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<div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-99921 apercu surlignable"><p>“Environmental Protection” is not a term of art in competition (or antitrust) law. In the widest sense it concerns the protection of the natural environment by individuals, organisations and governments. The “environment” means the physical surroundings common to all of us including air, space, water, land, plants, and wildlife - as well as that of future generations. The UN and OECD have defined it as “any activity to maintain or restore the quality of environmental media through preventing the emission of pollutants or reducing the presence of polluting substances in environmental media”.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-99921 texte surlignable"><p>Although environmental protection (“EP”) is not new (the first national parks were established in the 19th century), most laws and agencies to protect the environment date from the 1960s and 70s - with the UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 being a particular driver. Since then there have been many international conferences and agreements with an increasing focus on climate change - notably the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and the Paris Agreement of 2015. The next big milestone is the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow UK, in November, 2021.</p> <p>From democracies to autocratic regimes (of the left or right) 100s of countries around the world have EP laws. <br class='autobr' /> The EU included EP in its founding treaty in 1957 and it is one of the fundamental principles of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU). In particular Article 11 TFEU provides that EP must be “integrated into the definition and implementation of Union policies and activities” and this is echoed in Article 37 of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights. Furthermore, the TFEU has a whole chapter on EP (Title XX –Articles 191 to 193). EP is also at the heart of the EU’s Green Deal .</p> <p>The UK has many laws on EP, most notably the Environmental Protection Act of 1974 and its ground breaking Climate Change Act 2008 committing the UK to net-zero emissions by 2050. EP is one area where UK policy may diverge from that of the EU post-Brexit.</p> <p>The US set up its Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1969 and its National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 1970 (which has served as a model for many EP policies and laws around the world). <br class='autobr' /> At the other end of the political spectrum, China announced in 1983 that EP would be one of its basic national policies and it set up its National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) in 1984.</p> <p>EP is enshrined in the laws and policies of over a hundred countries around the world with some including rights of nature in their laws and even in their constitutions (for example Ecuador, India, Bolivia, Columbia, Mexico, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and several US states).</p> <p><strong>Environmental Protection and Competition Law</strong></p> <p>While EP laws are well established around the world, how EP fits into competition law/antitrust is less clear and more controversial. Writers and institutions in Europe have taken the lead in this area building on the requirement in Article 11 TFEU that EP must be taken into account in all EU policies and activities (see above)—with no carve out for competition policy.</p> <p>The need to combat climate change, and the EU Green Deal, has brought this issue to the top of the competition law agenda. While in many cases regulation or unilateral action by companies will be effective, in many other cases businesses will need to cooperate if the economy is to be transformed at the speed, and on the scale, necessary to meet the existential threat of climate change. In these instances, it is important that businesses can cooperate without undue fear of competition law.</p> <p>There is also increasing discussion of how EP (and sustainability issues more generally) fit into other areas of competition law (in the widest sense) including abuse of dominance, merger control, state aid and public procurement.</p> <p>Reflecting this, in September 2020, the European Commission launched a consultation on ‘Competition Policy supporting the Green Deal’ and it is expected that this will lead to amendments to (at least) a number of Commission guidelines on competition policy. The issue is also being considered by international institutions, notably the OECD which held a roundtable on ‘Sustainability and Competition Policy’ in December 2020. <br class='autobr' /> Individual European countries are moving at different speeds on EP and competition law. The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) is the leader, publishing Draft guidelines on ‘Sustainability Agreements’ in July 2020 and February 2021. In particular, these provide for more flexible treatment of “Environmental Damage Agreements”. Other countries are less advanced with, for example, the UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) making climate change and the “transition to a low carbon economy” a “strategic priority” but so far only publishing very general guidelines.</p> <p>Starting from a more “public interest” perspective several countries have ways to take EP into account in their competition law and enforcement practice. For example, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission(ACCC) can authorise conduct where the public benefits (which can include EP) outweigh the public detriments. South African competition law and policy expressly take into account social objectives and many believe these (as well as economic objectives) could encompass EP and other sustainability concerns.</p> <p>The US is less advanced in this area, although it is possible that this may change under the Biden administration (and with the appointment of Lina Khan as chair of the FTC). There are no general guidelines focussing specifically on sustainability agreements but there is extensive case law dealing with many types of cooperation between competitors. This includes cases on standard-setting which can be one of the building blocks for EP. The Department of Justice (DOJ) issues ‘Business Review’ letters to give business guidance on when conduct can fall outside antitrust rules. In principle, these could cover cooperation to fight climate change where regulation and unilateral action will not suffice (the Akutan Catcher Vessel Association letter being an example ).</p> <p>Agreements between competitors on EP issues have been considered by a number of other competition authorities around the world with mixed results (for example, the soya bean moratorium in the Amazon and palm oil deforestation in Indonesia).</p> <p>Finally, many countries have specific regimes which can take account of EP issues in merger control-either as part of the competition review or outside it. For example, an EU Merger Working Group on “Public Interest Regimes in the EU” in March 2016 found that there were 12 such jurisdictions in the EU. Most of these are capable of taking into account EP issues and some (e.g. Spain) contain express reference to EP. Several recent deals have been cleared in the light of EP considerations despite competition law concerns (e.g. <i>Miba/Zollern</i> where the German government approved the deal despite an earlier block by the German Federal Cartel Office (BKA)).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-99921 reference"><p>Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU). Article 11, 1957</p> <p>EU Charter on Fundamental Rights, Article 37, 2000</p> <p>Response to Akutan Catcher Vessel Association’s Request For Business Review Letter, US Department of Justice, Antitrust Division, 2000</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2021/the-dutch-competition-authority-confirms-more-leeway-for-environmental" class="spip_in">Draft Guidelines ‘Sustainability Agreements’, Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets, 2021</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-99921 jurisprudence"><p>Kingston, S., Greening EU Competition Law and Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2012.</p> <p>Bell, S., McGillivray, Donald., Pedersen, O.W., Environmental Law, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, 2013.</p> <p>European Green Deal, announced December 2019.</p> <p>Holmes, S., Climate Change, ‘Sustainability and Competition Law’, Oxford Journal of Antitrust Enforcement, 2020.</p> <p><a href="98293.">OECD Competition Committee Roundtable, Sustainability and Competition, December 2020</a></p> <p><a href="100186</p> <p>[Holmes, S., Middelschulte, D., Snoep, M. (eds.), Competition Law, Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, Concurrences, 2021.->https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-climate-change-environmental-sustainability">Competition policy contributing to the EU Green Deal, Consultation & Conference, DG Competition, European Commission, February 2021.</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton24644-28ef6.png?1712048640) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Simon Holmes</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Competition Appeal Tribunal (London)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>14</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>47378</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Simon Holmes, </span> <span class="entry-title">Environmental protection</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86023</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">6015</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86023 texte surlignable"><p>In a Communication from the Commission - Guidelines on State aid for environmental protection and energy 2014-2020 - environmental protection was defined as follow : "Any action designed to remedy or prevent damage to physical surroundings or natural resources by a beneficiary’s own activities, to reduce the risk of such damage or to lead to more efficient use of natural resources, including energy-saving measures and the use of renewable sources of energy." <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/environment_protection_en.pdf?39200/59f4de146a687e11851a82b4cd0a54c1b0ff493d15e0d80a764492d13946e953" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQlW9uyjRS6dlBujDnGl+vbQjf40UQoSlmEOgN/wGOK3asHZ5o3qJBueW+r8EYRoahxv0mVMOJl1gvBFYxupSjJa5l95cyAMrVii6twmtONEAgdGKstIdXVUe1WvZTvCqBGo2M6lInDvqKzxwwPQ8i48+eP4DXCezLAhXhc0pYddHNecUv4VYXCKEBDV4O3j9I3SM02odIY3O0u/50xKfd5fuE99L13oOme8bSlfYTmSWR/Zjh+/5foUKDmEbV7nXwaxWYTzXPd8+nR2NM4o1UXTMNVju58wPIEtwj/E6tbbtwQYoOhUAB+aq4p4OM1fXeQjnom7KbIrql8GJhbFjSOtdQJlbKw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wilmer-hale">Wilmer Hale</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/archives-wilmerhale-commission-clears-european-manufacturers-agreement-to" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission clears an agreement between low voltage electric motors in order to improve energy efficiency <em>(CEMEP)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-22T16:32:28Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121940 introduction entry-content"> <p>In May 2000, the Commission cleared an agreement between the principal European manufacturers of low voltage electric motors to reduce by at least 50% their sales of motors with low energy efficiency with a view to reducing toxic emissions for the environment (by the end of 2003). (Commission (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/commission-approves-eur578-million-romanian-state-aid-scheme-to-support-energy" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves a €578M Romanian State aid scheme to support energy-intensive companies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-20T23:00:00Z">21 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121958 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €578 million Romanian State aid scheme to support energy-intensive companies* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, a €578 million (RON 2.9 billion) Romanian scheme to lower an electricity levy rate for energy-intensive companies. The levy is (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-eu-commission-approves-a-eur790m-romanian-state-aid-measure-to-support" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves a €790M Romanian State aid measure to support the closure of coal mines in Jiu Valley</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-14T23:00:00Z">15 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121857 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €790 million Romanian State aid measure to support closure of coal mines in Jiu Valley* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, a €790 million (approximately RON 3.9 billion) Romanian measure to cover exceptional costs arising from the closure of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-vuitton">Raphaël Vuitton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/aviation-the-european-commission-launches-a-public-consultation-with-a-view-to" rel="bookmark"><strong>Public consultation</strong>: The European Commission launches a public consultation with a view to the forthcoming revision of the guidelines on State aid to the aviation sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-07T11:31:36Z">7 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121861 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission has launched a call for contributions to gather information on the future revision of the guidelines on aid to airports and airlines (OJ 2014, C 99, p. 3). This consultation took place between August 27 and October 8, 2024. As part of the forthcoming review, the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-a-eur150m-greek-state-aid-measure-funded-by-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves a €150M Greek State aid measure funded by the Recovery and Resilience Facility to support the construction of a carbon storage facility in Prinos <em>(EnEarth)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-27T23:00:00Z">28 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121368 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €150 million Greek State aid measure funded under Recovery and Resilience Facility to support construction of carbon storage facility in Prinos* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, a €150 million Greek measure made available through the Recovery (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-eur724m-in-danish-state-aid-for-a-greenhouse-gas-tax" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves €724M in Danish State aid for a greenhouse gas tax reduction scheme for companies at risk of carbon leakage</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-24T22:00:00Z">25 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121283 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €724 million Danish State aid greenhouse gas tax reduction scheme for companies at risk of carbon leakage* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, a €724 million (DKK 5.4 billion) Danish scheme to lower the rate of a new greenhouse gas (GHG) (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-a-eur128m-swedish-state-aid-measure-to-support-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves a €128M Swedish State aid measure to support the decarbonisation of steel production</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-20T22:00:00Z">21 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121097 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €128 million Swedish State aid measure to support SSAB in decarbonising its steel production* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, a €128 million Swedish measure to support SSAB in decarbonising its steel production. The measure will contribute to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-eur520m-luxembourgish-state-aid-schemes-to-foster" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves €520M Luxembourg State aid schemes to foster the transition to a net-zero economy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-10T22:00:00Z">11 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120924 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €520 million Luxembourgish State aid schemes to foster the transition to a net-zero economy* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved two Luxembourgish schemes with a total budget of €520 million to help manufacturing companies to decarbonise their production processes and to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-a-eur1-2b-polish-state-aid-scheme-to-support" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves a €1.2B Polish State aid scheme to support investments in electricity storage facilities to foster the transition to a net-zero economy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-02T22:00:00Z">3 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120863 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €1.2 billion Polish State aid scheme to support investments in electricity storage facilities to foster the transition to a net-zero economy* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved a €1.2 billion Polish scheme to support investments in electricity storage facilities to foster (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-german-competition-authority-publishes-its-findings-from-a-sector-inquiry" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority publishes its findings from a sector inquiry into EV charging infrastructure and identifies competition concerns</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-30T22:00:00Z">1 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120802 introduction entry-content"> <p>Anti-competitive structures in the provision of EV charging electricity – Final report on sector inquiry into EV charging infrastructure* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt has today published the final report on its sector inquiry into the provision and marketing of public electric vehicle (EV) charging (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-a-eur2-7b-austrian-state-aid-scheme-to-support-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves a €2.7B Austrian State aid scheme to support the decarbonisation of industrial production processes</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120691 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €2.7 billion Austrian State aid scheme to support decarbonisation of industrial production processes* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, a €2.7 billion Austrian scheme to support companies active in the industrial sector to decarbonise their (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/henar-gonzalez-durantez">Henar González Durántez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonzalo-sanz-magallon">Gonzalo Sanz-Magallón</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ruth-allen">Ruth Allen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pilar-carrasco">Pilar Carrasco</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-commission-president-ursula-von-der-leyen-nominates-spanish-minister" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen nominates Spanish Minister Teresa Ribera for Executive Vice-President to lead the Union’s competition policy and green energy transition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-16T22:00:00Z">17 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120794 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 17 September 2024, the re-elected president of the EU Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, revealed Teresa Ribera, the current Spanish Minister for the Ecological Transition, as her nominee for the role of Executive Vice-President ("EVP") for Clean, Just and Competitive Transition. Ribera’s (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-a-eur682m-belgian-state-aid-scheme-to-support" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves a €682M Belgian State aid scheme to support renewable offshore wind energy to foster the transition to a net-zero economy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-12T22:00:00Z">13 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120668 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €682 million Belgian State aid scheme to support renewable offshore wind energy to foster the transition to a net-zero economy* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved a €682 million Belgian scheme to support renewable offshore wind energy to foster the transition towards a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Estonian-Competition-Authority">Estonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-estonian-competition-authority-initiates-an-analysis-of-competition-in-the" rel="bookmark">The Estonian Competition Authority initiates an analysis of competition in the waste transportation and management sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-29T22:00:00Z">30 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120553 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Competition Authority initiated an analysis of the competitive situation of waste transportation and management* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority has initiated an assessment of the competitive landscape. The assessment aims to identify possible competition issues in the goods markets for the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/alerts/aviation-the-european-commission-launches-a-call-for-contributions-with-a-view" rel="bookmark"><strong>Aviation</strong>: The European Commission initiates a call for contributions with the intention of potentially revising the aviation sector guidelines by 2027, with a specific focus on promoting the sector’s decarbonization</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-26T22:00:00Z">27 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120407 introduction entry-content"> <p>On August 27, 2024, the Commission today launched a call for contributions of six weeks until October 8, 2024 to help it assess whether it is necessary to revise the 2014 guidelines on state aid to airports and airlines, which expire in the second quarter of 2027. It is aimed in particular at (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLddn3CeZqFZYzR/G6mB4aJiruJCuS6zXbvWEfjQSJn74V6SqgPTOKwPMtJfKR0Cic34hmzjbZo4qJt7/TTh2jmiqJvqGQH4idqVDhavqWbta5Skr1/Gp10+vNPyPm/Jgyuq673xU6s/f5BCaICPHye1mxfRpcZM5duDzbiA5xMua3Yp/rKOSnDZ5Hx34zubgwuLyd6z3lj8GcE05IUv1rsgHIahZk9nMWwaPqbNxgAhbgXYzZKUxbTc8rtabEIGbJN38vJEfYs5+dgojFjv5mNvX+fCXxoYPeCf51mm6+sl/TAlw3xJOZ8NFUTkGInvrSQfyguam27HQFDV' data-origin="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/university-of-oxford-centre-for-competition-law-and-policy">University of Oxford - Centre for Competition Law and Policy </a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/conferences/trends-in-retail-competition-private-labels-brands-and-competition-policy-st-121728" rel="bookmark">Trends in retail competition: Private labels, brands and competition policy (St Catherine’s College Oxford, 14 June 2024)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121728 introduction entry-content"> <p>Held on 14th June at St Catherine’s College, the nineteenth Oxford Symposium explored the intersections of competition policy, branded and private label products, and retail. 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Panels (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/concurrences-3242">Concurrences</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/insights/open-letter-to-the-designated-commissioner-in-charge-of-european-competition" rel="bookmark">Open letter to the designated Commissioner in charge of European competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121478 introduction entry-content"> <p>As the European Parliament prepares to audition Mrs. Teresa Ribera Rodríguez for the role of European Commissioner for Competition on November 12, 2024, Concurrences sought your insights on the crucial competition issues shaping the next mandate. We were thrilled to receive over 300 responses to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mor-bakhoum">Mor Bakhoum</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/articles/competition-law-and-policy-in-the-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta" rel="bookmark">Competition law and policy in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Opportunities and challenges</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121708 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article examines the challenges and opportunities associated with the creation of a competition policy within the framework of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The AfCFTA marks a step towards the integration of African economies by opening up markets and regulating (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aastha-gupta">Aastha Gupta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anandkumar-singh">Anandkumar Singh</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bianca-bhardwaj-220572">Bianca Bhardwaj</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2024/international/india-antitrust-and-its-relationship-with-sustainability-a-course-change" rel="bookmark">India: Antitrust and its relationship with sustainability - A course change?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119769 introduction entry-content"> <p>Unsustainable business practices, arising out of mindless competition between firms, are an imminent threat to the environment and society at large. Government initiatives alone are insufficient; private companies must also transition from profit-maximization to sustainable operations by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-gerard">Damien Gerard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2024/interview/ioannis-lianos-uk-competition-appeal-tribunal-putting-ideas-to-work-for-the-119591" rel="bookmark">Ioannis Lianos (UK Competition Appeal Tribunal): Putting ideas to work for the common good</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119591 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Damien Gerard, Belgian Competition Authority, Prosecutor General <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> Prior to being appointed President of the Hellenic Competition Commission (HCC) in the summer of 2019, Ioannis Lianos was already one of the most innovative academic and forward thinkers in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catherine-prieto-62">Catherine Prieto</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2024/books/competition-and-sustainability-economic-policy-and-options-for-reform-in-119780" rel="bookmark">Competition and Sustainability: Economic Policy and Options for Reform in Antitrust and Competition Law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119780 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section lists and comments on books and other publications in the fields of competition law, competition law & economics and regulatory law. By its very nature, such a review cannot be exhaustive and is therefore limited to presenting some recent publications in these fields. Authors (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laure-gauthier">Laure Gauthier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bernard-roy">Bernard Roy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2024/conferences/opening-up-to-competition-in-land-passenger-transport-nasse-seminar-paris-march" rel="bookmark">Opening up to Competition in Land Passenger Transport (Nasse Seminar – Paris, March 1, 2024)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118721 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the Nasse seminar held on March 1, 2024, Christophe Lemaire, Partner at Ashurst, and Bernard Roy, CEO of Mapp Economics, discussed the topic "Opening Up Competition in Passenger Land Transport." The session was moderated by Laure Gauthier, General Rapporteur at the Competition Authority. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-folliot-lalliot">Laurence Folliot Lalliot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christopher-r-yukins">Christopher R. Yukins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/articles/will-protectionism-prevail-in-global-public-procurement-118413" rel="bookmark">Will protectionism prevail in global public procurement?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118413 introduction entry-content"> <p>Public procurement is a highly effective tool for amplifying governments’ macro-protectionist policies. But precisely because of this flexibility, public procurement can also be used to promote other objectives, while preserving competition. At a time when sustainable public procurement policies (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alessandro-sia">Alessandro Sia</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/niklaus-wallimann">Niklaus Wallimann</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/international/switzerland-sustainability-agreements-under-swiss-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Switzerland: Sustainability agreements under Swiss competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118278 introduction entry-content"> <p>This contribution discusses the assessment of sustainability agreements in Swiss competition law. While sharing similarities with European competition law, Swiss competition law has special features that allow sustainability considerations to be taken into account. These include the absence of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thibault-sire">Thibault Sire</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/law-economics/oldie-but-goldie-the-obsolescence-effects-of-horizontal-concentrations-and-the" rel="bookmark">Oldie but Goldie: The obsolescence effects of horizontal concentrations and the importance of merger control in a circular economy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118235 introduction entry-content"> <p>Horizontal concentrations can accelerate the obsolescence of goods in different ways. First, they may confer a significant degree of market power to the new entity and give it an incentive to artificially reduce the durability of its products (“planned obsolescence”). Second, concentrations (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carlotta-von-bebenburg">Carlotta von Bebenburg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pavle-mikovic">Pavle Mikovic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rebecca-vitelli">Rebecca Vitelli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/law-economics/incentivising-behavioural-change-subsidies-vs-regulation" rel="bookmark">Incentivising behavioural change: Subsidies <em>vs</em> regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118172 introduction entry-content"> <p>Regulation and State aid will play an important role in helping to ensure that the right policies and incentives are in place to achieve the EU’s decarbonisation targets. In this chapter, we discuss the role that State aid and regulation are likely to play, and how this may differ across the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sarah-lacoche">Sarah Lacoche</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philippe-vanni">Philippe Vanni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/interviews/sarah-lacoche-dgccrf-role-and-priority-actions-of-the-dgccrf-for-the-benefit-of" rel="bookmark">Sarah Lacoche (DGCCRF) : Role and priority actions of the DGCCRF for the benefit of the economy and consumers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117242 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Philippe Vanni, Partner, Fidal, Paris. <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> Role and powers of the DGCCRF <br class='autobr' /> As the new Director General of the Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes (DGCCRF) since May 2023, your appointment comes at a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/zohra-boumedhel">Zohra Boumedhel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/camille-francois">Camille François</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/articles/regulating-power-exchanges-liquidity-when-energy-policy-harms-competition" rel="bookmark">Regulating power exchanges’ liquidity: When energy policy harms competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114848 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the wake of the volatility and sharp increase of EU energy prices from autumn 2021 onwards, the European Commission issued in March 2023 a proposal of regulation to improve the EU’s electricity market design. This proposal will impact short-term electricity markets, notably by further (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrice-geoffron">Patrice Geoffron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/erwan-le-noan">Erwan Le Noan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/law-economics/decarbonising-europe-what-if-competition-policy-were-an-asset" rel="bookmark">Decarbonising Europe: What if competition policy were an asset?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115439 introduction entry-content"> <p>The succession of crises (climate, health, energy, etc.) is subjecting competition policy to stress tests, particularly in Europe, which has been weakened by these shocks and is faced with the need to adapt in the short term. For the same reasons, industrial policy is also back in the spotlight (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catherine-prieto-62">Catherine Prieto</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/books/research-handbook-on-global-merger-control-kokkoris-ioannis-et-levy-nicholas" rel="bookmark">Research Handbook on Global Merger Control, KOKKORIS Ioannis et LEVY Nicholas (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113809 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789gSHPF1eyOUEcaCNxLLBzHMoQDLlevybg2cthSaoW/t2vyziBzpSGsX7fgjkxI9s/4Zx09vJIhT3tuwrNXwJUZqNakCezGzojMf0B7IdAs0Cty1Y8pHevuKEqB1mFHSS//wKBOB6qy8V4kMhLitGkm7xRiN914ABDhFBPhvTsnAZ78+oeC+5XUdbCjYmZVu05h8/LYIA65OUfFADt7QNsMdQj7NhNw6SUjRN5c2EMfn8ZJr3K0kzDmIji3CCNzYOcolp8YRwl/vwl/yhTnWgKIDOwj/E6tZTtwQYoAxPrNVNfP78i1dyqTI2oqolBuRFwYdoIPLZfdaavZaw=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-guthmann">Yann Guthmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vilen-lipatov">Vilen Lipatov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/griet-jans">Griet Jans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mike-walker">Mike Walker</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marceline-tournier-538">Marceline Tournier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/amy-newland">Amy Newland</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/aude-laure-delbac">Aude-Laure Delbac</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/franck-dupont">Franck Dupont</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/katie-hudson-211970">Katie Hudson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joel-bamford">Joel Bamford</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ingrid-vandenborre">Ingrid Vandenborre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthew-levitt">Matthew Levitt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/aura-garcia-pabon">Aura García Pabón</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nadine-watson">Nadine Watson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. Kovacic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/caroline-hobson">Caroline Hobson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-carugati">Christophe Carugati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-levy">Nicholas Levy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-morrison">Eric Morrison</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcus-smith">Marcus Smith</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ruchit-patel">Ruchit Patel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/innovation-law-economics-conference" rel="bookmark">Innovation Law & Economics Conference</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-23T07:45:00Z">23 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117103 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Innovation Law & Economics Conference” organised by Concurrences in partnership with King’s College London, Baker Botts, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, Compass Lexecon, Cooley, Cornerstone Research, Ropes & Gray and Skadden took place in London on April 23rd, 2024. <i>Photos <em><a href="https://www.davidtett.com/" class="spip_out" rel="external">© David Tett</a></i>.</em></p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/clara-ingen-housz">Clara Ingen-Housz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-petit">Sylvain Petit</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elise-provost">Elise Provost</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dorian-beauchene">Dorian Beauchêne</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-assessment-of-sustainability-agreements" rel="bookmark">Antitrust Assessment of Sustainability Agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-23T11:30:00Z">23 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116070 introduction entry-content"><p>The Workshop "Antitrust Assessment of Sustainability Agreements” organised by Concurrences in partnership with Oxera and Shearman & Sterling took place in Paris on January 23th, 2024. <i>Photos & video Interview: See below <em><a href="http://www.leoridet.fr///" class="spip_out" rel="external">© Léo-Paul Ridet</a></em></i></p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philippe-aghion">Philippe Aghion</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benoit-coeure">Benoît Cœuré</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/severine-schrameck">Séverine Schrameck</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/how-far-should-the-scope-of-antitrust-be-extended-innovation-environment" rel="bookmark">How far should the scope of antitrust be extended: innovation, environment, privacy ?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-13T16:00:00Z">13 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114051 introduction entry-content"><p>The dinner “How far should the scope of antitrust be extended: innovation, environment, privacy?” organised by Concurrences in partnership with Analysis Group and Cleary Gottlieb, took place in Paris on September 13th, 2023.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes">Simon Holmes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dirk-middelschulte">Dirk Middelschulte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maurits-dolmans">Maurits Dolmans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-policy-and-the-eu-green-deal-99925" rel="bookmark">Competition Policy and the EU Green Deal</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-19T14:30:00Z">19 April 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99925 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Cleary Gottlieb and Oxera, with <a href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes" class="spip_in">Simon Holmes</a> (Judge, Competition Appeal Tribunal | Visiting Professor, University of Oxford), <a href="en/auteurs/dirk-middelschulte" class="spip_in">Dirk Middelschulte</a> (Global General Counsel Competition, Unilever), <a href="en/authors/martijn-snoep" class="spip_in">Martijn Snoep</a> (Chairman, Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets), <a href="en/authors/maurits-dolmans" class="spip_in">Maurits Dolmans</a> (Partner, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton) and <a href="en/authors/nicole-robins" class="spip_in">Nicole Robins</a> (Partner, Oxera).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/deni-mantzari">Deni Mantzari</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julian-nowag">Julian Nowag</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/joshua-white">Joshua White</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sara-ashall">Sara Ashall</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/international-mergers-conference-1-introductory-remarks-reconciling-99051" rel="bookmark">International Mergers Conference #1 Reconciling efficiencies and public policy objectives</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-05-17T13:30:00Z">17 May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99051 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the 2nd « International Mergers Conference » organised by Concurrences and University College London, in partnership with Analysis Group and Shearman & Sterling. Introductory remarks by <a href="en/authors/deni-mantzari" class="spip_in">Deni Mantzari</a> (Associate Professor, Acting Director - CLES, University College London). Panel with <a href="en/authors/sara-ashall" class="spip_in">Sara Ashall</a> (Counsel, Shearman & Sterling), <a href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos" class="spip_in">Ioannis Lianos</a> (President, Hellenic Competition Commission | Professor - on leave, University College London), <a href="en/auteurs/julian-nowag" class="spip_in">Julian Nowag</a> (Associate Professor, Lund University | Lecturer, Oxford University), <a href="en/authors/martijn-snoep" class="spip_in">Martijn Snoep</a> (Chairman, The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets), <a href="en/auteurs/joshua-white" class="spip_in">Joshua White</a> (Vice President, Analysis Group).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside">Alec J. Burnside</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/cecilio-madero-villarejo">Cecilio Madero Villarejo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francois-garnier">François Garnier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-belmin">Pascal Belmin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/clara-ingen-housz">Clara Ingen-Housz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/8th-global-merger-control-conference-3-in-house-counsel-showcase-session" rel="bookmark">8th Global Merger Control Conference #3 In-house counsel showcase session & Closing discussion</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-12-04T14:00:00Z">4 December 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97336 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the « 8th Global Merger Control Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Dechert. In-house counsel panel with <a href="en/authors/pascal-belmin" class="spip_in">Pascal Belmin</a> (Head of EU Regulatory Affairs, Airbus), <a href="en/authors/francois-garnier" class="spip_in">François Garnier</a> (Group General Counsel, Ipsen), <a href="en/authors/clara-ingen-housz" class="spip_in">Clara Ingen-Housz</a> (Chief Compliance Officer & Head of Legal - Competition, Corruption, Embargoes, Saint-Gobain) and <a href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara" class="spip_in">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a> (Partner, Dechert).</br><br class='autobr' /> Closing discussion with <a href="en/authors/cecilio-madero-villarejo" class="spip_in">Cecilio Madero</a> (Former Deputy Director-General for Mergers, DG COMP) and <a href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside" class="spip_in">Alec Burnside</a> (Partner, Dechert).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stanislas-martin">Stanislas Martin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dirk-middelschulte">Dirk Middelschulte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes">Simon Holmes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-hubert">Patrick Hubert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/11th-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-conference-4-sustainable-development-what-role" rel="bookmark">11th New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference #4 Sustainable development: What role for competition law and policy?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-06T14:00:00Z">6 November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96949 introduction entry-content"><p>4th Webinar of the « 11th New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law and Orrick, with <a href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak" class="spip_in">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a> (Partner, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law), <a href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes" class="spip_in">Simon Holmes</a> (Judge, UK Competition Appeal Tribunal | Legal advisor, ClientEarth | Visiting Professor, Oxford University), <a href="en/authors/patrick-hubert" class="spip_in">Patrick Hubert</a> (Partner, Orrick), <a href="en/authors/frederic-jenny" class="spip_in">Frédéric Jenny</a> (Chairman, OECD Competition Committee), <a href="en/authors/stanislas-martin" class="spip_in">Stanislas Martin</a> (General Rapporteur, Autorité de la concurrence), <a href="en/auteurs/dirk-middelschulte" class="spip_in">Dirk Middelschulte</a> (Global General Counsel Competition, Unilever), <a href="en/Jorge-Padilla" class="spip_in">Jorge Padilla</a> (Head of Compass Lexecon EMEA).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/juliette-delarue">Juliette Delarue</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leigh-hancher">Leigh Hancher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nicola-pesaresi">Nicola Pesaresi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-webber">James Webber</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marc-isabelle">Marc Isabelle</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/energy-community-forum-3-energy-and-environmental-state-aid-guidelines-under-96864" rel="bookmark">Energy Community Forum #3 Energy and Environmental State aid guidelines under review</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-29T14:30:00Z">29 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96864 introduction entry-content"><p>3nd Webinar of the « Energy Community Forum » organised by Concurrences and Energy Community, in partnership with European Economics and Shearman & Sterling, with <a href="en/auteurs/juliette-delarue" class="spip_in">Juliette Delarue</a> (Lawyer State Aid, Clientearth), <a href="en/authors/leigh-hancher" class="spip_in">Leigh Hancher</a> (Professor, University Of Tilburg And Florence School Of Regulation, Senior Advisor, Baker Botts), <a href="en/authors/marc-isabelle" class="spip_in">Marc Isabelle</a> (Director, European Economics), <a href="en/auteurs/nicola-pesaresi" class="spip_in">Nicola Pesaresi</a> (Head of Unit, Markets And Cases I: Energy And Environment, DG COMP, Brussels) and <a href="en/authors/james-webber" class="spip_in">James Webber</a> (Partner, Shearman & Sterling).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anes-kazagic">Anes Kazagic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-therese-richter-kuhnert">Marie-Therese Richter-Kuhnert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tonja-leach">Tonja Leach</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tilman-kuhn">Tilman Kuhn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/energy-community-forum-2-energy-transition-climate-policy-security-of-supply-96862" rel="bookmark">Energy Community Forum #2 Energy transition : Climate policy, security of supply, coal & hydrogen projects…</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-27T14:30:00Z">27 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96862 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the « Energy Community Forum » organised by Concurrences and Energy Community, in partnership with European Economics and White & Case, with <a href="en/authors/tonja-leach" class="spip_in">Tonja Leach</a> (Executive Director, QUEST Canada), <a href="en/authors/anes-kazagic" class="spip_in">Anes Kazagic</a> (Head of Strategic Development, EPBiH), <a href="en/authors/tilman-kuhn" class="spip_in">Tilman Kuhn</a> (Partner, White & Case) and <a href="en/authors/marie-therese-richter-kuhnert" class="spip_in">Marie-Therese Richter-Kuhnert</a> (Energy lawyer, Energy Community Secretariat).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Camilla-Jain-Holtse">Camilla Jain Holtse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/charles-malaise">Charles Malaise</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthew-levitt">Matthew Levitt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eddy-de-smijter">Eddy de Smijter</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-taladay">John Taladay</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/global-antitrust-hot-topics-3-in-house-counsel-round-table-new-opportunities-95708" rel="bookmark">Global Antitrust Hot Topics #3 In-house Counsel Round-Table: New Opportunities and Challenges & Closing discussion </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-09-25T13:30:00Z">25 September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95708 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the « 8th Global Antitrust Hot Topics Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker Botts, with <a href="en/auteur/Camilla-Jain-Holtse" class="spip_in">Camilla Holtse</a> (Associate General Counsel - Head of Competition Law & Policy, Maersk), <a href="en/authors/matthew-levitt" class="spip_in">Charles Malaise</a> (Chief Counsel, Antitrust & Regulatory Counsel, Koch Industries), [Miriam van Heyningen] (Senior Legal Counsel, Shell), <a href="en/auteurs/miriam-van-heyningen" class="spip_in">Matthew Levitt</a> (Partner, Baker Botts), and closing discussion by <a href="en/authors/eddy-de-smijter" class="spip_in">Eddy De Smijter</a> (Head of A5 Unit in charge of international relations, DG COMP) and <a href="en/authors/john-taladay" class="spip_in">John Taladay</a> (Partner, Baker Botts).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-kar">Nicole Kar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside">Alec J. Burnside</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrea-collart">Andrea Collart</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/sustainability-goals-and-antitrust-finding-the-common-ground-95668" rel="bookmark">Sustainability goals and antitrust: Finding the common ground</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-09-14T13:30:00Z">14 September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95668 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Avisa Partner, Dechert and Linklaters, with <a href="en/authors/olivier-guersent" class="spip_in">Olivier Guersent</a> (Director General, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/martijn-snoep" class="spip_in">Martijn Snoep</a> (Chairman, Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets), <a href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside" class="spip_in">Alec Burnside</a> (Partner, Dechert), <a href="en/auteurs/andrea-collart" class="spip_in">Andrea Collart</a> (Partner, Avisa Partners) and <a href="en/authors/nicole-kar" class="spip_in">Nicole Kar</a> (Head of UK Competition, Linklaters).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/david-desforges">David Desforges</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elisabeth-flury-herard">Elisabeth Flury-Herard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/emmanuel-benefice">Emmanuel Bénéfice</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-yves-ollier">Jean-Yves Ollier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jerome-philippe">Jérôme Philippe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-rious">Vincent 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href="en/authors/frank-heseler">Frank Heseler</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/guidelines-on-state-aid-in-the-energy-and-environmental-fields" rel="bookmark">Guidelines on State Aid in the energy and environmental fields </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-05-05T10:00:00Z">5 May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82856 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Allen & Overy and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florence-ninane">Florence Ninane</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/guidelines-on-state-aid-in-the-energy-and-environmental-fields" rel="bookmark">Guidelines on State Aid in the energy and environmental fields</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-14T14:50:52Z">14 April 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-65477 introduction entry-content"><p>Frank Heseler <br/>Florence Ninane <br/> David Spector</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christof-schoser">Christof Schoser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-eymard">Laurent Eymard</a></span></span> <strong 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The (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/imelda-maher">Imelda Maher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mina-hosseini">Mina Hosseini</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=132018" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Competition Law Institutions and Future Challenges</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">717Why Competition? 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Gabriella Muscolo * Former Commissioner – Italian Competition Authority Abstract Digitalization and sustainability seem to be the (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/franziska-zibold-gmail-com">Franziska Zibold</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sofia-pais">Sofia Pais</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/women-antitrust-voices-from-the-field-vol-ii-630#id=64286" rel="bookmark">Women & Antitrust - Voices from the Field, Vol. II <small>SOFIA OLIVEIRA PAIS, Catholic University of Portugal </br><em>and FRANZISKA ZIBOLD, Cruz Vilaça Advogados</em></small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">117 Sofia Oliveira Pais Catholic University of Portugal Franziska Zibold Sofia Oliveira Pais is professor of law at the Universidade Católica Portuguesa and the coordinator of the Católica Research Centre for the Future of Law. She holds a Jean Monnet Chair, awarded by the European Commission, (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a 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data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index 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