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function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Opinion-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Opinion-button" aria-label="Toggle Opinion" for="Opinion-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="opinionLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Opinion" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-p0c3jt">Opinion</label><ul role="menu" id="opinionLinks" data-testid="opinionLinks" class="dcr-v7ibvm"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/commentisfree" role="menuitem" 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style="background-color:var(--article-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);background-color:var(--article-inner-background);" class="dcr-wqti5a"><div class="dcr-2zxs1v"><aside style="--grid-area:matchNav;" data-gu-name="matchNav" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><aside style="--grid-area:matchtabs;" data-gu-name="matchtabs" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:media;" data-gu-name="media" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-hlfdy3"></div></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:title;" data-gu-name="title" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-10355cg"><div class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-4pzc03"><span class="dcr-1v9xu6e"></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/series/guardian-and-observer-style-guide" data-component="series" data-link-name="article series" class="dcr-u0pbjs"><span>The Guardian and Observer style guide</span></a><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/info" data-component="section" data-link-name="article section" class="dcr-1v9e6r1"><span>Information</span></a></span></div></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:border;" data-gu-name="border" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-upmzd8"></div></div><div style="--grid-area:headline;" data-gu-name="headline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-cohhs3"><h1 class="dcr-u0152o">Guardian and Observer style guide: U</h1></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:standfirst;" data-gu-name="standfirst" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class=" dcr-4gwv1z"><p>‘Critics search for ages for the wrong word, which, to give them credit, they usually find.’ <strong>Peter Ustinov</strong></p></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:meta;" data-gu-name="meta" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-ich95x"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--article-border)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-194w08h"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg></div></div><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class=" dcr-1v9sla6"><div class="dcr-5oiine"><div class="dcr-1kpcv08"><div><address aria-label="Contributor info" data-component="meta-byline" data-link-name="byline"><div class=" dcr-1cfpnlw"></div></address><div style="--mobile-color:inherit;" class="dcr-1pexjb9">Fri 23 Apr 2021 12.35 BST</div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-9dgpdq"><div class=" dcr-16lnb0w"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"guardian-observer-style-guide-u","webTitle":"Guardian and Observer style guide: 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href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-b" data-link-name="in body link">B</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-c" data-link-name="in body link">C</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-d" data-link-name="in body link">D</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-e" data-link-name="in body link">E</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-f" data-link-name="in body link">F</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-g" data-link-name="in body link">G</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-h" data-link-name="in body link">H</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-i" data-link-name="in body link">I</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-j" data-link-name="in body link">J</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-k" data-link-name="in body link">K</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-l" data-link-name="in body link">L</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-m" data-link-name="in body link">M</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-n" data-link-name="in body link">N</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-o" data-link-name="in body link">O</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-p" data-link-name="in body link">P</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-q" data-link-name="in body link">Q</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-r" data-link-name="in body link">R</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-s" data-link-name="in body link">S</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t" data-link-name="in body link">T</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u" data-link-name="in body link">U</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-v" data-link-name="in body link">V</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-w" data-link-name="in body link">W</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-x" data-link-name="in body link">X</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-y" data-link-name="in body link">Y</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-z" data-link-name="in body link">Z</a></p><figure id="3eb321c3-9101-4ecd-bcb9-1cc7678089c7" data-spacefinder-role="inline" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement" class=" dcr-173mewl"><div id="img-1" class="dcr-1t8m8f2"><picture class="dcr-evn1e9"><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/925c60f62421a031226c8e4710dbf5346b106529/0_0_1494_800/master/1494.jpg?width=620&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/925c60f62421a031226c8e4710dbf5346b106529/0_0_1494_800/master/1494.jpg?width=620&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/925c60f62421a031226c8e4710dbf5346b106529/0_0_1494_800/master/1494.jpg?width=605&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/925c60f62421a031226c8e4710dbf5346b106529/0_0_1494_800/master/1494.jpg?width=605&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/925c60f62421a031226c8e4710dbf5346b106529/0_0_1494_800/master/1494.jpg?width=445&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/925c60f62421a031226c8e4710dbf5346b106529/0_0_1494_800/master/1494.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px)"/><img alt="U - style guide illustration" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/925c60f62421a031226c8e4710dbf5346b106529/0_0_1494_800/master/1494.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" width="445" height="238.28647925033468" loading="lazy" class="dcr-evn1e9"/></picture><a href="#img-1" data-ignore="global-link-styling" aria-hidden="true" tabIndex="-1" class="open-lightbox dcr-13fd1ms"><button data-element-id="3eb321c3-9101-4ecd-bcb9-1cc7678089c7" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="open-lightbox dcr-4tmywn"><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" 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class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>uber</strong><br/> no accent if you are saying something like uber-hip (although uber in this sense is uber-used); use the umlaut if you are quoting German</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Uber</strong> <br/> app-based taxi company</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>U-boat</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>uc</strong><br/> abbreviation for UPPERCASE but often used to mean initial capital letters</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Ucas</strong><br/> Universities and Colleges Admissions Service</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UCLan</strong><br/> abbreviation of the University of Central Lancashire</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UK or Britain</strong><br/> in copy and headlines for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (but note Great Britain comprises just England, Scotland and Wales)</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Ukip</strong><br/> It’s not normally necessary to give its full name, the UK Independence party</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Ukraine</strong><br/> no “the”; adjective <strong>Ukrainian</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Ukraine place names</strong><br/><strong>Kyiv</strong> not Kiev; <strong>Donbas</strong> not Donbass; <strong>Odesa</strong> not Odessa; <strong>Luhansk</strong> not Lugansk; <strong>Lviv</strong> not Lvov; <strong>Kharkiv</strong> not Kharkov; <strong>Dnipro</strong> (for the city and the river); <strong>Hostomel</strong> not Gostomel; <strong>Mykolaiv</strong>;<strong> Zaporizhzhia; Berdiansk</strong> not Berdyansk; <strong>Borodianka</strong> not Borodyanka; <strong>Trostianets</strong> not Trostyanets; <strong>Chornobyl</strong> not Chernobyl; <strong>Izium </strong>not Izyum; <strong>Enerhodar</strong> not Energodar; <strong>Balakliia</strong> not Balakliya; <strong>Mariinka</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>ukulele</strong><br/> not ukelele</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Ulaanbaatar</strong><br/> capital of Mongolia</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Ulster<br/></strong>Avoid as an alternative term for Northern Ireland, which in fact comprises six of the nine counties of the province of Ulster. The only acceptable use is when it is in the name of an organisation eg a political party or sports team</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>ultra-low emission zone</strong><br/> or Ulez for short</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Uluru</strong><br/> not Ayers Rock</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>-ums</strong><br/> Latinate -um neuter endings that are a part of the language (eg stadium) take an -s plural. Exceptions: bacteria, which retain the Latin plural and take a plural verb, as do media, but note that spiritualists are mediums</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Umist</strong><br/> the former University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology merged with the University of Manchester in 2004</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>umlaut</strong><br/> In German placenames, ae, oe and ue should almost always be rendered ä, ö, ü. Family names, however, for the most part became petrified many years ago and there is no way of working out whether the -e form or the umlaut should be used; you just have to find out for each individual</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>umm-ed and ahh-ed</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UN</strong><br/> United Nations, but it is not normally necessary to spell it out</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UN general assembly</strong><br/> should not be abbreviated to UNGA or Unga</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UN high commissioner for human rights</strong><br/> currently Volker Türk, formerly Michelle Bachelet and, before her, Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein (Hussein after first mention); the agency is normally abbreviated to OHCHR</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UN secretary general</strong><br/> currently António Guterres</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UN security council</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UNAids</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unbiased</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>uncharted</strong><br/> not unchartered</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unchristian</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>uncooperative</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>under-</strong><br/> prefixes are normally one word, eg underachieve, underact, underage, undercover, underdeveloped, undermanned, underprivileged, undersea, undersecretary, undersigned, undervalue, underweight</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>underestimate, understate<br/></strong>Take care that you don’t mean overestimate or overstate. We often get this wrong – a typical example from the paper: “Qian’s contribution to China’s space and missile programme cannot be underestimated” (the writer meant the opposite)</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>underground, the</strong><br/> but London Underground for the name of the company</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>under way</strong><br/> not underway</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>uneducated</strong><br/> “with no formal education” may be more accurate</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Unesco</strong><br/> United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unfollow, unfriend</strong><br/> is what you do to people you don’t like on, respectively, X and Facebook</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>UNHCR</strong><br/> United Nations high commissioner for refugees; not commission, although the name stands for both the high commissioner, Filippo Grandi, and the refugee agency he heads</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Unicef</strong><br/> United Nations Children’s Fund</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>uninterested</strong><br/> means not taking an interest; not synonymous with <strong>disinterested</strong>, which means unbiased, objective</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>union</strong><br/> lc when debating the future of “the union” (England and Scotland)</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>union boss<br/></strong>is a phrase to avoid, except in quotes. Union leader or union chief is preferable</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>union flag, union jack</strong><br/> The Flag Institute has ruled that these two terms are interchangeable</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unionists</strong><br/> (Northern Ireland) lc except in the name of a party, eg Democratic Unionist party</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unique</strong><br/> one of a kind, so cannot be qualified as “absolutely unique”, “very unique”, etc</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Unite</strong><br/> the UK’s biggest trade union, formed in 2007 by the merger between Amicus and the Transport and General Workers’ Union</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>United Kingdom</strong><br/> England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; no need to write in full: say Britain or the UK</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>United Kingdom Onshore Oil and Gas<br/></strong>abbreviation: Ukoog</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>United Reformed Church</strong><br/> not United Reform Church, as pointed out on a wearisomely regular basis in the corrections column</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>universal credit</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong><br/> article 1, article 30, etc</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>universities</strong><br/> take initial cap, eg Sheffield University, Johns Hopkins University, Free University of Berlin</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>University College London</strong><br/> no comma; UCL after first mention</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>University of the Arts London</strong><br/> comprises Camberwell College of Arts, Central Saint Martins, Chelsea College of Arts, London College of Communication, London College of Fashion, and Wimbledon College of Arts</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Unknown Warrior, tomb of the</strong><br/> not soldier</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unmistakable</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Unrwa</strong><br/> stands for United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, but no need to give its full title</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unskilled workers</strong><br/> used by the government when talking about stopping certain workers from migrating to the UK when the actual policy is based on income level rather than skill. As such, use <strong>low-paid workers</strong> instead, unless quoting someone</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>until</strong><br/> not “up until”</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>unveiled</strong><br/> pictures are, as are cars sometimes, but these days almost everything seems to be – so the government “unveiled a raft of new policies” (two cliches and a redundant “new” in six words) or a company “unveiled record profits”. There is nothing wrong with announcing, reporting, presenting or publishing</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>upbeat, upfront, upgrade, upstage, uptight</strong><br/> but <strong>upside down</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>upcoming</strong><br/> the coining and, even worse, use of such jargon words is likely to make many otherwise liberal, enlightened readers (and editors) wonder if there is not after all a case to bring back capital, or at least corporal, punishment for crimes against the English language; an editor once told his staff: “If I read upcoming in the Wall Street Journal again, I shall be downcoming and somebody will be outgoing”</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>upmarket</strong><br/> rather than the American English upscale</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>upriver, upstream</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>up to date</strong><br/> but in an up-to-date fashion</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>US</strong><br/> for United States, not USA: no need to spell out, even at first mention; do not call it America, although its people are Americans<br/><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-a#america" data-link-name="in body link">See America</a></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>usable</strong><br/> not useable</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>USAid</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>used</strong><br/> He used to do something, not he did use to do something and certainly not he did used to do something (double imperfect); a column said “high street shops did, it’s true, used to be more varied” – something like “high street shops certainly used to be more varied” would have been better</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>user-generated content</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>US Navy Seals</strong><br/> unless they are actual seals (marine mammals are used as minesweepers and underwater sentries)</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>utopian</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>U-turn</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Uyghur, Uyghurs</strong><br/> the Uyghur people, particularly of the Xinjiang region in China</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><strong>Uzbekistan</strong><br/> adjective <strong>Uzbek</strong></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-a" data-link-name="in body link">A</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-b" data-link-name="in body link">B</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-c" data-link-name="in body link">C</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-d" data-link-name="in body link">D</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-e" data-link-name="in body link">E</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-f" data-link-name="in body link">F</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-g" data-link-name="in body link">G</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-h" data-link-name="in body link">H</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-i" data-link-name="in body link">I</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-j" data-link-name="in body link">J</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-k" data-link-name="in body link">K</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-l" data-link-name="in body link">L</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-m" data-link-name="in body link">M</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-n" data-link-name="in body link">N</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-o" data-link-name="in body link">O</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-p" data-link-name="in body link">P</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-q" data-link-name="in body link">Q</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-r" data-link-name="in body link">R</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-s" data-link-name="in body link">S</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t" data-link-name="in body link">T</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u" data-link-name="in body link">U</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-v" data-link-name="in body link">V</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-w" data-link-name="in body link">W</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-x" data-link-name="in body link">X</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-y" data-link-name="in body link">Y</a> <a 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