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It was invented solely to explain the question "Where did the water for the great flood come from?" &#8212; in other words, to provide a methodologically naturalistic reason to throw methodological naturalism to the winds. (The obvious answer, that a God capable of creating the Universe in a single week can conjure the requisite water out of thin air, was apparently not up for consideration.) 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Please research the article's assertions. Whatever is credible should be sourced, and what is not should be removed. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #77aadd; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#77aadd"><b>Rescued from the</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Global_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Flood"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Global Flood</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ccddee;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_flood" title="Category:Global flood"><img alt="Icon flood.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/9/96/Icon_flood.svg/100px-Icon_flood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/96/Icon_flood.svg/150px-Icon_flood.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/96/Icon_flood.svg/200px-Icon_flood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#77aadd; text-align:center;"><b>Twelve of the clean kind</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#ccddee;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_sorting_by_the_global_flood" title="Fossil sorting by the global flood">Fossil sorting by the global flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_(film)" title="Noah (film)">Noah (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_during_the_global_flood" title="Parasites during the global flood">Parasites during the global flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_and_the_global_flood" title="Life and the global flood">Life and the global flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Floodnav" title="Template:Floodnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Floodnav" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Floodnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Floodnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hydroplate theory</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> that <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> once had huge chambers of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> sandwiched between the Earth's crust and its mantle. It was invented solely to explain the question "Where did the water for the <a href="/wiki/Great_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great flood">great flood</a> come from?" — in other words, to provide a methodologically naturalistic reason to throw <a href="/wiki/Methodological_naturalism" title="Methodological naturalism">methodological naturalism</a> to the winds. (The obvious answer, that a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> capable of <a href="/wiki/Creation_Week" title="Creation Week">creating the Universe in a single week</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">can conjure the requisite water out of thin air</a>, was apparently not up for consideration.) It was first proposed in 1980 by Walter Brown (<a href="/wiki/Salem_Hypothesis" title="Salem Hypothesis">holder of a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering</a>). </p><p>According to Brown, before the Flood, the Earth's crust floated on a thick layer of water, above the mantle. Walls and tendrils connected the mantle and crust, allowing the inner and outer reaches of the planet to rotate on its axis at the same speed. </p><p>But the fantasy does not stop there; according to this "theory" antediluvian Earth had one super-continent—similar in concept to, but not the same as, <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>—that covered about 75 percent of the surface. Oceans, if you could call them that, were really giant lakes (like the Sea of Galilee, the Red Sea, etc.). To maintain consistency they are obliged to argue that Earth's mountains rarely reached more than 5000 feet (1524 meters) above <i>what was then</i> sea level and the highest mountain was probably much lower than 9000 feet (2743 meters). </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#How_the_.22Great_Flood.22_occurred"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">How the "Great Flood" occurred</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Results_of_the_Flood"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Results of the Flood</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Impact_on_Earth"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Impact on Earth</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Biblical_origins"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Biblical origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Under-mantle_ocean_.22vindicates.22_hydroplate_theory.21"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Under-mantle ocean "vindicates" hydroplate theory!</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span id="How_the_"Great_Flood"_occurred"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="How_the_.22Great_Flood.22_occurred">How the "Great Flood" occurred</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: How the "Great Flood" occurred">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>When it came time to flood Earth, <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">God cracked the crust</a>, releasing the water (like a soft-boiled egg). These cracks formed underwater mountain ranges like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The subterranean water sprayed upward with such great force that it caused worldwide rainfall for 40 days and 40 nights, and made the <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNO) and anything else they don't understand. The water left its subterranean encasement so quickly that many land masses immediately began to sink. These rapidly sinking land masses uplifted other land masses, thus causing deep-sea fossils to appear at the tops of mountain peaks. (Creationists always point to "mountaintop fossils" as proof of the flood — naturally wanting to wish away the vast amount of <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> for slow-motion tectonic forces taking millions of years to raise mountains from the ocean floor.) In order to explain away radiometric dating, Brown also claims that all radioactive elements were created during the Flood, and subsequently decayed at rates billions of times greater than today, explaining why radiometric dating <i>appears</i> to indicate a billions-of-years-old Earth. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Results_of_the_Flood">Results of the Flood</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Results of the Flood">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The proponents of this <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> claim that many of the sunken land masses remain sunken today, forming the world's ocean floors. All of these sudden movements caused the super-continent to develop tectonic ridges and mountain ranges that run parallel to Earth's coastlines. These movements also created, in the eyes of creationists, an illusion that led scientists to develop the theory of Pangaea. </p><p>The ocean floors took less than six months to sink to their current depths. The flood waters then filled these troughs, creating the oceans and drying out the deluged land. </p><p>This idea is also being prepared as a pre-emptive strike against any living microbes that might be found on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> or other parts of our <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Creationists are claiming that some mud might have gone flying out into space, and landed on another planet. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact_on_Earth">Impact on Earth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact on Earth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Walter Brown, as a mechanical engineer, goes into some detail about the math around his theory. Let's take some time to see what effects these would have on the Earth. (Spoiler: it destroys the Earth) </p><p>Brown says the water-jets from his subterranean ocean created "comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and TNOs," and were propelled from the earth at velocities at least 32 miles per second (51.5 km/s) (which is what's required to create long-period retrograde comets). We have data on how much stuff this would require. We know of at least around 2,000 comets<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> and comets are usually around 5×10<sup>14</sup> kg<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> for a total cometary mass of around 1×10<sup>18</sup> kg. Brown's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/Comets4.html#wp34175662">table of comets</a> shows that around 18% of all comets are retrograde. The mass of the asteroid belt is around 3.0×10<sup>21</sup> kg.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> While there's no solid data on the mass of all Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), the mass of a subset of TNOs called the Kuiper Belt is around 0.02 Earths,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> or about 1.2×10<sup>23</sup> kg,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> and no more than 0.1 Earths. Adding them all together is about 1.23×10<sup>23</sup> kg, with 97.6% of that coming from the TNOs. </p><p>The most efficient way of getting an object from one orbit to another is called a Hohmann Transfer Orbit, and we can calculate how much energy (measured as delta-V, or the velocity change required) it takes to enter such an orbit. To get from the orbit of Earth to the orbit of Pluto takes about 11.8 km/s, or 16.1 km/s if you add in the energy required to escape Earth's gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Note that's the <i>minimum</i> energy required to get something to the distance of Pluto, if it's propelled at precisely the right angle from Earth (prograde).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a></sup> Similarly, the energy required to put the asteroids into orbit would be between 11.3 km/s and 14.0 km/s, depending on how far up the belt the asteroid needs to go. (This ignores the few km/s delta-V required to later put those objects into circular orbits once at their destination altitude.) </p><p>Using these values, we can calculate the energy required to get these objects to their current altitudes (again, putting them into their orbits would take a bit more energy): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class of Object</th> <th>Mass</th> <th>Velocity</th> <th>Energy </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prograde Comets</td> <td>8.2×10<sup>17</sup> kg</td> <td>16.1 km/s</td> <td>1×10<sup>26</sup> J </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retrograde Comets</td> <td>1.8×10<sup>17</sup> kg</td> <td>51.5 km/s</td> <td>2.4×10<sup>26</sup> J </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asteroids</td> <td>3.0×10<sup>21</sup> kg</td> <td>12 km/s</td> <td>2.2×10<sup>29</sup> J </td></tr> <tr> <td>TNOs</td> <td>1.2×10<sup>23</sup> kg</td> <td>16.1 km/s</td> <td>1.5×10<sup>31</sup> J </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>1.23×10<sup>23</sup> kg</td> <td>15.7 km/s<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 2]</a></sup></td> <td>1.522×10<sup>31</sup> J </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As with the mass, the vast majority of energy comes from the TNOs. Mind this is just the <i>minimum</i> energies required to put what we see today to the altitudes at which we see them, if everything was shot at just the right angles to do this. However, the Earth rotates,<sup>[citation needed]</sup> which compounds the problem. These fountains lasted <i>weeks</i>, after all. Because of the rotation of the Earth, jets would only spend two hours of every day within 15 degrees of prograde (since the vast majority of the energy came from ejecting TNOs prograde, we can ignore the relatively tiny bits of retrograde material), and <i>half</i> of every day pointing the other way. That means the amount of mass that left Earth would have to be at least <i>double</i> the current TNO mass, since at most half of it would eventually become the TNOs. </p><p>But we can do better than just say "at most half", since the amount of velocity prograde to Earth's orbit is a simple trigonometric function of where the fountain is in relation to prograde. If we assume that the average velocity of material from Earth was just the minimum 16.1 km/s, then only the material very close to (say less than a degree away from) prograde would become TNOs, which means we'd need to multiply the mass ejected from Earth by 360, because only 1/360th of the ejecta would be traveling along the right vector to form TNOs. </p><p>If the velocity increased, the range of angles would increase as well, since things slightly offset from the prograde would still have enough energy to reach TNO orbits. This poses another problem, because anything leaving the Earth faster than 16.5 km/s will leave the solar system entirely. This leaves a very small range of velocities in which something from Earth will become a TNO. To maximize the angles we need an exit velocity of <i>exactly</i> 16.5 km/s,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> which gives a window of 12.6 degrees on either side of prograde in which material would reach TNO altitudes. That would require multiplying the mass by 14.3, because only about 7% of material would become TNOs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 3]</a></sup> (Using Brown's maximum velocity of 51.5 km/s leaves only two 0.5 degree windows). </p><p>So now we can update our energy equation: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class of Object</th> <th>Mass</th> <th>Velocity</th> <th>Energy </th></tr> <tr> <td>TNOs</td> <td>1.7×10<sup>24</sup> kg</td> <td>16.5 km/s</td> <td>9.3×10<sup>32</sup> J </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>How much energy is that? Well, the Chicxulub Impactor delivered 9,300 million times <b>less</b> energy than that.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a></sup> Or, to put it another way, it's as if the Earth were hit by 2691 Chicxulub impacters per second for 40 days straight.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>But let's go bigger. The Earth's gravitational binding energy — the energy it would take to destroy the Earth Alderaan-style — is about a quarter of creating TNOs: 2.49×10<sup>32</sup> J. The total energy the sun produces over a whole year is only 13 times bigger than what what ejecting the TNOs produced in 40 days.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 4]</a></sup> — meaning that for those 40 days of fountaining, the Earth produced at least roughly the same amount of total energy as the Sun. The Earth is a lot smaller than the Sun,<sup>[citation needed]</sup> which means the energy would have to be more concentrated. The Sun's energy flux is about 6.33×10<sup>7</sup> W/m<sup>2</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a></sup> while, during the fountaining, the Earth's would've been over 8,000 times higher at 5.3×10<sup>11</sup>W/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a></sup>. </p><p>That energy has to go <i>somewhere</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[note 5]</a></sup> and since it didn't go into Earth's kinetic energy (Earth's rotation would more or less cancel out the acceleration produced by the jets) or rotational energy (that would mess with the meaning of "day", and that's treading too close to <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a>, which obviates the need to creating celestial objects via the flood and therefore is unacceptable<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 6]</a></sup>), the only options are light, heat, or deformation (kinetic). It certainly would have deformed the Earth — it was, after all, surrounded by what are described by Brown as "rocket engines" providing a continuous force of 8.1×10<sup>21</sup> Newtons<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a></sup>, but we know no more than a quarter of that energy could go into deformation, because otherwise the Earth wouldn't exist anymore. That leaves heat and light to make up the remaining 7.1×10<sup>32</sup> J (or 4×10<sup>11</sup> W/m<sup>2</sup>). If even one millionth of that energy were converted to heat, it would've melted the surface of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a></sup> That means it'd <i>have</i> to be light, with a peak frequency in the far ultra-violet and around 6.7 million times brighter than the sun at zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a></sup>. Right at the wavelength liquid water is most opaque,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a></sup> so the flood-waters would've absorbed most<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[note 7]</a></sup> of that energy. Even if it only absorbed one six-hundred-thousandth the light-energy,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[note 8]</a></sup> that's more than enough to boil all the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[16]</a></sup> No matter how you slice it, the energy just in creating the trans-neptunian objects is enough to boil the oceans, melt the crust, and fully obliterate the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[note 9]</a></sup> </p><p>Suffice it to say a wooden boat wouldn't survive. </p><p>Glen Kuban<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[17]</a></sup> and Glenn R. Morton<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[18]</a></sup> have written extensive scientifically-based rebuttals detailing the negative impact on the Earth of the Hydroplate theory. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biblical_origins">Biblical origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biblical origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>This whole idea rests upon two meager verses, <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Genesis#Genesis_7:11" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Genesis">Genesis 7:11-12</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[19]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>In the six hundredth year of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>'s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. </p><p>And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Poe%27s_Law" title="Poe's Law">There literally is not more to it than this</a>. </p> <h2><span id="Under-mantle_ocean_"vindicates"_hydroplate_theory!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Under-mantle_ocean_.22vindicates.22_hydroplate_theory.21">Under-mantle ocean "vindicates" hydroplate theory!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under-mantle ocean "vindicates" hydroplate theory!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueRingwoodite.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BlueRingwoodite.jpg/165px-BlueRingwoodite.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BlueRingwoodite.jpg/248px-BlueRingwoodite.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BlueRingwoodite.jpg/330px-BlueRingwoodite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="558" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueRingwoodite.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>an artificially-grown ringwoodite crystal (~150 µm across)</div></div></div> <p><b>(Spoiler: No it doesn't.)</b> Recently, a discovery was made from a battered ringwoodite that survived a trip from the mantle<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[20]</a></sup>, indicating a long-held theory that there could be a very, very large amount of water that's trapped in a really distinct layer in the deep Earth. Creationists, ever the straw-graspers, jumped on this discovery and started spamming it everywhere as "proof" of the validity of hydroplate theory, often with the claim of <s>heathen</s> "secular scientists" having proved it. </p><p>However, it should be pointed out that those who post and point to this discovery as "proof" are committing a common error among creationists: <i><a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">Not actually reading the article beyond the title.</a></i> If they had, they would find that first of all the notion that water could simply "explode" out from the mantle is quite frankly ridiculous. Secondly, unlike what the title alone suggests, scientists did not find some "ocean of liquid water just sitting in this transition layer waiting to be spilled out on a moment's notice", but rather incredibly high-pressure concentrations of non-liquid ringwoodite that contain "water" in the form of hydroxide ions. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk,_Ural_anagoria.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk%2C_Ural_anagoria.JPG/165px-2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk%2C_Ural_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk%2C_Ural_anagoria.JPG/248px-2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk%2C_Ural_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk%2C_Ural_anagoria.JPG/330px-2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk%2C_Ural_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-03_Malachit_aus_Gumeschewsk,_Ural_anagoria.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Malachite</div></div></div> <p>Expecting water to spring forth from ringwoodite is like expecting water to suddenly gush out of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite" class="extiw" title="wp:Malachite" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Malachite">Malachite</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> a mineral that <s>is used in the forging of glass armor and weapons</s> contains hydroxides at atmospheric pressures. If these <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydroxide" class="extiw" title="wp:hydroxide" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: hydroxide">hydroxide</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> ions suddenly exploded out on the surface and were suddenly released by some magic they aren't going to just turn into water. Much of it would turn into caustic chemicals like lye at tremendously high temperatures. Noah's large wooden boat wouldn't be much protection against being steamed for 40 days in ~1000 °C lye<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[21]</a></sup>. </p><p>What they found was not really an "ocean of water below the crust" but rather a ring of ringwoodite between the upper and lower mantles. Hardly anything that could have caused a global flood through plate tectonics or any other volcanic mechanisms. It's akin to how probes have found water on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, but it's not liquid water — it's bare traces of it that could potentially be <i>mined</i> to extract small amounts of water for drinking, etc. </p><p>The only thing this discovery really "proves" for creationists is just how desperate they are to vindicate themselves - either that or their pretty much null scientific knowledge. Of course, at this point it should be pretty obvious. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_Earth" title="Expanding Earth">Expanding Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar bukkake theory">Lunar bukkake theory</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown's 51 km/s number is because some long-period comets orbit retrograde (against Earth's orbit), which requires negating Earth's own 29.8 km/s orbital velocity in addition to then putting the object into solar orbit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=sqrt((2*1.522*10%5E31+J)+%2F+(1.23*10%5E23+kg))">Calculated</a> from the total energy and total mass, not added or averaged from the velocities column</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This assumes that the fountains <b>only</b> existed directly beneath the plane of the ecliptic, rather than everywhere on Earth. If only the fountains within 12.6 degrees of the ecliptic could contribute, and fountain ejecta mass were the same for all latitudes, and all latitudes could contribute to TNOs if they pointed within 12.6 degrees of prograde, then only <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(25.2+degrees+*+25.2+degrees)+%2F+(360+degrees+*+360+degrees)">about 0.5%</a> of mass could become TNOs, requiring a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(360+degrees+*+360+degrees)+%2F+(25.2+degrees+*+25.2+degrees)">multiplication value of 204</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown only says the fountains were open for a few weeks, but the impression the Bible gives is that the fountains were closed around the same time the rains stopped, for a total duration of 40 days</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton's Third Law says that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Earth launching TNOs into space means the TNOs pushed back against the Earth with the same force.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ejecting TNOs requires over <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(9.3%C3%9710%5E32+J)+%2F+(2.137%C3%9710%5E29+joules)">4,000 times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=earth%27s+rotational+energy">Earth's rotational energy</a>. Even a tiny fraction of a percent of that going into rotational energy would've been enough to completely reverse Earth's spin, or start it up from near-tidally-locked with the Sun, meaning a "day" pre-flood could've lasted a million years for all we know.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Read: 99.999999%</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Or about 1.6×10<sup>-6</sup>, a level of transparency water doesn't have for <b>any</b> part of the EM spectrum. The most transparent water gets is around 500 nm, where it approaches only 5×10<sup>-2</sup>, 30,000 times more absorbent than 1.6×10<sup>-6</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keep in mind this is the <b>best</b>-case scenario. This uses the absolute minimum amount of matter to be ejected from only the latitudes that could get it to TNO altitudes, propelling it at the minimum speed required, while distributing the resulting force evenly across the entire surface of the Earth. The <i>actual</i> model has the force concentrated in narrow bands running around the Earth (including latitudes outside the band near the ecliptic, which would increase the total amount of mass ejected significantly). As xkcd <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://what-if.xkcd.com/147/">showed</a>, constraining ejecta flow like that increases the energy required, as well as localizing its impacts which would transfer even more of that energy into kinetic-deforming forces (which were already well over the amount required to do to Earth what the Death Star did to Alderaan).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/1000comet.html">History's Greatest Comet Hunter Discovers 1,000th Comet</a> SOHO has discovered at least 1,000 and accounts for "approximately one-half of all comet discoveries with computed orbits in the history of astronomy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">vanderbilt.edu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/physics/astrocourses/AST101/readings/comets.html">Comets</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitjeva, E. V. (2005). "High-Precision Ephemerides of Planets—EPM and Determination of Some Astronomical Constants" (PDF). <i>Solar System Research</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 176–186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703074335/http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/EPM2004.pdf">Bibcode:2005SoSyR..39..176P. doi:10.1007/s11208-005-0033-2</a>. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Delsanti, Audrey & Jewitt, David. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925203400/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf">The Solar System Beyond The Planets</a>" (PDF). <i>Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii</i>. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=0.05+earth+masses">Wolfram Alpha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia has a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit#Application_to_interplanetary_travel">table</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=arccos(16.1%2Fx)+-+arccos(16.5%2Fx)+for+x%3D16.5">Wolfram Alpha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chicxulub was around <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39922998">10^23 J</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(9.3*10%5E32+%2F+10%5E23)+%2F+(40*24*3600)">Wolfram Alpha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=energy+production+of+the+sun+%2F+the+sun%27s+surface+area">Wolfram Alpha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(9.344%C3%9710%5E32+joules+%2F+40+days)+%2F+surface+of+the+Earth">Wolfram Alpha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Accelerating 1.7×10<sup>24</sup> kg to 16.5 km/s over 40 days = <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(1.7*10%5E24+kg+*+16.5+km%2Fs)%2F40+days">8.116×10<sup>21</sup> Newtons</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram Alpha: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=4.004%C3%9710%5E5+watts+per+square+meter">4.004×10<sup>5</sup> W/m<sup>2</sup> is equivalent to a black-body temperature of 1630 K</a>, higher than the 1575 K needed to melt rock.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">It's the energy-flux equivalent of a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=4.004%C3%9710%5E11+watts+per+square+meter">blackbody temperature of 51,549 Kelvin</a>, which radiates at a peak <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=51549+kelvins&lk=1&rawformassumption=%22ClashPrefs%22+-%3E+%22ClashPrefs%22">wavelength of 56 nm at 8×10<sup>11</sup> lux</a> (compared to a zenith-sun's lux of 1.2×10<sup>5</sup> lux. For comparison purposes, this would be even hotter than the surface temperature of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R136a1" class="extiw" title="wp:R136a1" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: R136a1">the most luminous star known</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png">Absoprtion spectrum of liquid water</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heat capacity of liquid water is 4180 J/(LK), so to raise 1 L of water by 200 K would take 8.36×10<sup>5</sup> J. The photonic energy is at least 7.1×10<sup>32</sup> J. Distributed over the 1.386×10<sup>21</sup> Liters of water on Earth is 5.33×10<sup>11</sup> J/L, 637,560 times more than enough to boil it all. Keep in mind that Earth's oceans are between the energy being absorbed by the Earth and the ice shooting into space, and thus before the fountains can absorb the light, the oceans must first boil away.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleo.cc/ce/wbrown.htm">Kuban: Walter Brown's "Hydroplate" Flood Model Doesn't Hold Water</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldearth.org/walter_brown_hydroplate_theory.htm">Morton: Creation Science Rebuttals Walter Brown's Hydroplate Model</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">No, seriously. This is the entire basis of the theory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25723-massive-ocean-discovered-towards-earths-core.html#.VNjTj_nF_uN">http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25723-massive-ocean-discovered-towards-earths-core.html#.VNjTj_nF_uN</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Of course, it's not explained <i>what</i> sent all that water <i>and as water</i> to the surface and <i>how</i> all of it would return to the mantle, reforming again as ringwoodite. Oh, of course, <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">GodDidIt</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="creationism-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#000000; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crebox" title="Template:Crebox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crebox" title="Template talk:Crebox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Crebox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism"><span id="creationism-navbox" style="color:white">creationism</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_creationism" title="Category:Types of creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Types of creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Progressive_creation" title="Progressive creation">Progressive creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_creationism" title="Hare Krishna creationism">Hare Krishna creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Category:Evidence against a recent creation"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Evidence against a recent creation:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Creationism_and_social_history" title="Creationism and social history">Creationism and social history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">Starlight problem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> • <a href="/wiki/K-Pg_extinction_event" title="K-Pg extinction event">K-Pg extinction event</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timeline" title="Geologic timeline">Geologic timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" title="Fossil record">Fossil record</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_transitional_forms" title="List of transitional forms">List of transitional forms</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_Origin_hypothesis" title="Recent African Origin hypothesis">Recent African Origin hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bird_evolution" title="Bird evolution">Bird evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" title="History of the Earth">History of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" title="Age of the Earth">Age of the Earth</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationist_claims" title="Category:Creationist claims"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationist claims:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Do_you_want_to_be_descended_from_a_monkey%3F" title="Do you want to be descended from a monkey?">Do you want to be descended from a monkey?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_religion" title="Evolution and religion">Evolution and religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_morality" title="Evolution and morality">Evolution and morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">C-decay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter_argument" title="Peanut butter argument">Peanut butter argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_was_wrong_before" title="Science was wrong before">Science was wrong before</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_doesn%27t_know_everything" title="Science doesn't know everything">Science doesn't know everything</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_plate_tectonics" title="Catastrophic plate tectonics">Catastrophic plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creationist_mathematics" title="Creationist mathematics">Creationist mathematics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_argument" title="Bumblebee argument">Bumblebee argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/101_evidences_for_a_young_age_of_the_Earth_and_the_universe" title="101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe">101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_conspiracy" title="Evolution conspiracy">Evolution conspiracy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_the_Moon" title="Recession of the Moon">Recession of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dust" title="Lunar dust">Lunar dust</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_radioactivity" title="Lunar radioactivity">Lunar radioactivity</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_hole_cosmology" title="White hole cosmology">White hole cosmology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galactocentricity" title="Galactocentricity">Galactocentricity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Historical_and_operational_science" title="Historical and operational science">Historical and operational science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_inconsistency_of_arithmetic" title="Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic">Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_creationist_claims" title="List of creationist claims">List of creationist claims</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/De-evolution" title="De-evolution">De-evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">Microevolution and macroevolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/In_the_Beginning:_Compelling_Evidence_for_Creation_and_the_Flood" title="In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood">In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Borel%27s_Law" title="Borel's Law">Borel's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_denialism" title="Dinosaur denialism">Dinosaur denialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_flood" title="Category:Global flood"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Global flood:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_sorting_by_the_global_flood" title="Fossil sorting by the global flood">Fossil sorting by the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah_(film)" title="Noah (film)">Noah (film)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Didit_fallacy" title="Didit fallacy">Didit fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:God%27s_Love" title="Fun:God's Love">God's Love</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parasites_during_the_global_flood" title="Parasites during the global flood">Parasites during the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Life_and_the_global_flood" title="Life and the global flood">Life and the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood_chronology" title="Global flood chronology">Global flood chronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_design_creationism" title="Category:Intelligent design creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Intelligent design creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability_of_creationism" title="Falsifiability of creationism">Falsifiability of creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cdesign_proponentsists" title="Cdesign proponentsists">Cdesign proponentsists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Wonders_of_Creation_Reveal_God%27s_Glory" title="The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory">The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biological_Information:_New_Perspectives" title="Biological Information: New Perspectives">Biological Information: New Perspectives</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seeking_God_in_Science:_An_Atheist_Defends_Intelligent_Design" title="Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design">Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_A._Davison" title="John A. Davison">John A. Davison</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_Under_the_Microscope:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_the_Theory_of_Evolution" title="Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution">Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Darwin:_A_Vedic_Study_of_Darwinism_and_Intelligent_Design" title="Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design">Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Cosmos:_Why_the_Materialist_Neo-Darwinian_Conception_of_Nature_Is_Almost_Certainly_False" title="Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False">Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False</a> • <a href="/wiki/Providence_Lost:_A_Critique_of_Darwinism" title="Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism">Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Darwin_Myth:_The_Life_and_Lies_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin">The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Life%27s_Origin:_Reassessing_Current_Theories" title="The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories">The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Human_Nature:_A_Zen_Buddhist_Looks_at_Evolution" title="The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution">The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwinism_Under_The_Microscope:_How_Recent_Scientific_Evidence_Points_To_Divine_Design" title="Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design">Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Darwinism" title="The End of Darwinism">The End of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ask_Darwinists" title="Ask Darwinists">Ask Darwinists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polonium_halos" title="Polonium halos">Polonium halos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Filter" title="Explanatory Filter">Explanatory Filter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_asexually-reproducing_plants" title="Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants">Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moody_Institute_of_Science" title="Moody Institute of Science">Moody Institute of Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_nerve" title="Laryngeal nerve">Laryngeal nerve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suboptimal_design" title="Suboptimal design">Suboptimal design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Evolution:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_Neo-Darwinism" title="Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism">Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_Leader%27s_Guide" title="Expelled: Leader's Guide">Expelled: Leader's Guide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banana_argument" title="Banana argument">Banana argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vault-Co" title="Vault-Co">Vault-Co</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_alternatives" title="Category:Intelligent alternatives"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">"Intelligent" alternatives:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scientific_storkism" title="Scientific storkism">Scientific storkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pastafarianism" title="Pastafarianism">Pastafarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Scientific_Geoterrapinism" title="Fun:Scientific Geoterrapinism">Scientific Geoterrapinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Teach_the_controversy" title="Category:Teach the controversy"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Teach the controversy:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Santorum_Amendment" title="Santorum Amendment">Santorum Amendment</a> • <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_Bill_1227" title="Missouri House Bill 1227">Missouri House Bill 1227</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate_Bill_89" title="Indiana Senate Bill 89">Indiana Senate Bill 89</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Louisiana Academic Freedom Act">Louisiana Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_monkey_bill" title="Tennessee monkey bill">Tennessee monkey bill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" title="School vouchers">School vouchers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Science" title="Truth in Science">Truth in Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/McLean_v._Arkansas_Board_of_Education" title="McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education">McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationists" title="Category:Creationists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stein" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Setterfield" title="Barry Setterfield">Barry Setterfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/B.H._Shadduck" title="B.H. Shadduck">B.H. Shadduck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wright" title="Wendy Wright">Wendy Wright</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieland" title="Carl Wieland">Carl Wieland</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Ankerberg" title="John Ankerberg">John Ankerberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cuozzo" title="Jack Cuozzo">Jack Cuozzo</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russ_Miller" title="Russ Miller">Russ Miller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brother_Stair" title="Brother Stair">Brother Stair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nelson" title="Paul Nelson">Paul Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Nienhuis" title="James Nienhuis">James Nienhuis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Art_Robinson" title="Art Robinson">Art Robinson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_O%27Reilly" title="Alan O'Reilly">Alan O'Reilly</a> • <a href="/wiki/PPSIMMONS" title="PPSIMMONS">PPSIMMONS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wagner" title="Charlie Wagner">Charlie Wagner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Spencer" title="Roy Spencer">Roy Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Booker" title="Christopher Booker">Christopher Booker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Minichiello_Williams" title="Andrea Minichiello Williams">Andrea Minichiello Williams</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bethell" title="Tom Bethell">Tom Bethell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Monton" title="Bradley Monton">Bradley Monton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Langan" title="Christopher Langan">Christopher Langan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kent" title="Richard Kent">Richard Kent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ljiljana_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Ljiljana Čolić">Ljiljana Čolić</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abuz_Zubair" title="Abuz Zubair">Abuz Zubair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scott_Huse" title="Scott Huse">Scott Huse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Arrington" title="Barry Arrington">Barry Arrington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grant_Jeffrey" title="Grant Jeffrey">Grant Jeffrey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Janet_Porter" title="Janet Porter">Janet Porter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clifford" title="Alan Clifford">Alan Clifford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wise" title="Kurt Wise">Kurt Wise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKilliam" title="Kenneth McKilliam">Kenneth McKilliam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradlee_Dean" title="Bradlee Dean">Bradlee Dean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross" title="Hugh Ross">Hugh Ross</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Simmons" title="Geoffrey Simmons">Geoffrey Simmons</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Le_Fanu" title="James Le Fanu">James Le Fanu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Nevin" title="Norman Nevin">Norman Nevin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Johnston" title="Shaun Johnston">Shaun Johnston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Issac_Bourne" title="Issac Bourne">Issac Bourne</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Sanford" title="John C. Sanford">John C. Sanford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fazale_Rana" title="Fazale Rana">Fazale Rana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wiker" title="Benjamin Wiker">Benjamin Wiker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dower" title="Hugh Dower">Hugh Dower</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Spetner" title="Lee Spetner">Lee Spetner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ludwig" title="Mark Ludwig">Mark Ludwig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hayward" title="Alan Hayward">Alan Hayward</a> • <a href="/wiki/Werner_Gitt" title="Werner Gitt">Werner Gitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Fix" title="William Fix">William Fix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Giertych" title="Maciej Giertych">Maciej Giertych</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Landon" title="John C. Landon">John C. Landon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cargill" title="Barbara Cargill">Barbara Cargill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snow" title="Philip Snow">Philip Snow</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jopp" title="Ken Jopp">Ken Jopp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipler" title="Frank Tipler">Frank Tipler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Nelson" title="Richard William Nelson">Richard William Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Friel" title="Todd Friel">Todd Friel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sorensen" title="Bob Sorensen">Bob Sorensen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Windchy" title="Eugene Windchy">Eugene Windchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berit_Kjos" title="Berit Kjos">Berit Kjos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_McLuhan" title="Robert McLuhan">Robert McLuhan</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_C._Deutsch" title="George C. Deutsch">George C. Deutsch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_McKitrick" title="Ross McKitrick">Ross McKitrick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Neiman" title="Daniel Neiman">Daniel Neiman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyatt" title="Ron Wyatt">Ron Wyatt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Allen" title="Desmond Paul Allen">Desmond Paul Allen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wile" title="Jay Wile">Jay Wile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Juby" title="Ian Juby">Ian Juby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Peake" title="Anthony Peake">Anthony Peake</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ball" title="Tim Ball">Tim Ball</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Feiz_Muhammad" title="Sheik Feiz Muhammad">Sheik Feiz Muhammad</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cremo" title="Michael Cremo">Michael Cremo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Milloy" title="Steve Milloy">Steve Milloy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christine_O%27Donnell" title="Christine O'Donnell">Christine O'Donnell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bara" title="Mike Bara">Mike Bara</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins">John Hawkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Carter" title="Chris Carter">Chris Carter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Pratt" title="Larry Pratt">Larry Pratt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dutko" title="Bob Dutko">Bob Dutko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller" title="Steve Fuller">Steve Fuller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denyse_O%27Leary" title="Denyse O'Leary">Denyse O'Leary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Babu_G._Ranganathan" title="Babu G. Ranganathan">Babu G. Ranganathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Baugh" title="Carl Baugh">Carl Baugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Humans_Are_Free" title="Humans Are Free">Humans Are Free</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Bruner" title="Mary Lou Bruner">Mary Lou Bruner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Educate-yourself.org" title="Educate-yourself.org">Educate-yourself.org</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Andrew Schlafly</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> • <a href="/wiki/VenomFangX" title="VenomFangX">VenomFangX</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Akin" title="Todd Akin">Todd Akin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">Paul Broun</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Manning" title="James Manning">James Manning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shockofgod" title="Shockofgod">Shockofgod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brad_Stine" title="Brad Stine">Brad Stine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_Axe" title="Josh Axe">Josh Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Dembski" title="William Dembski">William Dembski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presents_Of_God_Ministry" title="Presents Of God Ministry">Presents Of God Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allister" title="Jim Allister">Jim Allister</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whale.to" title="Whale.to">Whale.to</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Otto" title="Jonathan Otto">Jonathan Otto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Becky_Fischer" title="Becky Fischer">Becky Fischer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wilcock" title="David Wilcock">David Wilcock</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Jerry Falwell Sr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dice" title="Mark Dice">Mark Dice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Don_McLeroy" title="Don McLeroy">Don McLeroy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fallin" title="Mary Fallin">Mary Fallin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Vigilant_Christian" title="The Vigilant Christian">The Vigilant Christian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a> • <a href="/wiki/WND" title="WND">WND</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">Media Research Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._L._Wysong" title="R. L. Wysong">R. L. Wysong</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Anderson" title="Steven Anderson">Steven Anderson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Abrera" title="Bernard d'Abrera">Bernard d'Abrera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tawhidi" title="Mohammad Tawhidi">Mohammad Tawhidi</a> • <a href="/wiki/CJ_Pearson" title="CJ Pearson">CJ Pearson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christian_Apologetics_and_Research_Ministry" title="Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry">Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones_(slovensky)" title="Alex Jones (slovensky)">Alex Jones (slovensky)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Charlie Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Owen_Benjamin" title="Owen Benjamin">Owen Benjamin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Steven Crowder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr." title="Jerry Falwell Jr.">Jerry Falwell Jr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Holden" title="Ted Holden">Ted Holden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kate_Tieje" title="Kate Tieje">Kate Tieje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Denton" title="Michael Denton">Michael Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Independent_Fundamentalist_Baptist_Movement" title="New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement">New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Birdsong" title="Gary Birdsong">Gary Birdsong</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canada_Free_Press" title="Canada Free Press">Canada Free Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Miroljub_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Miroljub Petrović">Miroljub Petrović</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Colson" title="Chuck Colson">Chuck Colson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Jones" title="Stephen E. Jones">Stephen E. Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._W._Jackson" title="E. W. Jackson">E. W. Jackson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Stitt" title="Kevin Stitt">Kevin Stitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zachary_K._Hubbard" title="Zachary K. Hubbard">Zachary K. Hubbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> • <a href="/wiki/Butch_Hartman" title="Butch Hartman">Butch Hartman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Feuerstein" title="Joshua Feuerstein">Joshua Feuerstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Christopher Rufo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sweden" title="Peter Sweden">Peter Sweden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mission:_America" title="Mission: America">Mission: America</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Brandon Tatum</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fundie_schools" title="Category:Fundie schools"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Fundie schools:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bryan_College" title="Bryan College">Bryan College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Bible_University" title="Patriot Bible University">Patriot Bible University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundie_school" title="Fundie school">Fundie school</a> • <a href="/wiki/College_Credit_for_Creationism" title="College Credit for Creationism">College Credit for Creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Master%27s_University" title="The Master's University">The Master's University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boston_Baptist_College" title="Boston Baptist College">Boston Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pacific_University" title="Columbia Pacific University">Columbia Pacific University</a> • <a href="/wiki/TRACS" title="TRACS">TRACS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_University" title="Cornerstone University">Cornerstone University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Christian_College" title="Pensacola Christian College">Pensacola Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyles-Anderson_College" title="Hyles-Anderson College">Hyles-Anderson College</a> • <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Los_Angeles" title="University of South Los Angeles">University of South Los Angeles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Theological_Seminary" title="Cambridge Theological Seminary">Cambridge Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haven_University" title="Haven University">Haven University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Baptist_University_and_Seminary" title="Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary">Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Eden_School_of_Natural_Health" title="New Eden School of Natural Health">New Eden School of Natural Health</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Central_University" title="Georgia Central University">Georgia Central University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Theological_Seminary" title="Andersonville Theological Seminary">Andersonville Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Baptist_College" title="Ambassador Baptist College">Ambassador Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Illegal_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Illegal schools in the United Kingdom">Illegal schools in the United Kingdom</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Discovery_Institute" title="Category:Discovery Institute"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Discovery Institute:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Of_Pandas_and_People" title="Of Pandas and People">Of Pandas and People</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Text_of_The_Wedge_Strategy" title="Text of The Wedge Strategy">Text of The Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explore_Evolution" title="Explore Evolution">Explore Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Berlinski" title="David Berlinski">David Berlinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biologic_Institute" title="Biologic Institute">Biologic Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wells" title="Jonathan Wells">Jonathan Wells</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Egnor" title="Michael Egnor">Michael Egnor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Axe" title="Douglas Axe">Douglas Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Day" title="Academic Freedom Day">Academic Freedom Day</a> • <a href="/wiki/Casey_Luskin" title="Casey Luskin">Casey Luskin</a> • <a href="/wiki/What_is_intelligent_design%3F" title="What is intelligent design?">What is intelligent design?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behe:_The_Edge_of_Evolution,_Interview" title="Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview">Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Human_Origins" title="Science and Human Origins">Science and Human Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Project_Steve" title="Project Steve">Project Steve</a> • <a href="/wiki/BIO-Complexity" title="BIO-Complexity">BIO-Complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Texas_Board_of_Education" title="Texas Board of Education">Texas Board of Education</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weikart" title="Richard Weikart">Richard Weikart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" title="Human exceptionalism">Human exceptionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Predictions" title="Darwin's Predictions">Darwin's Predictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Meyer" title="Stephen Meyer">Stephen Meyer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson" title="Howard Ahmanson">Howard Ahmanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Mulder" title="Melvin Mulder">Melvin Mulder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Complex_Specified_Information" title="Complex Specified Information">Complex Specified Information</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Michael Behe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Johnson" title="Phillip Johnson">Phillip Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Brind" title="Joel Brind">Joel Brind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-materialist_neuroscience" title="Non-materialist neuroscience">Non-materialist neuroscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_in_Genesis" title="Category:Answers in Genesis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers in Genesis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis_Dawkins_interview_controversy" title="Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy">Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bodie_Hodge" title="Bodie Hodge">Bodie Hodge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Affirmations_and_Denials_Essential_to_a_Consistent_Christian_(Biblical)_Worldview" title="Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview">Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis-Creation_Ministries_International%27s_Statement_of_Faith" title="Answers in Genesis-Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith">Answers in Genesis-Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_Outline_Their_Global_Religious_Agenda" title="Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda">Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda</a> • <a href="/wiki/12_Arguments_Evolutionists_Should_Avoid" title="12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid">12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ark_Encounter" title="Ark Encounter">Ark Encounter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Museum" title="Creation Museum">Creation Museum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye_debates_Ken_Ham" title="Bill Nye debates Ken Ham">Bill Nye debates Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ham_Hightail" title="Ham Hightail">Ham Hightail</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:#000000; width:10%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_Research_Journal" title="Category:Answers Research Journal"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers Research Journal:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_2" title="Answers Research Journal volume 2">Answers Research Journal volume 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_3" title="Answers Research Journal volume 3">Answers Research Journal volume 3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_5" title="Answers Research Journal volume 5">Answers Research Journal volume 5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_1" title="Answers Research Journal volume 1">Answers Research Journal volume 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_6" title="Answers Research Journal volume 6">Answers Research Journal volume 6</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_4" title="Answers Research Journal volume 4">Answers Research Journal volume 4</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_7" title="Answers Research Journal volume 7">Answers Research Journal volume 7</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_8" title="Answers Research Journal volume 8">Answers Research Journal volume 8</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_9" title="Answers Research Journal volume 9">Answers Research Journal volume 9</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_10" title="Answers Research Journal volume 10">Answers Research Journal volume 10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_11" title="Answers Research Journal volume 11">Answers Research Journal volume 11</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_12" title="Answers Research Journal volume 12">Answers Research Journal volume 12</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_13" title="Answers Research Journal volume 13">Answers Research Journal volume 13</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_14" title="Answers Research Journal volume 14">Answers Research Journal volume 14</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Category:Institute for Creation Research"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Institute for Creation Research:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/RATE" title="RATE">RATE</a> • <a href="/wiki/Your_Origins_Matter" title="Your Origins Matter">Your Origins Matter</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bergman" title="Jerry Bergman">Jerry Bergman</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Humphreys" title="Russell Humphreys">Russell Humphreys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/TRACS" title="TRACS">TRACS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_DeWitt" title="David DeWitt">David DeWitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Institute" title="Alpha Omega Institute">Alpha Omega Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danny_Faulkner" title="Danny Faulkner">Danny Faulkner</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&oldid=2585357">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroplate_theory&oldid=2585357</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_flood" title="Category:Global flood">Global flood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">Creationism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudoscience" 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