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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-108765 apercu surlignable"><p>Amicus Curiae stands for “friend of the court”, also known in some jurisdictions as a “third-party intervention”, that is to say someone who is not a party to the litigation, but who intervenes in the proceedings to enlighten the sitting judges and influence the outcome of a lawsuit involving matters of public interest by providing their external analysis regarding questions of law or fact in their area of expertise. The entity assuming this role can be a Governmental representative, a public institution or agency, an interest group established or not as an NGO, a company, a law firm, a university professor that believes that the court’s decision may affect its interests.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-108765 texte surlignable"><p>Amicus Curiae, an expression whose first known use is dated in the early 17th century UK, is a concept that authorities and courts have carefully avoided to strictly determine the perimeters and conditions justifying its use. The Amicus is not a litigating party, provides information on areas of law that the court regards as complex and beyond its expertise, and can also represent third party interests that could be ignored under adversarial court systems.</p> <p>The practice of submitting <i>Amicus Curiae</i> briefs is well established in common law jurisdictions, has become common practice within international cooperation organizations, within arbitral tribunals in matters of investment arbitration and is largely used in competition cases in the US and more recently in the European Union. It is important to note that civil law jurisdictions do not have a tradition in using such an instrument and its introduction is mostly recent.</p> <p>In the US antitrust enforcement of the last decades, it is extremely interesting to notice that concerning Foreign States’ Amicus Curiae participation, the European Commission emerges as the most frequent Amicus filer in front of US Courts, followed by Canada and Japan. So, it should not come as a surprise that this instrument was progressively also introduced in EU Competition Law enforcement on the initiative of the same EU institution.</p> <p>Why did the use of Amicus briefs in antitrust cases flourish in the US? The main characteristic of the US antitrust system, as observed from abroad and more specifically from the EU, is the fact all decisional power relies in the hands of Judges and not the governmental antitrust agencies. Non-expert judges are called, since the Sherman Act, to decide complex technical and economical questions relating to industrial organization. The traditional methods of decision-making based on precedent, analogy, intuition and considerations of morality and efficiency have quickly lagged behind the increasing needs of antitrust litigation.</p> <p>That is where Rule 37 of SCOTUS, referring to the year 1937 codified rules about amicus participation, started to play an important role, allowing Justices to look for technical help in understanding economic theory and interpreting empirical data on competition. Unsurprisingly, these amicus briefs receive considerable attention from the Court and influence its opinions. The Court’s increased interest in amicus arguments coincided with the rise of legal realism, which rejected the idea that judges discover law as a scientist discovers physical properties of the universe. As the Court began to realize its role to be policy making, access to information about the effects of that policy became necessary to make rules responsive to social needs.</p> <p>Formally, an amicus in the US must get permission from either the parties or the Court to file a brief, but the Court’s current practice is to grant nearly all motions for leave to file as amicus curiae when consent is denied by a party. As a result, ninety-five percent of cases filed before the Supreme Court between 1996 and 2003 included at least one amicus brief while the influence of Amicus briefs on Supreme Court decisions is considered significant and often explicitly cited in the judgment or a dissenting opinion. (<i>Omari Scott Simmons, Picking Friends from the Crowd: Amicus Participation as Political Symbolism, 42 CONN. L. REv. 185, 193 (2009); Joseph D. Kearney & Thomas W. Merrill, The Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs on the Supreme Court, 148 U. PA. L. REv. 743, 828-30 (2000)</i>).</p> <p>This is the opposite of the rationale of EU competition law and policy, since the European Commission is entrusted with full decision-making powers, and as a governmental agency includes a full Economist Team and a well-established process of consulting the industry during the legislative phase. Once adopted, an administrative decision of the European Commission can only be appealed before the General Court of the EU in Luxembourg. This is probably the main explanation on why the amicus curiae, although introduced in EU antitrust, is not as developed nor influential. Nevertheless, in front of the EU Courts, competitors or NGO’s may be permitted to introduce briefs as “intervening parties”. A fundamental difference with the US is that EU Courts still exercise a very strong scrutiny on the usefulness of such an intervention, while EU Members States or EU institutions can always intervene if they wish since the EU Treaties grant them directly this benefit.</p> <p>The recent rise of private enforcement of EU Competition Law, in particular cartel damages claims following Directive 2014/104/EU, has resulted in the Amicus Curiae mechanism becoming crucial to the system. Article 15(3) of EU Regulation 1/2003 established it as the cooperation mechanism between the Commission, the national competition authorities and the courts of the Member States, in order to ensure the coherent application of EU competition rules in the 27 EU Member States and jurisdictions. This is part of the general principle of sincere cooperation, which is of particular importance where that cooperation involves the judicial authorities of a Member State which are responsible for ensuring that EU law is applied and respected in the national legal system. The mechanism of the Amicus Curiae gives the the European Commission the opportunity to show its good faith and sincere cooperation towards Member State’s Judges.</p> <p>Despite these positive theoretical considerations, national judges have so far made limited use of obtaining an Amicus brief from the Commission. An explanation could be that judges are reluctant to be advised by an administrative body, or the reluctance may be because the judge is not so familiar with the procedure. In fact, despite the crucial role given to national judges, one must still keep in mind that the final word about the application and interpretation of the EU law, including all competition rules, remains in the hands of the EU Court of Justice, via the preliminary ruling procedure established by article 267 TFEU. In fact, any national court may refer a question to the CJEU on the interpretation of a rule of EU law if it considers it necessary to resolve a dispute brought before it and national judges have a long positive experience with this procedure. Nevertheless, the Amicus mechanism is used increasingly together with the Preliminary reference, thus showing a complementarity that pursues the effectiveness of articles 101 and 102 TFEU all over the EU. However, obtaining an Amicus Curiae legal opinion from the Commission could be faster than a reference to the CJEU and probably should be more used by national judges. Indeed, the Commission, in its non-binding observations, generally refers to the case law of the CJEU and its own decisions as useful indications of the criteria and the type of evidence that have been taken into account in similar cases.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-108765 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2013/The-AG-Jaaskinen-of-the-CJEU-puts">CJEU, Case C-536/11, DonauChemie AG a.o., ECLI:EU:C:2013:366</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2007/The-US-Supreme-Court-holds-that-33823">Brief of Amici Curiae Economists in Support of Petitioners, Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) (No. 05-1126), 2006 WL 2506633</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/livre/2020-competition-case-law-digest-a-synthesis-of-eu-us-and-national-leading-601#id=57262&search=,%20Zwartveld,%20ECLI&phrase=true">CJEU, Case 2/88, Zwartveld, ECLI:EU:C:1990:440, par. 17, and C-94/00, Roquette Frères, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603, par. 93</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/february-1991/the-eu-court-of-justice-considers-that-a-provision-in-an-agreement-between-a">CJEU, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91, Delimitis; See also the opinion of Advocate General Van Gerven, ECLI:EU:C:1990:358</a></p> <p>Paris Court of Appeal, 21 June and 6 July 1988, Gaz. Pal. 1988, 2, 700, Note Laurin</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-108765 jurisprudence"><p>Gerlich, O, More than a friend? The European Commission’s amicus curiae participation in investor-state arbitration, in: G Adinolfi et al. (Eds.), International economic law, Springer 2017, pp. 253–269.</p> <p>Haw Allensworth R., Amicus Briefs and the Sherman Act: Why Antitrust Needs a New Deal, 89 Texas Law Review. 1247 (2011).</p> <p>Kearney, Joseph D., and Thomas W. Merrill. “The Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs on the Supreme Court.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 148, no. 3, 2000, pp. 743–855.</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/special-issues/amicus-curiae/new-article-no87106">Vallindas G., Amicus Curiae: An overview of EU and national case law, 15 November 2018, e-Competitions Amicus curiae, Art. N° 87106</a></p> <p>Wiik, A., Amicus Curiae before International Courts and Tribunals (pp. 707–734). Baden-Baden: Hart/Nomos (2018).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/georges-vallindas" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/1586170290495-f7d13.jpg?1711359747) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Georges Vallindas</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Court of Justice (Luxembourg)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Luxembourg</span> <span class="articles"><em>13</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>32847</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Georges Vallindas, </span> <span class="entry-title">Amicus Curiae</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85868</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2066</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85868 texte surlignable"><p>Pursuant to Article 15(3) of Regulation 1/2003, the Commission, acting on its own initiative, may submit written observations ("amicus curiae" observations) to courts of the Member States where the coherent application of Article 101 or 102 TFEU so requires. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/eu_-_regulation_1_2003-2.pdf?40460/c48b066c82e11248f7556a96be1e19fd2aba01bed05d00199d020a67ebc59e9a" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQlW9uyjRS6dlRmHDnGl+vbQjf40UQoSlmEOgN/wGOK3asHZ5o3oppiggVWpWuoEVMUBEHwQvq5537wlSFfVtklnreSEMcgbs6zaCuySDOFGfmUiystIdXVUeKVcda38Xfa76vi9cnq/DjyBywAMGu5HmG3VOZdN1jwhZSiKP1nZzzdqsiU+06XUpDuAXB76pth3x8h0uLhZgI1wVYQ/VxGVttSm82/FQS9zPoMmpXP96ZWgo3PQvhMX0yY57LHDyxTv3bAKs8Reae72mDs0OhE+HNF6G5tJ5v+cRYYR71EoP0NKbqv4lwTDl4/hm119ttIeifq4Tjmi+oVGFvdH6ZfTLooFveNxJ' data-origin="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2023/the-us-ftc-files-an-amicus-brief-arguing-that-a-defendant-against-abusive" rel="bookmark">The US FTC files an amicus brief arguing that a defendant against abusive exclusive dealing and bundling charges in a private enforcement case has misstated the legal standards of the behaviours <em>(Medtronic / Applied Medical)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-02T22:00:00Z">3 July 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113061 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Files Amicus Brief to Clarify Antitrust Standards Involving Exclusive-Dealing and Bundling Arrangements* <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Trade Commission filed a friend-of-the-court (amicus) brief in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, clarifying legal standards that apply in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Barbara-T-Sicalides">Barbara T. Sicalides</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kasia-hebda">Kasia Hebda</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2023/the-us-ftc-intervenes-to-criticize-the-incremental-price-cost-or-discount" rel="bookmark">The US FTC intervenes to criticize the “incremental” price-cost or “discount-attribution” test that courts apply to determine whether a bundled discount runs afoul of antitrust law <em>(Medtronic / Applied Medical)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-02T22:00:00Z">3 July 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118070 introduction entry-content"> <p>Recently, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has focused on the potential harm that loyalty discounts and bundled prices could cause to competitors and their access to customers. A vendor offers a bundled discount when it offers to sell two or more products for a lower price than it charges for (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2023/the-us-ftc-files-an-amicus-brief-arguing-that-a-company-has-used-unlawful" rel="bookmark">The US FTC files an amicus brief arguing that a company has used unlawful strategies to delay the entry of a generic-brand drug into the market for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease <em>(Sage Chemical / TruPharma / Supernus Pharmaceutical)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-19T23:00:00Z">20 March 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111572 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Files Amicus Brief in Sage Chemical vs. Supernus Pharmaceutical Supporting Competition in the Market for Drug Used to Treat Advanced Parkinson’s Disease* <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Trade Commission filed a brief as Amicus Curiae in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware in a case related (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2022/the-us-ftc-files-an-amicus-brief-challenging-the-abuse-of-the-fda-s-orange-book" rel="bookmark">The US FTC files an amicus brief challenging the abuse of the FDA’s "orange book" listing procedures which allow companies to automatically block the entry of generic drugs for 30 months <em>(Jazz Pharmaceuticals / Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-11-09T23:00:00Z">10 November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109496 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Amicus Brief Challenges Abuse of FDA “Orange Book” Listing Procedures to Block Drug Competition* <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Trade Commission filed an amicus brief with the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware in the case of Jazz Pharmaceuticals v. Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals. The Brief (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2022/the-us-ftc-files-an-amicus-brief-in-support-of-employees-challenging-a-fast" rel="bookmark">The US FTC files an amicus brief in support of employees challenging a fast food company’s intra-franchise no-poach rules <em>(McDonald’s / Deslandes and others)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-11-08T23:00:00Z">9 November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109495 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC Joins Justice Department in Amicus Brief Supporting Workers’ Challenge to McDonald’s “No Hire” Franchise Restrictions* <br class='autobr' /> Brief argues that a provision in McDonald’s franchise agreement is per se illegal under U.S. antitrust law <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Trade Commission joined the Department of Justice (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/a-christopher-young">A. Christopher Young</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-austin-jenkin-ii">Robert Austin Jenkin II</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Barbara-T-Sicalides">Barbara T. Sicalides</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jan-levine">Jan P. Levine</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2022/the-us-district-court-for-the-northern-district-of-illinois-denies-the-doj-s" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois denies the DOJ’s request to file Statement of Interest in a pending no-poach class action against the world’s most successful fast-food franchise <em>(McDonald’s / Deslandes)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-03-02T23:00:00Z">3 March 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118102 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Biden administration’s Department of Justice, Antitrust Division (DOJ) continues a practice largely begun under the Trump administration of intervening in private litigation and requesting permission to file statements of interest. Courts have typically granted the requests, perceiving the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jaclyn-phillips">Jaclyn Phillips</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrew-black-whitecase-com">Andrew Black</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/george-paul">George Paul</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2022/the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-dc-circuit-hears-an-appeal-brought-by-48-state" rel="bookmark">The US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit hears an appeal brought by 48 State Attorney Generals against a ruling by a District Court in a Big Tech refusal to deal case <em>(Meta)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-13T23:00:00Z">14 January 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106317 introduction entry-content"> <p>Application of the Proper ‘Outer Boundary’ of Antitrust Liability for Alleged Refusals to Deal in New York v Facebook* <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> The States brought an antitrust complaint against Facebook alleging that various conduct violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act. The ICLE brief addresses the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-e-connolly">Robert E. Connolly</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2021/the-us-supreme-court-grants-a-motion-to-hear-a-constitutional-challenge-to-the" rel="bookmark">The US Supreme Court grants a motion to hear a constitutional challenge to the <em>per se</em> rule in a criminal antitrust case <em>(Lischewski)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-12-05T23:00:00Z">6 December 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105843 introduction entry-content"> <p>Will the Supreme Court Grant Certiorari and Review the Per Se Rule?* <br class='autobr' /> I have no expertise in predicting whether the Supreme Court will grant certiorari on any given petition. But I am hopeful that the high court will do so on the issue of whether the application of the per se rule in a criminal (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jonathan-i-blackman">Jonathan I. Blackman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/boaz-s-morag">Boaz S. Morag</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/carmine-d-boccuzzi-jr">Carmine D. Boccuzzi Jr.</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rathna-ramamurthi">Rathna Ramamurthi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sarah-gutman">Sarah Gutman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/matthew-d-slater">Matthew D. Slater</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2021/the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-second-circuit-dismisses-antitrust-claims" rel="bookmark">The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit dismisses antitrust claims against two Chinese pharmaceutical companies for reasons of international comity <em>(Animal Science Products / Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-09T22:00:00Z">10 August 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102830 introduction entry-content"> <p>The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit recently issued a 2-1 decision in In re Vitamin C Antitrust Litig., dismissing antitrust claims against two Chinese pharmaceutical companies for reasons of international comity in a case that has lasted over 15 years. <br class='autobr' /> On August 10, 2021, the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/chroniques/communication-the-european-commission-updates-its-guidance-to-national-courts-en" rel="bookmark"><strong> Communication:</strong> The European Commission updates its guidance to national courts on the implementation of State aid rules</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-07-29T22:00:00Z">30 July 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103365 introduction entry-content"> <p>The distinct but complementary roles of the Commission and the national courts have been highlighted by the case law of the Court of Justice. <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> It is worth recalling here the terms of the 1996 SFEI decision: <br class='autobr' /> [The] ban on State aid in principle is neither absolute nor (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/chroniques/usa-eighty-two-academics-file-an-amicus-brief-with-the-fifth-circuit-court-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>USA:</strong> Eighty-two academics file an amicus brief with the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in support of the Federal Trade Commission’s position in a pay-for-delay case (<em>Impax Laboratories</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-12-15T23:00:00Z">16 December 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93419 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Impax case that we have recently discussed in these columns has bounced back in the courts (Concurrences No. 2-2019, Art. No. 90540, p. 208). The pharmaceutical company seeks to challenge the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) assessment that the agreements entered into by the company were (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/georges-vallindas">Georges Vallindas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/amicus-curiae/amicus-curiae-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law-en" rel="bookmark">Amicus Curiae: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-11-15T12:15:54Z">15 November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87106 introduction entry-content"><p>Amicus Curiae participation in domestic court cases is well developed in Common law countries and especially in U.S. jurisprudence. It is important to note that civil law jurisdictions do not have a tradition in using such an instrument and its introduction is mostly recent. Amicus intervention is usually not limited to any one particular kind of group and has frequently involved a range of participants, including individuals and foreign governments. Recently, this practice has been introduced in front of arbitral tribunals which have strongly advocated the participation of non-disputing parties as Amicus Curiae in such proceedings in order to ensure more transparency and public participation specifically in matters of investment arbitration.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/weimin-shen">Weimin Shen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2018/the-us-supreme-court-vacates-a-ruling-by-the-court-of-appeal-for-the-second" rel="bookmark">The US Supreme Court vacates the Court of Appeals’ ruling and declares that submissions by foreign governments on their law must be accorded respect but are not binding <em>(Animal Science Products / Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-06-13T22:00:00Z">14 June 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109374 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article has been nominated for the 2022 Antitrust Writing Awards. Click here to learn more about the Antitrust Writing Awards. <br class='autobr' /> On 14 June 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court vacated the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit involving a number of Vitamin C exporters from China, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/benjamin-f-holt">Benjamin F. Holt</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2018/the-us-supreme-court-vacates-the-court-of-appeals-ruling-and-declares-that" rel="bookmark">The US Supreme Court vacates the Court of Appeals’ ruling and declares that submissions by foreign governments on their law must be accorded respect but are not binding <em>(Animal Science Products / Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-06-13T22:00:00Z">14 June 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111629 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. <br class='autobr' /> Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> Claimants were purchasers of vitamin C, and brought suit alleging (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-cardonnel">Pascal Cardonnel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2018/chroniques/intervention-of-a-third-country-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Intervention of a third country:</strong> The General Court of the European Union rejects the application to intervene of a third country due to lack of direct interest in the result of the case (<em>Apple</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-12-14T23:00:00Z">15 December 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86986 introduction entry-content"> <p>The concept of amicus curiae is not very popular in the Union’s courts. While Article 15(3) of Regulation 1/2003 confers on the Commission this function of "friend of the court" before national courts (see judgment of the Court of Justice of 11 June 2009, X, case C-429/07, Case C-429/07, p. 1), (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhW9p2gOs/eklv4E16dBNply1xpyOSpykYFN7Sd68EBFc5R6GsiQHgrr4SgOKevhqNMPlKEVRLdfBsxfXLtwJ41e5nk5wJHoEG8LqNugOh8BLV+KVIp+Oosw7Sc93TQ2TEfD3ksWnpDOucxTWYUwU57+8MOHf0f2PvqmCKlRxcxZ21CiG0mJybB4g+GSfGzKHOQSWjGaoggb8dd2OWU9AETxh4Q6DwOrCarRau0JanN6ZSgo3PQvnMUgg3YeqGCOiiFWUm6hOqq7djtOx4NNFyzv7mrPLiCMFVdEOoVdfJshze7sJTfZ/9W73oG7FvDB51i4emEAZaQVlrDVgrWky9HN' data-origin="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2018/livres/monopolies-mergers-and-competition-policy-frederic-michael-scherer-86665" rel="bookmark">Monopolies, Mergers and Competition Policy, Frederic Michael SCHERER</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86665 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/allan-fels">Allan Fels</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Carol-Osborne">Carol Osborne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-ian-mcewin">Robert Ian McEwin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2016/conferences/the-role-of-asean-guidelines-on-competition-policy-and-the-economic-integration-77741" rel="bookmark">The role of ASEAN guidelines on competition policy and the economic integration of the ASEAN countries (ASEAN Antitrust: The Future of Competition Law and Policy in the ASEAN Countries, Singapore, 24 April 2015)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-77741 introduction entry-content"> <p>The conference that took place in Singapore on the 23rd of April 2015 dealt with the future of competition law and policy in the ASEAN countries. The speakers of this panel offer a view on the impact that competition policy may have within ASEAN countries, challenges it may face in the future (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frank-gentin">Frank Gentin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/muriel-chagny">Muriel Chagny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/interview/frank-gentin-french-commercial-court-commercial-judge-natural-judge-of-the-en" rel="bookmark">Frank Gentin (French Commercial Court) : Commercial judge, natural judge of the competition litigation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69391 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Muriel Chagny, University Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines. <br class='autobr' /> 1. The court over which you preside has just held its first Competition Forum on 12 September 2014. What were the objectives? What were the lessons learned? <br class='autobr' /> Over the last 10 years, the decisions of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2006/revues/review-of-competition-journals-european-competition-law-review-world" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: Nov. 2005 - Oct. 2006</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2006-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2006</time></p> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Bernard-van-de-Walle-de-Ghelcke">Bernard van de Walle de Ghelcke</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2013/international/2013-reform-of-the-belgian-competition-law" rel="bookmark">2013 reform of the Belgian competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-57385 introduction entry-content"> <p>September 2013 has seen the entry into force of the new Belgian Competition Act; The main innovation is the introduction of the Belgian Competition Authority, a single and independent administrative body, but with an internal functional separation between investigative and decision-making (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuelle-claudel">Emmanuelle Claudel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2012/articles-en/the-amicus-curiae-procedure-european-and-french-practice-en" rel="bookmark">The <em>amicus curiae</em> procedure: European and French practice</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-49315 introduction entry-content"> <p>Today, judges are invited to fully play their role in disputes involving anticompetitive practices, particularly in order to ensure compensation of the victims of such practices. Although they may be specialised judges, they may find themselves powerless when faced with the complexity of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valentin-mircea">Valentin Mircea</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2010/international/the-romanian-government-enacts-an-ordinance-radically-overhauling-competition-32722" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Government enacts an ordinance radically overhauling competition legislation <em>(Emergency Government Ordinance 75/2010)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2010-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2010</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-32722 introduction entry-content"> <p>The new legal provisions purport to implement the latest developments in the EU regulations and in the case law of the European Court of Justice. This basis, as well as an extensive consultation of the Romanian Competition Council (hereinafter referred to as “RCC”) with the business associations (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-david">Eric David</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2008/Articles-767/Cooperation-among-national" rel="bookmark">Cooperation among national competition authorities within the European Competition Network</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2008-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2008</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-22151 introduction entry-content"> <p>Now considered to be commonplace, cooperation between national authorities within the European competition network leads to numerous difficulties for undertakings. The first of these appear during investigations made by an NCA on behalf of another. The French example shows that the procedural (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/julia-brockhoff">Julia Brockhoff</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Peter-Kalbfleisch">Peter Kalbfleisch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2007/interview/p-kalbfleisch-the-netherlands-nca-not-only-enforces-but-also-promotes-13168" rel="bookmark">P. Kalbfleisch (Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets): <em>“The Netherlands NCA not only enforces but also promotes competition” </em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2007-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2007</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-13168 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview by Martijn Snoep and Julia Brockhoff, De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek, The Hague, The Netherlands. <br class='autobr' /> - To begin with, can you tell us something about your background? What caused you to become interested in competition law? <br class='autobr' /> Before my appointment as Director-General of the NMa in 2003, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guy-canivet">Guy Canivet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2004/Articles-59/Implementation-of-EC-competition" rel="bookmark">Implementation of EC competition rules by national courts</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2004-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2004</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-219 introduction entry-content"> <p>Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002establishes a mechanism of parallel powers between the Commission, the competition authorities and the courts of the Member States for the application of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. This institutional architecture is based on the recognition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-lasserre">Bruno Lasserre</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2004/Articles-59/EC-Modernisation-A-call-for" rel="bookmark">EC "Modernisation": A call for changes in the Competition Council procedure</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2004-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2004</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-215 introduction entry-content"> <p>The entry into force on 1 May 2004 of Regulation 1/2003 brings about profound changes for national competition authorities. This article takes stock of these changes, on the eve of the publication of the ordinance that will transcribe the new state of positive law. <br class='autobr' /> I. Modernization: (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7dsPgR03lwa3jSTOU9/LLBzHMoRDLlevybASSmMCa0GWHB3QnyBx40j06Rzxaw1l1Pe4PQQ4KQzJf2n4v+m4e+vrqXMaiAtF7sNYEeOLPuSIcQx9iUF5mu7PBYPDBI57qlu7wv30SdkzxUhSeQ2PSVuS2pzRRaGSI7Qry5RUhenZs0W8Bacz4Q+rbrPMJJaKWexkeNcPrLffMFF+8IwNf17Fg54dCMzbentiUq2l680Uge0u0m2TAo7AD9gAQjydjrVnlsGZMED+g2DoSlWZNAnjs5JOGWs4a5mZazjX9uM48u+szn64zNUpBMjuOfZEb4+hSxKEfXgKHalp/wL' data-origin="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-j-gidley">J. Mark Gidley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Miguel-de-la-Mano">Miguel De La Mano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/dominance-in-the-pharma-sector-an-eu-us-perspective-83030" rel="bookmark">Dominance in the pharma sector - An EU/US Perspective </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-12T10:00:00Z">12 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83030 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Compass Lexecon and White & Case.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Vincent-Jaunet">Vincent Jaunet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/private-enforcement-versus-public-enforcement-how-to-assess-the-damage" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement versus public enforcement: How to assess the damage?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-12-01T11:00:00Z">1 December 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82996 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Magenta and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3lcBFNOyOU04Pverh/3w7tAimN9P4Q/06cTAbperhItRhDfkkJrO60RtvZN/0mDuTv8pqxQO9XJVlNqbnlK9ijaMaj5gph8lhsNWmMM/aogNXD2ExS4/rPQ15A7jdpZ6N3O6RH5pmOB1cBL4+urgiFx4Ad2HVrTeb3TZdzehRiXW8Aac/0O+0dDLTUxLFmBiyefSNchzlxc7aUuYP06qNWlUT4uSU9x56ZF3dLXAXMv0YfS6gdq+GesiILmJw8x4Mczpl5tNkSxrhjDVgNED5YISZTWMUIqdNJUtEQuVnW+HgzHK4x8VpGGmTVf/DmQx0m3wkAKi+9yHVg0lSQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/karen-kazmerzak">Karen Kazmerzak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/kathleen-e-foote">Kathleen Foote</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/women-antitrust-voices-from-the-field-vol-ii-630#id=64293" rel="bookmark">Women & Antitrust - Voices from the Field, Vol. II <small>KATHLEEN FOOTE, California Department of Justice</br><em>and KAREN KAZMERZAK, Sidley Austin</em></small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-17T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">18 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">33 Kathleen Foote California Department of Justice Karen Kazmerzak Kathleen Foote joined the California attorney general's antitrust unit in 1988, and has been its antitrust chief since 2001. She is a past chair of the multistate antitrust task force of the National Association of Attorneys (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/randy-tritell-2131">Randolph Tritell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/russell-damtoft">Russell Damtoft</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/timothy-t-hughes">Timothy T. Hughes</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/antitrust-in-emerging-and-developing-countries-featuring-africa-brazil-china#id=41668" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Emerging and Developing Countries: Featuring Africa, Brazil, China, India, Mexico - Conference Papers 2nd Edition <small>International Competition Technical Assistance: The Federal Trade Commission’s Experience and Challenges for the Future</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-31T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Jun</span></span><span class="y"> 2016</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">ANTITRUST IN EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 2015 EDITION 189 International Competition Technical Assistance: The Federal Trade Commission's Experience and Challenges for the Future TIMOTHY T. HUGHES thughes@ftc.gov Counsel for Competition Technical Assistance, US Federal Trade Commission (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tad-lipsky">Abbott (Tad) Lipsky</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/william-e-kovacic-an-antitrust-tribute-liber-amicorum-vol-i-5#id=43687" rel="bookmark">William E. Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. I <small>On the Road with Bill Kovacic</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-12-11T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">12 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2012</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">GO TO TABLE OF CONTENT 17William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume I On the Road with Bill Kovacic ABBOTT B. LIPSKY, JR. tad.lipsky@lw.com Partner, Latham & Watkins, LLP Abstract Bill Kovacic has contributed to antitrust in many different roles, combining keen (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/amicus-curiae#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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