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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Color and spotting patterns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Color_and_spotting_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Color genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nez_Perce_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nez_Perce_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nez Perce people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nez_Perce_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nez_Perce_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nez_Perce_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nez Perce War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nez_Perce_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Nez_Perce_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_Nez_Perce_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Aftermath of the Nez Perce War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Nez_Perce_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Revitalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Registration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Registration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Registration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_rule_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_rule_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Color rule controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_rule_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Uses </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_linked_vision_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Genetically linked vision issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_linked_vision_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Drug rules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="أبالوزا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبالوزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballu_Appaloosa" title="Caballu Appaloosa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caballu Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa_hobune" title="Appaloosa hobune – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Appaloosa hobune" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballo_Appaloosa" title="Caballo Appaloosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caballo Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%ED%8E%84%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%AC" title="애펄루사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애펄루사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1" title="Ապալուզա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապալուզա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94" title="סוס אפלוסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוס אפלוסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8" title="അപ്പലൂസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പലൂസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa_(paard)" title="Appaloosa (paard) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Appaloosa (paard)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5_(%E9%A6%AC)" title="アパルーサ (馬) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アパルーサ (馬)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9)" title="Аппалуза (порода лошадей) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аппалуза (порода лошадей)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalusa" title="Apalusa – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Apalusa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%27hem%C3%AA%C5%A1%C3%A9on%C3%A1vo%27ha" title="He'hemêšéonávo'ha – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="He'hemêšéonávo'ha" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9)" title="Аппалуза (порода коней) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аппалуза (порода коней)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ایپالوزا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایپالوزا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%B1a_Appaloosa" title="Ngựa Appaloosa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngựa Appaloosa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%95%E5%8D%A2%E8%90%A8%E9%A9%AC" title="阿帕卢萨马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿帕卢萨马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%95%E7%9B%A7%E8%96%A9%E9%A6%AC" title="阿帕盧薩馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿帕盧薩馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%95%E5%8D%A2%E8%90%A8%E9%A9%AC" title="阿帕卢萨马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 29 July 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American horse breed noted for spotted color pattern</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Appaloosa (disambiguation)">Appaloosa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><caption class="infobox-title breed">Appaloosa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:THIEL_619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dark brown horse with a white and brown spotted rump running in a field." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/THIEL_619.jpg/210px-THIEL_619.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/THIEL_619.jpg/315px-THIEL_619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/THIEL_619.jpg/420px-THIEL_619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="704" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Appaloosa horse</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Traits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distinguishing features</th><td class="infobox-data">Most representatives have colorful spotted coat patterns, striped hooves, mottled skin, and white <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a> visible around the iris when the eye is in a normal position.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Breed standards</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/">Appaloosa Horse Club</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#DDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Equus ferus caballus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Appaloosa is an American <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">horse breed</a> best known for its colorful <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex" title="Leopard complex">spotted coat</a> pattern. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized base coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color_genetics" title="Equine coat color genetics">equine coat color genetics</a>, as it and several other physical characteristics are linked to the <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex" title="Leopard complex">leopard complex</a> mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone to develop <a href="/wiki/Equine_recurrent_uveitis" title="Equine recurrent uveitis">equine recurrent uveitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_stationary_night_blindness" title="Congenital stationary night blindness">congenital stationary night blindness</a>; the latter has been linked to the leopard complex. Artwork depicting prehistoric horses with leopard spotting exists in prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> in Europe. Images of <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domesticated horses</a> with leopard spotting patterns appeared in artwork from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> China through the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. In North America, the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce</a> people of what today is the United States <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> developed the original American breed. <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">Settlers</a> once referred to these spotted horses as the "<a href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</a> horse", possibly after the <a href="/wiki/Palouse_River" title="Palouse River">Palouse River</a>, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into Appaloosa. The Nez Perce lost most of their horses after the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a> in 1877, and the breed fell into decline for several decades. A small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa_Horse_Club" title="Appaloosa Horse Club">Appaloosa Horse Club</a> (ApHC) was formed as the <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registry</a> in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation bloodstock</a> of the registry; its partially <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry#Open" title="Breed registry">open stud book</a> allows the addition of some <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">American Quarter Horse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian</a> blood. Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States; it was named the official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_horses" title="List of U.S. state horses">state horse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> in 1975. It is best known as a <a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">stock horse</a> used in a number of <a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">western riding</a> disciplines, but is also a versatile breed with representatives seen in many other types of <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> activity. Appaloosas have been used in many movies; <a href="/wiki/Osceola_and_Renegade" title="Osceola and Renegade">an Appaloosa</a> is a mascot for the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles" title="Florida State Seminoles">Florida State Seminoles</a>. Appaloosa bloodlines have influenced other horse breeds, including the <a href="/wiki/Pony_of_the_Americas" title="Pony of the Americas">Pony of the Americas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_Horse" title="Nez Perce Horse">Nez Perce Horse</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds" title="List of gaited horse breeds">gaited horse</a> breeds. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breed_characteristics">Breed characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Breed characteristics">edit</a>]</div> The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, leopard complex-spotted coat, which is preferred in the breed. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of several recognized base <a href="/wiki/Horse_coat_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse coat color">coat colors</a>. There are three other distinctive, "core" characteristics: <a href="/wiki/Mottle" title="Mottle">mottled</a> skin, striped hooves, and eyes with a white <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ApHCrules-1">[1]</a> Skin mottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia.<a href="#cite_note-Rule128-2">[2]</a> Striped hooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to the breed.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>; although all horses show white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visible white sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seen more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> Because the occasional individual is born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows "regular" registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other core characteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no "identifiable Appaloosa characteristics" are registered as "non-characteristic," a limited special registration status.<a href="#cite_note-ApHCrules-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sclera_and_mottling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The head of a light-colored horse with dark spots, showing spotting around the skin of the eye and muzzle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sclera_and_mottling.jpg/170px-Sclera_and_mottling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sclera_and_mottling.jpg/255px-Sclera_and_mottling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sclera_and_mottling.jpg/340px-Sclera_and_mottling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Mottling on the skin is particularly visible around the eyes and muzzle. The sclera of an Appaloosa's eye is white.</figcaption></figure> There is a wide range of body types in the Appaloosa, in part because the leopard complex characteristics are its primary identifying factors, and also because several different <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">horse breeds</a> influenced its development. The weight range varies from 950 to 1,250 pounds (430 to 570 kg), and heights from 14 to 16 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> However, the ApHC does not allow <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft</a> breeding.<a href="#cite_note-ApHCrules-1">[1]</a> The original "old time" or "old type" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''392-5">[5]</a> The body style reflected a mix that started with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Iberian_horse" title="Iberian horse">Spanish horses</a> already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then, 18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the "pied" horses popular in that period and shipped en masse to the Americas once the color had become unfashionable in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391-6">[6]</a> These horses were similar to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-<a href="/wiki/Andalusian_horse" title="Andalusian horse">Andalusian</a> type of horse popular in <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon-era Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''170-7">[7]</a> The original Appaloosa tended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the <a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">warmblood</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jennet" title="Jennet">Jennet</a> crosses first developed in the 16th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''392-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''308-8">[8]</a> The old-type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of draft horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy forced the Native Americans to become farmers and provided them with draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''392-5">[5]</a> The original Appaloosas frequently had a sparse <a href="/wiki/Mane_(horse)" title="Mane (horse)">mane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tail_(horse)" title="Tail (horse)">tail</a>, but that was not a primary characteristic, as many early Appaloosas did have full manes and tails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''27–28-9">[9]</a> There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tail growth, although the precise relationship is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> After the formation of the Appaloosa Horse Club in 1938, a more modern type of horse was developed after the addition of American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that performed better in <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">sprint racing</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Halter_(horse_show)" title="Halter (horse show)">halter</a> competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-type Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation stallion</a> Red Eagle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''393-11">[11]</a> An infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses more suited for racing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris,_''Horse_Breeds_of_the_West''12-12">[12]</a> Many current breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, "rat tail" trait, and therefore modern Appaloosas have fuller manes and tails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''27–28-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_and_spotting_patterns">Color and spotting patterns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Color and spotting patterns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Equine coat color</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AppaloosaCharlie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AppaloosaCharlie.jpg/220px-AppaloosaCharlie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AppaloosaCharlie.jpg/330px-AppaloosaCharlie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AppaloosaCharlie.jpg/440px-AppaloosaCharlie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Few spot leopard Appaloosa with wet coat, showing a "halo" effect of dark skin under the white coat, especially around spots.</figcaption></figure> The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color with an overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by the Appaloosa Horse Club include <a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (horse)">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut (coat)">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palomino" title="Palomino">palomino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(horse)" title="Buckskin (horse)">buckskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_gene" title="Cream gene">cremello or perlino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roan_(horse)" title="Roan (horse)">roan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray (horse)">gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dun_gene" title="Dun gene">dun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grullo" title="Grullo">grulla</a>. Appaloosa markings have several pattern variations.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> It is this unique group of spotting patterns, collectively called the "leopard complex",<a href="#cite_note-APstudies-13">[13]</a> that most people associate with the Appaloosa horse.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> Spots overlay darker skin, and are often surrounded by a "halo", where the skin next to the spot is also dark but the overlying hair coat is white.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''92-14">[14]</a> It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth. Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when they shed their baby hair.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In addition, Appaloosa foals do not always show classic leopard complex characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-APstudies-13">[13]</a> Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life although some, such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns are especially prone to show very little color pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they get older.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''92-14">[14]</a> The ApHC also recognizes the concept of a "solid" horse, which has a base color, "but no contrasting color in the form of an Appaloosa coat pattern". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin, and one other leopard complex characteristic.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> Solid Appaloosa horses are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gray_horse" title="Gray horse">gray horses</a>, which display a similar mottling called "fleabitten gray". As they age, "fleabitten" grays may develop pigmented speckles in addition to a white coat. However, "fleabitten gray" is a different <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, and is unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex" title="Leopard complex">leopard complex</a> gene seen in the Appaloosa breed. While the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) allows gray Appaloosa horses to be registered, gray is rare in the breed.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Similarly, "dapple" gray horses are also different from Appaloosa horses, in terms of both coat color genes and patterning.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> These patterns are described as follows: <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; clear: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Pattern </th> <th scope="col">Description </th> <th scope="col">Image<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Spots </th> <td>A horse that has white or dark spots over all or a portion of its body.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Appaloosa_(DSC00229).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Appaloosa_%28DSC00229%29.jpg/100px-Appaloosa_%28DSC00229%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Appaloosa_%28DSC00229%29.jpg/150px-Appaloosa_%28DSC00229%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Appaloosa_%28DSC00229%29.jpg/200px-Appaloosa_%28DSC00229%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Blanket or snowcap </th> <td>A solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SnowflakeCrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SnowflakeCrop.jpg/100px-SnowflakeCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SnowflakeCrop.jpg/150px-SnowflakeCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SnowflakeCrop.jpg/200px-SnowflakeCrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="358" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Blanket with spots </th> <td>A white blanket which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same color as the horse's base color.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Appaloosa46-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Appaloosa46-2.jpg/100px-Appaloosa46-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Appaloosa46-2.jpg/150px-Appaloosa46-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Appaloosa46-2.jpg/200px-Appaloosa46-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="1779" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Leopard </th> <td>A white horse with dark spots that flow out over the entire body. Considered an extension of a blanket to cover the whole body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Appaloosa_stallion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Appaloosa_stallion.JPG/100px-Appaloosa_stallion.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Appaloosa_stallion.JPG/150px-Appaloosa_stallion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Appaloosa_stallion.JPG/200px-Appaloosa_stallion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Few spot leopard </th> <td>A mostly white horse with a bit of color remaining around the flank, neck and head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shiny_fewspot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shiny_fewspot.jpg/100px-Shiny_fewspot.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shiny_fewspot.jpg/150px-Shiny_fewspot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Shiny_fewspot.jpg/200px-Shiny_fewspot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="684" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Snowflake </th> <td>A horse with white spots, flecks, on a dark body. Typically the white spots increase in number and size as the horse ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AppaloosaSnowflakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AppaloosaSnowflakes.jpg/100px-AppaloosaSnowflakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AppaloosaSnowflakes.jpg/150px-AppaloosaSnowflakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AppaloosaSnowflakes.jpg/200px-AppaloosaSnowflakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Appaloosa roan, marble   or <a href="/wiki/Varnish_roan" title="Varnish roan">varnish roan</a> </th> <td>A distinct version of the leopard complex. Intermixed dark and light hairs with lighter colored area on the forehead, jowls and frontal bones of the face, over the back, loin and hips. Darker areas may appear along the edges of the frontal bones of the face as well and also on the legs, stifle, above the eye, point of the hip and behind the elbow. The dark points over bony areas are called "varnish marks" and distinguish this pattern from a traditional <a href="/wiki/Roan_(horse)" title="Roan (horse)">roan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flurrie_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flurrie_3.jpg/100px-Flurrie_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flurrie_3.jpg/150px-Flurrie_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flurrie_3.jpg/200px-Flurrie_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mottled </th> <td>A fewspot leopard that is completely white with only mottled skin showing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Appyfoal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Appyfoal.jpg/100px-Appyfoal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Appyfoal.jpg/150px-Appyfoal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Appyfoal.jpg/200px-Appyfoal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="442" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Roan blanket or Frost </th> <td>Horses with roaning over the croup and hips. The blanket normally occurs over, but is not limited to, the hip area.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_Apaloosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Standing_Apaloosa.jpg/100px-Standing_Apaloosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Standing_Apaloosa.jpg/150px-Standing_Apaloosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Standing_Apaloosa.jpg/200px-Standing_Apaloosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="635" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Roan blanket with spots </th> <td>A horse with a roan blanket that has white and/or dark spots within the roan area.<a href="#cite_note-Identify-3">[3]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LeopardHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/LeopardHorse.jpg/100px-LeopardHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/LeopardHorse.jpg/150px-LeopardHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/LeopardHorse.jpg/200px-LeopardHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_genetics">Color genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Color genetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex" title="Leopard complex">Leopard complex</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color_genetics" title="Equine coat color genetics">Equine coat color genetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stripedhooves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown and white striped horse hoof, with a dark colored leg partially visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stripedhooves.jpg/170px-Stripedhooves.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stripedhooves.jpg/255px-Stripedhooves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stripedhooves.jpg/340px-Stripedhooves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Striped hooves are a characteristic trait.</figcaption></figure> Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottled skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> of the dominant "leopard complex" (LP) <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>. The use of the word "complex" is used to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present.<a href="#cite_note-APstudies-13">[13]</a> LP is an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Incomplete_and_semi-dominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">incomplete dominant</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/TRPM1" title="TRPM1">TRPM1</a> gene located at horse chromosome 1 (ECA 1).<a href="#cite_note-Bellone2010-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Terry-21">[21]</a> All horses with at least one copy of LP show leopard characteristics, and it is hypothesized that LP acts together with other patterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce the different coat patterns.<a href="#cite_note-APstudies-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Horses that are <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a> for LP tend to be darker than <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> horses, but this is not consistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''93-23">[23]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a> (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by which the pattern is produced remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-APstudies-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellone2010-20">[20]</a> A commercially available DNA based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-APstudies-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellone2010-20">[20]</a> Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-colored horses that carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a> of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Appaloosas may also exhibit <a href="/wiki/Sabino_horse" title="Sabino horse">sabino</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pinto_horse" title="Pinto horse">pinto</a> type markings; as pinto genes may cover or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which will deny registration to horses with excessive white markings.<a href="#cite_note-Rule205-25">[25]</a> The genes that create these different patterns can be present in the same horse. The Appaloosa Project, a genetic study group, researchers the interactions of Appaloosa and pinto genes, and how they affect each other.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen_-_Louis_XIV_at_the_taking_of_Besan%C3%A7on_(1674).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a man holding a sword while riding a rearing horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen_-_Louis_XIV_at_the_taking_of_Besan%C3%A7on_%281674%29.jpg/220px-Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen_-_Louis_XIV_at_the_taking_of_Besan%C3%A7on_%281674%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen_-_Louis_XIV_at_the_taking_of_Besan%C3%A7on_%281674%29.jpg/330px-Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen_-_Louis_XIV_at_the_taking_of_Besan%C3%A7on_%281674%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen_-_Louis_XIV_at_the_taking_of_Besan%C3%A7on_%281674%29.jpg/440px-Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen_-_Louis_XIV_at_the_taking_of_Besan%C3%A7on_%281674%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>A 1674 painting of <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> on a spotted <a href="/wiki/Baroque_horse" title="Baroque horse">Baroque</a> horse.</figcaption></figure> Recent research has suggested that Eurasian prehistoric cave paintings depicting leopard-spotted horses may have accurately reflected a <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> of ancient wild horse.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Domesticated horses with leopard complex spotting patterns have been depicted in art dating as far back as Ancient Greece, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Ancient Persia</a>, and the Han Dynasty in China; later depictions appeared in 11th-century France and 12th-century England.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ancient-30">[30]</a> French paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries show horses with spotted coats being used as riding horses, and other records indicate they were also used as coach horses at the court of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''12–16-31">[31]</a> In mid-18th-century Europe, there was a great demand for horses with the leopard complex spotting pattern among the nobility and royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship, for parade use, and other forms of display.<a href="#cite_note-HotSpots-32">[32]</a> Modern horse breeds in Europe today that have leopard complex spotting include the <a href="/wiki/Knabstrupper" title="Knabstrupper">Knabstrupper</a> and the Pinzgau, or <a href="/wiki/Noriker_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Noriker horse">Noriker horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-29">[29]</a> The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the color pattern was known to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowell,_''Cavalcade''299-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a> and Spanish settlers then brought some vividly marked horses to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> when <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse#Return_to_the_Americas" title="Evolution of the horse">they first arrived</a> in the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowell,_''Cavalcade''299-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''17–18-34">[34]</a> One horse with snowflake patterning was listed with the 16 horses brought to Mexico by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''196-35">[35]</a> and additional spotted horses were mentioned by Spanish writers by 1604.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''207-36">[36]</a> Others arrived in the western hemisphere when spotted horses went out of style in late 18th-century Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391-6">[6]</a> and were shipped to Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-Meredith-37">[37]</a> California and Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nez_Perce_people">Nez Perce people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nez Perce people">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the foreground, two Native American men wearing cowboy attire sit crosslegged on the ground. In the background, a dark colored horse with a white and black spotted rump stands saddled and bridled." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg/220px-Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg/330px-Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg/440px-Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Two Nez Perce men with an Appaloosa, about 1895</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce people</a> lived in what today is eastern <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Idaho" title="North Central Idaho">north central Idaho</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"7-38">[38]</a> where they engaged in agriculture as well as <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">horse breeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''134-39">[39]</a> The Nez Perce first obtained horses from the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> around 1730.<a href="#cite_note-Meredith-37">[37]</a> They took advantage of the fact that they lived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raids of other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices for their animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one of the few tribes that actively used the practice of <a href="/wiki/Gelding" title="Gelding">gelding</a> inferior male horses and trading away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animals from the gene pool,<a href="#cite_note-Museum-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-40">[40]</a> and thus were notable as horse breeders by the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Appaloosa_History-41">[41]</a> Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality. <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> wrote in his February 15, 1806, journal entry: "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] and would make a figure in any country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton,_''Lewis_and_Clark_Journals''333-42">[42]</a> Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, "... some of these horses are pided [pied] with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] or some other dark colour".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton,_''Lewis_and_Clark_Journals''333-42">[42]</a> By "pied", Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton,_''Lewis_and_Clark_Journals''333-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''390-43">[43]</a> though Lewis also noted that "much the larger portion are of a uniform colour".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton,_''Lewis_and_Clark_Journals''333-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa_Horse_Club" title="Appaloosa Horse Club">Appaloosa Horse Club</a> estimates that only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted.<a href="#cite_note-Appaloosa_History-41">[41]</a> While the Nez Perce originally had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding some time after the visit of Lewis and Clark, by the late 19th century they had many spotted horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''390,_392-44">[44]</a> As white settlers moved into traditional Nez Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as "elegant chargers, fit to mount a prince."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"14-45">[45]</a> At a time when ordinary horses could be purchased for $15, non-Indians who had purchased Appaloosa horses from the Nez Perce turned down offers of as much as $600.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiarloni,_"Shaping_Stock_Horses"82-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nez_Perce_War">Nez Perce War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nez Perce War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></div> Peace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"5–6-47">[47]</a> but the encroachment of gold miners in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''135–136-48">[48]</a> Although a treaty of 1855 originally allowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863 reduced the land allotted to them by 90 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"9-49">[49]</a> The Nez Perce who refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"4-50">[50]</a> Tensions rose, and in May 1877, General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Oliver Otis Howard</a> called a council and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to the reservation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''135–136-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"14–15-51">[51]</a> Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile,<a href="#cite_note-PBS-52">[52]</a> and by June 14, 1877, had gathered about 600 people at a site near present-day <a href="/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho" title="Grangeville, Idaho">Grangeville, Idaho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"5–6-47">[47]</a> But on that day a small group of warriors staged an attack on nearby white settlers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''135–136-48">[48]</a> which led to the Nez Perce War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"5–6-47">[47]</a> After several small battles in Idaho,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"5–6-47">[47]</a> more than 800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, took 2000 head of various livestock including horses and fled into <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, then traveled southeast, dipping into <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''135–136-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"4-50">[50]</a> A small number of Nez Perce fighters, probably fewer than 200,<a href="#cite_note-PBS-52">[52]</a> successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including the two-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Big_Hole" title="Battle of the Big Hole">Battle of the Big Hole</a> in southwestern Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''135–136-48">[48]</a> They then moved northeast and attempted to seek refuge with the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow Nation</a>; rebuffed, they headed for safety in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''135–136-48">[48]</a> Throughout this journey of about 1,400 miles (2,300 km)<a href="#cite_note-PBS-52">[52]</a> the Nez Perce relied heavily on their fast, agile and hardy Appaloosa horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaines,_''Appaloosa''92–95-53">[53]</a> The journey came to an end when they stopped to rest near the <a href="/wiki/Bears_Paw_Mountains" title="Bears Paw Mountains">Bears Paw Mountains</a> in Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–US border</a>. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a> had led an infantry-cavalry column from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Keogh" title="Fort Keogh">Fort Keogh</a> in pursuit. On October 5, 1877, after a five-day fight, Joseph surrendered. The battle—and the war—was over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaines,_''Appaloosa''92–95-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''138-54">[54]</a> With most of the war chiefs dead, and the noncombatants cold and starving, Joseph declared that he would "fight no more forever".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_''Montana''138-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''23-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_Nez_Perce_War">Aftermath of the Nez Perce War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the Nez Perce War">edit</a>]</div> When the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediately took more than 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could and shot many of the rest. But a significant population of horses had been left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez Perce began their retreat, and additional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-29">[29]</a> The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe#Nez_Perce_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce tribe">reservation lands</a> in north central Idaho,<a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a> were allowed few horses, and were required by the Army to <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> in an attempt to create farm horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''24–25-57">[56]</a> The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position as breeders of Appaloosas. In the late 20th century, they began a program to develop a new horse breed, the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce horse">Nez Perce horse</a>, with the intent to resurrect their horse culture, tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-58">[57]</a> Although a remnant population of Appaloosa horses remained after 1877, they were virtually forgotten as a distinct breed for almost 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-29">[29]</a> A few quality horses continued to be bred, mostly those captured or purchased by settlers and used as working <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranch</a> horses. Others were used in circuses and related forms of entertainment, such as <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill%27s_Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Bill's Wild West">Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaines,_''Appaloosa''96–98-59">[58]</a> The horses were originally called "Palouse horses" by settlers, a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Palouse_River" title="Palouse River">Palouse River</a> that ran through the heart of what was once Nez Perce country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowell,_''Cavalcade''296–297-60">[59]</a> Gradually, the name evolved into "Apalouse", and then "Appaloosa".<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowell,_''Cavalcade''296–297-60">[59]</a> Other early variations of the name included "Appalucy", "Apalousey" and "Appaloosie". In one 1948 book, the breed was called the "Opelousa horse", described as a "hardy tough breed of Indian and Spanish horse" used by backwoodsmen of the late 18th century to transport goods to New Orleans for sale. By the 1950s, "Appaloosa" was regarded as the correct spelling.<a href="#cite_note-Meredith-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revitalization">Revitalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revitalization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AppyPlate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Idaho car license plate with a running horse on the left side. The horse is brown with a brown and white spotted rump" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/AppyPlate.jpg/220px-AppyPlate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/AppyPlate.jpg/330px-AppyPlate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/AppyPlate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>The state of Idaho offers a license plate featuring the Appaloosa horse.</figcaption></figure> The Appaloosa came to the attention of the general public in January 1937 in <a href="/wiki/Western_Horseman" title="Western Horseman">Western Horseman</a> magazine when Francis D. Haines, a history professor from <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston, Idaho</a>, published an article describing the breed's history and urging its preservation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiarloni,_"Shaping_Stock_Horses"82-46">[46]</a> Haines had performed extensive research, traveling with a friend and Appaloosa aficionado named George Hatley, visiting numerous Nez Perce villages, collecting history, and taking photographs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiarloni,_"Shaping_Stock_Horses"83-62">[61]</a> The article generated strong interest in the horse breed, and led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa_Horse_Club" title="Appaloosa Horse Club">Appaloosa Horse Club</a> (ApHC) by Claude Thompson and a small group of other dedicated breeders in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-ApHC_History-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaines,_''Appaloosa''98-64">[63]</a> The registry was originally housed in <a href="/wiki/Moro,_Oregon" title="Moro, Oregon">Moro, Oregon</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaines,_''Appaloosa''98-64">[63]</a> but in 1947 the organization moved to <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Idaho" title="Moscow, Idaho">Moscow, Idaho</a>, under the leadership of George Hatley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiarloni,_"Shaping_Stock_Horses"83-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ApHC_History-63">[62]</a> The Appaloosa Museum foundation was formed in 1975 to preserve the history of the Appaloosa horse.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The Western Horseman magazine, and particularly its longtime publisher, Dick Spencer, continued to support and promote the breed through many subsequent articles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiarloni,_"Shaping_Stock_Horses"83–84-66">[65]</a> A significant <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeding</a> influence used to revitalize the Appaloosa was the Arabian horse, as evidenced by early registration lists that show Arabian-Appaloosa crossbreeds as ten of the first fifteen horses registered with the ApHC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppaloosa_Horse_Club,_''Appaloosa_Horse_Club_Stud_Book,_Vol._1''-67">[66]</a> For example, one of Claude Thompson's major herd sires was Ferras, an Arabian stallion bred by <a href="/wiki/Will_Keith_Kellogg" title="Will Keith Kellogg">W.K. Kellogg</a> from horses imported from the <a href="/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud" title="Crabbet Arabian Stud">Crabbet Arabian Stud</a> of England.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-68">[67]</a> Ferras sired Red Eagle, a prominent Appaloosa stallion<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-68">[67]</a> added to the Appaloosa Hall of Fame in 1988. Later, Thoroughbred and American Quarter Horse lines were added, as well as crosses from other breeds, including <a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standardbred_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardbred horse">Standardbreds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppaloosa_Horse_Club,_''Appaloosa_Horse_Club_Stud_Book,_Vol._2_&_3''-69">[68]</a> In 1983 the ApHC reduced the number of allowable outcrosses to three main breeds: the Arabian, the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred.<a href="#cite_note-Rule204-70">[69]</a> By 1978 the ApHC was the third largest horse registry for light horse breeds.<a href="#cite_note-ApHC_History-63">[62]</a> From 1938 to 2007 more than 670,000 Appaloosas were registered by the ApHC.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The state of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> adopted the Appaloosa as its official state horse on March 25, 1975, when Idaho Governor <a href="/wiki/Cecil_D._Andrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil D. Andrus">Cecil Andrus</a> signed the enabling legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Appaloosa_History-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Idaho also offers a custom license plate featuring an Appaloosa,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> the first state to offer a plate featuring a state horse.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registration">Registration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Registration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa_Horse_Club" title="Appaloosa Horse Club">Appaloosa Horse Club</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedinne_050717_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two horses in a grassy field with trees and a road in the background. Both horses are colored brown and white, but the horse on the left has the colors in patches, while the horse on the right is spotted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gedinne_050717_%281%29.JPG/220px-Gedinne_050717_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gedinne_050717_%281%29.JPG/330px-Gedinne_050717_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gedinne_050717_%281%29.JPG/440px-Gedinne_050717_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pinto_horse" title="Pinto horse">Pinto horse</a> (left) has different markings than a Leopard Appaloosa (right)</figcaption></figure> Located in <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Idaho" title="Moscow, Idaho">Moscow, Idaho</a>, the ApHC is the principal body for the promotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed and is an international organization.<a href="#cite_note-ApHC_History-63">[62]</a> Affiliate Appaloosa organizations exist in many South American and European countries, as well as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The Appaloosa Horse Club has 33,000 members as of 2010,<a href="#cite_note-ApHC_History-63">[62]</a> circulation of the Appaloosa Journal, which is included with most types of membership, was at 32,000 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Circ-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-membership-78">[77]</a> The American Appaloosa Association was founded in 1983 by members opposed to the registration of plain-colored horses, as a result of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Color_rule_controversy">color rule controversy</a>. Based in Missouri, it has a membership of more than 2,000 as of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-amapp-79">[78]</a> Other "Appaloosa" registries have been founded for horses with leopard complex genetics that are not affiliated with the ApHC. These registries tend to have different foundation bloodstock and histories than the North American Appaloosa.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The ApHC is by far the largest Appaloosa horse registry,<a href="#cite_note-ApHC_History-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> and it hosts one of the world's largest breed shows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans,_''Horses''132-83">[82]</a> The Appaloosa is "a breed defined by ApHC bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat pattern".<a href="#cite_note-ApHCrules-1">[1]</a> In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a desired color, referred to as a "color preference". Appaloosas are not strictly a "<a href="/wiki/Color_breed" title="Color breed">color breed</a>". All ApHC-registered Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent must always be a regular registered Appaloosa. The only exception to the bloodline requirements is in the case of Appaloosa-colored geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for "hardship registration" for these non-breeding horses. The ApHC does not accept horses with draft, pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, and requires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod, at least 14 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (56 inches, 142 cm).<a href="#cite_note-Rule205-25">[25]</a> If a horse has excessive white markings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a pinto) it cannot be registered unless it is verified through DNA testing that both parents have ApHC registration.<a href="#cite_note-ApHCrules-1">[1]</a> Certain other characteristics are used to determine if a horse receives "regular" registration: striped hooves, white sclera visible when the eye is in a normal position, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. As the Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin mottling, this characteristic "...is a very basic and decisive indication of an Appaloosa."<a href="#cite_note-Rule128-2">[2]</a> Appaloosas born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least one other characteristic, are registered with "regular" papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse that meets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognized color pattern and characteristics can still be registered with the ApHC as a "non-characteristic" Appaloosa. These solid-colored, "non-characteristic" Appaloosas may not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing and pays a supplementary fee to enter the horse into the ApHC's Performance Permit Program (PPP).<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_rule_controversy">Color rule controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Color rule controversy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appaloosasnowcapmareandfoal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a brown mare with a white rump running alongside her baby foal, who is black with a white rump" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Appaloosasnowcapmareandfoal.jpg/220px-Appaloosasnowcapmareandfoal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Appaloosasnowcapmareandfoal.jpg/330px-Appaloosasnowcapmareandfoal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Appaloosasnowcapmareandfoal.jpg/440px-Appaloosasnowcapmareandfoal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Mare and foal. The ApHC encourages early foal registration, even though coat patterns may change later.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 1940s and 1950s, when both the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse_Association" title="American Quarter Horse Association">American Quarter Horse Association</a> (AQHA) were in their formative years, minimally marked or roan Appaloosas were sometimes used in Quarter Horse breeding programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes,_''Spotted_Pride''165-86">[85]</a> At the same time, it was noted that two solid-colored registered Quarter Horse parents would sometimes produce what Quarter Horse aficionados call a "<a href="/wiki/Cropout" title="Cropout">cropout</a>", a foal with white coloration similar to that of an Appaloosa or <a href="/wiki/Pinto_horse" title="Pinto horse">Pinto</a>. For a considerable time, until DNA testing could verify parentage, the AQHA refused to register such horses. The ApHC did accept cropout horses that exhibited proper Appaloosa traits, while cropout pintos became the core of the <a href="/wiki/American_Paint_Horse_Association" title="American Paint Horse Association">American Paint Horse Association</a>. Famous Appaloosas who were cropouts included Colida, Joker B, Bright Eyes Brother and Wapiti.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In the late 1970s, the color controversy went in the opposite direction within the Appaloosa registry. The ApHC's decision in 1982 to allow solid-colored or "non-characteristic" Appaloosas to be registered resulted in substantial debate within the Appaloosa breeding community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanger,_''Fifty_Years_of_Appaloosa_History''163-88">[87]</a> Until then, a foal of Appaloosa parents that had insufficient color was often denied registration, although non-characteristic Appaloosas were allowed into the registry. But breeder experience had shown that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, at least when bred to a spotted Appaloosa. In addition, many horses with a solid coat exhibited secondary characteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera, and striped hooves.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The controversy stirred by the ApHC's decision was intense. In 1983 a number of Appaloosa breeders opposed to the registration of solid-colored horses formed the American Appaloosa Association, a breakaway organization.<a href="#cite_note-amapp-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Osceola_Renegade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown and white spotted horse ridden by a sports mascot in modern-day Native American attire waving a flag stands on a sports field. More people are visible on the field, and a large crowd fills the stadium seating in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chief_Osceola_Renegade.jpg/220px-Chief_Osceola_Renegade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chief_Osceola_Renegade.jpg/330px-Chief_Osceola_Renegade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chief_Osceola_Renegade.jpg/440px-Chief_Osceola_Renegade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A leopard Appaloosa is part of the mascot for <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> team, the Seminoles, named for the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a>.</figcaption></figure> Appaloosas are used extensively for both <a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a>. Western competitions include <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(sport)" title="Cutting (sport)">cutting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reining" title="Reining">reining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_Roping" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Roping">roping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymkhana_(equestrian)" title="Gymkhana (equestrian)">O-Mok-See</a> sports such as <a href="/wiki/Barrel_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel Racing">barrel racing</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Camas_Prairie_Stump_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Camas Prairie Stump Race">Camas Prairie Stump Race</a> in Appaloosa-only competition) and <a href="/wiki/Pole_bending" title="Pole bending">pole bending</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perc%C3%A9_Stake_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Percé Stake Race">Nez Percé Stake Race</a> at breed shows). English disciplines they are used in include <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>. They are common in <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a> competitions, as well as in casual <a href="/wiki/Trail_riding" title="Trail riding">trail riding</a>. Appaloosas are also bred for <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, with an active breed racing association promoting the sport. They are generally used for middle-distance racing at distances between 350 yards (320 m) and 0.5 miles (0.80 km); an Appaloosa holds the all-breed record for the 4.5 furlongs (3,000 ft; 910 m) distance, set in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutson,_''Storey's_Illustrated_Guide_to_96_Horse_Breeds_of_North_America''74–78-90">[89]</a> <a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Appaloosas are often used in <a href="/wiki/Western_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Movie">Western movies</a> and television series. Examples include "Cojo Rojo" in the <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Appaloosa" title="The Appaloosa">The Appaloosa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson,_''Animal_Movies_Guide''161-92">[91]</a> "Zip Cochise" ridden by <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> in the 1966 film <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(1966_film)" title="El Dorado (1966 film)">El Dorado</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and "Cowboy", the mount of <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> in <a href="/wiki/True_Grit_(2010_film)" title="True Grit (2010 film)">True Grit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> An Appaloosa horse is part of the controversial mascot team for the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State</a> Seminoles, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Osceola_and_Renegade" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Osceola and Renegade">Chief Osceola and Renegade</a>; even though the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a> were not directly associated with Appaloosa horses.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> There are several American horse breeds with leopard coloring and Appaloosa ancestry. These include the <a href="/wiki/Pony_of_the_Americas" title="Pony of the Americas">Pony of the Americas</a><a href="#cite_note-POA-96">[95]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Ranger" title="Colorado Ranger">Colorado Ranger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ranger-97">[96]</a> Appaloosas were also <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbred</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gaited_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaited horse">gaited horse</a> breeds in an attempt to create leopard-spotted <a href="/wiki/Ambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambling">ambling</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">horse breeds</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Walkaloosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkaloosa">Walkaloosa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Jennet_Horse" title="Spanish Jennet Horse">Spanish Jennet Horse</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger horse">Tiger horse</a>. Because such crossbred offspring are not eligible for ApHC registration,<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> their owners have formed breed registries for horses with leopard complex patterns and gaited ability.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In 1995 the Nez Perce tribe began a program to develop a new and distinct horse breed, the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_Horse" title="Nez Perce Horse">Nez Perce Horse</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeding</a> the Appaloosa with the <a href="/wiki/Akhal-Teke" title="Akhal-Teke">Akhal-Teke</a> breed from Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-58">[57]</a> Appaloosa stallions have also been exported to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to add new blood to the <a href="/wiki/Knabstrupper" title="Knabstrupper">Knabstrupper</a> breed.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetically_linked_vision_issues">Genetically linked vision issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetically linked vision issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex#Vision_issues" title="Leopard complex">Leopard complex § Vision issues</a></div> Two genetically-linked conditions are linked to blindness in Appaloosas, both associated with the Leopard complex color pattern. Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Equine_Recurrent_Uveitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine Recurrent Uveitis">Equine Recurrent Uveitis</a> (ERU) than all other breeds combined. Up to 25 percent of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. <a href="/wiki/Uveitis" title="Uveitis">Uveitis</a> in horses has many causes, including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Eighty percent of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas with physical characteristics including roan or light-colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the mane and tail denoting the most at-risk individuals.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Appaloosas that are <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex" title="Leopard complex">leopard complex</a> (LP) <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> are also at risk for <a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">congenital stationary night blindness</a> (CSNB).<a href="#cite_note-CSNBstudies-106">[105]</a> This form of <a href="/wiki/Night_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Night blindness">night blindness</a> has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-witzel1977-107">[106]</a> and in 2007 a "significant association" between LP and CSNB was identified.<a href="#cite_note-CSNBstudies-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sandmeyer2007-108">[107]</a> CSNB is a disorder that causes an affected animal to lack night vision, although day vision is normal. It is an inherited disorder, present from birth, and does not progress over time.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Studies in 2008 and 2010 indicate that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns are linked to <a href="/wiki/TRPM1" title="TRPM1">TRPM1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellone2010-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_rules">Drug rules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Drug rules">edit</a>]</div> In 2007 the ApHC implemented new drug rules allowing Appaloosas to show with the drugs <a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">furosemide</a>, known by the trade name of Lasix, and <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">acetazolamide</a>. Furosemide is used to prevent horses who bleed from the nose when subjected to strenuous work from having bleeding episodes when in competition, and is widely used in horse racing. Acetazolamide ("Acet") is used for treating horses with the genetic disease <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemic_periodic_paralysis_(equine)" title="Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (equine)">hyperkalemic periodic paralysis</a> (HYPP), and prevents affected animals from having seizures.<a href="#cite_note-111">[b]</a> Acet is only allowed for horses that test positive for HYPP and have HYPP status noted on their registration papers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The ApHC recommends that Appaloosas that trace to certain American Quarter Horse bloodlines be tested for HYPP, and owners have the option to choose to place HYPP testing results on registration papers.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Foals of AQHA-registered stallions and mares born on or after January 1, 2007 that carry HYPP will be required to be HYPP tested and have their HYPP status designated on their registration papers.<a href="#cite_note-ApHCrules-1">[1]</a> Both drugs are controversial, in part because they are considered drug maskers and <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a> that can make it difficult to detect the presence of other drugs in the horse's system.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> On one side, it is argued that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">United States Equestrian Federation</a> (USEF), which sponsors show competition for many different <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">horse breeds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">International Federation for Equestrian Sports</a> (FEI), which governs international and <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> equestrian competition, ban the use of furosemide.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> On the other side of the controversy, several major stock horse registries that sanction their own shows, including the American Quarter Horse Association,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Paint_Horse_Association" title="American Paint Horse Association">American Paint Horse Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palomino" title="Palomino">Palomino</a> Horse Breeders of America,<a href="#cite_note-PHBA-119">[117]</a> allow acetazolamide and furosemide to be used within 24 hours of showing under certain circumstances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Chief Joseph and his band were settled in central Washington on the <a href="/wiki/Colville_Indian_Reservation" title="Colville Indian Reservation">Colville Indian Reservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"4-50">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Acetazolamide is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">acepromazine</a> ("Ace"), a <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">tranquilizer</a>, which is illegal in all forms of competition. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ApHCrules-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ApHCrules_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApHCrules_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApHCrules_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApHCrules_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApHCrules_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApHCrules_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/registration/handbook.htm">"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook"</a> (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422185434/http://appaloosa.com/registration/handbook.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Appaloosa+Horse+Club+Handbook&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosa.com%2Fregistration%2Fhandbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rule128-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rule128_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rule128_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422185434/http://appaloosa.com/registration/handbook.htm">"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook"</a>. Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. Rule 128. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/registration/handbook.htm">the original</a> (PDF) on April 22, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Appaloosa+Horse+Club+Handbook&rft.pages=Rule+128&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosa.com%2Fregistration%2Fhandbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Identify-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identify_3-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/registration/indentify.htm">"Guide to Identifying an Appaloosa"</a>. Appaloosa Horse Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101211220821/http://appaloosa.com/registration/indentify.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Identifying+an+Appaloosa&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosa.com%2Fregistration%2Findentify.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amappaloosa.com/mainpage.cfm?contentid=147">"Characteristics of the Appaloosa"</a>. American Appaloosa Association Worldwide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101025085808/http://amappaloosa.com/mainpage.cfm?contentid=147">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Characteristics+of+the+Appaloosa&rft.pub=American+Appaloosa+Association+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amappaloosa.com%2Fmainpage.cfm%3Fcontentid%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''392-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''392_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''392_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''392_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett,_Conquerors">Bennett, Conquerors</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''391_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett,_Conquerors">Bennett, Conquerors</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''170-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''170_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett,_Conquerors">Bennett, Conquerors</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''308-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''308_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett,_Conquerors">Bennett, Conquerors</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''27–28-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''27–28_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson,_''Appaloosa''27–28_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson,_Appaloosa">Richardson, Appaloosa</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESponenberg,_''Equine_Color_Genetics''90–91_10-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFSponenberg,_Equine_Color_Genetics">Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''393-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett,_''Conquerors''393_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett,_Conquerors">Bennett, Conquerors</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris,_''Horse_Breeds_of_the_West''12-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris,_''Horse_Breeds_of_the_West''12_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris,_Horse_Breeds_of_the_West">Harris, Horse Breeds of the West</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-APstudies-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APstudies_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APstudies_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APstudies_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APstudies_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APstudies_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APstudies_13-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher,_Sheila" class="citation web cs1">Archer, Sheila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152301/http://www.appaloosaproject.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=1&MMN_position=5%3A5">"The Appaloosa Project: Studies Currently Underway"</a>. 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International Museum of the Horse – Horse Breeds of the World. Kentucky Horse Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imh.org/index.php/exhibits/online/horse-breeds-of-the-world/north-america/item/2233-appaloosa-horse">the original</a> on September 17, 2013. 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Retrieved March 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equine+Recurrent+Uveitis+%28ERU%29&rft.pub=The+Appaloosa+Project&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.au=Sandmeyer%2C+Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosaproject.info%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Dpagemaster%26PAGE_user_op%3Dview_page%26PAGE_id%3D40%26MMN_position%3D68%3A68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoving,_Nancy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Loving, Nancy (April 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=11687">"Uveitis: Medical and Surgical Treatment"</a>. The Horse. Retrieved March 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=Uveitis%3A+Medical+and+Surgical+Treatment&rft.date=2008-04-19&rft.au=Loving%2C+Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D11687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-5224.2005.00442.x">"Abstracts: 36th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Nashville, TN, USA, October 12–15, 2005"</a>. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 8 (6): 437–450. November 2005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-5224.2005.00442.x">10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00442.x</a>. <q>Based on these data, we conclude that a susceptibility allele for ERU in Appaloosas exists in the MHC region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Abstracts%3A+36th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+American+College+of+Veterinary+Ophthalmologists%2C+Nashville%2C+TN%2C+USA%2C+October+12%E2%80%9315%2C+2005&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=437-450&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-5224.2005.00442.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1463-5224.2005.00442.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSNBstudies-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSNBstudies_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSNBstudies_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher,_Sheila" class="citation web cs1">Archer, Sheila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152446/http://www.appaloosaproject.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=34">"Night Blindness in the Appaloosa (CSNB)"</a>. The Appaloosa Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosaproject.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=34">the original</a> on July 7, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Night+Blindness+in+the+Appaloosa+%28CSNB%29&rft.pub=The+Appaloosa+Project&rft.au=Archer%2C+Sheila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosaproject.com%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Dpagemaster%26PAGE_user_op%3Dview_page%26PAGE_id%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-witzel1977-107"><a href="#cite_ref-witzel1977_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel,_C.A.Joyce,_J.R.Smith,_E.L.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Witzel, C.A.; Joyce, J.R.; Smith, E.L. (1977). "Electroretinography of congenital night blindness in an Appaloosa filly". Journal of Equine Medicine and Surgery (1): 226–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Equine+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.atitle=Electroretinography+of+congenital+night+blindness+in+an+Appaloosa+filly&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=226-229&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Witzel%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Joyce%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandmeyer2007-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandmeyer2007_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandmeyer,_Lynne_S.Breaux,_Carrie_BArcher,_SheilaGrahn,_Bruce_H.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sandmeyer, Lynne S.; Breaux, Carrie B; Archer, Sheila; Grahn, Bruce H. (November 2007). "Clinical and electroretinographic characteristics of congenital stationary night blindness in the Appaloosa and the association with the leopard complex". Journal of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmology. 10 (6): 368–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-5224.2007.00572.x">10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00572.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17970998">17970998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Veterinary+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Clinical+and+electroretinographic+characteristics+of+congenital+stationary+night+blindness+in+the+Appaloosa+and+the+association+with+the+leopard+complex&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=368-375&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-5224.2007.00572.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17970998&rft.au=Sandmeyer%2C+Lynne+S.&rft.au=Breaux%2C+Carrie+B&rft.au=Archer%2C+Sheila&rft.au=Grahn%2C+Bruce+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=10852">"Researchers Pinpoint Link Between Appaloosa Coloring and Night Blindness"</a>. The Horse. November 21, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=Researchers+Pinpoint+Link+Between+Appaloosa+Coloring+and+Night+Blindness&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D10852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOke,_Stacey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Oke, Stacey (August 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=12595">"Shedding Light on Night Blindness in Appaloosas"</a>. The Horse. Retrieved February 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=Shedding+Light+on+Night+Blindness+in+Appaloosas&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft.au=Oke%2C+Stacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D12595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422185434/http://appaloosa.com/registration/handbook.htm">"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook"</a>. Appaloosa Horse Club. 2012. p. Rule 40C, note. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/registration/handbook.htm">the original</a> (PDF) on April 22, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Appaloosa+Horse+Club+Handbook&rft.pages=Rule+40C%2C+note&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosa.com%2Fregistration%2Fhandbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Shonda (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523202831/http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/HYPPTestingProcedures.pdf">"Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) Testing Procedures"</a> (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/HYPPTestingProcedures.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyperkalemic+Periodic+Paralysis+%28HYPP%29+Testing+Procedures&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Shonda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosa.com%2Fpdfs%2FHYPPTestingProcedures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202142105/http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/SummaryofMotions07_08_07.pdf">"July 2007 Appaloosa Horse Club Board Motions"</a> (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. 21–24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/SummaryofMotions07_08_07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 2, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=July+2007+Appaloosa+Horse+Club+Board+Motions&rft.pages=21-24&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appaloosa.com%2Fpdfs%2FSummaryofMotions07_08_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911032453/http://www.usef.org/documents/competitions/2007/2007DrugsMedsGuidelines.pdf">"Drugs and Medication Guidelines"</a> (PDF). United States Equestrian Federation. August 1, 2007. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/documents/competitions/2007/2007DrugsMedsGuidelines.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 September 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drugs+and+Medication+Guidelines&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=United+States+Equestrian+Federation&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usef.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcompetitions%2F2007%2F2007DrugsMedsGuidelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> Note: Specifically lists Furosemide. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203070636/http://www.feicleansport.org/2011_Equine_Prohibited_List.pdf">"2011 Prohibited Substances List"</a> (PDF). Veterinary Regulations. Federation Equestre Internationale. 2011. p. 26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feicleansport.org/2011_Equine_Prohibited_List.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 3, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Regulations&rft.atitle=2011+Prohibited+Substances+List&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feicleansport.org%2F2011_Equine_Prohibited_List.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> Note: Specifically lists Furosemide. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005172453/http://aqha.com/Showing/Content-Pages/Resources/Exhibitors/Guide-to-Showing/Therapeutic-Medication-Fact-Sheet.aspx">"Therapeutic Medication Fact Sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse_Association" title="American Quarter Horse Association">American Quarter Horse Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aqha.com/Showing/Content-Pages/Resources/Exhibitors/Guide-to-Showing/Therapeutic-Medication-Fact-Sheet.aspx">the original</a> on October 5, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Therapeutic+Medication+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=American+Quarter+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faqha.com%2FShowing%2FContent-Pages%2FResources%2FExhibitors%2FGuide-to-Showing%2FTherapeutic-Medication-Fact-Sheet.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231044640/http://www.apha.com/forms/rulebooks.html">"APHA Rulebook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Paint_Horse_Association" title="American Paint Horse Association">American Paint Horse Association</a>. pp. 78–79, Rule CS–085. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apha.com/forms/rulebooks.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APHA+Rulebook&rft.pages=78-79%2C+Rule+CS-085&rft.pub=American+Paint+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apha.com%2Fforms%2Frulebooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHBA-119"><a href="#cite_ref-PHBA_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palominohba.com/handbook/">"PHBA Rule Book"</a>. Palomino Horse Breeders Association. pp. 77–78, Rule 2528A. Retrieved September 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHBA+Rule+Book&rft.pages=77-78%2C+Rule+2528A&rft.pub=Palomino+Horse+Breeders+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palominohba.com%2Fhandbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"> The PHBA does not allow Lasix within 24 hours of show and only allows Acetazolamide for HYPP horses. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppaloosa_Horse_Club,_Appaloosa_Horse_Club_Stud_Book,_Vol._1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Appaloosa_Horse_Club" title="Appaloosa Horse Club">Appaloosa Horse Club</a>. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 1. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9494129">9494129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appaloosa+Horse+Club+Stud+Book+Volume+1&rft.place=Moscow%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9494129&rft.au=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppaloosa_Horse_Club,_Appaloosa_Horse_Club_Stud_Book,_Vol._2_&_3" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Appaloosa_Horse_Club" title="Appaloosa Horse Club">Appaloosa Horse Club</a>. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 2 & 3. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9494129">9494129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appaloosa+Horse+Club+Stud+Book+Volume+2+%26+3&rft.place=Moscow%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9494129&rft.au=Appaloosa+Horse+Club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_Conquerors" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (1st ed.). Solvang, California: Amigo Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9658533-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9658533-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9658533-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+The+Roots+of+New+World+Horsemanship&rft.place=Solvang%2C+California&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Amigo+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9658533-0-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Deb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiarloni,_"Shaping_Stock_Horses"" class="citation journal cs1">Ciarloni, Diane (January 2011). "Shaping Stock Horses". Western Horseman: 76–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Horseman&rft.atitle=Shaping+Stock+Horses&rft.pages=76-84&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Ciarloni&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowell,_Cavalcade" class="citation book cs1">Crowell, Pers (1951). Cavalcade of American Horses. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1428574">1428574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavalcade+of+American+Horses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1428574&rft.aulast=Crowell&rft.aufirst=Pers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutson,_Storey's_Illustrated_Guide_to_96_Horse_Breeds_of_North_America" class="citation book cs1">Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58017-612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58017-612-5"><bdi>978-1-58017-612-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storey%27s+Illustrated+Guide+to+96+Horse+Breeds+of+North+America&rft.place=North+Adams%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58017-612-5&rft.aulast=Dutson&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_Horses" class="citation book cs1">Evans, J. Warren (2000). Horses: A Guide to Selection, Care and Enjoyment. New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4255-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-4255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses%3A+A+Guide+to+Selection%2C+Care+and+Enjoyment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4255-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=J.+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines,_Appaloosa" class="citation book cs1">Haines, Francis (1975) [1946]. Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art and History. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912830-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912830-21-6"><bdi>978-0-912830-21-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appaloosa%3A+The+Spotted+Horse+in+Art+and+History&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-912830-21-6&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Horse_Breeds_of_the_West" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Freddie S. (1973). Horse Breeds of the West. Houston, Texas: Cordovan Corp. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1583675">1583675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+Breeds+of+the+West&rft.place=Houston%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Cordovan+Corp&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1583675&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Freddie+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes,_Spotted_Pride" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Frank (2003). Spotted Pride. Abilene, Kansas: Loft Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9714998-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9714998-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9714998-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spotted+Pride&rft.place=Abilene%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=Loft+Enterprises&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9714998-3-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone_Roeder_&_Lang,_Montana" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97129-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97129-2"><bdi>978-0-295-97129-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana%3A+A+History+of+Two+Centuries&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97129-2&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Roeder%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Lang%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton,_Lewis_and_Clark_Journals" class="citation book cs1">Moulton, Gary E., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkjourna00meri">The Lewis and Clark Journals</a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8039-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-8039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lewis+and+Clark+Journals&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-8039-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewisclarkjourna00meri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson,_Appaloosa" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Bill; Richardson, Dona (1968). The Appaloosa. New York: A. S. Barnes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-06787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-06787-7"><bdi>978-0-498-06787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Appaloosa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-498-06787-7&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSponenberg,_Equine_Color_Genetics" class="citation book cs1">Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihTMGxdBXb8C">Equine Color Genetics</a> (Second ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0759-1"><bdi>978-0-8138-0759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equine+Color+Genetics&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-0759-1&rft.aulast=Sponenberg&rft.aufirst=Dan+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihTMGxdBXb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanger,_Fifty_Years_of_Appaloosa_History" class="citation book cs1">Stanger, Edith M. (1997). Fifty Years of Appaloosa History. (No location listed): Double Arrow Appaloosas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9661160-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9661160-4-5"><bdi>978-0-9661160-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+of+Appaloosa+History&rft.place=%28No+location+listed%29&rft.pub=Double+Arrow+Appaloosas&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9661160-4-5&rft.aulast=Stanger&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest,_"Nez_Perce_and_Their_Trials"" class="citation journal cs1">West, Elliott (Autumn 2010). "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 60 (3): 3–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montana%3A+The+Magazine+of+Western+History&rft.atitle=The+Nez+Perce+and+Their+Trials%3A+Rethinking+America%27s+Indian+Wars&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Animal_Movies_Guide" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Staci Layne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGYzZLrBrS4C&q=animal+movies+guide+appaloosa&pg=PA161">Animal Movies Guide</a>. (No location listed): Running Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9675185-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9675185-3-4"><bdi>978-0-9675185-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Movies+Guide&rft.place=%28No+location+listed%29&rft.pub=Running+Free+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9675185-3-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Staci+Layne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGYzZLrBrS4C%26q%3Danimal%2Bmovies%2Bguide%2Bappaloosa%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppaloosa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Appaloosa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.com/">The Appaloosa Horse Club</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amappaloosa.com/mainpage.cfm">American Appaloosa Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605172805/http://www.appaloosa.ca/">Appaloosa Horse Club of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.dk/">Appaloosa Horse Club of Denmark</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aphcg.com/">Appaloosa Horse Club of Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appaloosa.nl/">American Appaloosa Horse Club Holland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065051/http://www.appaloosa.nl/">Archived</a> 2013-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020202226/http://www.appaloosaassn.co.nz/">Appaloosa Horse Association of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aphcuk.org/">Appaloosa Horse Club of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Template:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_horse_breeds" title="List of North American horse breeds">Horse breeds of Canada and the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller"><div>These are the <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">horse breeds</a> considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those countries.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta_Wild_Horse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberta Wild Horse (page does not exist)">Alberta Wild Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bashkir_Curly" title="American Bashkir Curly">American Bashkir Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Belgian_Draft" title="American Belgian Draft">American Belgian Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cream_Draft" title="American Cream Draft">American Cream Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cr%C3%A8me_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Crème Horse">American Crème Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Drum_Horse" title="American Drum Horse">American Drum Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Horse" title="American Indian Horse">American Indian Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Miniature_Horse" title="American Miniature Horse">American Miniature Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Paint_Horse" title="American Paint Horse">American Paint Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">American Quarter Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Saddlebred" title="American Saddlebred">American Saddlebred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shetland_Pony" title="American Shetland Pony">American Shetland Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sorraia_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="American Sorraia Mustang">American Sorraia Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Spotted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Spotted (page does not exist)">American Spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Spotted_Paso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Spotted Paso (page does not exist)">American Spotted Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Walking_Pony" title="American Walking Pony">American Walking Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Warmblood" title="American Warmblood">American Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_White_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="American White Horse">American White Horse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Appaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chincoteague Pony">Assateague Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banker_horse" title="Banker horse">Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Blazer horse">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camarillo_White_Horse" title="Camarillo White Horse">Camarillo White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_horse" title="Canadian horse">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Pinto (page does not exist)">Canadian Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rustic_Pony" title="Canadian Rustic Pony">Canadian Rustic Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Sport_Horse" title="Canadian Sport Horse">Canadian Sport Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Warmblood" title="Canadian Warmblood">Canadian Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Marsh_Tacky" title="Carolina Marsh Tacky">Carolina Marsh Tacky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerbat_mustang" title="Cerbat mustang">Cerbat mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_Horse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cherokee Horse (page does not exist)">Cherokee Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chincoteague Pony">Chincoteague Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Horse" title="Choctaw Horse">Choctaw Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_horse" title="Colonial Spanish horse">Colonial Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Ranger" title="Colorado Ranger">Colorado Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Island_horse" title="Cumberland Island horse">Cumberland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Cracker_Horse" title="Florida Cracker Horse">Florida Cracker Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanata_Pony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanata Pony (page does not exist)">Kanata Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Mountain_Saddle_Horse" title="Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse">Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiger_mustang" title="Kiger mustang">Kiger mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_La_Croix_Indian_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac La Croix Indian Pony">Lac La Croix Indian Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Fox_Trotter" title="Missouri Fox Trotter">Missouri Fox Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morab" title="Morab">Morab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morocco_Spotted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morocco Spotted (page does not exist)">Morocco Spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pleasure_Horse" title="Mountain Pleasure Horse">Mountain Pleasure Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Show_Horse" title="National Show Horse">National Show Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_pony" title="Newfoundland pony">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_Horse" title="Nez Perce Horse">Nez Perce Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokota_horse" title="Nokota horse">Nokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sportpony" title="North American Sportpony">North American Sportpony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_of_the_Americas" title="Pony of the Americas">Pony of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryor_Mountain_mustang" title="Pryor Mountain mustang">Pryor Mountain mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarab" title="Quarab">Quarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_Pony" title="Quarter Pony">Quarter Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racking_Horse" title="Racking Horse">Racking Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Horse" title="Rocky Mountain Horse">Rocky Mountain Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_Island_horse" title="Sable Island horse">Sable Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Jennet_Horse" title="Spanish Jennet Horse">Spanish Jennet Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Barb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Barb">Spanish Barb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Mustang" title="Spanish Mustang">Spanish Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Norman" title="Spanish Norman">Spanish Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Saddle_Horse" title="Spotted Saddle Horse">Spotted Saddle Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardbred" title="Standardbred">Standardbred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Walking_Horse" title="Tennessee Walking Horse">Tennessee Walking Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger horse">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Highlander" title="Virginia Highlander">Virginia Highlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welara" title="Welara">Welara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacer" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacer">Canadian Pacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Cracker_Horse#Chickasaw_horse" title="Florida Cracker Horse">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Conestoga Horse">Conestoga Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Pacer" title="Narragansett Pacer">Narragansett Pacer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">List of horse breeds</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_topics" title="Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_topics" title="Template talk:Horse topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equine science and management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Coat color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_genome" title="Horse genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_management" title="Horse management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_horse" title="Geriatric horse">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">Slaughter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a> and sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horse industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_ancient_and_Imperial_China" title="Horses in ancient and Imperial China">Ancient and Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of horses of the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds" title="List of gaited horse breeds">Gaited horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_horses" title="List of fictional horses">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomancy" title="Hippomancy">Hippomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of horses in mythology and folklore">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_horses_in_mythology" title="White horses in mythology">White horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winged_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winged horses">Winged horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horse-related_topics" title="Lists of horse-related topics">Lists of horse-related topics</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horses" title="Category:Horses">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620656#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294181405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/21px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/32px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/42px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="363" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Horses" title="Portal:Horses">Horses</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Appaloosa at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa" class="extiw" title="c:Appaloosa">Media</a> from Commons</li></ul></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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