CINXE.COM
Terms and conditions | Terms and conditions | The Guardian
<!doctype html> <html lang="en" > <head> <!-- Hello there, HTML enthusiast! --> <!-- DCR commit hash bc6b71608cec6cea0a92a1f90efc52e76456a439 --> <title>Terms and conditions | Terms and conditions | The Guardian</title> <meta name="description" content="These are our terms and conditions for use of the network. By using the network, you are deemed to have accepted these conditions" /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#052962" /> <link rel="manifest" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/manifest.json" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon.svg" sizes="any"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-512.png" sizes="512x512"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-360.png" sizes="360x360"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-240.png" sizes="240x240"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/icons/homescreen/apple-touch-icon-120.png" sizes="120x120"> <link rel="icon" href="https://static.guim.co.uk/images/favicon-32x32.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://sourcepoint.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://i.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://j.ophan.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://ophan.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://hits-secure.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://interactive.guim.co.uk"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://static.theguardian.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://support.theguardian.com"> <script type="application/ld+json"> [{"@type":"NewsArticle","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com#publisher","name":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2018/01/31/TheGuardian_AMP.png","width":190,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/theguardian","https://twitter.com/guardian","https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian"]},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The Guardian","productID":"theguardian.com:basic"},"image":["https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png","https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Guardian staff reporter"}],"datePublished":"2023-03-09T15:17:47.000Z","headline":"Terms and conditions","dateModified":"2024-07-11T15:30:55.000Z","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service"},{"@type":"WebPage","@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service","potentialAction":{"@type":"ViewAction","target":"android-app://com.guardian/https/www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service"}}] </script> <!-- TODO make this conditional when we support more content types --> <link rel="amphtml" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service"> <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service"/> <meta property="article:author" content="Guardian Staff"/> <meta property="og:description" content="These are our terms and conditions for use of the network. By using the network, you are deemed to have accepted these conditions"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png"/> <meta property="al:ios:url" content="gnmguardian://help/terms-of-service?contenttype=Article&source=applinks"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Terms and conditions"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="180444840287"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-07-11T15:30:55.000Z"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="409128287"/> <meta property="article:section" content="Info"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-03-09T15:17:47.000Z"/> <meta property="article:tag" content="Terms and conditions,Help,Information"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_name" content="The Guardian"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="the Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:dnt" content="on"> <meta name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:ipad" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:ipad" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:googleplay" content="guardian://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="gnmguardian://help/terms-of-service?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/eada8aa27c12fe2d5afa3a89d3fbae0d/fallback-logo.png"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:ipad" content="gnmguardian://help/terms-of-service?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/> <!-- This tag enables pages to be featured in Google Discover as large previews See: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/advanced/mobile/google-discover?hl=en&visit_id=637424198370039526-3805703503&rd=1 --> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <script> window.guardian = {"config":{"isDotcomRendering":true,"isDev":false,"stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","page":{"switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"abTests":{},"googletagUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","ampIframeUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/data/vendor/2533d5cb94302889e6a8f1b24b5329e7/amp-iframe.html","tones":"Help","facebookIaAdUnitRoot":"facebook-instant-articles","avatarApiUrl":"https://avatar.theguardian.com","isSplash":false,"isColumn":false,"membershipUrl":"https://membership.theguardian.com","headline":"Terms and conditions","isImmersive":false,"author":"","toneIds":"tone/help","ipsosTag":"guardian","isProd":true,"membershipAccess":"","allowUserGeneratedContent":false,"commissioningDesks":"","webPublicationDate":1678375067000,"forecastsapiurl":"/weatherapi/forecast","supportUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com","isNumberedList":false,"commercialBundleUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/commercial/3e82210237719f4c5558/graun.standalone.commercial.js","idOAuthUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","webTitle":"Terms and conditions","isPhotoEssay":false,"idWebAppUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","a9PublisherId":"3722","isFront":false,"inBodyInternalLinkCount":7,"googleSearchUrl":"//www.google.co.uk/cse/cse.js","inBodyExternalLinkCount":9,"showRelatedContent":true,"lightboxImages":{"id":"help/terms-of-service","headline":"Terms and conditions","shouldHideAdverts":true,"standfirst":"","images":[]},"googleSearchId":"007466294097402385199:m2ealvuxh1i","shouldHideReaderRevenue":true,"idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","hasSurveyAd":false,"omnitureAmpAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","dfpAdUnitRoot":"theguardian.com","host":"https://www.theguardian.com","blogIds":"","sectionName":"Info","hasMultipleVideosInPage":false,"hasShowcaseMainElement":false,"googleRecaptchaSiteKey":"6LdzlmsdAAAAALFH63cBVagSFPuuHXQ9OfpIDdMc","fbAppId":"180444840287","isContent":true,"shortUrlId":"/p/2fyc7","dfpAccountId":"59666047","plistaPublicApiKey":"462925f4f131001fd974bebe","wordCount":5233,"hasLiveBlogTopAd":false,"dcrSentryDsn":"https://1937ab71c8804b2b8438178dfdd6468f@sentry.io/1377847","cardStyle":"news","adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/info/article/ng","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","isSensitive":false,"ophanEmbedJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.embed","edition":"INT","brazeApiKey":"7f28c639-8bda-48ff-a3f6-24345abfc07c","blogs":"","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","section":"info","userAttributesApiUrl":"https://members-data-api.theguardian.com/user-attributes","videoDuration":0,"disableStickyTopBanner":true,"dfpHost":"pubads.g.doubleclick.net","weatherapiurl":"/weatherapi/city","sentryPublicApiKey":"344003a8d11c41d8800fbad8383fdc50","shortUrl":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/2fyc7","thumbnail":false,"pillar":"News","pageId":"help/terms-of-service","references":[],"beaconUrl":"//phar.gu-web.net","commentable":false,"discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","ophanJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.ng","contributorBio":"","keywordIds":"info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer,help/help,info/info","contentType":"Article","isDev":false,"isHosted":false,"isAdFree":false,"stripePublicToken":"pk_live_2O6zPMHXNs2AGea4bAmq5R7Z","omnitureAccount":"guardiangu-network","locationapiurl":"/weatherapi/locations?query=","authorIds":"","isPaidContent":false,"hasYouTubeAtom":false,"externalEmbedHost":"https://embed.theguardian.com","thirdPartyAppsAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","byline":"","keywords":"Terms and conditions,Help,Information","contentId":"help/terms-of-service","nonKeywordTagIds":"type/article,tone/help","mobileAppsAdUnitRoot":"beta-guardian-app","hasPageSkin":false,"requiresMembershipAccess":false,"revisionNumber":"DEV","optimizeEpicUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com/epic/control/index.html","assetsPath":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","isLive":false,"richLink":"","campaigns":[],"isLiveBlog":false,"pageCode":"1373767","avatarImagesUrl":"https://avatar.guim.co.uk","publication":"theguardian.com","sentryHost":"app.getsentry.com/35463","buildNumber":"DEV","sharedAdTargeting":{"ct":"article","url":"/help/terms-of-service","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["help"],"p":"ng","k":["contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer","info","help"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/2fyc7"},"onwardWebSocket":"ws://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/recently-published","productionOffice":"Aus","shouldHideAdverts":true,"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","pbIndexSites":[{"bp":"D","id":208247},{"bp":"M","id":213519},{"bp":"T","id":215454}],"googletagJsUrl":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","calloutsUrl":"https://callouts.guardianapis.com/formstack-campaign/submit","isPreview":false,"dcrCouldRender":true},"libs":{"googletag":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"},"switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true},"tests":{},"ophan":{"pageViewId":"","browserId":""}},"polyfilled":false,"adBlockers":{"onDetect":[]},"modules":{"sentry":{}}}; window.guardian.queue = []; // Queue for functions to be fired by polyfill.io callback </script> <script type="module"> window.guardian.mustardCut = true; </script> <script nomodule> // Browser fails mustard check window.guardian.mustardCut = false; </script> <script> // Noop monkey patch perf.mark and perf.measure if not supported if(window.performance !== undefined && window.performance.mark === undefined) { window.performance.mark = function(){}; window.performance.measure = function(){}; } </script> <script> // record the number of times the browser goes offline during a pageview window.guardian.offlineCount = 0; window.addEventListener('offline', function incrementOfflineCount () { window.guardian.offlineCount++ }); </script> <script> // this is a global that's called at the bottom of the pf.io response, // once the polyfills have run. This may be useful for debugging. // mainly to support browsers that don't support async=false or defer function guardianPolyfilled() { window.guardian.polyfilled = true; if (window.guardian.mustardCut === false) { window.guardian.queue.forEach(function(callback) { callback() }) } } // We've got contracts to abide by with the Ophan tracker // Setting pageViewId here ensures we're not getting race-conditions at all window.guardian.config.ophan = { // This is duplicated from // https://github.com/guardian/ophan/blob/master/tracker-js/assets/coffee/ophan/transmit.coffee // Please do not change this without talking to the Ophan project first. pageViewId: new Date().getTime().toString(36) + 'xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/x/g, function() { return Math.floor(Math.random() * 36).toString(36); }), }; </script> <script> // Set the browserId from the bwid cookie on the ophan object created above // This will need to be replaced later with an async request to an endpoint (function (window, document) { function getCookieValue(name) { var nameEq = name + "=", cookies = document.cookie.split(';'), value = null; cookies.forEach(function (cookie) { while (cookie.charAt(0) === ' ') { cookie = cookie.substring(1, cookie.length); } if (cookie.indexOf(nameEq) === 0) { value = cookie.substring(nameEq.length, cookie.length); } }); return value; } window.guardian.config.ophan.browserId = getCookieValue("bwid"); })(window, document); </script> <script id="config" type="application/json"> {"renderingTarget":"Web","darkModeAvailable":false,"assetOrigin":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","editionId":"INT"} </script> <script> window.curlConfig = { baseUrl: 'https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets', apiName: 'require' }; window.curl = window.curlConfig; </script> <noscript> <img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=Terms+and+conditions%2CHelp%2CInformation" /> </noscript> <!-- The following script does not vary between browsers that support modules and those that do not --> <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?rum=0&features=es6%2Ces7%2Ces2017%2Ces2018%2Ces2019%2Cdefault-3.6%2CHTMLPictureElement%2CIntersectionObserver%2CIntersectionObserverEntry%2CURLSearchParams%2Cfetch%2CNodeList.prototype.forEach%2Cnavigator.sendBeacon%2Cperformance.now%2CPromise.allSettled&flags=gated&callback=guardianPolyfilled&unknown=polyfill&cacheClear=1"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.291ea3346dc06fa0cd3f.js"></script> <script type="module" src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.6bd5039dbc27e40b7a3d.js"></script> <!-- The following script does not vary between browsers that support modules and those that do not --> <script defer src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/commercial/3e82210237719f4c5558/graun.standalone.commercial.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/frameworks.client.web.legacy.291ea3346dc06fa0cd3f.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/index.client.web.legacy.0e3464642c093175a3af.js"></script> <style class="webfont">@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:500;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Egyptian Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:GuardianTextSans;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web";src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}</style> <style> html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, dl, dt, dd, menu, ol, ul, li, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td, article, aside, canvas, details, embed, figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary, time, mark, audio, video { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; font-size: 100%; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; } /* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */ article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, section { display: block; } /* HTML5 hidden-attribute fix for newer browsers */ *[hidden] { display: none; } body { line-height: 1; } menu, ol, ul { list-style: none; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } *, *:before, *:after { box-sizing: border-box; } html { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; /* always show the vertical scroll bar to stop the page * jumping about when navigating between pages where * one has content shorter than the viewport */ overflow-y: scroll; } html, body { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; font-feature-settings: 'kern'; font-kerning: normal; /* Safari 7+, Firefox 24+, Chrome 33(?)+, Opera 21 */ font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; } body { background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #121212; } em { font-style: italic; } </style> <style data-emotion="dcr-global 0"></style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 1m0badj">:root{--expandingWrapper--background:#F6F6F6;--expandingWrapper--border:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackground:#FFFFFF;--expandingWrapper--collapseBackgroundHover:#E5E5E5;--expandingWrapper--collapseText:#121212;--expandingWrapper--collapseTextHover:#121212;--expandingWrapper--text:#121212;--expandingWrapper--horizontalRules:#DCDCDC;--expandingWrapper--expandBackground:#121212;--expandingWrapper--expandBackgroundHover:#454545;--expandingWrapper--expandText:#FFFFFF;--tabs--background:#F6F6F6;--tabs--text:#121212;--tabs--border:#999999;--tabs--inactiveBackground:#DCDCDC;--accordion-background:#F6F6F6;--accordion-title:#121212;--accordion-title-row-background:#FFFFFF;--accordion-title-row-border-top:#DCDCDC;--accordion-title-row-fill:#707070;--ad-background:#F6F6F6;--ad-background-article-inner:#F6F6F6;--ad-border:#DCDCDC;--ad-labels-text:#707070;--ad-support-banner-background:#EDEDED;--ad-support-banner-button-background:#052962;--ad-support-banner-button-text:#FFFFFF;--ad-support-banner-text:#052962;--affiliate-disclaimer-background:#F6F6F6;--affiliate-disclaimer-background-hover:#EDEDED;--age-warning-background:#FFE500;--age-warning-text:#121212;--age-warning-wrapper-background:transparent;--apps-epic-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-epic-border:#FFE500;--apps-epic-text:#121212;--apps-footer-background:#F6F6F6;--apps-footer-links-text:#121212;--apps-footer-links-text-hover:#1A1A1A;--article-background:#FFFFFF;--article-border:#DCDCDC;--article-inner-background:transparent;--article-link-border:#DCDCDC;--article-link-border-hover:#C70000;--article-link-text:#C70000;--article-link-text-hover:#C70000;--article-meta-lines:#DCDCDC;--article-section-background:#FFFFFF;--article-section-title:#000000;--article-text:#121212;--audio-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--audio-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--audio-atom-icons:#C70000;--audio-atom-kicker:#C70000;--audio-atom-progress-bar:#999999;--avatar-background:#FF5943;--block-quote-fill:#707070;--block-quote-link:#C70000;--block-quote-text:#121212;--branding-border:#DCDCDC;--branding-label-text:#333333;--branding-link-text:#C70000;--bullet-fill:#707070;--byline:#C70000;--byline-anchor:#C70000;--byline-background:#FFE500;--byline-hover:#AB0613;--byline-underline:inherit;--callout-highlight-background:#FFE500;--callout-highlight-text:#121212;--callout-prompt:#0077B6;--callout-submit-background:#052962;--callout-submit-background-hover:#234B8A;--callout-submit-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-link:#C70000;--caption-overlay-text:#FFFFFF;--caption-photo-essay-main-media-text:#707070;--caption-text:#707070;--card-background:transparent;--card-background-hover:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.1);--card-border-supporting:#DCDCDC;--card-border-top:#BABABA;--card-footer-onwards-content:#707070;--card-footer-text:#707070;--card-headline:#121212;--card-kicker-text:#C70000;--card-sublinks-background:#F6F6F6;--card-trail-text:#545454;--carousel-active-dot:#C70000;--carousel-active-dot-hover:#C70000;--carousel-arrow:#FFFFFF;--carousel-arrow-background:#000000;--carousel-arrow-background-disabled:#707070;--carousel-arrow-background-hover:#FFE500;--carousel-border:#DCDCDC;--carousel-chevron:#121212;--carousel-chevron-border:#BABABA;--carousel-chevron-border-disabled:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-disabled:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.32);--carousel-chevron-hover:rgba(186, 186, 186, 0.2);--carousel-dot:#EDEDED;--carousel-dot-hover:#DCDCDC;--carousel-text:#121212;--carousel-title-highlight:#C70000;--click-to-view-background:#F6F6F6;--click-to-view-border:#DCDCDC;--click-to-view-button:#052962;--click-to-view-button-hover:#234B8A;--click-to-view-button-text:#FFFFFF;--code-block-background:#f5f2f0;--code-block-text-shadow:#FFFFFF;--comment-count-fill:#C70000;--comment-count-mobile-fill:#C70000;--comment-form-header-background:#F6F6F6;--comment-form-input-background:#FFFFFF;--cricket-scoreboard-border-top:#005689;--cricket-scoreboard-divider:#DCDCDC;--cricket-scoreboard-link-text:#005689;--dateline:#707070;--dateline-mobile:#707070;--design-tag-background:#AB0613;--design-tag-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-accent-text:#C70000;--discussion-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-button-background-hover:#C70000;--discussion-button-text:#FFFFFF;--discussion-comment-underline:#DCDCDC;--discussion-link:#0077B6;--discussion-loading-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-loading-shimmer:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-pagination-border:#DCDCDC;--discussion-pagination-border-hover:#999999;--discussion-pagination-text:#707070;--discussion-pick-label-text:#121212;--discussion-pre-mod:#0077B6;--discussion-preview-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-primary-button-background:#AB0613;--discussion-report-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-report-border:#545454;--discussion-report-button:#052962;--discussion-report-error-text:#C70000;--discussion-report-label-text:#121212;--discussion-report-success-text:#22874D;--discussion-section-background:#FFFFFF;--discussion-selected-background:#F6F6F6;--discussion-staff-label-text:#052962;--discussion-subdued:#707070;--discussion-text:#121212;--discussion-top-pick-background:#EDEDED;--discussion-top-pick-link:#0077B6;--drop-cap:#8B0000;--editorial-button-background:#AB0613;--editorial-button-background-hover:#C70000;--editorial-button-border-hover:#C70000;--editorial-button-text:#C70000;--email-signup-button-background:#000000;--email-signup-button-hover:#333333;--email-signup-button-text:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-background:#EDEDED;--expandable-atom-border:#DCDCDC;--expandable-atom-button:#000000;--expandable-atom-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--expandable-atom-text-hover:#C70000;--expandable-marketing-card-background:#052962;--expandable-marketing-card-button-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-fill-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-background:#FFFFFF;--expandable-marketing-card-svg-fill:#000000;--explainer-atom-accent:#121212;--explainer-atom-background:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-footer-text:#DCDCDC;--feature-card-headline:#F6F6F6;--feature-card-kicker-text:#FFBAC8;--feature-card-trail-text:#DCDCDC;--filter-key-events-toggle-border-top:#DCDCDC;--follow-icon-background:#FFFFFF;--follow-icon-fill:#C70000;--follow-text:#121212;--front-container-background:#FFFFFF;--heading-line:#8B0000;--headline-background:transparent;--headline-blog-background:#FFFFFF;--headline-border:#DCDCDC;--headline-byline:inherit;--headline-colour:#121212;--headline-match-colour:#C70000;--highlights-card-headline:#121212;--highlights-card-kicker-text:#C70000;--highlights-container-background:#F6F6F6;--highlights-container-border:#999999;--highlights-container-end-fade:transparent;--highlights-container-mid-fade:rgba(250, 250, 250, 0.6);--highlights-container-start-fade:#F6F6F6;--image-title-background:#C70000;--interactive-atom-background:transparent;--interactive-block-background:#FFFFFF;--interactive-block-background-datawrapper:#FFFFFF;--interactive-contents-hover:#EDEDED;--key-event-background:#F6F6F6;--key-event-background-desktop:#EDEDED;--key-event-border:#707070;--key-event-bullet:#707070;--key-event-bullet-hover:#000000;--key-event-button:#121212;--key-event-button-fill:#FFFFFF;--key-event-button-hover:#FFD900;--key-event-text:#AB0613;--key-event-title:#121212;--kicker-background-live:#C70000;--kicker-pulsing-dot-live:rgba(246, 246, 246, 0.75);--kicker-text-live:#F6F6F6;--last-updated-text:#000000;--latest-links-dotted-line:#999999;--lightbox-divider:#C70000;--link-kicker-text:#C70000;--live-block-border-bottom:#DCDCDC;--live-block-border-top:#C70000;--live-block-container-background:#FFFFFF;--masthead-accreditation-text:#FFE500;--masthead-nav-background:#052962;--masthead-nav-border:#506991;--masthead-nav-lines:#506991;--masthead-nav-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-nav-link-text-hover:#FFE500;--masthead-top-bar-background:#041F4A;--masthead-top-bar-link-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider:#506991;--masthead-veggie-burger-background:#FFE500;--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover:#FFD900;--masthead-veggie-burger-icon:#052962;--match-nav-background:#FFE500;--match-nav-text:#121212;--match-stats-background:#d9edf6;--match-tab-border:#DCDCDC;--match-tab-border-active:#005689;--mini-profiles-text-subdued:#707070;--most-viewed-description:#707070;--most-viewed-footer-hover:#F6F6F6;--most-viewed-headline:#121212;--most-viewed-tab-border:#AB0613;--nav-reader-revenue-link-text:#FFE500;--nav-search-bar-background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);--nav-search-bar-icon:#FFFFFF;--nav-search-bar-text:#FFFFFF;--numbered-list-heading:#121212;--numbered-list-links:#C70000;--numbered-list-number:#707070;--numbered-list-title:#C70000;--onward-content-card-background:transparent;--onward-content-card-hover:#F6F6F6;--onward-placeholder-background:#FFFFFF;--pagination-text:#C70000;--pinned-post-background:#FFFFFF;--pinned-post-border:#AB0613;--podcast-meta-button-background:#333333;--podcast-meta-button-background-hover:#1A1A1A;--podcast-meta-button-text:#DCDCDC;--podcast-meta-title:#F6F6F6;--privacy-text-regular:#121212;--privacy-text-supporting:#000000;--privacy-text-supporting-subdued:#707070;--pullquote-background:#FFFFFF;--pullquote-border:#DCDCDC;--pullquote-icon:#999999;--pullquote-text:#121212;--quiz-atom-answers-background:#F6F6F6;--quiz-atom-answers-hover:#DCDCDC;--quiz-atom-check-mark:#000000;--quiz-atom-incorrect-answer-background:#C70000;--quote-icon-fill:#C70000;--recaptcha-border:#121212;--recaptcha-button:#000000;--recaptcha-button-hover:#333333;--recaptcha-button-text:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count:#F6F6F6;--recommendation-count-arrow:#707070;--recommendation-count-arrow-selected:#FFFFFF;--recommendation-count-selected:#052962;--rich-link-background:#F6F6F6;--rich-link-background-hover:#EDEDED;--rich-link-border:#C70000;--rich-link-branding-text:#707070;--rich-link-fill:#C70000;--rich-link-header:#000000;--rich-link-text:#C70000;--section-background:transparent;--section-background-left:transparent;--section-border:#DCDCDC;--section-date:#C70000;--section-description:#707070;--section-title-background:transparent;--section-toggle-button:#707070;--section-toggle-button-hover:#121212;--series-title-background:transparent;--series-title-match-text:#C70000;--series-title-text:#C70000;--share-button:#C70000;--share-button-border:#DCDCDC;--share-button-copied:#121212;--share-button-hover:#FFFFFF;--share-button-liveblog-mobile-meta:#8B0000;--share-button-xsmall-border:#DCDCDC;--sign-in-link:#AB0613;--sign-in-link-underline:#DCDCDC;--slideshow-caption:#FFFFFF;--slideshow-pagination-dot:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.2);--slideshow-pagination-dot-active:#121212;--staff-contributor-badge:#052962;--staff-contributor-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--staff-pick-badge:#121212;--staff-pick-badge-text:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-background:#FFFFFF;--standfirst-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-bullet:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-border:#DCDCDC;--standfirst-link-text:#C70000;--standfirst-text:#000000;--star-rating-background:#FFE500;--star-rating-fill:#121212;--straight-lines:#DCDCDC;--stuck-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-background:#FFFFFF;--sub-meta-label-text:#707070;--sub-meta-text:#C70000;--sub-meta-text-hover:#FFFFFF;--sub-nav-border:#C70000;--sub-nav-link-footer:#121212;--sub-nav-link-header:#121212;--sub-nav-link-hover:#C70000;--sub-nav-more:#999999;--subheading-text:#121212;--summary-event-bullet:#C70000;--summary-event-bullet-hover:#8B0000;--syndication-button-border:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-hover:#DCDCDC;--syndication-button-text:#707070;--table-of-contents:#121212;--table-of-contents-border:#DCDCDC;--tabs-input:#FFFFFF;--tag-page-chevron:#000000;--textblock-text:inherit;--timeline-atom-bullet:#121212;--timeline-atom-highlight-text:#000000;--timeline-atom-highlight-text-background:#FFE500;--timeline-bullet:#8B0000;--timeline-event-border:#DCDCDC;--treat-background:#000000;--treat-text:#F6F6F6;--trending-topics-background:#FFFFFF;--trending-topics-separator:#DCDCDC;--trending-topics-text:#333333;--weather-icon:#F6F6F6;--witness-title-author:#C70000;--witness-title-icon:#C70000;--witness-title-text:#C70000;--youtube-overlay-kicker:#FF5943;-webkit-print-color-scheme:light;color-scheme:light;}:root body{color:#121212;}*:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) *:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}::selection{background:#FFE500;color:#121212;}.ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:attr(ad-label-text);display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.ad-slot__adtest-cookie-clear-link{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-align:left;position:absolute;left:268px;top:1px;z-index:10;padding:0;border:0;}.ad-slot{text-align:center;}.ad-slot .ad-slot__content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media print{.ad-slot{display:none!important;}}.ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.ad-slot.ad-slot--fluid{min-height:250px;padding:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;width:100%;}.ad-slot-container{max-width:100vw;position:relative;}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global 19rs85u">@media (max-width: 979.9px){.nav-is-open{overflow:hidden;height:100vh;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr-global animation-yk1vcf">@-webkit-keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}@keyframes animation-yk1vcf{0%{-webkit-background-position:-1500px 0;background-position:-1500px 0;}100%{-webkit-background-position:1500px 0;background-position:1500px 0;}}</style><style data-emotion="dcr 1gpubb 1xdhyk6 1s8spa1 5k6jfi kohrs2 145list 1vetsv0 1cvta4k vxblrw 3ny4gi 1jzii9a 1p6sy7j 1kbi9ft 1crstso 1lusb1s 64xqd0 i0vtpq 1apgfiu zramh4 1p0hins 1acea34 1p1neil 1d6g26q 1grikph 1iufw7r ks441s 7612kl 1kcody2 1hrapdy 1xv1515 b3mn8w 1nvgr5i li5n90 1ef3v4m 14vdg2 1srap2j 10y96fo 6sl420 lpsfc3 o6rk0u 11vt4tq 9ra8aa 1julzi7 4hq641 1tnoaxa p0c3jt v7ibvm 1j2dgzz 10b2o1s wp8bgr 16q8bto x5fwww 1yytfii 6zq80y yq9plo 1utnfys 90inr0 1jjnk9d 6v110l qcy5wo radnun 1gsboxi 1q09wwq e1bf28 1rg7stg 3ae42h 1mtufo3 a1su5g 1rinrec iwod0p nnfu1a e3rvah wqti5a 2zxs1v 1fnjjtg 14emo0l hlfdy3 10355cg 1v9xu6e qmfkju upmzd8 cohhs3 u0152o ich95x 194w08h 1v9sla6 5oiine 1kpcv08 1cfpnlw 1pexjb9 9dgpdq 16lnb0w bao4ku 1csot3r 14baf59 fu29fd 1lhv23l 1upb05m 1iz7gbk 1a4fred 1bwys2b 1q6n3e0 12ibh7f 1eu361v 65xb9q fckw05 1slmqmw 1jl528t 1yfsxuc ncdwh2 1gwziyt nu129i zhx6xs 14rjinq 10el5c8 tn16h9 1hko8ef 1e3xwa3 1ntgn2k 1vf50t ri3hap wynbiy u8qikl 1gx3men yg4zrc k1vhee 1atljbz dah9rt fossqd f68shw 1giivcq ddf1wi 128p43o 5mqa0r bnuca0 1hmrwdw 1ris6nf 1xyi04h 1wf840d u54heg 1ms2xl4 4coeh 1v06yj3 1xnlu54 1bljy3y 6ottnt 18yycfp 13lm9u3 1slcfay 1wna1tt bqcudp">.dcr-1gpubb{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:40px;top:-40px;line-height:30px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;background:#FFFFFF;display:block;text-align:center;margin:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000000;}.dcr-1gpubb:focus,.dcr-1gpubb:active{border:5px solid #0077B6;position:static;}.dcr-1gpubb:visited,.dcr-1gpubb:active{color:#000000;}.dcr-5k6jfi{display:grid;grid-auto-rows:auto;grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] 0 [content-start main-column-start] repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)) [content-end main-column-end] 0 [viewport-end];-webkit-column-gap:10px;column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5k6jfi{-webkit-column-gap:20px;column-gap:20px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 40px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(2, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [content-end main-column-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-5k6jfi{grid-template-columns:[viewport-start] minmax(0, 1fr) [content-start left-column-start] repeat(3, 60px) [left-column-end main-column-start] repeat(12, 60px) [main-column-end] repeat(1, 60px) [content-end] minmax(0, 1fr) [viewport-end];}}.dcr-kohrs2{grid-column:content-start/main-column-end;background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;box-sizing:border-box;height:52px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-kohrs2{height:64px;}}.dcr-145list{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1vetsv0{display:none;}}.dcr-1cvta4k{height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1cvta4k:before{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-top-bar-vertical-divider);height:38px;}}.dcr-vxblrw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px;}.dcr-vxblrw:hover,.dcr-vxblrw:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-vxblrw svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-3ny4gi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-top-bar-link-text);-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:4px 0 4px 4px;z-index:19;}.dcr-3ny4gi:hover,.dcr-3ny4gi:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-3ny4gi svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:0 4px 0 0;}.dcr-1jzii9a{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1jzii9a{justify-self:end;}}.dcr-1p6sy7j{z-index:18;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1p6sy7j ul{position:absolute;left:0;right:unset;max-height:unset;min-width:200px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1p6sy7j ul{left:unset;right:0;}}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1kbi9ft #dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:none;}.dcr-1kbi9ft #checkbox-id-masthead-edition:checked+#dropbox-id-masthead-edition{display:block;}.dcr-1crstso{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;cursor:pointer;background:none;border:none;line-height:1.2;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;padding:0px 10px 6px 5px;margin:1px 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1crstso:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1crstso:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1crstso:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:5px;height:5px;-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);border:1px solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;margin-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1crstso{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1crstso:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1lusb1s{z-index:29;list-style:none;background-color:white;padding:6px 0;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);padding:6px 0 0 0;margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1lusb1s li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1lusb1s{position:fixed;border-radius:0;top:32px;left:0;right:0;width:auto;max-height:calc(100% - 50px);overflow:auto;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1lusb1s{position:absolute;top:100%;width:200px;border-radius:3px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1lusb1s{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1lusb1s:not(ul):hover{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;font-weight:bold;}.dcr-64xqd0:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-64xqd0:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-64xqd0:after{content:'';border:2px solid #C70000;border-top:0px;border-right:0px;position:absolute;top:19px;left:12px;width:10px;height:4px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.dcr-64xqd0:before{content:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;}.dcr-i0vtpq:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-i0vtpq:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-i0vtpq:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-1apgfiu{grid-column:main-column-start/main-column-end;grid-row:1;position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:6px;right:52px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1apgfiu{right:0;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1apgfiu{margin-bottom:8px;}}.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:152px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:207px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:252px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:291px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1apgfiu svg{width:324px;}}.dcr-zramh4{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1p0hins{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1acea34{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-1p1neil{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;margin-top:8px;pointer-events:none;position:relative;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1p1neil{grid-row:1/2;}.dcr-1p1neil li:last-of-type:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}}.dcr-1p1neil::after{content:'';position:absolute;border-bottom:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);bottom:0;right:-10px;left:-10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1p1neil::after{left:-20px;right:-20px;}}.dcr-1d6g26q{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;pointer-events:auto;}.dcr-1grikph{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1grikph{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1grikph{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1grikph{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1grikph{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1grikph{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1grikph{width:136px;}}.dcr-1grikph::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1grikph:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-1grikph a{padding-left:0;}.dcr-1grikph a:after{width:calc(100% - 1px);margin-left:0;}.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1iufw7r{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-1iufw7r:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1iufw7r:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-ks441s{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-ks441s{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-ks441s{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ks441s{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ks441s{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-ks441s{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-ks441s{width:136px;}}.dcr-ks441s::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-ks441s:after{content:'';border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;height:calc(100% - 4px);margin-top:4px;}.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-left:6px;padding-right:4px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;font-size:0.9375rem;padding-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}.dcr-7612kl:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-7612kl:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);-moz-transform:translateY(-5px);-ms-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-7612kl{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-7612kl:after{height:5px;background-color:var(--pillar-underline);content:'';display:block;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:calc(100% - 6px - 1px);margin-left:6px;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:-5px;}.dcr-1kcody2{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:28px;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;list-style:none;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:34px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:37px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:108px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:40px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1kcody2{height:52px;width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1kcody2{width:136px;}}.dcr-1kcody2::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1hrapdy{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:1;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;justify-self:end;position:relative;bottom:2px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1hrapdy{grid-row:1/3;-webkit-align-self:end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:end;}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1hrapdy{bottom:4px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:354px;bottom:6px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:430px;bottom:14px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1hrapdy{right:534px;}}.dcr-1xv1515{position:relative;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1xv1515{z-index:27;}}.dcr-b3mn8w{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-b3mn8w:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-b3mn8w:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-b3mn8w{display:none;}.dcr-1nvgr5i{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-li5n90{cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background);}.dcr-li5n90:hover{background-color:var(--masthead-veggie-burger-background-hover);}.dcr-li5n90:focus{outline:none;}#header-nav-input-checkbox:not(:checked)~div .dcr-li5n90{display:none;}.dcr-1ef3v4m{grid-column:content-start/content-end;grid-row:2;margin-top:-1px;}.dcr-14vdg2{z-index:26;left:0;top:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-14vdg2{-webkit-transform:translateX(-110%);-moz-transform:translateX(-110%);-ms-transform:translateX(-110%);transform:translateX(-110%);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);bottom:0;height:100%;overflow:auto;position:fixed;right:0;will-change:transform;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14vdg2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-14vdg2{-webkit-transform:translateX(0%);-moz-transform:translateX(0%);-ms-transform:translateX(0%);transform:translateX(0%);}}@media (min-width: 980px){#header-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-14vdg2{display:block;overflow:visible;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1srap2j{position:relative;}}.dcr-10y96fo{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;z-index:25;left:0;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;margin-right:28px;box-shadow:28px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-10y96fo{margin-right:40px;box-shadow:40px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-10y96fo{margin-right:100px;box-shadow:100px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10y96fo{box-shadow:none;position:absolute;padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;top:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;}@supports (width: 100vw){.dcr-10y96fo{left:50%;right:50%;width:100vw;margin-left:-50vw;margin-right:-50vw;}}}.dcr-6sl420{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:980px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-right:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);border-top:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-6sl420:first-of-type{border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6sl420{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-lpsfc3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-lpsfc3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;border-left:1px solid var(--masthead-nav-lines);}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{border-left:none;width:calc(108px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:125px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(125px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-lpsfc3{width:136px;}.dcr-lpsfc3:first-of-type{width:calc(136px - 2px);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lpsfc3:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-o6rk0u{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-o6rk0u >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-o6rk0u:hover,.dcr-o6rk0u:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-o6rk0u:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-o6rk0u{display:none;}}.dcr-11vt4tq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-11vt4tq::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-11vt4tq{padding-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-11vt4tq{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-11vt4tq{display:none;}}.dcr-9ra8aa{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-9ra8aa{display:none;}}.dcr-1julzi7{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;}.dcr-1julzi7 >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1julzi7{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-1julzi7:hover,.dcr-1julzi7:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-4hq641{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-4hq641{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}.dcr-1tnoaxa{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1tnoaxa{display:none;}}.dcr-p0c3jt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-p0c3jt >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-p0c3jt:hover,.dcr-p0c3jt:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-p0c3jt:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-p0c3jt{display:none;}}.dcr-v7ibvm{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-v7ibvm::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-v7ibvm{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-v7ibvm{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-v7ibvm{display:none;}}.dcr-1j2dgzz{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1j2dgzz{display:none;}}.dcr-10b2o1s{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-10b2o1s >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-10b2o1s:hover,.dcr-10b2o1s:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-10b2o1s:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-10b2o1s{display:none;}}.dcr-wp8bgr{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-wp8bgr::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wp8bgr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-wp8bgr{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-wp8bgr{display:none;}}.dcr-16q8bto{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-16q8bto{display:none;}}.dcr-x5fwww{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-x5fwww >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-x5fwww:hover,.dcr-x5fwww:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-x5fwww:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-x5fwww{display:none;}}.dcr-1yytfii{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1yytfii::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1yytfii{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1yytfii{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1yytfii{display:none;}}.dcr-6zq80y{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6zq80y{display:none;}}.dcr-yq9plo{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;display:block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-yq9plo >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-yq9plo:hover,.dcr-yq9plo:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:4px;left:24px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);height:10px;width:10px;}#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-yq9plo:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yq9plo{display:none;}}.dcr-1utnfys{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1utnfys::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1utnfys{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1utnfys{background:var(--masthead-nav-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1utnfys{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-90inr0{display:none;}}.dcr-1jjnk9d{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-left:16px;max-width:380px;position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;margin-right:41px;padding-bottom:15px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1jjnk9d{margin:0;}}.dcr-6v110l{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#121212;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);}.dcr-qcy5wo{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;color:#121212;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #707070;border-radius:4px;padding:0 8px;margin-top:4px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;background-color:var(--nav-search-bar-background);border:0;border-radius:1000px;box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);height:36px;padding-left:38px;vertical-align:middle;width:100%;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-qcy5wo:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #0077B6;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid{box-shadow:none;}.dcr-qcy5wo:invalid[value]:not([value='']){border:2px solid #C70000;border-radius:4px;color:#121212;margin-top:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo::placeholder{color:var(--nav-search-bar-text);}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus{padding-right:40px;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::-moz-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus:-ms-input-placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus::placeholder{opacity:0;}.dcr-qcy5wo:focus~button{background-color:transparent;opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-radnun{position:absolute;left:7px;top:7px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:44px;min-height:44px;padding:0 20px;border-radius:44px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;background:transparent;border:0;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;display:block;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:50px;fill:var(--nav-search-bar-icon);}.dcr-1gsboxi:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-1gsboxi:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:30px;height:auto;}.dcr-1gsboxi .src-button-space{width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:focus,.dcr-1gsboxi:active{opacity:0;pointer-events:all;}.dcr-1gsboxi:before{height:12px;top:12px;width:12px;}.dcr-1gsboxi:after{border-right:0;top:17px;width:20px;}.dcr-1q09wwq{background-color:var(--masthead-nav-border);content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:50px;right:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q09wwq{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e1bf28{display:none;}}.dcr-1rg7stg{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;color:var(--nav-reader-revenue-link-text);font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}.dcr-1rg7stg >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rg7stg{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.dcr-1rg7stg:hover,.dcr-1rg7stg:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-3ae42h{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-3ae42h:first-of-type:after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:108px;float:left;position:relative;}.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:125px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-3ae42h{width:136px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3ae42h:after{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:1px;height:auto;background-color:var(--masthead-nav-lines);}}.dcr-1mtufo3{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1mtufo3::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1mtufo3{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 8px;}}.dcr-a1su5g{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-a1su5g >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-a1su5g{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}.dcr-a1su5g:hover,.dcr-a1su5g:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1rinrec{display:none;padding:8px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1rinrec{display:block;}}.dcr-iwod0p{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;list-style:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-iwod0p::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-iwod0p{width:300px;}}.dcr-nnfu1a{margin-right:0;margin-top:-6px;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-e3rvah{position:relative;display:inline-block;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;border:0;outline:none;cursor:pointer;width:100%;color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 32px 8px 48px;font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-e3rvah >*{pointer-events:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-e3rvah:hover,.dcr-e3rvah:focus{color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text-hover);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-e3rvah{padding:6px 0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-e3rvah{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-wqti5a{position:relative;margin:auto;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-wqti5a{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-wqti5a{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-wqti5a{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-2zxs1v{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{margin-left:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-2zxs1v{margin-left:151px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-2zxs1v{margin-left:230px;}}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-2zxs1v{display:grid;width:100%;margin-left:0;grid-column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:219px 1px 620px 80px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline . right-column' '. border standfirst . right-column' 'meta border media . right-column' 'meta border body . right-column' '. border . . right-column';}}}@media (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:140px 1px 620px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline right-column' '. border standfirst right-column' '. border disclaimer right-column' 'meta border media right-column' 'meta border body right-column' '. border . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:620px 300px;grid-template-areas:'title right-column' 'headline right-column' 'standfirst right-column' 'disclaimer right-column' 'media right-column' 'meta right-column' 'body right-column' '. right-column';}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-template-columns:100%;grid-template-areas:'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'disclaimer' 'media' 'meta' 'body';}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-2zxs1v{grid-column-gap:0px;grid-template-columns:100%;grid-template-areas:'media' 'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'disclaimer' 'meta' 'body';}}.dcr-1fnjjtg{grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14emo0l{max-width:620px;}}.dcr-hlfdy3{height:100%;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin:0;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}}.dcr-hlfdy3 img{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;height:100%;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-hlfdy3{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-10355cg{padding-top:8px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-10355cg{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1v9xu6e{display:none;}}.dcr-qmfkju{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--series-title-text);background-color:var(--section-title-background);font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;word-break:break-word;}.dcr-qmfkju:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-qmfkju{margin-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-qmfkju{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-upmzd8{border-left:1px solid var(--article-border);height:100%;}}.dcr-cohhs3{padding-bottom:28px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-cohhs3{padding-bottom:36px;}}.dcr-u0152o{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;color:var(--headline-colour);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-u0152o{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:4px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-u0152o{padding-top:4px;}}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-ich95x{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-ich95x{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-194w08h{display:block;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-1v9sla6{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-5oiine{padding-top:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-5oiine{-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;}}@media (max-width: 479.9px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-5oiine{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}}.dcr-1kpcv08{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1kpcv08{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-1cfpnlw{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-bottom:8px;font-style:italic;color:var(--byline);}.dcr-1cfpnlw a{color:var(--byline-anchor);font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-style:normal;}.dcr-1cfpnlw a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1pexjb9{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--dateline);padding-top:2px;margin-bottom:6px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1pexjb9{color:var(--mobile-color);}}.dcr-9dgpdq{margin-bottom:6px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.dcr-16lnb0w{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-top:6px;}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-16lnb0w{padding-bottom:6px;}}.dcr-bao4ku{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;color:#052962;border:1px solid #052962;-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse;color:var(--share-button);width:105px;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;border-color:var(--share-button-border);height:36px;}.dcr-bao4ku:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-bao4ku:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:#E5E5E5;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-bao4ku .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{margin-left:-4px;}.dcr-bao4ku svg{fill:var(--share-button);-webkit-transition:inherit;transition:inherit;}.dcr-bao4ku:hover{background-color:var(--share-button);border-color:var(--share-button);color:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-bao4ku:hover svg{fill:var(--share-button-hover);}.dcr-1csot3r{border-top:1px solid var(--article-border);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}}@media (max-width: 659.9px){.dcr-1csot3r{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}.dcr-14baf59{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}.dcr-fu29fd{-webkit-align-self:start;-ms-flex-item-align:start;align-self:start;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:9;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-fu29fd{margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:36px;margin-left:1px;margin-right:-1px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fu29fd{margin-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1lhv23l{display:none;}}.dcr-1upb05m{z-index:5;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1iz7gbk{display:none;}}.dcr-1a4fred{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1a4fred{padding-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1a4fred{width:620px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b{margin-top:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1bwys2b{padding-right:80px;}}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']){counter-reset:li;}.dcr-1bwys2b ol:not([data-ignore='global-ol-styling']) >li:before{font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;line-height:1.15;content:counter(li);counter-increment:li;margin-right:0.25rem;float:left;}.dcr-1bwys2b strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']){-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border);color:var(--article-link-text);}.dcr-1bwys2b a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']):hover{color:var(--article-link-text-hover);border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-link-border-hover);}.dcr-1q6n3e0{position:relative;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{margin:12px auto;text-align:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{background-color:var(--ad-background);}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container{clear:left;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller{overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller .ad-slot__content{position:absolute;height:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;z-index:-1;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container .ad-slot--interscroller::before{display:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{float:right;max-width:300px;margin-right:-330px;background-color:transparent;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-310px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot-container--offset-right{margin-right:-400px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:221px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:274px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--inline1:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:374px;}}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--top-above-nav:not(.ad-slot--rendered){min-height:221px;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{float:left;clear:both;width:140px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:4px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{position:relative;margin-left:-160px;width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--carrot{margin-left:-240px;width:220px;}}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-1q6n3e0 .ad-slot--interscroller[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;border:0;display:block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-12ibh7f{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;color:var(--subheading-text);padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-12ibh7f{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;}}.dcr-12ibh7f strong{font-weight:inherit;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-12ibh7f{padding-bottom:4px;}}.dcr-1eu361v{margin-bottom:0.75rem;word-break:break-word;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,"Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.4;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:var(--textblock-text);}.dcr-1eu361v strong em,.dcr-1eu361v strong u{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1eu361v ul{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1eu361v ul{margin-bottom:1rem;}}.dcr-1eu361v li{margin-bottom:0.25rem;padding-left:1.25rem;display:flow-root;}.dcr-1eu361v li p{margin:-1.5rem 0 0 0;}.dcr-1eu361v:is(ul)>li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.dcr-1eu361v sub{bottom:-0.25em;}.dcr-1eu361v sup{top:-0.5em;}.dcr-1eu361v sub,.dcr-1eu361v sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-1eu361v [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:50%;height:0.5rem;width:0.5rem;background-color:#C70000;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1eu361v{overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;}}.dcr-65xb9q{display:block;}.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:36px;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-fckw05{padding-bottom:20px;}}.dcr-1slmqmw{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;display:block;color:var(--sub-meta-label-text);margin-bottom:8px;}.dcr-1jl528t{padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:6px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--article-border);}.dcr-1yfsxuc{list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.5rem 0.25rem;background-image:repeating-linear-gradient( to bottom, var(--sub-meta-background) 0px, var(--sub-meta-background) 36px, transparent 36px, transparent 37px, var(--sub-meta-background) 37px, var(--sub-meta-background) 48px ),repeating-linear-gradient( to right, var(--article-border) 0px, var(--article-border) 3px, transparent 3px, transparent 5px );-webkit-background-position:top;background-position:top;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.dcr-1yfsxuc li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-ncdwh2{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;border:1px solid var(--sub-meta-text);border-radius:12px;padding:2px 9px;}.dcr-ncdwh2:hover{background-color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-ncdwh2:hover a{color:var(--sub-meta-text-hover);}.dcr-ncdwh2 a{position:relative;display:block;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1gwziyt{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:var(--sub-meta-text);}.dcr-nu129i{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-zhx6xs >a{font-weight:normal;}.dcr-14rjinq{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;min-height:24px;padding:0 12px;border-radius:24px;padding-bottom:1px;background-color:transparent;color:var(--syndication-button-text);border:1px solid var(--syndication-button-border);}.dcr-14rjinq:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-14rjinq:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-14rjinq:hover{background-color:var(--syndication-button-hover);}.dcr-10el5c8{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:4;grid-area:var(--grid-area);}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-10el5c8{position:relative;}}.dcr-tn16h9{padding-top:6px;height:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-tn16h9{margin-left:20px;margin-right:-20px;padding-bottom:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-tn16h9{margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;}}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1hko8ef{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hko8ef{height:100%;display:block;-webkit-flex-basis:300px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:300px;flex-basis:300px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-1e3xwa3{height:min(100%, 1600px);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.dcr-1ntgn2k{width:100%;background:var(--article-section-background);}.dcr-1vf50t{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1vf50t{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1vf50t{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1vf50t{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.dcr-ri3hap{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;}.dcr-wynbiy{min-height:340px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:var(--onward-placeholder-background);}.dcr-u8qikl{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-positive:1;}.dcr-1gx3men{position:relative;padding-right:10px;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:151px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:151px;flex-basis:151px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1gx3men{-webkit-flex-basis:230px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:230px;flex-basis:230px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-yg4zrc{height:100%;}.dcr-k1vhee{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-1atljbz{margin-left:0;}.dcr-dah9rt{font-family:"GH Guardian Headline","Guardian Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:3px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-top:6px;overflow-wrap:break-word;}.dcr-fossqd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-fossqd{margin-right:68px;}}.dcr-f68shw{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-f68shw{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1giivcq{display:none;}}.dcr-ddf1wi{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ddf1wi{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-128p43o{margin-left:-1px;}@media (min-width: 980px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-128p43o{min-width:627px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-128p43o{min-width:718px;}}@media (min-width: 980px) and (max-width: 1139.9px){.dcr-128p43o{min-width:960px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299.9px){.dcr-128p43o{width:75%;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-128p43o{min-width:960px;}}.dcr-5mqa0r{min-height:360px;width:100%;margin-bottom:px;margin-left:px;background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;animation:animation-yk1vcf 2s infinite linear;background:linear-gradient( to right, #EDEDED 4%, white 25%, #EDEDED 36% );-webkit-background-size:1500px 100%;background-size:1500px 100%;}.dcr-bnuca0{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid;border-color:var(--article-border);}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-bnuca0{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-1hmrwdw{background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;padding-bottom:6px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.dcr-1ris6nf{border-left:1px solid #506991;border-right:1px solid #506991;padding-top:8px;position:relative;padding-left:10px;}.dcr-1ris6nf:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1ris6nf{padding-left:20px;}}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul{clear:none;}.dcr-1ris6nf >ul:after{display:none;}.dcr-1xyi04h{display:grid;-webkit-column-gap:12px;column-gap:12px;grid-template-areas:'signup' 'links' 'acknowledgment';clear:both;width:100%;padding:0 10px;position:relative;border:1px solid #506991;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1xyi04h{grid-template-columns:min-content;grid-template-areas:'signup links' 'acknowledgment links';}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1xyi04h{padding:0 20px;}}.dcr-1wf840d{grid-area:signup;padding-top:8px;margin-bottom:12px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:247px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:298px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1wf840d{width:458px;}}.dcr-u54heg{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:36px;min-height:36px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:36px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;color:#052962;background-color:#FFFFFF;margin-top:12px;}.dcr-u54heg:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;}.dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-u54heg:focus{outline:5px solid #0077B6;outline-offset:3px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#234B8A;}.dcr-u54heg svg{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;display:block;fill:currentColor;position:relative;width:26px;height:auto;}.dcr-u54heg .src-button-space{width:8px;}.dcr-u54heg svg{margin-right:-4px;}.dcr-u54heg:hover{background-color:#DCDCDC;}.dcr-1ms2xl4{grid-area:links;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (max-width: 979.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4{border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{width:50%;border-left:1px solid #506991;padding:12px 0 0 10px;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:0 none;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{clear:left;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(odd){border-left:0;padding-left:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(3){padding-top:0;}.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(4){padding-top:0;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul{margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:150px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ms2xl4 ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-4coeh{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-bottom:12px;display:block;line-height:19px;}.dcr-4coeh:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1v06yj3{border-left:1px solid #506991;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;padding:12px 0 0 10px;margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:calc(50% - 10px);}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1v06yj3{width:50%;border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-1xnlu54{background-color:#052962;padding:0 5px;position:absolute;bottom:-21px;right:20px;}.dcr-1bljy3y{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;line-height:42px;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1bljy3y:hover .icon-container{background-color:#FFE500;}.dcr-6ottnt{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding-right:5px;}.dcr-18yycfp{position:relative;float:right;border-radius:100%;background-color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;height:42px;min-width:42px;}.dcr-13lm9u3:before{position:absolute;top:6px;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;border:2px solid #052962;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;content:'';height:12px;width:12px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1slcfay{font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;padding:12px;padding-left:20px;}@media (max-width: 739.9px){.dcr-1slcfay{margin-top:11px;}}.dcr-1wna1tt{position:fixed!important;bottom:0;z-index:30!important;max-height:90vh;overflow:auto;width:100%!important;background:none!important;top:auto!important;}.dcr-bqcudp{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:320px;margin:0 auto;right:0;left:0;z-index:23;width:100%;text-align:center;background-color:#F6F6F6;}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-bqcudp{display:none;}}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;position:absolute;right:3px;top:-21px;padding:0;border:0;height:21px;width:21px;background-color:transparent;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button svg{height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;stroke:#121212;fill:#121212;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:0;text-align:center;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot--mobile-sticky .ad-slot__close-button{display:block;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot__close-button__x{stroke:#121212;fill:transparent;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:2;text-align:center;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot:not[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'';display:block;height:24px;visibility:hidden;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{content:'Advertisement';display:block;position:relative;font-family:GuardianTextSans,"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;--source-text-decoration-thickness:2px;height:24px;max-height:24px;background-color:var(--ad-background);padding-top:3px;border-top:1px solid var(--ad-border);color:var(--ad-labels-text);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-bqcudp .ad-slot[data-label-show='true']::before{padding-left:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);padding-right:calc((100% - 320px) / 2);}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/css/print.css"> </head> <body class=""> <a href="#maincontent" data-link-name="skip : main content" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to main content</a><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="FocusStyles" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><a href="#navigation" data-link-name="skip : navigation" class="dcr-1gpubb">Skip to navigation</a><gu-island name="AlreadyVisited" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{}"></gu-island><gu-island name="Metrics" priority="critical" props="{"commercialMetricsEnabled":true,"tests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="BrazeMessaging" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island><gu-island name="ReaderRevenueDev" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"shouldHideReaderRevenue":true}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetABTests" priority="critical" props="{"abTestSwitches":{"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true},"pageIsSensitive":false,"isDev":false,"serverSideTests":{}}"></gu-island><gu-island name="SetAdTargeting" priority="critical" props="{"adTargeting":{"customParams":{"sens":"f","si":"f","vl":0,"cc":"INT","s":"info","inskin":"f","ct":"article","url":"/help/terms-of-service","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["help"],"p":"ng","k":["contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer","info","help"],"sh":"https://www.theguardian.com/p/2fyc7","pa":"f","urlkw":["terms","of","service"]},"adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/info/article/ng"}}"></gu-island><div data-print-layout="hide" id="bannerandheader"><header data-component="header"><section style="background-color:var(--masthead-top-bar-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1s8spa1"><div data-component="topbar"><gu-island name="TopBar" priority="critical" props="{"editionId":"INT","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","mmaUrl":"https://manage.theguardian.com","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","hasPageSkin":false}"><div class="dcr-5k6jfi"><div class="dcr-kohrs2"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-145list"></div><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" data-link-name="header : topbar : printsubs" class="dcr-vxblrw">Print subscriptions</a></div></span><span class="dcr-1vetsv0"><div style="padding-right:12px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="header : topbar : job-cta" class="dcr-vxblrw">Search jobs</a></div></span><div style="padding-right:0px;" class="dcr-1cvta4k"><a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_NEWHEADER_SIGNIN&ABCMP=ab-sign-in&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dguardian_signin_header" data-link-name="header : topbar : signin" class="dcr-3ny4gi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M7 0C3.1 0 0 3.1 0 7c0 2 .9 3.9 2.4 5.2C3.6 13.4 5.3 14 7 14c1.7 0 3.4-.6 4.7-1.8C13.2 10.9 14 9 14 7c0-3.9-3.1-7-7-7zm0 1.8c1.3 0 2.1.8 2.1 2.1S8 6.3 7 6.3c-.8 0-2-1.1-2-2.4 0-1.4.7-2.1 2-2.1zm0 11.6c-1.7 0-3.3-.7-4.5-1.8l.8-3.2.5-.5c1-.4 2.1-.5 3.1-.5 1.1 0 2.1.2 3.1.5l.5.5.9 3.2c-1.1 1.2-2.7 1.8-4.4 1.8z"></path></svg> Sign in</a></div></div></div></gu-island></div></div></section><gu-island name="Titlepiece" priority="critical" props="{"nav":{"pillars":[{"title":"News","longTitle":"Headlines","url":"/","children":[{"title":"World","longTitle":"World news","url":"/world","children":[{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/world/europe-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US news","url":"/us-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Americas","longTitle":"Americas","url":"/world/americas","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Asia","longTitle":"Asia","url":"/world/asia","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Australia","longTitle":"Australia news","url":"/australia-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Africa","longTitle":"Africa","url":"/world/africa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inequality","longTitle":"Inequality","url":"/inequality","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US politics","longTitle":"US politics","url":"/us-news/us-politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK news","url":"/uk-news","children":[{"title":"UK politics","longTitle":"UK politics","url":"/politics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Education","longTitle":"Education","url":"/education","children":[{"title":"Schools","longTitle":"Schools","url":"/education/schools","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Teachers","longTitle":"Teachers","url":"/teacher-network","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Universities","longTitle":"Universities","url":"/education/universities","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Students","longTitle":"Students","url":"/education/students","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Media","longTitle":"Media","url":"/media","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Society","longTitle":"Society","url":"/society","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Law","longTitle":"Law","url":"/law","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Scotland","longTitle":"Scotland","url":"/uk/scotland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wales","longTitle":"Wales","url":"/uk/wales","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Northern Ireland","longTitle":"Northern Ireland","url":"/uk/northernireland","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Ukraine","longTitle":"Ukraine","url":"/world/ukraine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Environment","longTitle":"Environment","url":"/environment","children":[{"title":"Climate crisis","longTitle":"Climate crisis","url":"/environment/climate-crisis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wildlife","longTitle":"Wildlife","url":"/environment/wildlife","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Energy","longTitle":"Energy","url":"/environment/energy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pollution","longTitle":"Pollution","url":"/environment/pollution","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Science","longTitle":"Science","url":"/science","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tech","longTitle":"Tech","url":"/technology","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Business","longTitle":"Business","url":"/business","children":[{"title":"Economics","longTitle":"Economics","url":"/business/economics","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Banking","longTitle":"Banking","url":"/business/banking","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Markets","longTitle":"Markets","url":"/business/stock-markets","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Project Syndicate","longTitle":"Project Syndicate","url":"/business/series/project-syndicate-economists","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"B2B","longTitle":"B2B","url":"/business-to-business","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Retail","longTitle":"Retail","url":"/business/retail","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":0},{"title":"Opinion","longTitle":"Opinion home","url":"/commentisfree","children":[{"title":"The Guardian view","longTitle":"The Guardian view","url":"/profile/editorial","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Columnists","longTitle":"Columnists","url":"/index/contributors","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cartoons","longTitle":"Cartoons","url":"/tone/cartoons","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Opinion videos","longTitle":"Opinion videos","url":"/type/video+tone/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Letters","longTitle":"Letters","url":"/tone/letters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":1},{"title":"Sport","longTitle":"Sport home","url":"/sport","children":[{"title":"Football","longTitle":"Football","url":"/football","children":[{"title":"Live scores","longTitle":"football/live","url":"/football/live","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tables","longTitle":"football/tables","url":"/football/tables","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Fixtures","longTitle":"football/fixtures","url":"/football/fixtures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Results","longTitle":"football/results","url":"/football/results","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Competitions","longTitle":"football/competitions","url":"/football/competitions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Clubs","longTitle":"football/teams","url":"/football/teams","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cricket","longTitle":"Cricket","url":"/sport/cricket","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Rugby union","longTitle":"Rugby union","url":"/sport/rugby-union","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Tennis","longTitle":"Tennis","url":"/sport/tennis","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cycling","longTitle":"Cycling","url":"/sport/cycling","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"F1","longTitle":"F1","url":"/sport/formulaone","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Golf","longTitle":"Golf","url":"/sport/golf","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US sports","longTitle":"US sports","url":"/sport/us-sport","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":2},{"title":"Culture","longTitle":"Culture home","url":"/culture","children":[{"title":"Books","longTitle":"Books","url":"/books","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Music","longTitle":"Music","url":"/music","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"TV & radio","longTitle":"TV & radio","url":"/tv-and-radio","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Art & design","longTitle":"Art & design","url":"/artanddesign","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Film","longTitle":"Film","url":"/film","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Games","longTitle":"Games","url":"/games","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Classical","longTitle":"Classical","url":"/music/classicalmusicandopera","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Stage","longTitle":"Stage","url":"/stage","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":3},{"title":"Lifestyle","longTitle":"Lifestyle home","url":"/lifeandstyle","children":[{"title":"Fashion","longTitle":"Fashion","url":"/fashion","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Food","longTitle":"Food","url":"/food","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Recipes","longTitle":"Recipes","url":"/tone/recipes","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Love & sex","longTitle":"Love & sex","url":"/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Health & fitness","longTitle":"Health & fitness","url":"/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Home & garden","longTitle":"Home & garden","url":"/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Women","longTitle":"Women","url":"/lifeandstyle/women","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Men","longTitle":"Men","url":"/lifeandstyle/men","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Family","longTitle":"Family","url":"/lifeandstyle/family","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Travel","longTitle":"Travel","url":"/travel","children":[{"title":"UK","longTitle":"UK","url":"/travel/uk","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/travel/europe","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US","url":"/travel/usa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Money","longTitle":"Money","url":"/money","children":[{"title":"Property","longTitle":"Property","url":"/money/property","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pensions","longTitle":"Pensions","url":"/money/pensions","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Savings","longTitle":"Savings","url":"/money/savings","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Borrowing","longTitle":"Borrowing","url":"/money/debt","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Careers","longTitle":"Careers","url":"/money/work-and-careers","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false,"pillar":4}],"otherLinks":[{"title":"The Guardian app","longTitle":"The Guardian app","url":"https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Video","longTitle":"Video","url":"/video","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Podcasts","longTitle":"Podcasts","url":"/podcasts","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Pictures","longTitle":"Pictures","url":"/inpictures","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Newsletters","longTitle":"Newsletters","url":"/email-newsletters","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Today's paper","longTitle":"Today's paper","url":"/theguardian","children":[{"title":"Obituaries","longTitle":"Obituaries","url":"/obituaries","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"G2","longTitle":"G2","url":"/theguardian/g2","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Journal","longTitle":"Journal","url":"/theguardian/journal","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Saturday","longTitle":"Saturday","url":"/theguardian/saturday","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inside the Guardian","longTitle":"Inside the Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The Observer","longTitle":"The Observer","url":"/observer","children":[{"title":"Comment","longTitle":"Comment","url":"/theobserver/news/comment","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"The New Review","longTitle":"The New Review","url":"/theobserver/new-review","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Magazine","longTitle":"Observer Magazine","url":"/theobserver/magazine","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Observer Food Monthly","longTitle":"Observer Food Monthly","url":"/theobserver/foodmonthly","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Weekly","longTitle":"Guardian Weekly","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Crosswords","longTitle":"Crosswords","url":"/crosswords","children":[{"title":"Blog","longTitle":"Blog","url":"/crosswords/crossword-blog","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick","longTitle":"Quick","url":"/crosswords/series/quick","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Speedy","longTitle":"Speedy","url":"/crosswords/series/speedy","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quick cryptic","longTitle":"Quick cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quick-cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Everyman","longTitle":"Everyman","url":"/crosswords/series/everyman","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Quiptic","longTitle":"Quiptic","url":"/crosswords/series/quiptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Cryptic","longTitle":"Cryptic","url":"/crosswords/series/cryptic","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Prize","longTitle":"Prize","url":"/crosswords/series/prize","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Azed","longTitle":"Azed","url":"/crosswords/series/azed","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Genius","longTitle":"Genius","url":"/crosswords/series/genius","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Weekend","longTitle":"Weekend","url":"/crosswords/series/weekend-crossword","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Special","longTitle":"Special","url":"/crosswords/series/special","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Wordiply","longTitle":"Wordiply","url":"https://www.wordiply.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Corrections","longTitle":"Corrections","url":"/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"brandExtensions":[{"title":"Search jobs","longTitle":"Search jobs","url":"https://jobs.theguardian.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Holidays","longTitle":"Holidays","url":"https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Digital Archive","longTitle":"Digital Archive","url":"https://theguardian.newspapers.com","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Guardian Licensing","longTitle":"Guardian Licensing","url":"https://licensing.theguardian.com/","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"About Us","longTitle":"About Us","url":"/about","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"currentNavLink":"","readerRevenueLinks":{"header":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"footer":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"sideMenu":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=side_menu_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=side_menu_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=mobilenav_print_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22mobilenav_print_cta%22%7D"},"ampHeader":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=amp_header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_header_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"ampFooter":{"subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=amp_footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_support_contribute%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=amp_footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22amp_footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"}},"selectedPillar":0},"editionId":"INT","showSubNav":true,"showSlimNav":false,"hasPageSkin":false,"pageId":"help/terms-of-service"}"><nav style="background-color:var(--masthead-nav-background);color:var(--masthead-nav-link-text);" class="dcr-5k6jfi"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { /** The checkbox input element used to toggle the navigation menu. */ const navInputCheckbox = document.getElementById('header-nav-input-checkbox'); /** The veggie burger button element used to open/close the menu. */ const veggieBurger = document.getElementById('header-veggie-burger'); /** List of menu items that should be selectable when the menu is open. */ const expandedMenuClickableTags = document.querySelectorAll( '.selectableMenuItem', ); /** The root element of the expanded menu. */ const expandedMenu = document.getElementById('header-expanded-menu-root'); /** The label for the first column in the menu, assumed to be "News".*/ const firstColLabel = document.getElementById('News-button'); /** The link element in the second list item under news links. */ const firstColLink = document.querySelector( '#newsLinks > li:nth-of-type(2) > a', ); /** * Focuses on the first navigation element depending on whether the first column label is visible. * * If the first column label is not visible, the function focuses on the first link element. * Otherwise, it focuses on the first column label. */ const focusOnFirstNavElement = () => { if (window.getComputedStyle(firstColLabel).display === 'none') { firstColLink.focus(); } else { firstColLabel.focus(); } }; /** * Updates ARIA attributes and tabindex values based on whether the menu is open or closed. */ const updateAttributesForMenu = (isOpen) => { firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', isOpen ? 'true' : 'false'); veggieBurger.setAttribute( 'data-link-name', isOpen ? 'header : veggie-burger : hide' : 'header : veggie-burger : show', ); expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach((tag) => { tag.setAttribute('tabindex', isOpen ? '0' : '-1'); }); }; /** Toggles the navigation menu by simulating a click on the checkbox. */ const toggleMainMenu = () => { if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.click(); } }; /** * Handles keydown events to toggle the menu when the Enter or Space key is pressed. */ const keydownToggleMainMenu = (e) => { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') { e.preventDefault(); toggleMainMenu(); } }; /** * Handles click events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Toggles the menu open/close state when the menu button (veggieBurger) is clicked. */ const handleMenuClick = (e) => { const menuButtonClicked = navInputCheckbox === e.target; const clickInsideMenu = expandedMenu.contains(e.target); const menuIsOpen = navInputCheckbox.checked if (menuButtonClicked && !menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : show') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','-1') }) } else if (menuButtonClicked && menuIsOpen) { document.body.classList.toggle('nav-is-open') firstColLabel.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','header : veggie-burger : hide') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','0') }) focusOnFirstNavElement() } }; /** Adds event listeners to manage the navigation menu. */ if (navInputCheckbox) { navInputCheckbox.addEventListener('click', handleMenuClick); veggieBurger.addEventListener('keydown', keydownToggleMainMenu); document.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => { if (e.key === 'Escape' && navInputCheckbox.checked) { toggleMainMenu(); veggieBurger.focus(); } }); /** * Handles mouse down events to manage the state of the navigation menu. * * - Closes the menu if the click occurs outside both the menu button and the expanded menu. */ document.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e){ if(navInputCheckbox.checked && !expandedMenu.contains(e.target) && !veggieBurger.contains(e.target)){ toggleMainMenu() } }); } });</script><div class="dcr-1jzii9a"><div class="dcr-1p6sy7j"><div class="dcr-1kbi9ft"><label for="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-1crstso">Int</label><input type="checkbox" id="checkbox-id-masthead-edition" aria-checked="false" tabIndex="-1"/><ul id="dropbox-id-masthead-edition" class="dcr-1lusb1s"><li><a href="/preference/edition/int" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: INT" class="dcr-64xqd0">International edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/uk" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: UK" class="dcr-i0vtpq">UK edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/us" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: US" class="dcr-i0vtpq">US edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/au" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: AU" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Australia edition</a></li><li><a href="/preference/edition/eur" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : edition-picker: EUR" class="dcr-i0vtpq">Europe edition</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1apgfiu"><a href="/" data-link-name="header : logo"><span class="dcr-zramh4">The Guardian - Back to home</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 -3 300 100" fill="var(--masthead-nav-link-text)" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 70.8c0-19.5 13-26.4 27.3-26.4 6.1 0 12 1 15.1 2.3l.3 13.6h-1.4L33 47.2c-1.5-.7-2.8-.9-5.4-.9-7.6 0-11.5 8.8-11.4 23.3.1 17.3 3.1 25.1 10.2 25.1 1.8 0 3.2-.2 4.2-.7V75.5l-4.7-2.7v-1.5h22.5V73l-4.6 2.5v18.3a50.1 50.1 0 0 1-17 2.9C10.5 96.7 0 89 0 70.8Z"></path><path d="m142.8 57.9 1.2.1v11h.3c1.6-8 5.2-11 9.5-11 .7 0 1.5 0 1.9.2v11.2c-.7-.2-2-.2-3.1-.2-3.4 0-6 .6-8.2 1.6v21.7l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V63l-4.1-1.2v-1l15-2.8Z"></path><path d="M110.2 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.6-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.3 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.4c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10S94.2 77 102 75.5l8.1-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.3 2.8-5.3 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.7 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3.1-1.3Z"></path><path d="M47.5 61.7v-1.1l15-2.7 1.7.2v29.6c0 3.6 1.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 1.9 0 3.6-.7 4.9-2.3V63.5l-4.1-1.8v-1.1l15-2.7 1.6.1v34l4 1.7v1l-14.9 1.9-1.5-.1V92h-.4a16.8 16.8 0 0 1-11.3 4.7c-7.2 0-10.5-4.2-10.5-10.7V63.5l-4.1-1.8Z"></path><path d="M261.5 92.5V63l-4.2-1.4v-1.5l15-2.7h1.5V62h.5c3.2-2.9 8-4.7 12.8-4.7 6.5 0 9.4 3 9.4 10v25.1l3.5 2v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2V68c0-3.8-1.7-5.3-4.8-5.3-2 0-3.6.5-5.1 1.6v28.3l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.6v-1.4l3.6-2Z"></path><path d="m214 57.8 1.4.2v34.5l3.4 1.9v1.4h-19.5v-1.4l3.5-2v-29l-4.2-1.6v-1.2l15.5-2.8Zm1.5-9.3c0 3.7-3.1 6.4-6.7 6.4a6.4 6.4 0 0 1-6.6-6.4c0-3.6 2.9-6.4 6.6-6.4 3.6 0 6.7 2.8 6.7 6.4Z"></path><path d="M239.8 74v-4.9c0-7.4-1.7-9.9-6.2-9.9l-1.6.2-8.2 11h-1.1V60.3c3.5-1.1 7.9-2.4 13.7-2.4 10 0 15.8 2.8 15.8 11.1v24l3.6 1v1c-1.4.8-4.2 1.6-7.4 1.6-5 0-7.3-1.6-8.4-4.3h-.3c-2 2.8-5 4.4-9.7 4.4-6 0-10-3.7-10-10s3.8-9.6 11.7-11.1l8-1.6Zm0 16.6V75.8l-2.5.2c-4 .3-5.4 2.8-5.4 8.3 0 6 2 7.6 4.8 7.6 1.5 0 2.4-.5 3-1.3Z"></path><path d="M180.6 58.8V47.2l-4.1-1.4v-1l15.2-2.7 1.5.2V92l4.2 1.5v1.3l-15 2-1.2-.2v-4h-.4a13.4 13.4 0 0 1-10 4.1c-8.1 0-14.1-6.2-14.1-19 0-13.5 7-20 17.5-20 3 0 5.3.5 6.4 1.1Zm0 31.8V61c-1-.6-1.7-1.4-4.2-1.3-4 .2-6.6 6.3-6.6 17.2 0 9.8 1.9 15.3 7.3 15.1 1.5 0 2.7-.6 3.5-1.3Z"></path><path d="m68.1 51.6 5.2-2.7V8.5h-4L60 21.1h-1.1l.6-14h41.3l.6 14H100L90.8 8.5h-4v40.3l5.2 2.7V53H68.1v-1.3Z"></path><path d="M105.4 49.8V5l-4-1.6v-.8L115.9 0h1.5v21.2l.4-.4c3.2-2.8 7.8-4.5 12.4-4.5 6.3 0 9.1 3.5 9.1 10.2v23.3l3.4 1.8V53h-18.9v-1.4l3.4-1.8V26.4c0-3.7-1.6-5.1-4.6-5.1a8 8 0 0 0-5 1.6v27l3.3 1.8V53h-19v-1.3l3.5-2Z"></path><path d="M153.7 36c.4 7.4 3.7 13.1 11.6 13.1 3.8 0 6.5-1.7 9-3v1.4c-1.9 2.7-6.9 6.5-13.8 6.5-12.2 0-18.5-6.8-18.5-18.5 0-11.5 6.8-18.6 17.9-18.6 10.3 0 15.7 5.2 15.7 18.8v.3h-21.9Zm-.2-1.7 10.8-.6c0-9.2-1.6-15.3-4.8-15.3-3.3 0-6 7-6 16Z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">The Guardian</span></a></div><input type="checkbox" id="header-nav-input-checkbox" name="more" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><div class="dcr-1p1neil"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" id="navigation" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : News" class="dcr-1iufw7r">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-7612kl">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="header : titlepiece : nav : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1hrapdy"><label id="header-veggie-burger" aria-label="Toggle main menu" for="header-nav-input-checkbox" data-link-name="header : veggie-burger : show" tabIndex="0" role="button" data-testid="veggie-burger" class="dcr-1xv1515"><span class="dcr-b3mn8w"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Show more</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23 7V5H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2zm0 6v-2H1v2z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-li5n90"><span class="dcr-1nvgr5i">Hide expanded menu</span><svg width="26" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.015 14.042 20.707 22 22 20.709 14.06 12 22 3.291 20.707 2l-8.692 7.958L3.293 2.03 2 3.321 9.97 12 2 20.679l1.293 1.291z" fill="var(--masthead-veggie-burger-icon)"></path></svg></span></label></div><div id="header-expanded-menu-root" class="dcr-1ef3v4m"><div id="header-expanded-menu" data-testid="expanded-menu" class="dcr-14vdg2"><div class="dcr-1srap2j"><div class="dcr-10y96fo"><ul role="menubar" data-testid="nav-menu-columns" class="dcr-6sl420"><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('News-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('News-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="News-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="News-button" aria-label="Toggle News" for="News-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="newsLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-News" data-link-name="header : secondary : News" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-o6rk0u">News</label><ul role="menu" id="newsLinks" data-testid="newsLinks" class="dcr-11vt4tq"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all News" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-News" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all News</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : World news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-World" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">World news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/us-news/us-politics" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US politics" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US politics" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US politics</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/uk-news" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : UK news" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-UK" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">UK news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment/climate-crisis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Climate crisis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Climate crisis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Climate crisis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/middleeast" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Middle East" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Middle East" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Middle East</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/world/ukraine" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Ukraine" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Ukraine" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Ukraine</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/environment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Environment" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Environment" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Environment</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/science" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Science" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Science" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Science</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/global-development" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Global development" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Global development" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Global development</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/technology" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tech" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tech" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tech</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/business" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Business" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Business" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Business</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/obituaries" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Obituaries" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Obituaries" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Obituaries</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1tnoaxa"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Opinion-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Opinion-button" aria-label="Toggle Opinion" for="Opinion-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="opinionLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Opinion" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-p0c3jt">Opinion</label><ul role="menu" id="opinionLinks" data-testid="opinionLinks" class="dcr-v7ibvm"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/commentisfree" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Opinion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Opinion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/profile/editorial" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian view" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian view" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">The Guardian view</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/index/contributors" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Columnists" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Columnists" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Columnists</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/cartoons" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cartoons" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cartoons" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cartoons</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/type/video+tone/comment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Opinion videos" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion videos" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Opinion videos</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/letters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Letters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Letters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Letters</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1j2dgzz"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Sport-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Sport-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Sport-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Sport-button" aria-label="Toggle Sport" for="Sport-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="sportLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Sport" data-link-name="header : secondary : Sport" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-10b2o1s">Sport</label><ul role="menu" id="sportLinks" data-testid="sportLinks" class="dcr-wp8bgr"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Sport" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Sport" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Sport</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Football" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cricket" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cricket" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cricket" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cricket</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/rugby-union" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Rugby union" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Rugby union" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Rugby union</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/tennis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Tennis" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Tennis" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Tennis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/cycling" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Cycling" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Cycling" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Cycling</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/formulaone" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : F1" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-F1" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">F1</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/golf" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Golf" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Golf" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Golf</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/sport/us-sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : US sports" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-US sports" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">US sports</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-16q8bto"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Culture-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Culture-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Culture-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Culture-button" aria-label="Toggle Culture" for="Culture-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="cultureLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Culture" data-link-name="header : secondary : Culture" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-x5fwww">Culture</label><ul role="menu" id="cultureLinks" data-testid="cultureLinks" class="dcr-1yytfii"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/culture" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Culture" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Culture" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Culture</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/books" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Books" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Books" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Books</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Music" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Music" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Music</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tv-and-radio" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : TV & radio" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-TV & radio" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">TV & radio</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/artanddesign" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Art & design" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Art & design" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Art & design</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/film" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Film" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Film" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Film</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/games" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Games" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Games" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Games</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/music/classicalmusicandopera" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Classical" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Classical" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Classical</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/stage" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Stage" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Stage" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Stage</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-6zq80y"></div></li><li role="none" class="dcr-lpsfc3"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Lifestyle-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Lifestyle-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-1acea34"/><label id="Lifestyle-button" aria-label="Toggle Lifestyle" for="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lifestyleLinks" tabIndex="-1" role="menuitem" data-testid="column-collapse-Lifestyle" data-link-name="header : secondary : Lifestyle" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-yq9plo">Lifestyle</label><ul role="menu" id="lifestyleLinks" data-testid="lifestyleLinks" class="dcr-1utnfys"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/lifeandstyle" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : View all Lifestyle" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Lifestyle" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">View all Lifestyle</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/fashion" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Fashion" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Fashion" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Fashion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/food" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Food" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Food" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Food</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/tone/recipes" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Recipes" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Recipes" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Recipes</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Love & sex" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Love & sex" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Love & sex</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Health & fitness" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Health & fitness" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Health & fitness</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Home & garden" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Home & garden" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Home & garden</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/women" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Women" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Women" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Women</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/men" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Men" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Men" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Men</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/lifeandstyle/family" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Family" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Family" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Family</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/travel" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Travel" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Travel" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Travel</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/money" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Money" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Money" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1julzi7">Money</a></li></ul></li><span class="dcr-90inr0"><li role="none"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form></li></span><div class="dcr-1q09wwq"></div><ul role="menu" class="dcr-e1bf28"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=side_menu_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Support us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Support us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Support us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe/weekly?REFPVID=undefined&INTCMP=undefined&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22PrintSubscriptionsHeaderLink%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Print subscriptions" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Print subscriptions" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1rg7stg">Print subscriptions</a></li></ul><li role="none" class="dcr-3ae42h"><ul role="menu" id="moreLinks" class="dcr-1mtufo3"><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Search jobs" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Search jobs</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Holidays" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Holidays</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Digital Archive" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Digital Archive</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Licensing" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-9ra8aa"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : About Us" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">About Us</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://app.adjust.com/16xt6hai" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Guardian app" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian app" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Guardian app</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/video" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Video" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Video" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Video</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/podcasts" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Podcasts" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Podcasts" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Podcasts</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/inpictures" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Pictures" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Pictures" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Pictures</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/email-newsletters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Newsletters" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Newsletters" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Newsletters</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Today's paper" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Today's paper" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Today's paper</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/insidetheguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Inside the Guardian" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Inside the Guardian" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Inside the Guardian</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/observer" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : The Observer" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-The Observer" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">The Observer</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Guardian Weekly" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Weekly" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Guardian Weekly</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/crosswords" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Crosswords" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Crosswords" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Crosswords</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="https://www.wordiply.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Wordiply" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Wordiply" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Wordiply</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-4hq641"><a href="/theguardian/series/corrections-and-clarifications" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : secondary : Corrections" data-testid="column-collapse-sublink-Corrections" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-a1su5g">Corrections</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1rinrec"><form action="https://www.google.co.uk/search" class="dcr-1jjnk9d"><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">Search input </div></label><input type="text" id="gu-search" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby required name="q" placeholder="Search the Guardian" data-link-name="header : search" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-qcy5wo"/><label for="gu-search" class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-6v110l">google-search </div><div class="dcr-radnun"><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.273 2c4.023 0 7.25 3.295 7.25 7.273a7.226 7.226 0 0 1-7.25 7.25C5.25 16.523 2 13.296 2 9.273 2 5.295 5.25 2 9.273 2m0 1.84A5.403 5.403 0 0 0 3.84 9.274c0 3 2.409 5.454 5.432 5.454 3 0 5.454-2.454 5.454-5.454 0-3.023-2.454-5.432-5.454-5.432m7.295 10.887L22 20.16 20.16 22l-5.433-5.432v-.932l.91-.909z"></path></svg><span class="dcr-1p0hins">Search</span></div></label><button type="submit" aria-live="polite" aria-label="Search with Google" data-link-name="header : search : submit" tabIndex="-1" class="dcr-1gsboxi"><div class="src-button-space"></div><svg width="30" viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></button><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="www.theguardian.com"/></form><ul role="menu" class="dcr-iwod0p"><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Search jobs" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Search jobs</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://holidays.theguardian.com?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Holidays" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Holidays</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Digital Archive" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Digital Archive</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : Guardian Licensing" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">Guardian Licensing</a></li><li class="dcr-nnfu1a"><a href="/about" role="menuitem" data-link-name="header : brand extension : About Us" tabIndex="-1" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-e3rvah">About Us</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav></gu-island></header></div><main data-layout="StandardLayout"><article style="background-color:var(--article-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);background-color:var(--article-inner-background);" class="dcr-wqti5a"><div class="dcr-2zxs1v"><aside style="--grid-area:matchNav;" data-gu-name="matchNav" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><aside style="--grid-area:matchtabs;" data-gu-name="matchtabs" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:media;" data-gu-name="media" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-hlfdy3"></div></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:title;" data-gu-name="title" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-10355cg"><div class="dcr-0"><span class="dcr-1v9xu6e"></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer" data-component="section" data-link-name="article section" class="content__label__link dcr-qmfkju"><span>Terms and conditions</span></a></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:border;" data-gu-name="border" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-upmzd8"></div></div><div style="--grid-area:headline;" data-gu-name="headline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-cohhs3"><h1 class="dcr-u0152o">Terms and conditions</h1></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:standfirst;" data-gu-name="standfirst" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"></div><aside style="--grid-area:meta;" data-gu-name="meta" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-ich95x"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--article-border)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-194w08h"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg></div></div><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class=" dcr-1v9sla6"><div class="dcr-5oiine"><div class="dcr-1kpcv08"><div><address aria-label="Contributor info" data-component="meta-byline" data-link-name="byline"><div class=" dcr-1cfpnlw"></div></address><div style="--mobile-color:inherit;" class="dcr-1pexjb9">Thu 9 Mar 2023 15.17 GMT</div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-9dgpdq"><div class=" dcr-16lnb0w"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"help/terms-of-service","webTitle":"Terms and conditions","format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"context":"ArticleMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Terms and conditions&body=https://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island></div><div class=" dcr-1csot3r"><div class="dcr-14baf59"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="dcr-fu29fd"><span class="dcr-1lhv23l"><gu-island name="ExpandableMarketingCardWrapper" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="visible" props="{"guardianBaseURL":"https://www.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island></span></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:body;" data-gu-name="body" class="dcr-1upb05m"><span class="dcr-1iz7gbk"><gu-island name="ExpandableMarketingCardWrapper" priority="enhancement" deferUntil="idle" props="{"guardianBaseURL":"https://www.theguardian.com"}"></gu-island></span><div class="dcr-1a4fred"><div id="maincontent" class="dcr-1bwys2b"><div class="article-body-commercial-selector article-body-viewer-selector dcr-1q6n3e0"><h2 id="terms-and-conditions-of-use" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>Terms and conditions of use</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Welcome to our digital information network. These are our terms and conditions for use of the network, which you may access in several ways, including but not limited to the World Wide Web via <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk" data-link-name="in body link">theguardian.com</a>, digital television, PDA, mobile phone and RSS feeds. In these terms and conditions, when we say the “Guardian Site” or “our site” we mean the digital information network operated by or on behalf of Guardian News & Media Limited or its parent companies, subsidiaries and affiliates (collectively “Guardian”), including without limitation, www.theguardian.co.uk, www.theguardian.com and any other domains, websites or apps owned or operated by Guardian, and the material on such domains, websites and apps, in each case as may be updated from time to time. However you access the Guardian Site (whether via a third party site, app, link or otherwise), you agree to be bound by these terms and conditions.</p><div id="sign-in-gate"><gu-island name="SignInGateSelector" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","sectionId":"info","tags":[{"id":"info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer","type":"Keyword","title":"Terms and conditions"},{"id":"help/help","type":"Keyword","title":"Help"},{"id":"info/info","type":"Keyword","title":"Information"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/help","type":"Tone","title":"Help"}],"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"host":"https://www.theguardian.com","pageId":"help/terms-of-service","idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","switches":{"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"lightbox":true,"abGpidPrebidAdUnits":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"prebidMagnite":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"adaptiveSite":true,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"ampArticleSwitch":true,"remarketing":true,"articleEndSlot":true,"keyEventsCarousel":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"darkModeWeb":true,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"prebidImproveDigitalSkins":false,"ampPrebidOzone":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"showNewPrivacyWordingOnEmailSignupEmbeds":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"ampContentAbTesting":false,"prebidCriteo":true,"okta":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"ampPrebidPubmatic":true,"abUsaExpandableMarketingCard":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"abOnwardsContentArticle":false,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"stickyVideos":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"brazeTaylorReport":false,"callouts":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":false,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"ampLiveblogSwitch":true,"ampAmazon":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"optOutAdvertising":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"googleSearch":true,"disableFrontContainerShowHide":true,"abOptOutFrequencyCap":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"prebidKargo":true,"consentManagement":true,"personaliseSignInGateAfterCheckout":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"absoluteServerTimes":false,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"ampPrebidCriteo":true,"newsletterOnwards":false,"youtubeIma":true,"webFonts":true,"liveBlogTopSponsorship":true,"prebidImproveDigital":false,"abAdBlockAsk":false,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"abNewHeaderBiddingEndpoint":true,"historyTags":true,"brazeContentCards":true,"remoteBanner":true,"emailSignupRecaptcha":true,"prebidSmart":true,"shouldLoadGoogletag":true,"inizio":true,"europeBetaFront":true}}"></gu-island></div><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Though you should read all sections carefully, your attention is specifically drawn to the following sections of these terms and conditions: section 3 (which concerns your use of material on the Guardian Site), section 4 (which sets out our disclaimers of liability), section 6 (which concerns the content you submit to us) and section 12 (the indemnification you provide to us for your breach of these terms and conditions).</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you have accessed the Guardian Site from the United States or Australia, you also agree to be bound by the additional terms contained at the end of these terms and conditions.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If, for any reason, we believe that you have not complied with these terms and conditions, we may, at our sole discretion, cancel or restrict your access to all or part of the Guardian Site immediately and without prior notice.</p><h2 id="1-registration" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>1. Registration</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You may access areas of the Guardian Site that require registration by becoming a registered member and creating an account with us. You agree to be responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your passwords or other account identifiers which you choose and all activities that occur under your account.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">By registering on the Guardian Site, you agree that:</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">i. your account and password are personal to you and may not be used by anyone else to access the Guardian Site;</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">ii. you will not do anything which would assist anyone who is not a registered user to gain access to any registration area of the Guardian Site; and</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">iii. you will not create registration accounts for the purpose of abusing the functionality of the Guardian Site, or other users; nor will you seek to pass yourself off as another user.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You agree to notify us immediately if you become aware of any unauthorised use of your password or account identifiers by others.</p><h2 id="2-termination-of-registration" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>2. Termination of registration</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you no longer wish to have a registered account, you may terminate your account by logging into your account settings and selecting <a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/delete" data-link-name="in body link">‘delete account’</a>. Please note that if you make payments to us on a recurring basis through an active membership, contribution or subscription you will not be able to automatically delete your account online. Please follow the instructions you are given on the<a href="https://profile.theguardian.com/delete" data-link-name="in body link"> account deletion page</a> and try again if you still want to delete your account. Otherwise please contact us using the contact details for your region that can be found on the <a href="https://manage.theguardian.com/help-centre" data-link-name="in body link">help centre.</a></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you no longer accept these terms and conditions, or any future modification to these terms and conditions, you must cease using the Guardian Site. Continued use of the Guardian Site indicates your continued acceptance of these terms and conditions.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We may terminate your registered account, at our sole discretion, by emailing you at the address you have registered stating that the agreement has terminated.</p><h2 id="3-use-of-material-appearing-on-the-guardian-site" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>3. Use of material appearing on the Guardian Site</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You acknowledge that, as between Guardian and you, except for user content and advertisements (as discussed below), Guardian is the sole owner or the licensee of all content on the Guardian Site, including, without limitation, all applicable copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, trade names, logos, and other intellectual property rights thereto, as well as text, images, graphics, logos, audio, video, URLs, metadata and other material appearing on the Guardian Site (“Guardian Content”). The Guardian Site and the Guardian Content are protected by the copyright laws and other intellectual property laws of the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia and are protected globally by applicable international copyright treaties.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Your use of the Guardian Site and Guardian Content is for your own personal and non-commercial use only. You may download and print extracts from the Guardian Content for your own personal and non-commercial use only, provided you maintain and abide by any author attribution, copyright or trademark notice or restriction in any material that you download or print.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Without limitation, you shall not use (and you shall also not facilitate, authorise or permit the use of) the Guardian Site and/or any Guardian Content (including, any caption information, keywords or other associated metadata) for any other purpose without our prior written approval - this includes, without limitation, that you shall not use, copy, scrape, reproduce, alter, modify, collect, mine and/or extract the Guardian Content: (a) for any machine learning, machine learning language models and/or artificial intelligence-related purposes (including the training or development of such technologies); (b) for any text and data aggregation, analysis or mining purposes (including to generate any patterns, trends or correlations); or (c) with any machine learning and/or artificial intelligence technologies to generate any data or content or to synthesise or combine with any other data or content; or (d) for any commercial use.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Other than as expressly set out in these terms and conditions, or otherwise approved in writing by the Guardian, you shall also not use, or facilitate, authorise or permit the use of, any (i) “robot”, “bot”, “spider”, “scraper”, “crawler” or (ii) other automated device, program, technique, tool, process, algorithm or method (whether for data gathering, mining, collection, reading, scraping, extraction or other purposes), in each case, on or in relation to the Guardian Site and/or the Guardian Content.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You shall not use any service, software, device, tool, method, program, technique, algorithm or process to circumvent any restriction, condition, protection or technological measure that controls access to the Guardian Content in any way, including bypassing or circumventing any access controls or use limits of the Guardian Content (including, by way of example, robots.txt internet protocols or similar or successor protocols).</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">For the avoidance of doubt, the Guardian reserves all rights in the Guardian Content, (including for the purposes of Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC) and similar reserved rights in other jurisdictions, in each case, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable laws.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Except as expressly authorised by the Guardian, you are not allowed to create a database in electronic or paper form comprising all or part of the material appearing on the Guardian Site.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/robots.txt" data-link-name="in body link">Our robots.txt</a> notice does not, and shall not, constitute the Guardian’s permission or approval for the purposes of these terms and conditions. These terms and conditions shall prevail in all respects over our robots.txt notice.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you wish to use our content other than as permitted by these terms and conditions, or as otherwise set out in the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/2022/nov/01/open-licence-terms" data-link-name="in body link">Guardian’s Open Licence Terms</a>, please contact us at <a href="mailto:licensing@theguardian.com" data-link-name="in body link | mailto:licensing@theguardian.com">licensing@theguardian.com</a> or visit our <a href="https://licensing.theguardian.com/" data-link-name="in body link">Licensing website</a></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you operate a media monitoring service , then you are obliged to contact <a href="http://www.nla.co.uk/" data-link-name="in body link">NLA Media Access Ltd</a> directly to discuss your licensing requirements.</p><h2 id="4-disclaimer-of-liability" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>4. Disclaimer of liability</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">To the extent permitted at law, we do not accept any responsibility for any statement in the Guardian Content. Nothing in the Guardian Content is provided for any specific purpose or at the request of any particular person. For the avoidance of confusion, we will not be liable for any loss caused as a result of your doing, or not doing, anything as a result of viewing, reading or listening to the Guardian Content or any part of it. You can access other sites via links from the Guardian Site. These sites are not under our control and we are not responsible in any way for any of their contents.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We give no warranties of any kind concerning the Guardian Site or the Guardian Content. In particular, we do not warrant that the Guardian Site or any of its contents is virus free. You must take your own precautions in this respect as we accept no responsibility for any infection by virus or other contamination or by anything which has destructive properties.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Although we will do our best to provide constant, uninterrupted access to the Guardian Site, we do not guarantee this. We accept no responsibility or liability for any unavailability, interruption or delay.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you are accessing the Guardian Site from the United States or Australia, the additional disclaimers and limitations of liability in Sections 14 onwards apply.</p><h2 id="5-third-party-advertising-on-the-guardian-site" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>5. Third party advertising on the Guardian Site</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You will see advertising material submitted by third parties on the Guardian Site. Each individual advertiser is solely responsible for the content of its advertising material. We accept no responsibility for the content of advertising material, including, without limitation, any error, omission or inaccuracy therein.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you want to advertise on the Guardian Site, please contact the sales team via <a href="https://advertising.theguardian.com/advertising/contact" data-link-name="in body link">this online form</a>. The Guardian is the sole direct seller of advertising on the Guardian Site. You shall not deal with any third parties in relation to the sale and placement of advertisements on the Guardian Site, except for those third parties approved by the Guardian from time to time.</p><h2 id="6-user-content" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>6. User content</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Users of our site may be permitted to submit content for publication in various areas of the Guardian Site. Interactions with our site are governed by our Community Standards and Participation Guidelines accessible at <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/community-standards" data-link-name="in body link">theguardian.com/community-standards</a> which are incorporated in these terms and conditions. You will be deemed to consent to these guidelines, and these terms and conditions, if you choose to post any content or comments to the Guardian Site.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">When you submit content to us, you agree and represent that you have created that content, or you have received permission from, or are authorised by, the owner of any part of the content to submit it to the Guardian Site.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You or the owner of the content still own the copyright in the content sent to us, but by submitting content to us, you are granting us an unconditional, irrevocable, non-exclusive, royalty-free, fully transferable, perpetual worldwide licence to use, publish and/or transmit, and to authorise third-parties to use, publish and/or transmit your content in any format and on any platform, either now known or hereafter invented.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You acknowledge and agree that when you post content on the Guardian Site or view content provided by others, you are doing so at your own discretion and risk, including any reliance on the accuracy, completeness, of that content. You further acknowledge and agree that the views expressed by you and other users in that content do not necessarily reflect the views of Guardian, and we do not support or endorse any user content. You acknowledge that we have no obligation to pre-screen, monitor, review, or edit any content posted by you and other users on the Guardian Site.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We, or authorised third parties, reserve the right to cut, crop, edit or refuse to publish, your content at our or their sole discretion. We may remove your content from use at any time.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We accept no liability in respect of any content submitted by users and published by us or by authorised third parties.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You warrant that the content you submit to us is not obscene, threatening, harassing, libellous, deceptive, fraudulent, invasive of another’s privacy, offensive, defamatory of any person or illegal. You warrant that the content you submit to us does not infringe any patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright, or other intellectual or proprietary or privacy right of any party or individual. You agree not to (i) post content which is deliberately intended to upset or harm other users; (ii) use the Guardian Site to post or otherwise transmit content that victimises, harasses, degrades, or intimidates an individual or group of individuals on the basis of any impermissible classification, including, without limitation, religion, gender, sexual orientation, race, colour, creed, ethnicity, national origin, citizenship, age, marital status, military status or disability; (iii) post or otherwise transmit any content that contains software viruses or any other computer code, files, or programs designed to interrupt, destroy, or limit the functionality of the Guardian Site or any computer software or hardware or telecommunications equipment; (iv) upload or otherwise transmit any content, or take any other actions with respect to your use of the Guardian Site, that would constitute, or would otherwise encourage, criminal conduct or give rise to civil liability; or (v) use the Guardian Site for commercial purposes, including, without limitation, submitting any material to solicit funds or to promote, advertise or solicit the sale of any goods or services.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You understand that the technical processing and transmission of the Guardian Site may involve (i) transmissions over various networks; and (ii) changes to content to conform and adapt to technical requirements of connecting networks or devices. Guardian assumes no responsibility for the deletion or failure to store postings of content or other information submitted by you or other users to the Guardian Site.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you are under 16, you confirm that you have permission of your parent or guardian to submit content.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Any queries regarding copyright and your content should be directed in the first instance to<a href="mailto:rights@theguardian.com" data-link-name="in body link | mailto:rights@theguardian.com"> rights@theguardian.com</a>.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Readers of our print products submitting content to Guardian News & Media should <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/info/2011/oct/06/submitting-content-to-print-publications" data-link-name="in body link">read our terms here</a>.</p><h2 id="7-apps" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>7. Apps</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You may download certain Guardian apps, including “The Guardian News App” (the “Live App”), either from Guardian Sites or from third party app stores or shops (“the Apps”). All of these terms apply to the maximum extent relevant to your use of the Apps (and in particular, the terms of section 6 apply where you are using an App to submit user content to the Guardian Sites).</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In addition to the limitations on our liability set out in Sections 4, 17 and 18, we shall not be liable for any damage caused to, or interference with, any equipment or other apps or content of any description.</p><h2 id="8-app-meter" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>8. App Meter</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Live App contains a meter, which places a limit on the Guardian Content you may access on the Live App without charge (“App Meter”). If you have an existing subscription with the Guardian which includes access to Guardian Content on the Live App, the App Meter will not apply to you and you will just need to sign into your Guardian account to continue your unlimited access.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The App Meter will give you an amount of free content (“Content Allowance”) that you may access within a particular time period (the “Access Period”) when using the Live App. Your Content Allowance and the Access Period will refresh within the time period shown on the App Meter (the “Refresh Period”).</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Once you have reached the Content Allowance within the Access Period, you will not be able to access any further content on the Live App: (i) unless you subscribe to the Live App; or (ii) until a new Content Allowance and Access Period apply following a Refresh Period. Before you incur any charges via the Live App, we will make it clear that charges apply and specify the services that we will provide to you in return for payment.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">From time to time, we may vary the Guardian Content that is subject to the App Meter, the Content Allowance, the Access Period and the Refresh Period on the Live App. At times, this may mean that different Guardian Content, Content Allowances, Access Periods and Refresh Periods apply to different users at any time. If you do not agree with changes to any of these things, you must stop using the Live App.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We reserve the right to introduce temporary offers and discounts from time to time, to enable users to access the Live App without an App Meter for a reduced cost or without charge. These promotional offers will be subject to their own terms, which will be published together with the relevant offer, and subject to availability.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">All Guardian Content will remain freely available on <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk" data-link-name="in body link">theguardian.com</a>.</p><h2 id="9-data-protection" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>9. Data protection</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">To find out what personal data we collect and how we use it, please visit our privacy policy at <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/help/privacy-policy" data-link-name="in body link">theguardian.com/help/privacy-policy</a>.</p><h2 id="10-changes-to-these-terms-and-conditions-of-use" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>10. Changes to these terms and conditions of use</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Please note that we may change these terms and conditions from time to time at our sole discretion and we reserve the right to do so without your consent. Any revised terms and conditions will be applicable at the time of posting on the Guardian Site. Please ensure that you review these terms and conditions regularly as you will be deemed to have accepted a variation if you continue to use the Guardian Site after it has been posted.</p><h2 id="11-governing-law-jurisdiction-except-for-us-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>11. Governing law & jurisdiction (except for US users)</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">These terms and conditions are governed by English law and the parties agree to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts, provided that use of the Guardian Site in the United States is governed by the Section below entitled <em>Governing law & jurisdiction (for US users).</em></p><h2 id="12-indemnification" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>12. Indemnification</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless Guardian, its parents, subsidiaries, and affiliates, and each of their respective officers, directors, and employees, in full from any and all damages, losses, demands, claims, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including, but not limited to, loss of profits, loss of revenue and attorneys’ fees and expenses), arising out of, or in connection with, a breach by you or any user of your account of: (i) these terms and conditions or privacy policy or (ii) your obligations, representation and warranties under these terms and conditions.</p><h2 id="13-no-waiver" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>13. No waiver</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Our failure to insist upon or enforce any provision of these terms of service shall not be construed as a waiver of any provision or right of Guardian.</p><h2 id="additional-terms-of-use-for-users-in-the-united-states-and-australia" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>Additional terms of use for users in the United States and Australia</strong></h2><h2 id="14-additional-restrictions-on-user-content-for-us-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>14. Additional restrictions on user content for US users</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In addition to section 6 above, you agree not to use the Guardian Site to upload, post, e-mail, or otherwise transmit any content that you do not have a right to transmit under any law or regulation or under any contractual or fiduciary relationship (such as insider information, intellectual, proprietary or confidential information learned or disclosed as part of employment relationships or under nondisclosure agreements and to intentionally or unintentionally violate any applicable local, state, national, or international law, including, but not limited to, regulations promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, any rules of any national or other securities exchange, including, without limitation, the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, or the NASDAQ, and any rules, regulations, orders, directives and the like having the force of law).</p><h2 id="15-dmca-notice-for-us-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>15. DMCA notice for US users</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you are a US copyright owner or an agent of a US copyright owner and believe that any user content or other content on the Guardian Site infringes upon your copyrights, you may submit a notification pursuant to Title 17, United States Code, Section 512(c)(3), the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) by providing our designated copyright agent with the following information in writing:</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">(i) identification of the copyrighted work or works claimed to have been infringed;<br/> (ii) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing and information reasonably sufficient to permit us to locate the material;<br/> (iii) your contact information including your name, an address, telephone number, and, if available, an email address;<br/> (iv) a statement that you have a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorised by the owner of the work, its agent, or the law;<br/> (v) a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that you are authorised to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed; and<br/> (vi) your physical or electronic signature;</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Guardian’s designated copyright agent to receive notifications of claimed infringement is: <a href="mailto:dmca@theguardian.com" data-link-name="in body link | mailto:dmca@theguardian.com">dmca@theguardian.com</a>. Only DMCA notices should go to the designated copyright agent. You acknowledge that if you fail to comply with all of the requirements of this Section, your DMCA notice may not be valid.</p><h2 id="16-governing-law-jurisdiction-for-us-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>16. Governing law & jurisdiction (for US users)</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you have accessed the Guardian Site from the US, these terms and conditions are governed by the laws of the United States of America and the laws of the State of New York. You agree that exclusive jurisdiction for any claim or dispute with Guardian or relating in any way to your use of the Guardian Site resides in the courts of the County of New York, State of New York, and you further agree and expressly consent to the exercise of personal jurisdiction in the courts of the County of New York, State of New York, in connection with any such dispute and including any claim involving Guardian News & Media LLC or its affiliates, subsidiaries, employees, contractors, officers, directors, telecommunication providers and content providers. You agree that any cause of action or claim that you may have with respect to your use of the Guardian Site must be commenced within one year after the act or omission giving rise to the claim or cause of action arose.</p><h2 id="17-additional-disclaimers-for-us-and-australian-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>17. Additional disclaimers (for US and Australian users)</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Visitors to the Guardian Site agree that their use of the Guardian Site is at their own sole risk. The Guardian Site is provided “as is” and “as available,” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied including but not limited to: (i) any warranties concerning the availability, accuracy, appropriateness, reliability, timeliness, or usefulness of the content of the Guardian Site; and (ii) any warranties of title, warranty of non-infringement, or warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Guardian also makes no representations and warranties as to any linked sites and Guardian has no liability or responsibility with respect to your use of such sites. In some instances, content made available on the Guardian Site may represent the opinions and judgments of providers or users, such as user content. Guardian and its affiliates do not endorse nor shall they be responsible or liable for the accuracy or reliability of any statement made on the Guardian Site by anyone other than authorised Guardian employees acting in such capacity.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">This disclaimer of liability applies to any damages or injuries caused by the Guardian Site, including, without limitation, those damages or injuries occurring as a result of: (i) any error, omission, deletion, or defect in the content available on the Guardian Site; or (ii) any failure of performance, error, omission, interruption, deletion, defect, delay in operation or transmission, computer virus, communication line failure, theft or destruction of records, information or data, unauthorised access to, alteration of, or use of records, information or data, whether for breach of contract, tort, negligence, defamation, or any other cause of action. Guardian does not warrant or guarantee that access to the Guardian Site will be uninterrupted or error-free.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Applicable law may not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so the above exclusion may not apply to you.</p><h2 id="18-limitation-of-liability-for-us-and-australian-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>18. Limitation of liability (for US and Australian users)</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, REGARDLESS OF THE FORM OF ACTION, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE, IN NO EVENT WILL GUARDIAN OR ITS AFFILIATES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THEIR RESPECTIVE OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS, BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY OTHER PARTY FOR ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT LOSS, DAMAGE, COST, EXPENSE OR LIABILITY OF ANY KIND (“LOSS”) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE AVAILABILITY, USE, RELIANCE ON, OR INABILITY TO USE THE GUARDIAN SITE, INCLUDING (WITHOUT LIMITATION): (i) DAMAGES FOR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS AND OTHER PROFITS, LOSS OF PROGRAMS, COST OF REPLACING EQUIPMENT OR SOFTWARE OR LOSS OF RECORDS, INFORMATION OR DATA, LOSS OF USE OF DATA, LOSS OF REVENUE, LOSS OF GOODWILL, LOSS OF CUSTOMERS, LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO REPUTATION, LOSS OF CAPITAL, DOWNTIME COSTS, LOSS UNDER OR IN RELATION TO ANY OTHER CONTRACT, OR LOSS OF ANTICIPATED SAVINGS OR BENEFITS; (ii) ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS; OR (iii) ANY LOSS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR OTHER INACCURACIES IN THE GUARDIAN SITE. THE EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY IN THIS SECTION 17 APPLIES EVEN IF GUARDIAN SHALL HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSS.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">BECAUSE SOME STATES OR JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR PARTICULAR KINDS OF LOSS, IN SUCH STATES OR JURISDICTIONS, GUARDIAN’S LIABILITY SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW (THEREBY MINIMIZING GUARDIAN’S LIABILITY TO YOU TO THE LOWEST AMOUNT THAT APPLICABLE LAW PERMITS).</p><h2 id="19-exclusion-of-warranties-for-australian-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>19. Exclusion of warranties (for Australian users)</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">The Australian Consumer Law may confer certain rights and remedies on you in relation to the provision by Guardian of goods and services under these terms and conditions. Notwithstanding the disclaimers and limitations of liability in Sections 4, 16 and 17 above, these terms and conditions do not exclude, restrict or modify the application of any condition, warranty, guarantee, right or remedy conferred by or implied under any provision of the Australian Consumer Law or any other statute where to do so would: (i) contravene the relevant statute; or (ii) cause any part of these terms and conditions to be void and/or unenforceable (“Non-Excludable Obligation”).</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Except in relation to Non-Excludable Obligations, all conditions, warranties and other provisions implied or conferred by statute, custom, or the general law that impose any liability or obligation on Guardian are expressly excluded under these terms and conditions.</p><h2 id="20-non-excludable-obligations-for-australian-users" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>20. Non-Excludable Obligations (for Australian users)</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In relation to Non-Excludable Obligations (other than a guarantee as to title, encumbrances or quiet possession conferred by the Australian Consumer Law), except for goods or services of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption (in respect of which our liability is not so limited under these terms and conditions), Guardian’s liability to you for a failure to comply with any Non-Excludable Obligation is limited to: (i) in the case of services, the lowest of the cost of supplying the services again and payment of the cost of having the services supplied again; and (ii) in the case of goods, the lowest of the cost of replacing the goods, supplying equivalent goods or having the goods repaired, or payment of the cost of replacing the goods, supplying equivalent goods or having the goods repaired.</p><h2 id="details-of-variations" class="dcr-12ibh7f"><strong>Details of variations</strong></h2><p class="dcr-1eu361v">September 8 2005: Section 1 adapted to include reference to mobile phones. Section 7 adapted to include references to blogs and Been There service.<br/><br/> November 1 2005: Addition to Section 8 regarding email alerts for Guardian Jobs users.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">When you register for Guardian Jobs services you will be asked to provide some further information.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">If you have asked to receive email alerts about specific jobs the frequency with which you will receive these will depend upon the service that you have chosen. Additionally you will receive regular newsletters with information about developments with the Guardian Jobs website. If you have not subscribed to specific email alerts you will still receive these regular emails but can unsubscribe at any time.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">We do not allow employers to view any of your personal details without your express consent.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Guardian Jobmatch only operates as an employment agency in relation to the hirer to the extent that it matches profiles submitted by jobseekers in response to existing job vacancies on the site. Guardian Jobmatch does not have any authority as an employment agency or otherwise to act for the hirer and does not effect introductions between hirers and jobseekers, or vice versa.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">May 7 2008: Link to privacy policy inserted to replace text in Section 8 for consistency. Community Standards and Participation Guidelines incorporated in Sections 6 and 7.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">1 February 2010: A reference to the Guardian headline service was removed from Section 3 and replaced with information about the NLA’s ability to issues licences to certain news aggregators.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">In Section 6 the licence granted in respect of graphical and photographic works submitted to us was updated to include print use.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">18 April 2011: Revised and merged terms for the submission of content by site users. Subsequent paragraphs renumbered.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">19 September 2011: Modified to cover guardiannews.com and to introduce specific terms for users accessing the site in the US.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">27 February 2012: New section included at 7 to address Apps and consequential section renumbering.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">17 January 2013: Section 6 amended to include reference to under 16s submitting content. Section 7 modified to capture user content submitted via Apps.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">2 May 2013: New Sections 18 and 19 included to introduce specific terms for users accessing the site from Australia. Amendments to section 17. Consequential amendments to other provisions.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">30 July 2013: Modified to include reference to theguardian.com</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">25 May 2018: Updated reference to privacy policy in Section 8.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">22 February 2023: Various amendments, including to draw users’ attention to specific sections, to make clear that reproduction and/or extraction of Guardian content for commercial text and data mining is not permitted and that the Guardian is the sole seller of advertising on the Guardian Site.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">09 March 2023: Section 2 amended to update account termination process</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">10 March 2023: New section 8 to reflect the introduction of the App Meter, and corresponding changes made to section 7. Subsequent paragraphs renumbered.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">20 July 2023: Section 8 amended to generalise the first sentence of the second paragraph.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">17 October 2023: The first sentence of the first paragraph of Section 3 amended to state “<em>…Guardian is the sole owner or the licensee of all content on the Guardian Site…”</em></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Paragraph 3 of Section 3 amended to begin with “<em>Without limitation”</em> and to replace the wording “<em>any scraping of the Guardian Content or reproduction, copying…or mining purposes or for any commercial use</em>” with “<em>that you shall not use, copy, scrape, reproduce, alter, modify, collect, mine and/or extract the Guardian Content….for any commercial use”</em>.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Paragraph 3 of Section 3 amended to add the words “<em>(including, any caption information, keywords or other associated metadata)”</em></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Paragraph 4 of Section 3 amended to state “<em>or otherwise approved in writing by the Guardian</em>”, to add “<em>crawler</em>” after <em>“scraper”</em>, to add “<em>algorithm”</em> after “<em>process</em>” and to add “<em>(whether for data gathering, mining, collection, reading, scraping, extraction or other purposes) in each case</em>”. Deletion of “<em>for any purpose (such as, but not limited to, gathering or extraction)”.</em></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">New paragraph 5 added to Section 3 beginning “<em>You shall not use any service, software, device, tool,….</em>”</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">Paragraph 6 of Section 3 amended to add the following wording at the end “, <em>including for the purposes of Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market …. in each case, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable laws.</em>”</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">New paragraph 8 to Section 3 beginning “<em>Our robots.txt notice does not, and shall not, constitute…”</em></p><p class="dcr-1eu361v">© 2013 Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved.</p><p class="dcr-1eu361v"><br/></p></div></div><gu-island name="SlotBodyEnd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"pageId":"help/terms-of-service","sectionId":"info","shouldHideReaderRevenue":true,"stage":"PROD","tags":[{"id":"info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer","type":"Keyword","title":"Terms and conditions"},{"id":"help/help","type":"Keyword","title":"Help"},{"id":"info/info","type":"Keyword","title":"Information"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/help","type":"Tone","title":"Help"}],"renderAds":false,"isLabs":false,"articleEndSlot":true}"></gu-island><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--straight-lines)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-65xb9q"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-fckw05"><span class="dcr-1slmqmw">Explore more on these topics</span><div class="dcr-1jl528t"><ul class="dcr-1yfsxuc"><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer" class="dcr-1gwziyt">Terms and conditions</a></li><li class="dcr-ncdwh2"><a href="/tone/help" class="dcr-1gwziyt">help</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-nu129i"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"help/terms-of-service","webTitle":"Terms and conditions","format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"context":"SubMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Terms and conditions&body=https://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 1-2.975-3c0-.125 0-.275.025-.375L7.1 14.15a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.075.825C3.325 14.975 2 13.65 2 12a3.004 3.004 0 0 1 3.025-3.025c.775 0 1.5.35 2.075.875l8.95-4.475c-.025-.1-.025-.225-.025-.4A2.966 2.966 0 0 1 19 2c1.675 0 3 1.325 3 2.975C22 6.65 20.675 8 19 8c-.8 0-1.475-.325-2.05-.825l-8.975 4.45C8 11.7 8 11.825 8 12s0 .3-.025.375l8.975 4.45c.575-.5 1.25-.825 2.05-.825m0-12.8c-.975 0-1.8.775-1.8 1.775S18.025 6.8 19 6.8c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.825S20 3.2 19 3.2m0 17.6c1 0 1.825-.825 1.825-1.8 0-1-.825-1.8-1.825-1.8-.975 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8 0 .975.825 1.8 1.8 1.8"></path></svg></a></gu-island><div class="dcr-zhx6xs"><a data-link-name="meta-syndication-article" href="https://syndication.theguardian.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fhelp%2Fterms-of-service&type=article&internalpagecode=help/terms-of-service" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" title="Reuse this content" class="dcr-14rjinq">Reuse this content</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:right-column;" data-gu-name="right-column" class="dcr-10el5c8"><div class="dcr-tn16h9"><section class="dcr-1hko8ef"><gu-island name="MostViewedRightWithAd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"isPaidContent":false,"renderAds":false,"shouldHideReaderRevenue":true}" rootMargin="700px 100px"><div data-container="most-viewed-right-container" class="dcr-1e3xwa3"></div></gu-island></section></div></div></div></div></article><gu-island name="OnwardsUpper" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","hasRelated":true,"hasStoryPackage":false,"isAdFreeUser":false,"pageId":"help/terms-of-service","isPaidContent":false,"showRelatedContent":true,"keywordIds":"info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer,help/help,info/info","contentType":"Article","tags":[{"id":"info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer","type":"Keyword","title":"Terms and conditions"},{"id":"help/help","type":"Keyword","title":"Help"},{"id":"info/info","type":"Keyword","title":"Information"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/help","type":"Tone","title":"Help"}],"format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":0},"pillar":0,"editionId":"INT","shortUrlId":"/p/2fyc7","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","absoluteServerTimes":false}"><div class="dcr-1ntgn2k"><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-wynbiy"></div></div></div></section><section style="background-color:var(--section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-wynbiy"></div></div></div></section></div></gu-island><section style="background-color:var(--article-section-background);" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:var(--article-border);" class="dcr-1vf50t"><div class="dcr-u8qikl"><section class="dcr-1gx3men"><div class="dcr-yg4zrc"><div class="dcr-k1vhee"><div><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></div></div></div></section><div class="dcr-fossqd"><div class="dcr-f68shw"><span class="dcr-1giivcq"><div class="dcr-1atljbz"><h2 style="color:var(--article-section-title);" class="dcr-dah9rt">Most viewed</h2></div></span></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="content-footer dcr-ddf1wi"><div class="dcr-128p43o"><gu-island name="MostViewedFooterData" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"sectionId":"info","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","edition":"INT"}"><div data-name="placeholder" class="dcr-ri3hap"><div class="dcr-5mqa0r"></div></div></gu-island></div></div></div></div></div></section></main><footer style="background-color:#052962;" class="dcr-1xdhyk6"><div style="border-color:#506991;" class="dcr-bnuca0"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-link-name="footer" data-component="footer" class="dcr-1hmrwdw"><div class="dcr-1ris6nf"><ul class="dcr-1d6g26q"><li class="dcr-1grikph"><a href="/" style="--pillar-underline:#FF5943;" data-link-name="footer : primary : News" class="dcr-1iufw7r">News</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/commentisfree" style="--pillar-underline:#FF7F0F;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-7612kl">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/sport" style="--pillar-underline:#00B2FF;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Sport" class="dcr-7612kl">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-ks441s"><a href="/culture" style="--pillar-underline:#EACCA0;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Culture" class="dcr-7612kl">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1kcody2"><a href="/lifeandstyle" style="--pillar-underline:#FFABDB;" data-link-name="footer : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-7612kl">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1xyi04h"><div class="dcr-1wf840d"><div>Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning</div><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2022/sep/20/sign-up-for-the-first-edition-newsletter-our-free-news-email" data-link-name="footer : morning-briefing" class="dcr-u54heg">Sign up for our email<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1 12.956h18.274l-7.167 8.575.932.932L23 12.478v-.956l-9.96-9.985-.932.932 7.166 8.575H1z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="dcr-1ms2xl4"><ul><li><a href="https://manage.theguardian.com/help-centre" data-link-name="international : footer : tech feedback" class="js-tech-feedback-report dcr-4coeh">Help</a></li><li><a href="/info/complaints-and-corrections" data-link-name="complaints" class=" dcr-4coeh">Complaints & corrections</a></li><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/securedrop" data-link-name="securedrop" class=" dcr-4coeh">SecureDrop</a></li><li><a href="https://workforus.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : work for us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Work for us</a></li><li><gu-island name="PrivacySettingsLink" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{"extraClasses":""}"><span style="color:transparent;" class="dcr-4coeh"> </span></gu-island></li><li><a href="/info/privacy" data-link-name="privacy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Privacy policy</a></li><li><a href="/info/cookies" data-link-name="cookie" class=" dcr-4coeh">Cookie policy</a></li><li><a href="/help/terms-of-service" data-link-name="terms" class=" dcr-4coeh">Terms & conditions</a></li><li><a href="/help/contact-us" data-link-name="international : footer : contact us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Contact us</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="/index/subjects/a" data-link-name="international : footer : all topics" class=" dcr-4coeh">All topics</a></li><li><a href="/index/contributors" data-link-name="international : footer : all contributors" class=" dcr-4coeh">All writers</a></li><li><a href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com" data-link-name="digital newspaper archive" class=" dcr-4coeh">Digital newspaper archive</a></li><li><a href="https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2024/08/27/TAX_STRATEGY_FOR_THE_YEAR_ENDED_31_MARCH_2025.pdf" data-link-name="international : footer : tax strategy" class=" dcr-4coeh">Tax strategy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : facebook" class=" dcr-4coeh">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian" data-link-name="international : footer : youtube" class=" dcr-4coeh">YouTube</a></li><li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/guardian" data-link-name="international : footer : instagram" class=" dcr-4coeh">Instagram</a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : linkedin" class=" dcr-4coeh">LinkedIn</a></li><li><a href="/email-newsletters?INTCMP=DOTCOM_FOOTER_NEWSLETTER_INTERNATIONAL" data-link-name="international : footer : newsletters" class=" dcr-4coeh">Newsletters</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://advertising.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : advertise with us" class=" dcr-4coeh">Advertise with us</a></li><li><a href="https://jobs.theguardian.com" data-link-name="international : footer : uk-jobs" class=" dcr-4coeh">Search UK jobs</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1v06yj3"><gu-island name="FooterReaderRevenueLinks" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"urls":{"contribute":"https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","subscribe":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","supporter":"https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"dataLinkNamePrefix":"footer : "}"></gu-island></div></div><div class="dcr-1xnlu54"><a href="#top" data-link-name="back to top" class="dcr-1bljy3y"><span class="dcr-6ottnt">Back to top</span><span class="icon-container dcr-18yycfp"><i class="dcr-13lm9u3"></i></span></a></div></div><div class="dcr-1slcfay">© 2024 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. <gu-island name="FooterLabel" priority="critical" deferUntil="visible" props="{}">(dcr)</gu-island></div></div></div></footer><aside class="dcr-1wna1tt"><gu-island name="StickyBottomBanner" priority="feature" deferUntil="idle" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"isPreview":false,"isSensitive":false,"pageId":"help/terms-of-service","sectionId":"info","shouldHideReaderRevenue":true,"remoteBannerSwitch":true,"tags":[{"id":"info/contributing-to-the-guardian-and-observer","type":"Keyword","title":"Terms and conditions"},{"id":"help/help","type":"Keyword","title":"Help"},{"id":"info/info","type":"Keyword","title":"Information"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"tone/help","type":"Tone","title":"Help"}]}"></gu-island></aside><div class="mobilesticky-container dcr-bqcudp"></div> </body> </html>