within</i> the analogy that the machine was the result of divine creation, since clearly no single mortal creator could have made it. This would presumably make it the work of <i>double God</i>. </p><p>Most design arguments mangle real technology in a similar way: for example, a modern steel mill could be demonstrated to be the work of a divine being because parts of the mill are made from steel, but making steel requires a steel mill. The creationist argument would be that the mill must have been created by a God who could pull steel from the netherverse, and this would obviously be a much better explanation than there being some earlier and more primitive method of steel-making that did not require steel parts, because they said so. </p><p>Put all that back into a Paley-style counter-analogy: a watch results from one or more generations of artificers chanting the <a href="/wiki/Magick" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick">magick</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spell_(paranormal)" class="extiw" title="wp:Spell (paranormal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Spell (paranormal)">formula</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>: "Let there be a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sundial" class="extiw" title="wp:sundial" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: sundial">sundial</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Aesop_on_the_argument_from_design">Aesop on the argument from design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aesop on the argument from design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Even assuming that the quality of design is objective and obvious to all viewers, a third weakness in the argument from design is the premise that the life-forms that exist have some degree of "perfection" only attainable if they were designed. There is a fable from Aesop illustrating the dubiousness of this notion. </p><p>The fable was set at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman religion">Greek pantheon</a> were busy about the work of creation. Zeus had made the first man, Poseidon the first bull, and Athena the first house. They could not agree as to which of these creations were the best, so they called in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momus" class="extiw" title="wp:Momus" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Momus">Momus</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> the literal god of <a href="/wiki/Snark" class="mw-redirect" title="Snark">snark</a>, as a judge. Momus made the following judgments: </p> <ul><li>Zeus's man was not good, because his heart had not been placed outside his body to allow others to read his evil intents.</li> <li>Poseidon's bull was not good, because its horns had not been set below its eyes so it could see where to strike.</li> <li>Athena's house was not good, because it was not a mobile home and could not be moved away from disagreeable neighbors.</li></ul> <p>Creationists would probably be inclined to do what Zeus did just then: remove Momus's right to judge and kick him out. </p> <h3><span id="Occam's_Razor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Occam.27s_Razor">Occam's Razor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Occam's Razor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> writes: </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>But of course any God capable of intelligently designing something as complex as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>/protein <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction">replicating machine</a> must have been at least as complex and organized as the machine itself. Far more so if we suppose him additionally capable of such advanced functions as listening to <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> and forgiving <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a>. To explain the origin of the DNA/protein machine by invoking a <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> Designer is to explain precisely nothing, for it leaves unexplained the origin of the Designer. You have to say something like "God was always there", and if you allow yourself that kind of lazy way out, you might as well just say "DNA was always there", or "Life was always there", and be done with it.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>To say that that the undoubtedly complex Designer doesn't need to be designed is to invalidate the very premise of the argument (it makes use of the fallacy of <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">Special pleading</a>, in other words): that complex things must have designer(s). If one can imagine something complex that doesn't have to have been designed, as proponents of this argument would believe, then who's to say that anything complex needs to have a designer? If taken in tandem with the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause#Kal.C4.81m_version" title="Argument from first cause">Kalām argument</a>, we have something complex that didn't need to have been designed because it didn't begin to exist (the Designer). However, since the Kalām argument is invalid, it does nothing to further the case for a Designer, so this argument must be taken on its own--and it doesn't hold up to rigorous analysis. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lack_of_perfection">Lack of perfection</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lack of perfection">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>An allegory: two carbon dioxide molecules are exhaled out of a person. They look back [...] and marvel at this amazing creation that was created specifically for the purpose of breathing out carbon dioxide.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—/u/MetaBotch<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another argument against design is the lack of perfection which we see in living things. If each one was designed by a perfect god then we would expect each one to be a perfect example of whatever it was. We would expect human vision to be well designed. What we would not expect to find would be life showing evidence of evolution such as vestigial organs. </p><p>Nevertheless, when we look closely, we find imperfect evolved designs and not perfectly created or ones which show evidence of divine tinkering. (For example, what are male nipples for - if they were designed by a wise God, and aren’t just an accidental byproduct of blind evolution, they must have a purpose?) </p> <h3><span id="Backwards_causation?"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Backwards_causation.3F">Backwards causation?</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Backwards causation?">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>An additional problem with the teleological argument can arise from a <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a> concerning things like early human tools. If we come across a spear, which is in its simplest form a rigid shaft with some sort of point at the end, or a hammer, which is in its simplest form some sort of weight, perhaps fixed to a handle, or a flint knife, which is in its simplest form a sharp edge with varying degrees of curvature, the likelihood that the argument inverts the causal chain becomes apparent. Spears and knives broadly resemble the teeth and claws of the animals, predator or prey, that primitive humans would have encountered and struggled with. Hammers are analogous to large fists, accounting for the fact that stone is both more replaceable and less vulnerable than human hands attempting to exert blunt force in pursuit of the same objective. The tendency to incorporate principles like this into the design of our own tools, in recognition of the benefits that large canines or claws or reinforced fists might provide, speaks only to a human capacity for synthetic judgment based on our experience of the world - we don't have large canines or claws, and our fists have serious limitations, but we can emulate these features and gain many of the benefits they provide. It also speaks to the recognition in that synthetic judgment of humans' actually being able to use said tools - that a spear, knife or hammer fits the human hand well only reflects that it was designed by human users for human use. Nature is not so ergonomic - we have to modify sticks and rocks from their natural shapes to be able to use them effectively. The argument from design thus fundamentally imputes to the universe <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">exactly the same processes</a> of synthetic judgment <a href="/wiki/SPAG" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAG">that we make ourselves</a>, making it an egregious sort of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anthropomorphism" class="extiw" title="wp:anthropomorphism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Corollary">Corollary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Corollary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ol><li>Beaver dams may appear to exhibit design.</li> <li>The design of beaver dams implies a designer.</li> <li>Ergo, the designer/<a href="/wiki/Creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator">Creator</a>-God is a beaver.</li></ol> <p>(Detection of flawed logic left as an exercise for the reader.) </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcAq9bmCeR0">Evolution IS a Blind Watchmaker</a> (or, watch a clock evolve)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esgs.free.fr/uk/log51.htm">Argument from Design</a>, ESGS</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_design&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-ZUXyGWvJY&feature=player_detailpage#t=51">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-ZUXyGWvJY&feature=player_detailpage#t=51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Natural Theology (1802)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Swinburne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csus.edu/indiv/m/mccormickm/SwinburneArgumentFromDesign.htm">The Argument From Design</a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0199271682">The Existence of God</a>, ISBN 9780199271689</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2015/oct/01/justin-bieber-debunks-big-bang-theory">http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2015/oct/01/justin-bieber-debunks-big-bang-theory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 78-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew R. Goodrum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/goodrum/thunderstones.pdf">Questioning Thunderstones and Arrowheads: The Problem of Recognizing and Interpreting Stone Artifacts in the Seventeenth Century,</a> <i>Early Science and Medicine</i> 13 (2008) 482-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Genesis#Genesis_1:3-14" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Genesis">Genesis 1:3-14</a> - "And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. [...] Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons [...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/atheism/comments/3zhr00/theists_engage_my_atheism_at_work_accidentally/">https://www.reddit.com/r/atheism/comments/3zhr00/theists_engage_my_atheism_at_work_accidentally/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="creationism-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#000000; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crebox" title="Template:Crebox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crebox" title="Template talk:Crebox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Crebox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism"><span id="creationism-navbox" style="color:white">creationism</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_creationism" title="Category:Types of creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Types of creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Progressive_creation" title="Progressive creation">Progressive creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_creationism" title="Hare Krishna creationism">Hare Krishna creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Category:Evidence against a recent creation"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Evidence against a recent creation:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Creationism_and_social_history" title="Creationism and social history">Creationism and social history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">Starlight problem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> • <a href="/wiki/K-Pg_extinction_event" title="K-Pg extinction event">K-Pg extinction event</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timeline" title="Geologic timeline">Geologic timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" title="Fossil record">Fossil record</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_transitional_forms" title="List of transitional forms">List of transitional forms</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_Origin_hypothesis" title="Recent African Origin hypothesis">Recent African Origin hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bird_evolution" title="Bird evolution">Bird evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" title="History of the Earth">History of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" title="Age of the Earth">Age of the Earth</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationist_claims" title="Category:Creationist claims"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationist claims:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Do_you_want_to_be_descended_from_a_monkey%3F" title="Do you want to be descended from a monkey?">Do you want to be descended from a monkey?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_religion" title="Evolution and religion">Evolution and religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_morality" title="Evolution and morality">Evolution and morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">C-decay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter_argument" title="Peanut butter argument">Peanut butter argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_was_wrong_before" title="Science was wrong before">Science was wrong before</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_doesn%27t_know_everything" title="Science doesn't know everything">Science doesn't know everything</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_plate_tectonics" title="Catastrophic plate tectonics">Catastrophic plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydroplate_theory" title="Hydroplate theory">Hydroplate theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creationist_mathematics" title="Creationist mathematics">Creationist mathematics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_argument" title="Bumblebee argument">Bumblebee argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/101_evidences_for_a_young_age_of_the_Earth_and_the_universe" title="101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe">101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_conspiracy" title="Evolution conspiracy">Evolution conspiracy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_the_Moon" title="Recession of the Moon">Recession of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dust" title="Lunar dust">Lunar dust</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_radioactivity" title="Lunar radioactivity">Lunar radioactivity</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_hole_cosmology" title="White hole cosmology">White hole cosmology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galactocentricity" title="Galactocentricity">Galactocentricity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Historical_and_operational_science" title="Historical and operational science">Historical and operational science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_inconsistency_of_arithmetic" title="Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic">Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_creationist_claims" title="List of creationist claims">List of creationist claims</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/De-evolution" title="De-evolution">De-evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">Microevolution and macroevolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/In_the_Beginning:_Compelling_Evidence_for_Creation_and_the_Flood" title="In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood">In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Borel%27s_Law" title="Borel's Law">Borel's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_denialism" title="Dinosaur denialism">Dinosaur denialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_flood" title="Category:Global flood"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Global flood:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_sorting_by_the_global_flood" title="Fossil sorting by the global flood">Fossil sorting by the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydroplate_theory" title="Hydroplate theory">Hydroplate theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah_(film)" title="Noah (film)">Noah (film)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Didit_fallacy" title="Didit fallacy">Didit fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:God%27s_Love" title="Fun:God's Love">God's Love</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parasites_during_the_global_flood" title="Parasites during the global flood">Parasites during the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Life_and_the_global_flood" title="Life and the global flood">Life and the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood_chronology" title="Global flood chronology">Global flood chronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_design_creationism" title="Category:Intelligent design creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Intelligent design creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability_of_creationism" title="Falsifiability of creationism">Falsifiability of creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cdesign_proponentsists" title="Cdesign proponentsists">Cdesign proponentsists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Wonders_of_Creation_Reveal_God%27s_Glory" title="The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory">The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biological_Information:_New_Perspectives" title="Biological Information: New Perspectives">Biological Information: New Perspectives</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seeking_God_in_Science:_An_Atheist_Defends_Intelligent_Design" title="Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design">Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_A._Davison" title="John A. Davison">John A. Davison</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_Under_the_Microscope:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_the_Theory_of_Evolution" title="Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution">Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Darwin:_A_Vedic_Study_of_Darwinism_and_Intelligent_Design" title="Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design">Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Cosmos:_Why_the_Materialist_Neo-Darwinian_Conception_of_Nature_Is_Almost_Certainly_False" title="Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False">Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False</a> • <a href="/wiki/Providence_Lost:_A_Critique_of_Darwinism" title="Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism">Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Darwin_Myth:_The_Life_and_Lies_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin">The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Life%27s_Origin:_Reassessing_Current_Theories" title="The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories">The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Human_Nature:_A_Zen_Buddhist_Looks_at_Evolution" title="The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution">The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwinism_Under_The_Microscope:_How_Recent_Scientific_Evidence_Points_To_Divine_Design" title="Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design">Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Darwinism" title="The End of Darwinism">The End of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ask_Darwinists" title="Ask Darwinists">Ask Darwinists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polonium_halos" title="Polonium halos">Polonium halos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Filter" title="Explanatory Filter">Explanatory Filter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_asexually-reproducing_plants" title="Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants">Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moody_Institute_of_Science" title="Moody Institute of Science">Moody Institute of Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_nerve" title="Laryngeal nerve">Laryngeal nerve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suboptimal_design" title="Suboptimal design">Suboptimal design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Evolution:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_Neo-Darwinism" title="Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism">Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_Leader%27s_Guide" title="Expelled: Leader's Guide">Expelled: Leader's Guide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banana_argument" title="Banana argument">Banana argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vault-Co" title="Vault-Co">Vault-Co</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_alternatives" title="Category:Intelligent alternatives"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">"Intelligent" alternatives:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scientific_storkism" title="Scientific storkism">Scientific storkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pastafarianism" title="Pastafarianism">Pastafarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Scientific_Geoterrapinism" title="Fun:Scientific Geoterrapinism">Scientific Geoterrapinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Teach_the_controversy" title="Category:Teach the controversy"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Teach the controversy:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Santorum_Amendment" title="Santorum Amendment">Santorum Amendment</a> • <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_Bill_1227" title="Missouri House Bill 1227">Missouri House Bill 1227</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate_Bill_89" title="Indiana Senate Bill 89">Indiana Senate Bill 89</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Louisiana Academic Freedom Act">Louisiana Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_monkey_bill" title="Tennessee monkey bill">Tennessee monkey bill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" title="School vouchers">School vouchers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Science" title="Truth in Science">Truth in Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/McLean_v._Arkansas_Board_of_Education" title="McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education">McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationists" title="Category:Creationists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stein" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Setterfield" title="Barry Setterfield">Barry Setterfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/B.H._Shadduck" title="B.H. Shadduck">B.H. Shadduck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wright" title="Wendy Wright">Wendy Wright</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieland" title="Carl Wieland">Carl Wieland</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Ankerberg" title="John Ankerberg">John Ankerberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cuozzo" title="Jack Cuozzo">Jack Cuozzo</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russ_Miller" title="Russ Miller">Russ Miller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brother_Stair" title="Brother Stair">Brother Stair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nelson" title="Paul Nelson">Paul Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Nienhuis" title="James Nienhuis">James Nienhuis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Art_Robinson" title="Art Robinson">Art Robinson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_O%27Reilly" title="Alan O'Reilly">Alan O'Reilly</a> • <a href="/wiki/PPSIMMONS" title="PPSIMMONS">PPSIMMONS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wagner" title="Charlie Wagner">Charlie Wagner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Spencer" title="Roy Spencer">Roy Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Booker" title="Christopher Booker">Christopher Booker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Minichiello_Williams" title="Andrea Minichiello Williams">Andrea Minichiello Williams</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bethell" title="Tom Bethell">Tom Bethell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Monton" title="Bradley Monton">Bradley Monton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Langan" title="Christopher Langan">Christopher Langan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kent" title="Richard Kent">Richard Kent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ljiljana_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Ljiljana Čolić">Ljiljana Čolić</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abuz_Zubair" title="Abuz Zubair">Abuz Zubair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scott_Huse" title="Scott Huse">Scott Huse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Arrington" title="Barry Arrington">Barry Arrington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grant_Jeffrey" title="Grant Jeffrey">Grant Jeffrey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Janet_Porter" title="Janet Porter">Janet Porter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clifford" title="Alan Clifford">Alan Clifford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wise" title="Kurt Wise">Kurt Wise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKilliam" title="Kenneth McKilliam">Kenneth McKilliam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradlee_Dean" title="Bradlee Dean">Bradlee Dean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross" title="Hugh Ross">Hugh Ross</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Simmons" title="Geoffrey Simmons">Geoffrey Simmons</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Le_Fanu" title="James Le Fanu">James Le Fanu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Nevin" title="Norman Nevin">Norman Nevin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Johnston" title="Shaun Johnston">Shaun Johnston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Issac_Bourne" title="Issac Bourne">Issac Bourne</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Sanford" title="John C. Sanford">John C. Sanford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fazale_Rana" title="Fazale Rana">Fazale Rana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wiker" title="Benjamin Wiker">Benjamin Wiker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dower" title="Hugh Dower">Hugh Dower</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Spetner" title="Lee Spetner">Lee Spetner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ludwig" title="Mark Ludwig">Mark Ludwig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hayward" title="Alan Hayward">Alan Hayward</a> • <a href="/wiki/Werner_Gitt" title="Werner Gitt">Werner Gitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Fix" title="William Fix">William Fix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Giertych" title="Maciej Giertych">Maciej Giertych</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Landon" title="John C. Landon">John C. Landon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cargill" title="Barbara Cargill">Barbara Cargill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snow" title="Philip Snow">Philip Snow</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jopp" title="Ken Jopp">Ken Jopp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipler" title="Frank Tipler">Frank Tipler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Nelson" title="Richard William Nelson">Richard William Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Friel" title="Todd Friel">Todd Friel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sorensen" title="Bob Sorensen">Bob Sorensen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Windchy" title="Eugene Windchy">Eugene Windchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berit_Kjos" title="Berit Kjos">Berit Kjos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_McLuhan" title="Robert McLuhan">Robert McLuhan</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_C._Deutsch" title="George C. Deutsch">George C. Deutsch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_McKitrick" title="Ross McKitrick">Ross McKitrick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Neiman" title="Daniel Neiman">Daniel Neiman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyatt" title="Ron Wyatt">Ron Wyatt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Allen" title="Desmond Paul Allen">Desmond Paul Allen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wile" title="Jay Wile">Jay Wile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Juby" title="Ian Juby">Ian Juby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Peake" title="Anthony Peake">Anthony Peake</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ball" title="Tim Ball">Tim Ball</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Feiz_Muhammad" title="Sheik Feiz Muhammad">Sheik Feiz Muhammad</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cremo" title="Michael Cremo">Michael Cremo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Milloy" title="Steve Milloy">Steve Milloy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christine_O%27Donnell" title="Christine O'Donnell">Christine O'Donnell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bara" title="Mike Bara">Mike Bara</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins">John Hawkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Carter" title="Chris Carter">Chris Carter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Pratt" title="Larry Pratt">Larry Pratt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dutko" title="Bob Dutko">Bob Dutko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller" title="Steve Fuller">Steve Fuller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denyse_O%27Leary" title="Denyse O'Leary">Denyse O'Leary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Babu_G._Ranganathan" title="Babu G. Ranganathan">Babu G. Ranganathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Baugh" title="Carl Baugh">Carl Baugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Humans_Are_Free" title="Humans Are Free">Humans Are Free</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Bruner" title="Mary Lou Bruner">Mary Lou Bruner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Educate-yourself.org" title="Educate-yourself.org">Educate-yourself.org</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Andrew Schlafly</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> • <a href="/wiki/VenomFangX" title="VenomFangX">VenomFangX</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Akin" title="Todd Akin">Todd Akin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">Paul Broun</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Manning" title="James Manning">James Manning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shockofgod" title="Shockofgod">Shockofgod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brad_Stine" title="Brad Stine">Brad Stine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_Axe" title="Josh Axe">Josh Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Dembski" title="William Dembski">William Dembski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presents_Of_God_Ministry" title="Presents Of God Ministry">Presents Of God Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allister" title="Jim Allister">Jim Allister</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whale.to" title="Whale.to">Whale.to</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Otto" title="Jonathan Otto">Jonathan Otto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Becky_Fischer" title="Becky Fischer">Becky Fischer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wilcock" title="David Wilcock">David Wilcock</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Jerry Falwell Sr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dice" title="Mark Dice">Mark Dice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Don_McLeroy" title="Don McLeroy">Don McLeroy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fallin" title="Mary Fallin">Mary Fallin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Vigilant_Christian" title="The Vigilant Christian">The Vigilant Christian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a> • <a href="/wiki/WND" title="WND">WND</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">Media Research Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._L._Wysong" title="R. L. Wysong">R. L. Wysong</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Anderson" title="Steven Anderson">Steven Anderson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Abrera" title="Bernard d'Abrera">Bernard d'Abrera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tawhidi" title="Mohammad Tawhidi">Mohammad Tawhidi</a> • <a href="/wiki/CJ_Pearson" title="CJ Pearson">CJ Pearson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christian_Apologetics_and_Research_Ministry" title="Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry">Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones_(slovensky)" title="Alex Jones (slovensky)">Alex Jones (slovensky)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Charlie Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Owen_Benjamin" title="Owen Benjamin">Owen Benjamin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Steven Crowder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr." title="Jerry Falwell Jr.">Jerry Falwell Jr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Holden" title="Ted Holden">Ted Holden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kate_Tieje" title="Kate Tieje">Kate Tieje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Denton" title="Michael Denton">Michael Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Independent_Fundamentalist_Baptist_Movement" title="New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement">New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Birdsong" title="Gary Birdsong">Gary Birdsong</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canada_Free_Press" title="Canada Free Press">Canada Free Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Miroljub_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Miroljub Petrović">Miroljub Petrović</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Colson" title="Chuck Colson">Chuck Colson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Jones" title="Stephen E. Jones">Stephen E. Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._W._Jackson" title="E. W. Jackson">E. W. Jackson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Stitt" title="Kevin Stitt">Kevin Stitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zachary_K._Hubbard" title="Zachary K. Hubbard">Zachary K. Hubbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> • <a href="/wiki/Butch_Hartman" title="Butch Hartman">Butch Hartman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Feuerstein" title="Joshua Feuerstein">Joshua Feuerstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Christopher Rufo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sweden" title="Peter Sweden">Peter Sweden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mission:_America" title="Mission: America">Mission: America</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Brandon Tatum</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fundie_schools" title="Category:Fundie schools"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Fundie schools:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bryan_College" title="Bryan College">Bryan College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Bible_University" title="Patriot Bible University">Patriot Bible University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundie_school" title="Fundie school">Fundie school</a> • <a href="/wiki/College_Credit_for_Creationism" title="College Credit for Creationism">College Credit for Creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Master%27s_University" title="The Master's University">The Master's University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boston_Baptist_College" title="Boston Baptist College">Boston Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pacific_University" title="Columbia Pacific University">Columbia Pacific University</a> • <a href="/wiki/TRACS" title="TRACS">TRACS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_University" title="Cornerstone University">Cornerstone University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Christian_College" title="Pensacola Christian College">Pensacola Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyles-Anderson_College" title="Hyles-Anderson College">Hyles-Anderson College</a> • <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Los_Angeles" title="University of South Los Angeles">University of South Los Angeles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Theological_Seminary" title="Cambridge Theological Seminary">Cambridge Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haven_University" title="Haven University">Haven University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Baptist_University_and_Seminary" title="Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary">Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Eden_School_of_Natural_Health" title="New Eden School of Natural Health">New Eden School of Natural Health</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Central_University" title="Georgia Central University">Georgia Central University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Theological_Seminary" title="Andersonville Theological Seminary">Andersonville Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Baptist_College" title="Ambassador Baptist College">Ambassador Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Illegal_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Illegal schools in the United Kingdom">Illegal schools in the United Kingdom</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Discovery_Institute" title="Category:Discovery Institute"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Discovery Institute:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Of_Pandas_and_People" title="Of Pandas and People">Of Pandas and People</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Text_of_The_Wedge_Strategy" title="Text of The Wedge Strategy">Text of The Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explore_Evolution" title="Explore Evolution">Explore Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Berlinski" title="David Berlinski">David Berlinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biologic_Institute" title="Biologic Institute">Biologic Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wells" title="Jonathan Wells">Jonathan Wells</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Egnor" title="Michael Egnor">Michael Egnor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Axe" title="Douglas Axe">Douglas Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Day" title="Academic Freedom Day">Academic Freedom Day</a> • <a href="/wiki/Casey_Luskin" title="Casey Luskin">Casey Luskin</a> • <a href="/wiki/What_is_intelligent_design%3F" title="What is intelligent design?">What is intelligent design?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behe:_The_Edge_of_Evolution,_Interview" title="Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview">Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Human_Origins" title="Science and Human Origins">Science and Human Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Project_Steve" title="Project Steve">Project Steve</a> • <a href="/wiki/BIO-Complexity" title="BIO-Complexity">BIO-Complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Texas_Board_of_Education" title="Texas Board of Education">Texas Board of Education</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weikart" title="Richard Weikart">Richard Weikart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" title="Human exceptionalism">Human exceptionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Predictions" title="Darwin's Predictions">Darwin's Predictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Meyer" title="Stephen Meyer">Stephen Meyer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson" title="Howard Ahmanson">Howard Ahmanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Mulder" title="Melvin Mulder">Melvin Mulder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Complex_Specified_Information" title="Complex Specified Information">Complex Specified Information</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Michael Behe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Johnson" title="Phillip Johnson">Phillip Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Brind" title="Joel Brind">Joel Brind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-materialist_neuroscience" title="Non-materialist neuroscience">Non-materialist neuroscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_in_Genesis" title="Category:Answers in Genesis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers in Genesis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis_Dawkins_interview_controversy" title="Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy">Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bodie_Hodge" title="Bodie Hodge">Bodie Hodge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Affirmations_and_Denials_Essential_to_a_Consistent_Christian_(Biblical)_Worldview" title="Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview">Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis-Creation_Ministries_International%27s_Statement_of_Faith" title="Answers in Genesis-Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith">Answers in Genesis-Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_Outline_Their_Global_Religious_Agenda" title="Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda">Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda</a> • <a href="/wiki/12_Arguments_Evolutionists_Should_Avoid" title="12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid">12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ark_Encounter" title="Ark Encounter">Ark Encounter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Museum" title="Creation Museum">Creation Museum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye_debates_Ken_Ham" title="Bill Nye debates Ken Ham">Bill Nye debates Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ham_Hightail" title="Ham Hightail">Ham Hightail</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:#000000; width:10%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_Research_Journal" title="Category:Answers Research Journal"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers Research Journal:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_2" title="Answers Research Journal volume 2">Answers Research Journal volume 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_3" title="Answers Research Journal volume 3">Answers Research Journal volume 3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_5" title="Answers Research Journal volume 5">Answers Research Journal volume 5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_1" title="Answers Research Journal volume 1">Answers Research Journal volume 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_6" title="Answers Research Journal volume 6">Answers Research Journal volume 6</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_4" title="Answers Research Journal volume 4">Answers Research Journal volume 4</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_7" title="Answers Research Journal volume 7">Answers Research Journal volume 7</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_8" title="Answers Research Journal volume 8">Answers Research Journal volume 8</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_9" title="Answers Research Journal volume 9">Answers Research Journal volume 9</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_10" title="Answers Research Journal volume 10">Answers Research Journal volume 10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_11" title="Answers Research Journal volume 11">Answers Research Journal volume 11</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_12" title="Answers Research Journal volume 12">Answers Research Journal volume 12</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_13" title="Answers Research Journal volume 13">Answers Research Journal volume 13</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_14" title="Answers Research Journal volume 14">Answers Research Journal volume 14</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Category:Institute for Creation Research"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Institute for Creation Research:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/RATE" title="RATE">RATE</a> • <a href="/wiki/Your_Origins_Matter" title="Your Origins Matter">Your Origins Matter</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bergman" title="Jerry Bergman">Jerry Bergman</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Humphreys" title="Russell Humphreys">Russell Humphreys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/TRACS" title="TRACS">TRACS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_DeWitt" title="David DeWitt">David DeWitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Institute" title="Alpha Omega Institute">Alpha Omega Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danny_Faulkner" title="Danny Faulkner">Danny Faulkner</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apolbox" title="Template:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apolbox" title="Template talk:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apolbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics"><span id="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="color:white">apologetics and counter-apologetics</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologetics and counter-apologetics:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Question_Evolution" title="Question Evolution">Question Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_is_not_a_religion" title="Christianity is not a religion">Christianity is not a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_the_Bible_is_True" title="Fun:Proof the Bible is True">Proof the Bible is True</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_God_is_Always_Right" title="Fun:Proof God is Always Right">Proof God is Always Right</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_Teapot" title="Russell's Teapot">Russell's Teapot</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Apologetics" title="New Apologetics">New Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">Zeal of the convert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God_from_Science" title="Evidence for God from Science">Evidence for God from Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah_Philosophy" title="Torah Philosophy">Torah Philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answering_Islam" title="Answering Islam">Answering Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheist_professor_myth" title="Atheist professor myth">Atheist professor myth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minimal_facts_argument" title="Minimal facts argument">Minimal facts argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_for_the_Newly_Deconverted" title="FAQ for the Newly Deconverted">FAQ for the Newly Deconverted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuzari_principle" title="Kuzari principle">Kuzari principle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater" title="Richard Dawkins - God Hater">Richard Dawkins - God Hater</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Existence_of_gods" title="Category:Existence of gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Existence of gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Oenological_argument" title="Fun:Oenological argument">Oenological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">Evidence for God's existence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Argument_from_molarity" title="Fun:Argument from molarity">Argument from molarity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Trilemma" title="Lewis Trilemma">Lewis Trilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Magic_sandwich" title="Fun:Magic sandwich">Magic sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hank%27s_Ass" title="Kissing Hank's Ass">Kissing Hank's Ass</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Arguments against the existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Belief_in_gods" title="Category:Belief in gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Belief in gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_gods_that_theists_don%27t_believe_in" title="List of gods that theists don't believe in">List of gods that theists don't believe in</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_religion" title="Category:Science and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Science and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-Overlapping_Magisteria" title="Non-Overlapping Magisteria">Non-Overlapping Magisteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Morality_and_religion" title="Category:Morality and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Morality and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Birth_as_a_Grave_Misfortune" title="Birth as a Grave Misfortune">Birth as a Grave Misfortune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Responding_to_Sam_Burke%27s_Argument_That_Christianity_Entails_Anti-Natalism" title="Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism">Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptures" title="Category:Scriptures"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Scriptures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Book_of_Mormon" title="Fun:Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">Holy book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Avenue_Q_gospel" title="Fun:Avenue Q gospel">Avenue Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oahspe" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> • <a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price" title="Pearl of Great Price">Pearl of Great Price</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Qur%27an_analysis" title="Category:Qur'an analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Qur'an analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Qur%27an" title="List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an">List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologists_and_counter-apologists" title="Category:Apologists and counter-apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologists and counter-apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillahunty" title="Matt Dillahunty">Matt Dillahunty</a> • <a href="/wiki/TheraminTrees" title="TheraminTrees">TheraminTrees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" title="Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Current" title="Edward Current">Edward Current</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Skeptic" title="Armoured Skeptic">Armoured Skeptic</a> • <a href="/wiki/DarkMatter2525" title="DarkMatter2525">DarkMatter2525</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Christian apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Glynn" title="Patrick Glynn">Patrick Glynn</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics_Press" title="Apologetics Press">Apologetics Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Todd" title="Tim Todd">Tim Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Randal_Rauser" title="Randal Rauser">Randal Rauser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_Issues" title="Bible Issues">Bible Issues</a> • <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a> • <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Ross Douthat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wood" title="David Wood">David Wood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">Dinesh D'Souza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Computing_Forever" title="Computing Forever">Computing Forever</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Sellner" title="Brittany Sellner">Brittany Sellner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Muehlenberg" title="Bill Muehlenberg">Bill Muehlenberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_McDowell" title="Josh McDowell">Josh McDowell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Zoomer" title="Redeemed Zoomer">Redeemed Zoomer</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_apologists" title="Category:Muslim apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Muslim apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dawah_Man" title="Dawah Man">Dawah Man</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Tzortzis" title="Hamza Tzortzis">Hamza Tzortzis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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