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vevent haudio"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary album">Naama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Nάαμα</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">by <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dedication</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Chojnacka" title="Elisabeth Chojnacka">Elisabeth Chojnacka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Performed</th><td class="infobox-data">May 20, 1984 - Luxembourg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">Paris - 1984</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Éditions Salabert</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">16 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movements</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Scoring</th><td class="infobox-data">Amplified harpsichord</td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><i><b>Naama</b></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">Nάαμα</i></span>) is a composition for amplified harpsichord by Greek/French composer <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>. Completed in 1984, it is the composer's last work for solo harpsichord. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naama_(Xenakis)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Naama</i>, which can be translated as "flow" or "flux",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was commissioned by the Société Luxembourgeoise de Musique Contemporaine and the Cercle Littéraire des Communautés Européennes, at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Anise_Koltz" title="Anise Koltz">Anise Koltz</a> and Olivier Frank. The piece was completed in 1984 and was dedicated to long-time collaborator and virtuoso harpsichordist <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Chojnacka" title="Elisabeth Chojnacka">Elisabeth Chojnacka</a>, who had also premiered other works by Xenakis and was also the dedicatee of Xenakis's first work for solo harpsichord, <a href="/wiki/Khoa%C3%AF_(Xenakis)" title="Khoaï (Xenakis)">Khoaï</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The premiere took place at <a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Studios</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, on May 20, 1984, with Chojnacka at the harpsichord. The composition was published that same year by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Salabert" class="mw-redirect" title="Éditions Salabert">Éditions Salabert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naama_(Xenakis)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This work is scored for <a href="/wiki/Amplification_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplification (music)">amplified</a> solo harpsichord and has a total duration of around 16 minutes in one movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piece is generally characterized by highly-contrasting sections, with very complex chords that, as in the case of other Xenakis's works, are akin to <a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">tone clusters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhythm is generally unpredictable, as it is determined by <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> processes. As was customary in Xenakis, the piece employs a standard <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a>, even though the complexity of the rhythm indicates it is only used to make it easier to read and navigate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tempo is also characteristically very slow (<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> ≥ 36 <a href="/wiki/Maelzel%27s_metronome" class="mw-redirect" title="Maelzel's metronome">MM</a>) with a few tempo changes; however, the fast-paced <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_note" title="Sixteenth note">sixteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirty-second_note" title="Thirty-second note">thirty-second note</a> make it seem rhythmically jolty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike most other works for keyboard by Xenakis, Xenakis focuses on the percussive aspect of the instrument. The "flux" in the title refers to the navigation through the different levels of regularity and irregularity in the piece, as the piece is laid out as blocks of clearly defined and differentiated material. The differential factor can be either tempo, specific sets of chords used, limited register, etc. These different passages "flow" from one into the other, sometimes overlapping.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xenakis describe the score as calling for "periodic constructions" realized thanks to a "group of hexahedral transformations as well as stochastic distributions".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the flux of regularities and irregularities often happens on several planes at the same time, which requires virtuoso qualities from the performer and deep knowlefge of techniques that are specific to the harpsichord instead of any other keyboards. According to the dedicatée, Elisabeth Chojnacka, "it is as if he were writing for the two hands of a percussionist."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naama_(Xenakis)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Naama</i> has been generally favorably by critics. Some have compared it to <a href="/wiki/Conlon_Nancarrow" title="Conlon Nancarrow">Nancarrow's</a> player piano works, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen's</a> output from the 50s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musicologist Zorica Premate wrote the following after a performance of various works by Xenakis, among which was <i>Naama</i>, which took place at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Serbia" title="National Museum of Serbia">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> on April 24, 1985: "The pieces with their enormous internal expressiveness, extraordinary technical demands and untamed temper, left the performers and the audience nearly out of breath".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naama_(Xenakis)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Harpsichord </th> <th>Date of recording </th> <th>Place of recording </th> <th>Label </th> <th>Release date </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Chojnacka" title="Elisabeth Chojnacka">Elisabeth Chojnacka</a> </td> <td align="center">June 1987 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">Radio France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Erato_Records" title="Erato Records">Erato Records</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warner_Classics" title="Warner Classics">Warner Classics</a> </td> <td align="center">1990<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Daniel Grossmann<br /><small><small>(<a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> programming)</small></small> </td> <td align="center">2008 </td> <td align="center">— </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Neos_(record_label)" title="Neos (record label)">Neos</a> </td> <td align="center">2008<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naama_(Xenakis)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarley2002" class="citation book cs1">Harley, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Xenakis_Studies/HL04AQAAIAAJ"><i>Xenakis Studies: In Memoriam</i></a>. Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenakis+Studies%3A+In+Memoriam&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FXenakis_Studies%2FHL04AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iannis-xenakis.org/en/naama/">"Naama – Iannis Xenakis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naama+%E2%80%93+Iannis+Xenakis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iannis-xenakis.org%2Fen%2Fnaama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestagno1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Restagno, Enzo (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Xenakis/Qe-Qcy6c9t8C?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Xenakis</i></a> (in Italian). EDT srl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7063-059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7063-059-6"><bdi>978-88-7063-059-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenakis&rft.pub=EDT+srl&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-88-7063-059-6&rft.aulast=Restagno&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FXenakis%2FQe-Qcy6c9t8C%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2009" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api-depositonce.tu-berlin.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/51a93576-5a8d-43c7-b7ea-57e834f8e27a/content"><i>Music Out of Nothing? - A Rigorous Approach to Algorithmic Composition by Iannis Xenakis</i></a>. Technischen Universität Berlin. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Out+of+Nothing%3F+-+A+Rigorous+Approach+to+Algorithmic+Composition+by+Iannis+Xenakis&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Technischen+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi-depositonce.tu-berlin.de%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F51a93576-5a8d-43c7-b7ea-57e834f8e27a%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Music_Magazine/jUI9AQAAIAAJ"><i>Music Magazine</i></a>. Barrett & Colgrass. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Magazine&rft.pub=Barrett+%26+Colgrass&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FMusic_Magazine%2FjUI9AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenakis1984" class="citation book cs1">Xenakis, Iannis (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Naama/FOE8AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Naama</i></a>. Salabert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naama&rft.pub=Salabert&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Xenakis&rft.aufirst=Iannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FNaama%2FFOE8AQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarley2004" class="citation book cs1">Harley, James (2004-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Xenakis/ramSAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Xenakis: His Life in Music</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87494-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87494-0"><bdi>978-1-135-87494-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenakis%3A+His+Life+in+Music&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-87494-0&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FXenakis%2FramSAgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanachNelson2024" class="citation book cs1">Kanach, Sharon; Nelson, Peter (2024-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.es/books/edition/Meta_Xenakis/CYIoEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Meta-Xenakis: New Perspectives on Iannis Xenakis’s Life, Work, and Legacies</i></a>. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80511-227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80511-227-3"><bdi>978-1-80511-227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meta-Xenakis%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Iannis+Xenakis%E2%80%99s+Life%2C+Work%2C+and+Legacies&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2024-10-09&rft.isbn=978-1-80511-227-3&rft.aulast=Kanach&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FMeta_Xenakis%2FCYIoEQAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/xenakis-miscellaneous-works-0">"Xenakis: Miscellaneous Works"</a>. <i>Gramophone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Xenakis%3A+Miscellaneous+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Freview%2Fxenakis-miscellaneous-works-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakipbekova2019" class="citation book cs1">Nakipbekova, Alfia (2019-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Exploring_Xenakis_Performance_Practice_P/jJCRDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Exploring Xenakis: Performance, Practice, Philosophy</i></a>. Vernon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-657-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-657-7"><bdi>978-1-62273-657-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Xenakis%3A+Performance%2C+Practice%2C+Philosophy&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-62273-657-7&rft.aulast=Nakipbekova&rft.aufirst=Alfia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FExploring_Xenakis_Performance_Practice_P%2FjJCRDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmann2008" class="citation web cs1">Grossmann, Daniel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neos-music.com/product/iannis-xenakis-music-for-keyboard-instruments-realised-by-computer/">"Iannis Xenakis: Music for Keyboard Instruments – realised by computer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iannis+Xenakis%3A+Music+for+Keyboard+Instruments+%E2%80%93+realised+by+computer&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneos-music.com%2Fproduct%2Fiannis-xenakis-music-for-keyboard-instruments-realised-by-computer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaama+%28Xenakis%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Iannis_Xenakis" title="Template:Iannis Xenakis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iannis_Xenakis" title="Template talk:Iannis Xenakis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iannis_Xenakis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iannis Xenakis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iannis_Xenakis298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Iannis_Xenakis" title="List of compositions by Iannis Xenakis">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_chansons_pour_piano" title="Six chansons pour piano">Six chansons pour piano</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria_(Xenakis)" title="Anastenaria (Xenakis)">Anastenaria</a></i> (1952–1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metastaseis_(Xenakis)" title="Metastaseis (Xenakis)">Metastaseis</a></i> (1953–1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pithoprakta" title="Pithoprakta">Pithoprakta</a></i> (1955–1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamorphoses" title="Diamorphoses">Diamorphoses</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concret_PH" title="Concret PH">Concret PH</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herma_(Xenakis)" title="Herma (Xenakis)">Herma</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bohor_(Xenakis)" title="Bohor (Xenakis)">Bohor</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eonta" title="Eonta">Eonta</a></i> (1963–1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomos_Alpha" title="Nomos Alpha">Nomos Alpha</a></i> (1965–1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia_(Xenakis)" title="Oresteia (Xenakis)">Oresteia</a> (1965-1966)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polytope_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Polytope de Montréal">Polytope de Montréal</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraanerg" title="Kraanerg">Kraanerg</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persephassa_(Xenakis)" title="Persephassa (Xenakis)">Persephassa</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synapha%C3%AF" title="Synaphaï">Synaphaï</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antikhthon" title="Antikhthon">Antikhthon</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aroura_(Xenakis)" title="Aroura (Xenakis)">Aroura</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charisma_(Xenakis)" title="Charisma (Xenakis)">Charisma</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evryali" title="Evryali">Evryali</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psappha_(Xenakis)" title="Psappha (Xenakis)">Psappha</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_(Xenakis)" title="Phlegra (Xenakis)">Phlegra</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khoa%C3%AF_(Xenakis)" title="Khoaï (Xenakis)">Khoaï</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theraps_(Xenakis)" title="Theraps (Xenakis)">Theraps</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9%C3%AFades" title="Pléïades">Pléïades</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palimpsest_(Xenakis)" title="Palimpsest (Xenakis)">Palimpsest</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mists_(Xenakis)" title="Mists (Xenakis)">Mists</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFs_(Xenakis)" title="Aïs (Xenakis)">Aïs</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kombo%C3%AF" title="Komboï">Komboï</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naama</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keqrops" title="Keqrops">Keqrops</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_r._(Xenakis)" title="À r. (Xenakis)">à r.</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okho" title="Okho">Okho</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oophaa" title="Oophaa">Oophaa</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebonds_(Xenakis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebonds (Xenakis)">Rebonds</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troorkh" title="Troorkh">Troorkh</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectural design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation_of_Nantes-Rez%C3%A9" title="Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé">Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Pavilion" title="Philips Pavilion">Philips Pavilion</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte_Marie_de_La_Tourette" title="Sainte Marie de La Tourette">Sainte Marie de La Tourette</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_la_Culture_de_Firminy" title="Maison de la Culture de Firminy">Maison de la Culture de Firminy</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborators/influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Formalized_Music" title="Formalized Music">Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition</a></i> (1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCMIX" title="CCMIX">CCMIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPIC" title="UPIC">UPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">Indeterminacy in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Compositions_by_Iannis_Xenakis" title="Category:Compositions by Iannis Xenakis">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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