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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Kingship after the Neo-Babylonian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingship_after_the_Neo-Babylonian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_in_cuneiform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_in_cuneiform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Names in cuneiform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_in_cuneiform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_I_(Amorite),_1894–1595_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_I_(Amorite),_1894–1595_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Dynasty I (Amorite), 1894–1595 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_I_(Amorite),_1894–1595_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_II_(1st_Sealand),_1725–1475_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_II_(1st_Sealand),_1725–1475_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Dynasty II (1st Sealand), 1725–1475 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_II_(1st_Sealand),_1725–1475_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_III_(Kassite),_1729–1155_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_III_(Kassite),_1729–1155_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dynasty III (Kassite), 1729–1155 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_III_(Kassite),_1729–1155_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_IV_(2nd_Isin),_1153–1022_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_IV_(2nd_Isin),_1153–1022_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dynasty IV (2nd Isin), 1153–1022 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_IV_(2nd_Isin),_1153–1022_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_V_(2nd_Sealand),_1021–1001_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_V_(2nd_Sealand),_1021–1001_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dynasty V (2nd Sealand), 1021–1001 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_V_(2nd_Sealand),_1021–1001_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_VI_(Bazi),_1000–981_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_VI_(Bazi),_1000–981_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dynasty VI (Bazi), 1000–981 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_VI_(Bazi),_1000–981_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_VII_(Elamite),_980–975_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_VII_(Elamite),_980–975_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Dynasty VII (Elamite), 980–975 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_VII_(Elamite),_980–975_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_VIII_(E),_974–732_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_VIII_(E),_974–732_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Dynasty VIII (E), 974–732 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_VIII_(E),_974–732_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_IX_(Assyrian),_732–626_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_IX_(Assyrian),_732–626_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Dynasty IX (Assyrian), 732–626 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_IX_(Assyrian),_732–626_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_X_(Chaldean),_626–539_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_X_(Chaldean),_626–539_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Dynasty X (Chaldean), 626–539 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_X_(Chaldean),_626–539_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babylon_under_foreign_rule,_539_BC_–_AD_224" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babylon_under_foreign_rule,_539_BC_–_AD_224"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Babylon under foreign rule, 539 BC – AD 224 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Babylon_under_foreign_rule,_539_BC_–_AD_224-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Babylon under foreign rule, 539 BC – AD 224 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Babylon_under_foreign_rule,_539_BC_–_AD_224-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynasty_XI_(Achaemenid),_539–331_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_XI_(Achaemenid),_539–331_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Dynasty XI (Achaemenid), 539–331 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_XI_(Achaemenid),_539–331_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_XII_(Argead),_331–305_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_XII_(Argead),_331–305_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Dynasty XII (Argead), 331–305 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_XII_(Argead),_331–305_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_XIII_(Seleucid),_305–141_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_XIII_(Seleucid),_305–141_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Dynasty XIII (Seleucid), 305–141 BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_XIII_(Seleucid),_305–141_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_XIV_(Arsacid),_141_BC_–_AD_224" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_XIV_(Arsacid),_141_BC_–_AD_224"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Dynasty XIV (Arsacid), 141 BC – AD 224 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_XIV_(Arsacid),_141_BC_–_AD_224-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of kings of Babylon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A2%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD" title="የባቢሎን ነገሥታት ዝርዝር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የባቢሎን ነገሥታት ዝርዝር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ملوك بابل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملوك بابل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бабил батшалары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бабил батшалары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Списък на вавилонските царе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Списък на вавилонските царе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_dels_reis_de_Babil%C3%B2nia" title="Llista dels reis de Babilònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista dels reis de Babilònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_babylonsk%C3%BDch_kr%C3%A1l%C5%AF" title="Seznam babylonských králů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam babylonských králů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_babylonischen_K%C3%B6nige" title="Liste der babylonischen Könige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der babylonischen Könige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Reyes_de_Babilonia" title="Anexo:Reyes de Babilonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Reyes de Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="فهرست شاهان بابل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست شاهان بابل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_de_Babylone" title="Liste des souverains de Babylone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des souverains de Babylone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_reis_de_Babilonia" title="Lista de reis de Babilonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lista de reis de Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A1%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%99%95" title="바빌론의 왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바빌론의 왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_reale_babilonese" title="Lista reale babilonese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lista reale babilonese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%9C" title="מלכי בבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלכי בבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაბილონის მეფეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაბილონის მეფეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Babilonijos_karaliai" title="Sąrašas:Babilonijos karaliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Babilonijos karaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilon_kir%C3%A1lyainak_list%C3%A1ja" title="Babilon királyainak listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Babilon királyainak listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_koningen_van_Babyloni%C3%AB" title="Lijst van koningen van Babylonië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van koningen van Babylonië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konger_av_Babylonia" title="Konger av Babylonia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konger av Babylonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_dei_r%C3%A8is_de_Babil%C3%B2nia" title="Lista dei rèis de Babilònia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lista dei rèis de Babilònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%84%DA%93" title="د بابل د پاچاهانو نوملړ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بابل د پاچاهانو نوملړ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w_babilo%C5%84skich" title="Lista królów babilońskich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lista królów babilońskich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_reis_da_Babil%C3%B4nia" title="Lista de reis da Babilônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de reis da Babilônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_regilor_Babilonului" title="Lista regilor Babilonului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista regilor Babilonului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Вавилонские цари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вавилонские цари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_babilonskih_kraljev" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amorite_dynasty&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">Amorite dynasty</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">King of Babylon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">šakkanakki Bābili šar Bābili</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamash-sun-symbol_(3_rays).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shamash-sun-symbol_%283_rays%29.svg/100px-Shamash-sun-symbol_%283_rays%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shamash-sun-symbol_%283_rays%29.svg/150px-Shamash-sun-symbol_%283_rays%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shamash-sun-symbol_%283_rays%29.svg/200px-Shamash-sun-symbol_%283_rays%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Stylised version of the star of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Harran_Stela.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Harran_Stela.png/200px-Harran_Stela.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Harran_Stela.png/300px-Harran_Stela.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Harran_Stela.png/400px-Harran_Stela.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Last native king <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> 25 May 556 BC – 13 October 539 BC</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> (last native king) <a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (last native rebel) <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> (last foreign ruler attested as king) <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> (last Parthian king in Babylonia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1894 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolition</th><td class="infobox-data">539 BC (last native king) 484 BC or 336/335 BC (last native rebel) AD 81 (last foreign ruler attested as king) AD 224 (last Parthian king in Babylonia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Various: <ul><li>Election by the Babylonian priesthood or aristocracy</li> <li>Hereditary inheritance</li> <li>Usurpation/conquest of Babylon</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table>The king of Babylon (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: šakkanakki Bābili, later also šar Bābili) was the ruler of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and its kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, which existed as an independent realm from the 19th century BC to its fall in the 6th century BC. For the majority of its existence as an independent kingdom, Babylon ruled most of southern Mesopotamia, composed of the ancient regions of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad (region)">Akkad</a>. The city experienced two major periods of ascendancy, when Babylonian kings rose to dominate large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>: the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a> (or Old Babylonian Empire, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1894/1880–1595 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Babylonian Empire">Second Babylonian Empire</a> (or Neo-Babylonian Empire, 626–539 BC). Babylon was ruled by Hammurabi, who created the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>. Many of Babylon's kings were of foreign origin. Throughout the city's nearly two-thousand year history, it was ruled by kings of native Babylonian (Akkadian), <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> origin. A king's cultural and ethnic background does not appear to have been important for the Babylonian perception of kingship, the important matter instead being whether the king was capable of executing the duties traditionally ascribed to the Babylonian king: establishing peace and security, upholding justice, honouring civil rights, refraining from unlawful taxation, respecting religious traditions, constructing temples, providing gifts to the gods in the temples and maintaining cultic order. Babylonian revolts of independence during the times the city was ruled by foreign empires probably had little to do with the rulers of these empires not being Babylonians and more to do with the rulers rarely visiting Babylon and failing to partake in the city's rituals and traditions. Babylon's last native king was <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>, who reigned from 556 to 539 BC. Nabonidus's rule was ended through Babylon being conquered by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Though early Achaemenid kings continued to place importance on Babylon and continued using the title 'king of Babylon', later Achaemenid rulers being ascribed the title is probably only something done by the Babylonians themselves, with the kings themselves having abandoned it. Babylonian scribes continued to recognise rulers of the empires that controlled Babylonia as their kings until the time of the Parthian Empire, when Babylon was gradually abandoned. Though Babylon never regained independence after the Achaemenid conquest, there were several attempts by the Babylonians to drive out their foreign rulers and re-establish their kingdom, possibly as late as 336/335 BC under the rebel <a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_titles">Royal titles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Royal titles">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Akkadian royal titulary</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_(Babylonian).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian%29.png/220px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian%29.png/330px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian%29.png/440px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian%29.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="148" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_(Babylonian_-_variant_1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_1%29.png/220px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_1%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_1%29.png/330px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_1%29.png/440px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_(Babylonian_-_variant_2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_2%29.png/220px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_2%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_2%29.png/330px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_2%29.png/440px-King_of_Babylon_in_Akkadian_%28Babylonian_-_variant_2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="151" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Three different attested spellings in Neo-Babylonian Akkadian cuneiform for the title 'king of Babylon' (šar Bābili). The topmost rendition follows the <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a>, the other two follow building inscriptions by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 605–562 BC).</div></div></div></div> Throughout the city's long history, various titles were used to designate the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and its kingdom, the most common titles being 'viceroy of Babylon', 'king of <a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniash</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">king of Sumer and Akkad</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201723-3">[2]</a> Use of one of the titles did not mean that the others could not be used simultaneously. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 729–727 BC in Babylon), used all three of the aforementioned titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201724-4">[3]</a> <ul><li>Viceroy (or governor) of Babylon (šakkanakki Bābili)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-5">[4]</a> – emphasises the political dominion of Babylon itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201723-3">[2]</a> For much of the city's history, its rulers referred to themselves as viceroys or governors, rather than kings. The reason for this was that Babylon's true king was formally considered to be its national deity, <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. By not explicitly claiming the royal title, Babylonian rulers thus showed reverence to the city's god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249-6">[5]</a> The reign of the Neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 705–681 BC) has been noted as a particular break in this tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249-6">[5]</a> as he assumed the title king of Babylon (šar Bābili),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011260-7">[6]</a> which may have contributed to widespread negative reception of him in Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249-6">[5]</a> However, šar Bābili is recorded as being used in some inscriptions from before Sennacherib's time, such as in the inscriptions of his father and predecessor <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 710–705 BC in Babylon), who used it interchangeably with šakkanakki Bābili.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-5">[4]</a> Though Sennacherib's successors would primarily use šakkanakki Bābili,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201728-8">[7]</a> there are likewise examples of them instead using šar Bābili.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176,_11-9">[8]</a> These titles would also be used interchangeably by the later Neo-Babylonian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201468-10">[9]</a></li> <li>King of Karduniash (šar Karduniaš)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-11">[10]</a> – refers to rule of southern Mesopotamia as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201723-3">[2]</a> 'Karduniash' was the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> name for the Babylonian kingdom, and the title 'king of Karduniash' was introduced by the city's third dynasty (the Kassites).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201722-12">[11]</a> The title continued to be used long after the Kassites had lost control of Babylon, for instance as late as under the native king <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  900–888 BC)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Meer195542-13">[12]</a> and the Neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 681–669 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201728-8">[7]</a></li> <li>King of Sumer and Akkad (šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-14">[13]</a> – refers to rule of southern Mesopotamia as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201723-3">[2]</a> A title originally used by the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2112–2004 BC), centuries prior to Babylon's foundation. The title was used by kings to connect themselves to the culture and legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkadian</a> civilizations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201721-15">[14]</a> as well as to lay claim to the political hegemony achieved during the ancient <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>. The title was also a geographical one, in that southern Mesopotamia was typically divided into the two regions Sumer (the south) and Akkad (the north), meaning that 'king of Sumer and Akkad' referred to rulership over the entire country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201722-12">[11]</a> The title was used by the Babylonian kings until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> in 539 BC, and was also assumed by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who conquered Babylon and ruled Babylonia until his death in 530 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeat1989199-16">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_and_legitimacy">Role and legitimacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role and legitimacy">edit</a>]</div> The Babylonian kings derived their right to rule from divine appointment by Babylon's patron deity Marduk and through consecration by the city's priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20193-17">[16]</a> Marduk's main cult image (often conflated with the god himself), the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">statue of Marduk</a>, was prominently used in the coronation rituals for the kings, who received their crowns "out of the hands" of Marduk during the <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">New Year's festival</a>, symbolizing them being bestowed with kingship by the deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186-18">[17]</a> The king's rule and his role as Marduk's vassal on Earth were reaffirmed annually at this time of year, when the king entered the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a>, Babylon's main cult temple, alone on the fifth day of the New Year's Festival each year and met with the high priest. The high priest removed the <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> from the king, slapped him across the face and made him kneel before Marduk's statue. The king would then tell the statue that he had not oppressed his people and that he had maintained order throughout the year, whereafter the high priest would reply (on behalf of Marduk) that the king could continue to enjoy divine support for his rule, returning the royal regalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaingFrost2017-19">[18]</a> Through being a patron of Babylon's temples, the king extended his generosity towards the Mesopotamian gods, who in turn empowered his rule and lent him their authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20193-17">[16]</a> Babylonian kings were expected to establish peace and security, uphold justice, honor civil rights, refrain from unlawful taxation, respect religious traditions and maintain cultic order. None of the king's responsibilities and duties required him to be ethnically or even culturally Babylonian. Any foreigner sufficiently familiar with the royal customs of Babylonia could adopt the title, though they might then require the assistance of the native priesthood and the native scribes. Ethnicity and culture does not appear to have been important in the Babylonian perception of kingship: many foreign kings enjoyed support from the Babylonians and several native kings were despised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20194-20">[19]</a> That the rule of some foreign kings was not supported by the Babylonians probably has little to do with their ethnic or cultural background, but rather that they were perceived as not properly executing the traditional duties of the Babylonian king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20193–7-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasties">Dynasties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dynasties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynasty_of_Babylon_(1st_dynasty)_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dynasty_of_Babylon_%281st_dynasty%29_in_Akkadian.png/220px-Dynasty_of_Babylon_%281st_dynasty%29_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dynasty_of_Babylon_%281st_dynasty%29_in_Akkadian.png/330px-Dynasty_of_Babylon_%281st_dynasty%29_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Dynasty_of_Babylon_%281st_dynasty%29_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="52" /></a><figcaption>The name of Babylon's first dynasty (palû Babili, simply 'dynasty of Babylon') in Neo-Babylonian Akkadian cuneiform</figcaption></figure> As with other monarchies, the kings of Babylon are grouped into a series of royal dynasties, a practice started by the ancient Babylonians themselves in their king lists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014208-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">[22]</a> The generally accepted Babylonian dynasties should not be understood as familial groupings in the same vein as the term is commonly used by historians for ruling families in later kingdoms and empires. Though Babylon's first dynasty did form a dynastic grouping where all monarchs were related, the dynasties of the first millennium BC, notably the Dynasty of E, did not constitute a series of coherent familial relationships at all. In a Babylonian sense, the term dynasty, rendered as palû or palê, related to a sequence of monarchs from the same ethnic or tribal group (i.e. the Kassite dynasty), the same region (i.e. the dynasties of the Sealand) or the same city (i.e. the dynasties of Babylon and Isin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">[22]</a> In some cases, kings known to be genealogically related, such as <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 769–760 BC) and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 722–710 BC and 703 BC), were separated into different dynasties, the former designated as belonging to the Dynasty of E and the latter as belonging to the (Third) Sealand dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014210-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lista_dei_re_di_Uruk_(Tavoletta).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lista_dei_re_di_Uruk_%28Tavoletta%29.jpg/220px-Lista_dei_re_di_Uruk_%28Tavoletta%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lista_dei_re_di_Uruk_%28Tavoletta%29.jpg/330px-Lista_dei_re_di_Uruk_%28Tavoletta%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lista_dei_re_di_Uruk_%28Tavoletta%29.jpg/440px-Lista_dei_re_di_Uruk_%28Tavoletta%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk_King_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk King List (page does not exist)">Uruk King List</a>, recording rulers of Babylon from <a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 648–627 BC) to <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 246–225 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_King_List_BM_35603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hellenistic_King_List_BM_35603.jpg/220px-Hellenistic_King_List_BM_35603.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hellenistic_King_List_BM_35603.jpg/330px-Hellenistic_King_List_BM_35603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hellenistic_King_List_BM_35603.jpg/440px-Hellenistic_King_List_BM_35603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="2722" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty#Seleucid_rulers" title="Seleucid dynasty">Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period</a>, recording rulers of Babylon from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 331–323 in Babylon) to <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 145–141 BC in Babylon)</figcaption></figure> Among all the different types of documents uncovered through excavations in Mesopotamia, the most important for reconstructions of chronology and political history are king-lists and chronicles, grouped together under the term 'chronographic texts'. Mesopotamian king lists are of special importance when reconstructing the sequences of monarchs, as they are collections of royal names and regnal dates, also often with additional information such as the relations between the kings, arranged in a table format. In terms of Babylonian rulers, the main document is the Babylonian King List (BKL), a group of three independent documents: Babylonian King List A, B, and C. In addition to the main Babylonian King Lists, there are also additional king-lists that record rulers of Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20201–2-25">[24]</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_King_List_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian King List A (page does not exist)">Babylonian King List A</a> (BKLa, BM 33332)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202,_4-26">[25]</a> — created at some point after the foundation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Babylonian King List A records the kings of Babylon from the beginning of Babylon's first dynasty under <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1894–1881 BC) to <a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 648–627 BC). The end of the tablet is broken off, suggesting that it originally listed rulers after Kandalanu as well, possibly also listing the kings of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. All dynasties are separated by horizontal lines, under which subscript records a sum of the regnal years of each dynasty, and the number of kings the dynasties produced. Written in Neo-Babylonian script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20204-27">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_King_List_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian King List B (page does not exist)">Babylonian King List B</a> (BKLb, BM 38122)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202,_4-26">[25]</a> — date of origin uncertain, written in Neo-Babylonian script. Babylonian King List B records the kings of Babylon's first dynasty, and the kings of the First Sealand dynasty, with subscripts recording the number of kings and their summed up reigns in these dynasties. Regnal years are recorded for the kings of the first dynasty, but omitted for the kings of the Sealand dynasty. The regnal years used for the kings are inconsistent with their actual reign lengths, possibly due to the author having copied the list from a document where the years had been lost or damaged. The list records genealogical information for all but two of the kings of the first dynasty, but only for two of the kings of the Sealand dynasty. Because the document is essentially two lists for two dynasties, it is possible that it was copied and extracted from longer king lists in the late period for some unknown purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20204-27">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_King_List_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian King List C (page does not exist)">Babylonian King List C</a> (BKLc)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202-28">[27]</a> — a short text,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoebel19551-29">[28]</a> written in Neo-Babylonian script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20204-27">[26]</a> King List C is important as a source on the second dynasty of Isin, as the first seven lines of the preserved nine lines of text provide a portion of the sequence of kings of this dynasty and their dates. The corresponding section in Babylonian King List A is incompletely preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoebel19551-29">[28]</a> As the list ends with the Isin dynasty's seventh king, <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1081–1069 BC), it is possible that it was written during the reign of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1068–1047 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20204-27">[26]</a> Its short length and unusual shape (being curved rather than flat)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoebel19551-29">[28]</a> means that it might have been a practice tablet used by a young Babylonian student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20204-27">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronistic_King_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synchronistic King List (page does not exist)">Synchronistic King List</a> (ScKL)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20205-30">[29]</a> — a collection of individual tablets and examplars. The Synchronistic King List features two columns, and records the kings of Babylon and Assyria together, with kings recorded next to each other presumably being contemporaries. Unlike most of the other documents, this list generally omits regnal years and any genealogical information, but it also differs in including many of the chief scribes under the Assyrian and Babylonian kings. The tablet with the earliest known portion of the list begins with the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> (uncertain regnal dates) and the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1880–1845 BC). The latest known portion ends with <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 631–627 BC) in Assyria and Kandalanu in Babylon. As it is written in Neo-Assyrian script, it might have been created near the end of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20205–8-31">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk_King_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk King List (page does not exist)">Uruk King List</a> (UKL, IM 65066)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202-28">[27]</a> — the preserved portion of this king list records rulers from Kandalanu in the Assyrian period to <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 246–225 BC) in the Seleucid period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202-28">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_King_List_of_the_Hellenistic_Period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period (page does not exist)">Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period</a> (BM 35603)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202-28">[27]</a> — written at Babylon at some point after 141 BC, recording rulers from the start of Hellenistic rule in Babylonia under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 331–323 in Babylon),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachsWiseman1954202-32">[31]</a> to the end of <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> rule under <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 145–141 BC in Babylon) and the conquest of Babylonia by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachsWiseman1954209-33">[32]</a> Entries before <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 305–281 BC) and after <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 175–164 BC) are damaged and fragmentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachsWiseman1954204–205,_209-34">[33]</a></li></ul> As years in Babylon were named after the current king, and the current year of their reign, date formulas in economic, astronomical and literary cuneiform texts written in Babylonia also provide highly important and useful chronological data.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachsWiseman1954201-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Spek199395-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingship_after_the_Neo-Babylonian_Empire">Kingship after the Neo-Babylonian Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kingship after the Neo-Babylonian Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Artaxerxes_I_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Relief_Artaxerxes_I_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Relief of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 465–424 BC), the last of the Achaemenid kings to officially use the title 'king of Babylon'</figcaption></figure> In addition to the king lists described above, cuneiform inscriptions and tablets confidently establish that the Babylonians continued to recognise the foreign rulers of Babylonia as their legitimate monarchs after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and throughout the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> (539–331 BC), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Argead</a> (331–310 BC), and Seleucid (305–141 BC) empires, as well as well into the rule of the Parthian Empire (141 BC – AD 224).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii-37">[36]</a> Early Achaemenid kings greatly respected Babylonian culture and history, and regarded Babylonia as a separate entity or kingdom united with their own kingdom in something akin to a personal union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186-18">[17]</a> Despite this, the Babylonians would grow to resent Achaemenid rule, just as they had resented Assyrian rule during the time their country was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (722–626 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186-18">[17]</a> Babylonian resentment of the Achaemenids likely had little to do with the Achaemenids being foreigners, but rather that the Achaemenid kings were perceived to not be capable of executing the duties of the Babylonian king properly, in line with established Babylonian tradition. This perception then led to frequent Babylonian revolts, an issue experienced by both the Assyrians and the Achaemenids. Since the capitals of the Assyrian and Achaemenid empires were elsewhere, these foreign kings did not regularly partake in the city's rituals (meaning that they could not be celebrated in the same way that they traditionally were) and they rarely performed their traditional duties to the Babylonian cults through constructing temples and presenting cultic gifts to the city's gods. This failure might have been interpreted as the kings thus not having the necessary divine endorsement to be considered true kings of Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20196–7-38">[37]</a> The standard regnal title used by the early Achaemenid kings, not only in Babylon but throughout their empire, was 'king of Babylon and king of the lands'. The Babylonian title was gradually abandoned by the Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 486–465 BC), after he had to put down a major Babylonian uprising. Xerxes also divided the previously large Babylonian satrapy into smaller sub-units and, according to some sources, damaged the city itself in an act of retribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186-18">[17]</a> The last Achaemenid king whose own royal inscriptions officially used the title 'king of Babylon' was Xerxes I's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 465–424 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggers20183-39">[38]</a> After Artaxerxes I's rule there are few examples of monarchs themselves using the title, though the Babylonians continued to ascribe it to their rulers. The only known official explicit use of 'king of Babylon' by a king during the Seleucid period can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a>, a clay cylinder containing a text wherein <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 281–261 BC) calls himself, and his father Seleucus I Nicator (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 305–281 BC), by the title 'king of Babylon', alongside various other ancient Mesopotamian titles and honorifics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwin-White199175–77-40">[39]</a> The Seleucid kings continued to respect Babylonian traditions and culture, with several Seleucid kings recorded as having "given gifts to Marduk" in Babylon and the New Year's Festival still being recorded as a contemporary event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover2011204-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201659-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin2014192-43">[42]</a> One of the last times the festival is known to have been celebrated was in 188 BC, under the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 222–187 BC), who prominently partook in the rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosmin2014192-43">[42]</a> From the Hellenistic period (i. e. the rule of the Greek Argeads and Seleucids) onwards, Greek culture became established in Babylonia, but per Oelsner (2014), the Hellenistic culture "did not deeply penetrate the ancient Babylonian culture, that persisted to exist in certain domains and areas until the 2nd c. AD".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOelsner2014297-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Artabanus_III_of_Parthia_(cropped),_Seleucia_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coin_of_Artabanus_III_of_Parthia_%28cropped%29%2C_Seleucia_mint.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Artabanus_III_of_Parthia_%28cropped%29%2C_Seleucia_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Coin_of_Artabanus_III_of_Parthia_%28cropped%29%2C_Seleucia_mint.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> AD 79/80–81), the last known ruler who is attested as king in Babylonian texts</figcaption></figure> Under the Parthian Empire, Babylon was gradually abandoned as a major urban centre and the old Babylonian culture diminished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Spek2001449-45">[44]</a> The nearby and newer imperial capitals cities of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> overshadowed the ancient city and became the seats of power in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200877-46">[45]</a> Babylon was still important in the first century or so of Parthian rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Spek2001449-45">[44]</a> and cuneiform tablets continued to recognise the rule of the Parthian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Spek2001451-47">[46]</a> The standard title formula applied to the Parthian kings in Babylonian documents was "ar-ša-kâ LUGAL.LUGAL.MEŠ" (Aršakâ šar šarrāni, "Arsaces, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">king of kings</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoiy2004187-48">[47]</a> Several tablets from the Parthian period also in their date formulae mention the queen of the incumbent Parthian king, alongside the king, the first time women were officially recognised as monarchs of Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOelsner1964272-49">[48]</a> The few documents that survive from Babylon in the Parthian period indicate a growing sense of alarm and alienation in Babylon as the Parthian kings were mostly absent from the city and the Babylonians noticed their culture slowly slipping away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaubold2019276-50">[49]</a> When exactly Babylon was abandoned is unclear. The Roman author <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote in AD 50 that proximity to Seleucia had turned Babylon into a "barren waste" and during their campaigns in the east, Roman emperors <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (in AD 115) and <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (in AD 199) supposedly found the city destroyed and deserted. Archaeological evidence and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Abba_Arikha" title="Abba Arikha">Abba Arikha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  AD 219) indicate that at least the temples of Babylon may still have been active in the early 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200877-46">[45]</a> If any remnants of the old Babylonian culture still existed at that point, they would have been decisively wiped out as the result of religious reforms in the early <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  AD 230.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200764-51">[50]</a> Due to a shortage of sources, and the timing of Babylon's abandonment being unknown, the last ruler recognised by the Babylonians as king is not known. The latest known cuneiform tablet is W22340a, found at <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and dated to AD 79/80. The tablet preserves the word LUGAL (king), indicating that the Babylonians by this point still recognised a king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerde_Jong2014182–185-52">[51]</a> At this time, Babylonia was ruled by the Parthian rival king (i. e. usurper) <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986647–650-53">[52]</a> Modern historians are divided on where the line of monarchs ends. Spar and Lambert (2005) did not include any rulers beyond the first century AD in their list of kings recognised by the Babylonians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii-37">[36]</a> but Beaulieu (2018) considered 'Dynasty XIV of Babylon' (his designation for the Parthians as rulers of the city) to have lasted until the end of Parthian rule of Babylonia in the early 3rd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_in_cuneiform">Names in cuneiform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Names in cuneiform">edit</a>]</div> The list below includes the names of all the kings in Akkadian, as well as how the Akkadian names were rendered in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> signs. Up until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1359–1333 BC) of the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite dynasty</a> (Dynasty III), <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> was the dominant language for use in inscriptions and official documents, with Akkadian eclipsing it under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1332–1308 BC), and thereafter replacing Sumerian in inscriptions and documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018144-55">[54]</a> For consistency purposes, and because several kings and their names are known only from king lists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018125–130,_176–177,_185-56">[55]</a> which were written in Akkadian centuries after Burnaburiash II's reign, this list solely uses Akkadian, rather than Sumerian, for the royal names, though this is anachronistic for rulers before Burnaburiash II. It is not uncommon for there to be several different spellings of the same name in Akkadian, even when referring to the same individual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200385-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch201214-58">[57]</a> To examplify this, the table below presents two ways the name of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 605–562 BC) was spelt in Akkadian (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur). The list of kings below uses more concise spellings when possible, primarily based on the renditions of names in date formulae and king lists. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="40%">Concise spelling (king lists) </th> <th width="60%">Elaborate spelling (building inscriptions) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/140px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/280px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="97" /></a> Nabû - kudurri - uṣur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertin189150-59">[58]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian_(long_version).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian_%28long_version%29.png/315px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian_%28long_version%29.png" decoding="async" width="315" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian_%28long_version%29.png/473px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian_%28long_version%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian_%28long_version%29.png/630px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian_%28long_version%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="72" /></a> Na - bi - um - ku - du - ur - ri - u - ṣu - ur<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge188469-60">[59]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Even if the same spelling is used, there were also several different scripts of cuneiform signs: a name, even if spelt the same, looks considerably different in Old Babylonian signs compared to Neo-Babylonian signs or Neo-Assyrian signs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeresko200132-61">[60]</a> The table below presents different variants, depending on the signs used, of the name Antiochus in Akkadian (Antiʾukusu). The list of kings below uses Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian signs, given that those scripts are the signs primarily used in the king lists. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">Date formulae (Neo-Babylonian signs) </th> <th width="25%">Antiochus cylinder<a href="#cite_note-63">[b]</a> </th> <th width="25%">Antiochus cylinder (Neo-Babylonian signs) </th> <th width="25%">Antiochus cylinder (Neo-Assyrian signs) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/160px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/240px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/320px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> An - ti - ʾ - i - ku - su<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrassmaier1888137-64">[62]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian_(Antiochus_cylinder).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_cylinder%29.png/169px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_cylinder%29.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_cylinder%29.png/254px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_cylinder%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_cylinder%29.png/338px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_cylinder%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="131" /></a> An - ti - ʾ - ku - us<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge188494-65">[63]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian_(Antiochus_Cylinder_-_ordinary_Babylonian).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_ordinary_Babylonian%29.png/151px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_ordinary_Babylonian%29.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_ordinary_Babylonian%29.png/227px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_ordinary_Babylonian%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_ordinary_Babylonian%29.png/302px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_ordinary_Babylonian%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="138" /></a> An - ti - ʾ - ku - us<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge188497-66">[64]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian_(Antiochus_Cylinder_-_Assyrian).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_Assyrian%29.png/166px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_Assyrian%29.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_Assyrian%29.png/249px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_Assyrian%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_Assyrian%29.png/332px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian_%28Antiochus_Cylinder_-_Assyrian%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="134" /></a> An - ti - ʾ - ku - us<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge188497-66">[64]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_I_(Amorite),_1894–1595_BC">Dynasty I (Amorite), 1894–1595 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dynasty I (Amorite), 1894–1595 BC">edit</a>]</div> Per BKLb, the native name for this dynasty was simply palû Babili ('dynasty of Babylon').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812-67">[65]</a> To differentiate it from the other dynasties that later ruled Babylon, modern historians often refer to this dynasty as the 'First Dynasty of Babylon'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812-67">[65]</a> Some historians refer to this dynasty as the 'Amorite dynasty'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206-68">[66]</a> on account of the kings being of <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201867-69">[67]</a> While the king list gives a regnal length of 31 years for the final king, Samsu-Ditana, the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layer</a> at Babylon is dated to his 26th year and no later sources have been found.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a><a href="#cite_note-Sumu-abum-72">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sumu-abum_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sumu-abum_in_Akkadian.png/90px-Sumu-abum_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sumu-abum_in_Akkadian.png/135px-Sumu-abum_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sumu-abum_in_Akkadian.png/180px-Sumu-abum_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="96" /></a> Šumu-abum </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1894 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1881 BC </td> <td>First king of Babylon in BKLa and BKLb </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sumu-la-El_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sumu-la-El_in_Akkadian.png/99px-Sumu-la-El_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sumu-la-El_in_Akkadian.png/149px-Sumu-la-El_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sumu-la-El_in_Akkadian.png/198px-Sumu-la-El_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="96" /></a> Šumu-la-El </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1880 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1845 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sabium_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sabium_in_Akkadian.png/66px-Sabium_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sabium_in_Akkadian.png/99px-Sabium_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sabium_in_Akkadian.png/132px-Sabium_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="98" /></a> Sabūm </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1844 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1831 BC </td> <td>Son of Sumu-la-El </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Apil-Sin_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apil-Sin_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Apil-Sin_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apil-Sin_in_Akkadian.png/158px-Apil-Sin_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Apil-Sin_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Apil-Sin_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="96" /></a> Apil-Sîn </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1830 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1813 BC </td> <td>Son of Sabium </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sin-Muballit_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sin-Muballit_in_Akkadian.png/114px-Sin-Muballit_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sin-Muballit_in_Akkadian.png/171px-Sin-Muballit_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sin-Muballit_in_Akkadian.png/228px-Sin-Muballit_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="100" /></a> Sîn-Muballit </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1812 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1793 BC </td> <td>Son of Apil-Sin </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hammurabi_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hammurabi_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Hammurabi_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hammurabi_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Hammurabi_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hammurabi_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Hammurabi_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="98" /></a> Ḫammu-rāpi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1792 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1750 BC </td> <td>Son of Sin-Muballit </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samsu-Iluna_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsu-Iluna_in_Akkadian.png/125px-Samsu-Iluna_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsu-Iluna_in_Akkadian.png/188px-Samsu-Iluna_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsu-Iluna_in_Akkadian.png/250px-Samsu-Iluna_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="99" /></a> Šamšu-iluna </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1749 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1712 BC </td> <td>Son of Hammurabi </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Abi-Eshuh_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Abi-Eshuh_in_Akkadian.png/68px-Abi-Eshuh_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Abi-Eshuh_in_Akkadian.png/102px-Abi-Eshuh_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Abi-Eshuh_in_Akkadian.png/136px-Abi-Eshuh_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="99" /></a> Abī-Ešuḫ </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1711 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1684 BC </td> <td>Son of Samsu-iluna </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ammi-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ammi-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png/125px-Ammi-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ammi-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png/188px-Ammi-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ammi-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png/250px-Ammi-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="98" /></a> Ammi-ditāna </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1683 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1647 BC </td> <td>Son of Abi-Eshuh </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ammi-Saduqa_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ammi-Saduqa_in_Akkadian.png/122px-Ammi-Saduqa_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ammi-Saduqa_in_Akkadian.png/183px-Ammi-Saduqa_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ammi-Saduqa_in_Akkadian.png/244px-Ammi-Saduqa_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="100" /></a> Ammi-Saduqa </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1646 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1626 BC </td> <td>Son of Ammi-Ditana </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samsu-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Samsu-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png/154px-Samsu-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Samsu-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png/231px-Samsu-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Samsu-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png/308px-Samsu-Ditana_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="104" /></a> Šamšu-ditāna </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1625 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1595 BC </td> <td>Son of Ammi-Saduqa </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu201869-73">[70]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_II_(1st_Sealand),_1725–1475_BC">Dynasty II (1st Sealand), 1725–1475 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dynasty II (1st Sealand), 1725–1475 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">First Sealand dynasty</a></div> Both BKLa and BKLb refer to this dynasty as palû Urukug ('dynasty of Urukug'). Presumably, the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urukug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urukug (page does not exist)">Urukug</a> was the dynasty's point of origin. Some literary sources refer to some of the kings of this dynasty as 'kings of the Sealand', and thus modern historians refer to it as a dynasty of the Sealand. The designation as the first Sealand dynasty differentiates it from Dynasty V, which the Babylonians actually referred to as a 'dynasty of the Sealand'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812-67">[65]</a> This dynasty overlaps with Dynasty I and Dynasty III, with these kings actually ruling the region south of Babylon (the Sealand) rather than Babylon itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">[22]</a> For instance, the king Gulkishar of this dynasty was actually a contemporary of Dynasty I's last king, Samsu-Ditana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018131-74">[71]</a> It is possible that the dynasty was included in Babylon's dynastic history by later scribes either because it controlled Babylon for a time, because it controlled or strongly influenced parts of Babylonia or because it was the most stable power of its time in Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201846-75">[72]</a> The dates listed below are highly uncertain, and follow the timespan listed for the dynasty in Beaulieu (2018), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1725–1475 BC, with the individual dates based the lengths of the reigns of the kings, also as given by Beaulieu (2018).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018129-76">[73]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ilum-ma-ili_(chronicle_of_early_kings).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ilum-ma-ili_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/64px-Ilum-ma-ili_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ilum-ma-ili_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/96px-Ilum-ma-ili_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ilum-ma-ili_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/128px-Ilum-ma-ili_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="68" /></a> Ilum-ma-ilī </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1725 BC </td> <td>?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Itti-ili-nibi_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Itti-ili-nibi_in_Akkadian.png/85px-Itti-ili-nibi_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Itti-ili-nibi_in_Akkadian.png/128px-Itti-ili-nibi_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Itti-ili-nibi_in_Akkadian.png/170px-Itti-ili-nibi_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="97" /></a> Itti-ili-nībī </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...<a href="#cite_note-79">[d]</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-80">[e]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201837-78">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Damqi-ilishu_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Damqi-ilishu_in_Akkadian.png/115px-Damqi-ilishu_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Damqi-ilishu_in_Akkadian.png/173px-Damqi-ilishu_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Damqi-ilishu_in_Akkadian.png/230px-Damqi-ilishu_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="104" /></a> Damqi-ilišu </td> <td colspan="2">[26 years(?)] </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ishkibal_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ishkibal_in_Akkadian.png/83px-Ishkibal_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ishkibal_in_Akkadian.png/125px-Ishkibal_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ishkibal_in_Akkadian.png/166px-Ishkibal_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="98" /></a> Iškibal </td> <td colspan="2">[15 years] </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shushushi_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Shushushi_in_Akkadian.png/87px-Shushushi_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Shushushi_in_Akkadian.png/131px-Shushushi_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Shushushi_in_Akkadian.png/174px-Shushushi_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="101" /></a> Šušši </td> <td colspan="2">[24 years] </td> <td>Brother of Ishkibal </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gulkishar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gulkishar_in_Akkadian.png/70px-Gulkishar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gulkishar_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Gulkishar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gulkishar_in_Akkadian.png/140px-Gulkishar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="102" /></a> Gulkišar </td> <td colspan="2">[55 years] </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mDIŠ-U-EN<a href="#cite_note-81">[f]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sealand_King_Unknown_Reading.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sealand_King_Unknown_Reading.png/68px-Sealand_King_Unknown_Reading.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sealand_King_Unknown_Reading.png/102px-Sealand_King_Unknown_Reading.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sealand_King_Unknown_Reading.png/136px-Sealand_King_Unknown_Reading.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="100" /></a> [Uncertain reading] </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Peshgaldaramesh_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peshgaldaramesh_in_Akkadian.png/101px-Peshgaldaramesh_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peshgaldaramesh_in_Akkadian.png/152px-Peshgaldaramesh_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peshgaldaramesh_in_Akkadian.png/202px-Peshgaldaramesh_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="98" /></a> Pešgaldarameš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1599 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1549 BC </td> <td>Son of Gulkishar </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ayadaragalama_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ayadaragalama_in_Akkadian.png/106px-Ayadaragalama_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ayadaragalama_in_Akkadian.png/159px-Ayadaragalama_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ayadaragalama_in_Akkadian.png/212px-Ayadaragalama_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="98" /></a> Ayadaragalama </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1548 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1520 BC </td> <td>Son of Peshgaldaramesh </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Akurduana_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Akurduana_in_Akkadian.png/100px-Akurduana_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Akurduana_in_Akkadian.png/150px-Akurduana_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Akurduana_in_Akkadian.png/200px-Akurduana_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="102" /></a> Akurduana </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1519 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1493 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Melamkurkurra_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Melamkurkurra_in_Akkadian.png/119px-Melamkurkurra_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Melamkurkurra_in_Akkadian.png/179px-Melamkurkurra_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Melamkurkurra_in_Akkadian.png/238px-Melamkurkurra_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="98" /></a> Melamkurkurra </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1492 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1485 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ea-gamil_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ea-gamil_in_Akkadian.png/120px-Ea-gamil_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ea-gamil_in_Akkadian.png/180px-Ea-gamil_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ea-gamil_in_Akkadian.png/240px-Ea-gamil_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="100" /></a> Ea-gamil </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1484 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1475 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018129–130-77">[74]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_III_(Kassite),_1729–1155_BC">Dynasty III (Kassite), 1729–1155 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dynasty III (Kassite), 1729–1155 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite dynasty</a></div> The entry for this dynasty's name in BKLa is lost, but other Babylonian sources refer to it as palû Kaššī ('dynasty of the Kassites').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201810–13,_154–155,_176–178-82">[76]</a> The reconstruction of the sequence and names of the early rulers of this dynasty, the kings before Karaindash, is difficult and controversial. The king lists are damaged at this point and the preserved portions seem to contradict each other: for instance, BKLa has a king in-between Kashtiliash I and Abi-Rattash, omitted in the Synchronistic King List, whereas the Synchronistic King List includes Kashtiliash II, omitted in BKLa, between Abi-Rattash and Urzigurumash. It also seems probable that the earliest kings ascribed to this dynasty in king lists did not actually rule Babylon, but were added as they were ancestors of the later rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018127–128-83">[77]</a> Babylonia was not fully consolidated and reunified until the reign of Ulamburiash, who defeated Ea-gamil, the last king of the first Sealand dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018131-74">[71]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gandash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gandash_in_Akkadian.png/32px-Gandash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gandash_in_Akkadian.png/48px-Gandash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gandash_in_Akkadian.png/64px-Gandash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="101" /></a> Gandaš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1729 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1704 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126Murai20186-84">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Agum_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Agum_in_Akkadian.png/71px-Agum_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Agum_in_Akkadian.png/107px-Agum_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Agum_in_Akkadian.png/142px-Agum_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="97" /></a> Agum </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1703 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1682 BC </td> <td>Son of Gandash </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126Murai20186-84">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/61px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/92px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/122px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="67" /></a> Kaštiliašu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1681 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1660 BC </td> <td>Son of Agum I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126Murai20186-84">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...<a href="#cite_note-86">[g]</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-87">[h]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1659 BC </td> <td>?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126Murai20186-84">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Abi-Rattash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Abi-Rattash_in_Akkadian.png/46px-Abi-Rattash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Abi-Rattash_in_Akkadian.png/69px-Abi-Rattash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Abi-Rattash_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Abi-Rattash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="98" /></a> Abi-Rattaš </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Son of Kashtiliash I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/61px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/92px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/122px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="67" /></a> Kaštiliašu </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Urzigurumash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Urzigurumash_in_Akkadian.png/81px-Urzigurumash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Urzigurumash_in_Akkadian.png/122px-Urzigurumash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Urzigurumash_in_Akkadian.png/162px-Urzigurumash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="100" /></a> Ur-zigurumaš </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Descendant of Abi-Rattash (?)<a href="#cite_note-90">[i]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[j]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Agum-Kakrime_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Agum-Kakrime_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Agum-Kakrime_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Agum-Kakrime_in_Akkadian.png/246px-Agum-Kakrime_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Agum-Kakrime_in_Akkadian.png/328px-Agum-Kakrime_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="101" /></a> Agum-Kakrime </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Son of Urzigurumash </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Harba-Shipak_Synchronistic_King_List.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Harba-Shipak_Synchronistic_King_List.png/102px-Harba-Shipak_Synchronistic_King_List.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Harba-Shipak_Synchronistic_King_List.png/153px-Harba-Shipak_Synchronistic_King_List.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Harba-Shipak_Synchronistic_King_List.png/204px-Harba-Shipak_Synchronistic_King_List.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="78" /></a> Ḫarba-Šipak </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shipta%27ulzi_Synchronistic_King_List.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Shipta%27ulzi_Synchronistic_King_List.png/127px-Shipta%27ulzi_Synchronistic_King_List.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Shipta%27ulzi_Synchronistic_King_List.png/191px-Shipta%27ulzi_Synchronistic_King_List.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Shipta%27ulzi_Synchronistic_King_List.png/254px-Shipta%27ulzi_Synchronistic_King_List.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="101" /></a> Šipta’ulzi </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>...<a href="#cite_note-92">[k]</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-93">[l]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018126-94">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="113" /></a> Burna-Buriaš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1530 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1500 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession, earliest Kassite ruler confidently attested as ruling Babylon itself </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126126,_131Leick2003142-95">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ulamburiash_in_Akkadian_(chronicle_of_early_kings).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ulamburiash_in_Akkadian_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/94px-Ulamburiash_in_Akkadian_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ulamburiash_in_Akkadian_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/141px-Ulamburiash_in_Akkadian_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ulamburiash_in_Akkadian_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/188px-Ulamburiash_in_Akkadian_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="80" /></a> Ulam-Buriaš </td> <td colspan="2">[<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1475 BC] </td> <td>Son of Burnaburiash I (?), reunified Babylonia through defeating Ea-gamil, the last king of the first Sealand dynasty </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126126,_131-96">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/61px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/92px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/122px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="67" /></a> Kaštiliašu </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Son of Burnaburiash I (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Agum_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Agum_in_Akkadian.png/71px-Agum_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Agum_in_Akkadian.png/107px-Agum_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Agum_in_Akkadian.png/142px-Agum_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="97" /></a> Agum </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Son of Kashtiliash III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kadashman-Sah<a href="#cite_note-98">[m]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kadashman-Sah_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kadashman-Sah_in_Akkadian.png/77px-Kadashman-Sah_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kadashman-Sah_in_Akkadian.png/116px-Kadashman-Sah_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kadashman-Sah_in_Akkadian.png/154px-Kadashman-Sah_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="100" /></a> Kadašman-Saḫ </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Unclear succession, co-ruler with Agum III? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018133-99">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Karaindash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Karaindash_in_Akkadian.png/137px-Karaindash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Karaindash_in_Akkadian.png/206px-Karaindash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Karaindash_in_Akkadian.png/274px-Karaindash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="101" /></a> Karaindaš </td> <td colspan="2">[<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1415 BC] </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png/108px-Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png/162px-Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png/216px-Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="99" /></a> Kadašman-Ḫarbe </td> <td colspan="2">[<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1400 BC] </td> <td>Son of Karaindash (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126,_136-100">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png/138px-Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png/184px-Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="112" /></a> Kuri-Galzu </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Son of Kadashman-harbe I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/158px-Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="101" /></a> Kadašman-Enlil </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1374 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1360 BC </td> <td>Son of Kurigalzu I (?)<a href="#cite_note-102">[n]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burnaburiash II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Burnaburiash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="113" /></a> Burna-Buriaš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1359 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1333 BC </td> <td>Son of Kadashman-Enlil I (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Karahardash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Karahardash_in_Akkadian.png/104px-Karahardash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Karahardash_in_Akkadian.png/156px-Karahardash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Karahardash_in_Akkadian.png/208px-Karahardash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="120" /></a> Kara-ḫardaš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1333 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1333 BC </td> <td>Son of Burnaburiash II (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nazibugash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nazibugash_in_Akkadian.png/130px-Nazibugash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nazibugash_in_Akkadian.png/195px-Nazibugash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nazibugash_in_Akkadian.png/260px-Nazibugash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="108" /></a> Nazi-Bugaš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1333 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1333 BC </td> <td>Usurper, unrelated to other kings </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png/138px-Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png/184px-Kurigalzu_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="112" /></a> Kuri-Galzu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1332 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1308 BC </td> <td>Son of Burnaburiash II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nazimaruttash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nazimaruttash_in_Akkadian.png/102px-Nazimaruttash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nazimaruttash_in_Akkadian.png/153px-Nazimaruttash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nazimaruttash_in_Akkadian.png/204px-Nazimaruttash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="111" /></a> Nazi-Maruttaš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1307 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1282 BC </td> <td>Son of Kurigalzu II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kadashman-Turgu_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kadashman-Turgu_in_Akkadian.png/138px-Kadashman-Turgu_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kadashman-Turgu_in_Akkadian.png/207px-Kadashman-Turgu_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kadashman-Turgu_in_Akkadian.png/276px-Kadashman-Turgu_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="100" /></a> Kadašman-Turgu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1281 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1264 BC </td> <td>Son of Nazi-Maruttash </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/158px-Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Kadashman-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="101" /></a> Kadašman-Enlil </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1263 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1255 BC </td> <td>Son of Kadashman-Turgu </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kudur-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kudur-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/82px-Kudur-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kudur-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/123px-Kudur-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kudur-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Kudur-Enlil_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="102" /></a> Kudur-Enlil </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1254 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1246 BC </td> <td>Son of Kadashman-Enlil II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shagarakti-Shuriash_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shagarakti-Shuriash_in_Akkadian.png/131px-Shagarakti-Shuriash_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shagarakti-Shuriash_in_Akkadian.png/197px-Shagarakti-Shuriash_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shagarakti-Shuriash_in_Akkadian.png/262px-Shagarakti-Shuriash_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="101" /></a> Šagarakti-Šuriaš </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1245 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1233 BC </td> <td>Son of Kudur-Enlil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/61px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/92px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png/122px-Kashtiliash_Synchronistic_King_List.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="67" /></a> Kaštiliašu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1232 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1225 BC </td> <td>Son of Shagarakti-Shuriash </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a><a href="#cite_note-KashtiliashSuccessors-104">[o]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Enlil-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Enlil-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png/106px-Enlil-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Enlil-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png/159px-Enlil-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Enlil-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png/212px-Enlil-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="102" /></a> Enlil-nādin-šumi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1224 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1224 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a><a href="#cite_note-KashtiliashSuccessors-104">[o]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png/108px-Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png/162px-Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png/216px-Kadashman-Harbe_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="99" /></a> Kadašman-Ḫarbe </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1223 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1223 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a><a href="#cite_note-KashtiliashSuccessors-104">[o]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adad-shuma-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adad-shuma-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/98px-Adad-shuma-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adad-shuma-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/147px-Adad-shuma-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adad-shuma-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/196px-Adad-shuma-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="78" /></a> Adad-šuma-iddina </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1222 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1217 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adad-shuma-usur_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adad-shuma-usur_in_Akkadian.png/103px-Adad-shuma-usur_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adad-shuma-usur_in_Akkadian.png/155px-Adad-shuma-usur_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adad-shuma-usur_in_Akkadian.png/206px-Adad-shuma-usur_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="66" /></a> Adad-šuma-uṣur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1216 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1187 BC </td> <td>Son of Kashtiliash IV (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Meli-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Meli-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png/96px-Meli-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Meli-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png/144px-Meli-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Meli-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png/192px-Meli-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="110" /></a> Meli-Šipak </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1186 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1172 BC </td> <td>Son of Adad-shuma-usur </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/72px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/108px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/144px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="98" /></a> Marduk-apla-iddina </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1171 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1159 BC </td> <td>Son of Meli-Shipak </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zababa-shuma-iddin_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zababa-shuma-iddin_in_Akkadian.png/116px-Zababa-shuma-iddin_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zababa-shuma-iddin_in_Akkadian.png/174px-Zababa-shuma-iddin_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zababa-shuma-iddin_in_Akkadian.png/232px-Zababa-shuma-iddin_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="98" /></a> Zababa-šuma-iddina </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1158 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1158 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Enlil-nadin-ahi_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Enlil-nadin-ahi_in_Akkadian.png/85px-Enlil-nadin-ahi_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Enlil-nadin-ahi_in_Akkadian.png/128px-Enlil-nadin-ahi_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Enlil-nadin-ahi_in_Akkadian.png/170px-Enlil-nadin-ahi_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="100" /></a> Enlil-nādin-aḫe </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1157 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1155 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018126-88">[80]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_IV_(2nd_Isin),_1153–1022_BC">Dynasty IV (2nd Isin), 1153–1022 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dynasty IV (2nd Isin), 1153–1022 BC">edit</a>]</div> Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was palû Išin ('dynasty of Isin'). Presumably, the city of <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> was the dynasty's point of origin. Modern historians refer to this dynasty as the second dynasty of Isin to differentiate it from the ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">dynasty of Isin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812-67">[65]</a> Previous scholarship assumed that the first king of this dynasty, Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, ruled for the first years of his reign concurrently with the last Kassite king, but recent research suggests that this was not the case. This list follows the revised chronology of the kings of this dynasty, per Beaulieu (2018), which also means revising the dates of subsequent dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018154–155-105">[90]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu_in_Akkadian.png/131px-Marduk-kabit-ahheshu_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu_in_Akkadian.png/197px-Marduk-kabit-ahheshu_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu_in_Akkadian.png/262px-Marduk-kabit-ahheshu_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="101" /></a> Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1153 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1136 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Itti-Marduk-balatu_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Itti-Marduk-balatu_in_Akkadian.png/100px-Itti-Marduk-balatu_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Itti-Marduk-balatu_in_Akkadian.png/150px-Itti-Marduk-balatu_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Itti-Marduk-balatu_in_Akkadian.png/200px-Itti-Marduk-balatu_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="99" /></a> Itti-Marduk-balāṭu </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1135 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1128 BC </td> <td>Son of Marduk-kabit-ahheshu </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ninurta-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ninurta-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png/100px-Ninurta-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ninurta-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png/150px-Ninurta-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ninurta-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png/200px-Ninurta-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="99" /></a> Ninurta-nādin-šumi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1127 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1122 BC </td> <td>Relative of Itti-Marduk-balatu (?)<a href="#cite_note-108">[p]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/112px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/168px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/224px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="97" /></a> Nabû-kudurri-uṣur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1121 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1100 BC </td> <td>Son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Enlil-nadin-apli_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Enlil-nadin-apli_in_Akkadian.png/66px-Enlil-nadin-apli_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Enlil-nadin-apli_in_Akkadian.png/99px-Enlil-nadin-apli_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Enlil-nadin-apli_in_Akkadian.png/132px-Enlil-nadin-apli_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="98" /></a> Enlil-nādin-apli </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1099 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1096 BC </td> <td>Son of Nebuchadnezzar I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-nadin-ahhe_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marduk-nadin-ahhe_in_Akkadian.png/112px-Marduk-nadin-ahhe_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marduk-nadin-ahhe_in_Akkadian.png/168px-Marduk-nadin-ahhe_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marduk-nadin-ahhe_in_Akkadian.png/224px-Marduk-nadin-ahhe_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="113" /></a> Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1095 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1078 BC </td> <td>Son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi, usurped the throne from Enlil-nadin-apli </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-shapik-zeri_in_Akkadian_var._2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Marduk-shapik-zeri_in_Akkadian_var._2.png/122px-Marduk-shapik-zeri_in_Akkadian_var._2.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Marduk-shapik-zeri_in_Akkadian_var._2.png/183px-Marduk-shapik-zeri_in_Akkadian_var._2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Marduk-shapik-zeri_in_Akkadian_var._2.png/244px-Marduk-shapik-zeri_in_Akkadian_var._2.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="83" /></a> Marduk-šāpik-zēri </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1077 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1065 BC </td> <td>Son of Marduk-nadin-ahhe (?)<a href="#cite_note-110">[q]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adad-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Adad-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.jpg/95px-Adad-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Adad-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.jpg/143px-Adad-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Adad-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.jpg/190px-Adad-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="80" /></a> Adad-apla-iddina </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1064 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1043 BC </td> <td>Usurper, unrelated to previous kings </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155Brinkman1968136-111">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-ahhe-eriba_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marduk-ahhe-eriba_in_Akkadian.png/107px-Marduk-ahhe-eriba_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marduk-ahhe-eriba_in_Akkadian.png/161px-Marduk-ahhe-eriba_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marduk-ahhe-eriba_in_Akkadian.png/214px-Marduk-ahhe-eriba_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="105" /></a> Marduk-aḫḫē-erība </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1042 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1042 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-zer-X_(Bertin).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marduk-zer-X_%28Bertin%29.png/90px-Marduk-zer-X_%28Bertin%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marduk-zer-X_%28Bertin%29.png/135px-Marduk-zer-X_%28Bertin%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marduk-zer-X_%28Bertin%29.png/180px-Marduk-zer-X_%28Bertin%29.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="101" /></a> Marduk-zēra-[—]<a href="#cite_note-113">[r]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1041 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1030 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-shum-libur_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nabu-shum-libur_in_Akkadian.png/97px-Nabu-shum-libur_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nabu-shum-libur_in_Akkadian.png/146px-Nabu-shum-libur_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nabu-shum-libur_in_Akkadian.png/194px-Nabu-shum-libur_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="101" /></a> Nabû-šumu-libūr </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1029 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1022 BC </td> <td>Unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155-106">[91]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_V_(2nd_Sealand),_1021–1001_BC">Dynasty V (2nd Sealand), 1021–1001 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dynasty V (2nd Sealand), 1021–1001 BC">edit</a>]</div> Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was palû tamti ('dynasty of the Sealand'). Modern historians call it the second Sealand dynasty in order to distinguish it from Dynasty II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812-67">[65]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Simbar-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Simbar-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Simbar-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Simbar-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png/158px-Simbar-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Simbar-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Simbar-Shipak_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="84" /></a> Simbar-Šipak </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1021 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1004 BC </td> <td>Probably of Kassite descent, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ea-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ea-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/114px-Ea-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ea-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/171px-Ea-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ea-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/228px-Ea-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="84" /></a> Ea-mukin-zēri </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1004 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1004 BC </td> <td>Probably of Kassite descent (Bit-Hashmar clan), usurped the throne from Simbar-Shipak </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kashu-nadin-ahhe_(dynastic_chronicle).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kashu-nadin-ahhe_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/129px-Kashu-nadin-ahhe_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kashu-nadin-ahhe_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/194px-Kashu-nadin-ahhe_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kashu-nadin-ahhe_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/258px-Kashu-nadin-ahhe_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="53" /></a> Kaššu-nādin-aḫi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1003 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1001 BC </td> <td>Probably of Kassite descent, son of Simbar-shipak (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">[96]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_VI_(Bazi),_1000–981_BC">Dynasty VI (Bazi), 1000–981 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dynasty VI (Bazi), 1000–981 BC">edit</a>]</div> BKLa refers to this dynasty as palû Bazu ('dynasty of Baz') and the Dynastic Chronicle calls it palû Bīt-Bazi ('dynasty of Bit-Bazi'). The Bit-Bazi were a clan attested already in the Kassite period. It is likely that the dynasty derives its name either from the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baz_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baz (city) (page does not exist)">Baz</a>, or from descent from Bazi, the legendary founder of that city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018177-115">[97]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eulmash-shakin-shumi_var._2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eulmash-shakin-shumi_var._2.png/98px-Eulmash-shakin-shumi_var._2.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eulmash-shakin-shumi_var._2.png/147px-Eulmash-shakin-shumi_var._2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eulmash-shakin-shumi_var._2.png/196px-Eulmash-shakin-shumi_var._2.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="68" /></a> Eulmaš-šākin-šumi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  1000 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  984 BC </td> <td>Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ninurta-kudurri-usur_(dynastic_chronicle).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/120px-Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/180px-Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/240px-Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="55" /></a> Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  983 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  981 BC </td> <td>Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shirikti-shuqamuna_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Shirikti-shuqamuna_in_Akkadian.png/142px-Shirikti-shuqamuna_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Shirikti-shuqamuna_in_Akkadian.png/213px-Shirikti-shuqamuna_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Shirikti-shuqamuna_in_Akkadian.png/284px-Shirikti-shuqamuna_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="106" /></a> Širikti-šuqamuna </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  981 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  981 BC </td> <td>Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), brother of Ninurta-kudurri-usur I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">[96]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_VII_(Elamite),_980–975_BC">Dynasty VII (Elamite), 980–975 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dynasty VII (Elamite), 980–975 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">Elamite dynasty</a></div> BKLa dynastically separates Mar-biti-apla-usur from other kings with horizontal lines, marking him as belonging to a dynasty of his own. The Dynastic Chronicle also groups him by himself, and refers to his dynasty (containing only him) as the palû Elamtu ('dynasty of Elam').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018178-116">[98]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mar-biti-apla-usur_(dynastic_chronicle).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mar-biti-apla-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/120px-Mar-biti-apla-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mar-biti-apla-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/180px-Mar-biti-apla-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mar-biti-apla-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/240px-Mar-biti-apla-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="69" /></a> Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  980 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  975 BC </td> <td>Elamite, or more likely of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> ancestry, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">[96]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_VIII_(E),_974–732_BC">Dynasty VIII (E), 974–732 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dynasty VIII (E), 974–732 BC">edit</a>]</div> Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was palû E ('dynasty of E'). The meaning of 'E' is not clear, but it is likely a reference to the city of Babylon, meaning that the name should be interpreted as 'dynasty of Babylon'. The time of the dynasty of E was a time of great instability and the unrelated kings grouped together under this dynasty even belonged to completely different ethnic groups. Another Babylonian historical work, the <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_Chronicle" title="Dynastic Chronicle">Dynastic Chronicle</a> (though it is preserved only fragmentarily), breaks this dynasty up into a succession of brief, smaller, dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812–13-117">[99]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabu-mukin-apli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-mukin-apli_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nabu-mukin-apli_in_Akkadian.png/94px-Nabu-mukin-apli_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nabu-mukin-apli_in_Akkadian.png/141px-Nabu-mukin-apli_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nabu-mukin-apli_in_Akkadian.png/188px-Nabu-mukin-apli_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="69" /></a> Nabû-mukin-apli </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  974 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  939 BC </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ninurta-kudurri-usur_(dynastic_chronicle).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/120px-Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/180px-Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png/240px-Ninurta-kudurri-usur_%28dynastic_chronicle%29.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="55" /></a> Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  939 BC </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  939 BC </td> <td>Babylonian, son of Nabu-mukin-apli </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/130px-Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/195px-Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/260px-Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="72" /></a> Mār-bῑti-aḫḫē-idinna </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  938 BC </td> <td>?? </td> <td>Babylonian, son of Nabu-mukin-apli </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shamash-mudammiq_synchronistic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shamash-mudammiq_synchronistic.png/74px-Shamash-mudammiq_synchronistic.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shamash-mudammiq_synchronistic.png/111px-Shamash-mudammiq_synchronistic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shamash-mudammiq_synchronistic.png/148px-Shamash-mudammiq_synchronistic.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="99" /></a> Šamaš-mudammiq </td> <td>?? </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  901 BC<a href="#cite_note-mudammiq-120">[s]</a> </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/91px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/137px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/182px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="109" /></a> Nabû-šuma-ukin </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  900 BC<a href="#cite_note-mudammiq-120">[s]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  887 BC<a href="#cite_note-Nabu-apla-iddina-121">[t]</a> </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nabu-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/110px-Nabu-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nabu-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/165px-Nabu-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nabu-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/220px-Nabu-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="100" /></a> Nabû-apla-iddina </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  886 BC<a href="#cite_note-Nabu-apla-iddina-121">[t]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  853 BC<a href="#cite_note-Nabu-apla-iddina-121">[t]</a> </td> <td>Babylonian, son of Nabu-shuma-ukin I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png/109px-Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png/164px-Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png/218px-Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="60" /></a> Marduk-zâkir-šumi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  852 BC<a href="#cite_note-Nabu-apla-iddina-121">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-zakir-122">[u]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  825 BC<a href="#cite_note-zakir-122">[u]</a> </td> <td>Babylonian, son of Nabu-apla-iddina </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-balassu-iqbi_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marduk-balassu-iqbi_in_Akkadian.png/148px-Marduk-balassu-iqbi_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marduk-balassu-iqbi_in_Akkadian.png/222px-Marduk-balassu-iqbi_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marduk-balassu-iqbi_in_Akkadian.png/296px-Marduk-balassu-iqbi_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="113" /></a> Marduk-balāssu-iqbi </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  824 BC<a href="#cite_note-zakir-122">[u]</a> </td> <td>813 BC<a href="#cite_note-adad-124">[v]</a> </td> <td>Babylonian, son of Marduk-zakir-shumi I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Baba-aha-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Baba-aha-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/113px-Baba-aha-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Baba-aha-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/170px-Baba-aha-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Baba-aha-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/226px-Baba-aha-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="110" /></a> Bāba-aḫa-iddina </td> <td>813 BC<a href="#cite_note-adad-124">[v]</a> </td> <td>812 BC<a href="#cite_note-adad-124">[v]</a> </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Babylonian interregnum (at least four years)<a href="#cite_note-126">[w]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[x]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ninurta-apla-X_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ninurta-apla-X_in_Akkadian.png/83px-Ninurta-apla-X_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ninurta-apla-X_in_Akkadian.png/125px-Ninurta-apla-X_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ninurta-apla-X_in_Akkadian.png/166px-Ninurta-apla-X_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="99" /></a> Ninurta-apla-[—]<a href="#cite_note-130">[y]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-bel-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Marduk-bel-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Marduk-bel-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Marduk-bel-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Marduk-bel-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Marduk-bel-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Marduk-bel-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="111" /></a> Marduk-bēl-zēri </td> <td colspan="2">?? </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-apla-usur_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Marduk-apla-usur_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Marduk-apla-usur_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Marduk-apla-usur_in_Akkadian.png/143px-Marduk-apla-usur_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Marduk-apla-usur_in_Akkadian.png/190px-Marduk-apla-usur_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="66" /></a> Marduk-apla-uṣur </td> <td>?? </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  769 BC<a href="#cite_note-eriba-132">[z]</a> </td> <td>Chaldean chief of an uncertain tribe, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Eriba-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Eriba-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Eriba-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Eriba-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/158px-Eriba-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Eriba-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Eriba-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="112" /></a> Erība-Marduk </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  769 BC<a href="#cite_note-eriba-132">[z]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  760 BC<a href="#cite_note-eriba-132">[z]</a> </td> <td>Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-shuma-ishkun_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nabu-shuma-ishkun_in_Akkadian.png/102px-Nabu-shuma-ishkun_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nabu-shuma-ishkun_in_Akkadian.png/153px-Nabu-shuma-ishkun_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nabu-shuma-ishkun_in_Akkadian.png/204px-Nabu-shuma-ishkun_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="115" /></a> Nabû-šuma-iškun </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  760 BC<a href="#cite_note-eriba-132">[z]</a> </td> <td>748 BC </td> <td>Chaldean chief of the Bit-Dakkuri tribe, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabonassar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nabonassar_in_Akkadian.png/67px-Nabonassar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nabonassar_in_Akkadian.png/101px-Nabonassar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nabonassar_in_Akkadian.png/134px-Nabonassar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="110" /></a> Nabû-nāṣir </td> <td>748 BC </td> <td>734 BC </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-nadin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nabu-nadin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Nabu-nadin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nabu-nadin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/138px-Nabu-nadin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nabu-nadin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/184px-Nabu-nadin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="110" /></a> Nabû-nādin-zēri </td> <td>734 BC </td> <td>732 BC </td> <td>Babylonian, son of Nabonassar </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/91px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/137px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/182px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="109" /></a> Nabû-šuma-ukin </td> <td>732 BC </td> <td>732 BC </td> <td>Babylonian, unclear succession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>note: Babylonian King List A records the names of 17 kings of the dynasty of E, but it states afterwards that the dynasty comprised 22 kings. The discrepancy might be explainable as a scribal error, but it is also possible that there were further kings in the sequence. The list is broken at critical points, and it is possible that five additional kings, whose names thus do not survive, could be inserted between the end of the Babylonian interregnum and the reign of Ninurta-apla-X.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoossens194033-133">[107]</a> Lists of Babylonian rulers by modern historians tend to list Ninurta-apla-X as the first king to rule after Baba-aha-iddina's deposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">[100]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_IX_(Assyrian),_732–626_BC">Dynasty IX (Assyrian), 732–626 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dynasty IX (Assyrian), 732–626 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></div>'Dynasty IX' is used to, broadly speaking, refer to the rulers of Babylonia during the time it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, including Assyrian kings of both the <a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>, as well as various non-dynastic vassal and rebel kings. They are often grouped together as a dynasty by modern scholars as BKLa does not use lines to separate the rulers, used elsewhere in the list to separate dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">[22]</a> BKLa also assigns individual dynastic labels to some of the kings, though thus not in the same fashion as is done for the more concrete earlier dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">[22]</a> The palê designation associated with each king (they are recorded in the list up until Mushezib-Marduk) is included in the table below and follows Fales (2014).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014204–218-134">[108]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="15%">palê </th> <th width="25%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nabu-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/97px-Nabu-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nabu-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/146px-Nabu-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nabu-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png/194px-Nabu-mukin-zeri_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="109" /></a> Nabû-mukin-zēri </td> <td>732 BC </td> <td>729 BC </td> <td>palê Šapî 'Dynasty of Shapi' </td> <td>Chaldean chief of the Bit-Amukkani tribe, usurped the throne </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tiglath-pileser_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tiglath-pileser_in_Akkadian.png/137px-Tiglath-pileser_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tiglath-pileser_in_Akkadian.png/206px-Tiglath-pileser_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tiglath-pileser_in_Akkadian.png/274px-Tiglath-pileser_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="104" /></a> Tukultī-apil-Ešarra </td> <td>729 BC </td> <td>727 BC </td> <td rowspan="2">palê Baltil 'Dynasty of [Assur]' </td> <td>King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — conquered Babylon </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shalmaneser_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shalmaneser_in_Akkadian.png/100px-Shalmaneser_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shalmaneser_in_Akkadian.png/150px-Shalmaneser_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shalmaneser_in_Akkadian.png/200px-Shalmaneser_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="103" /></a> Salmānu-ašarēd </td> <td>727 BC </td> <td>722 BC </td> <td>King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Tiglath-Pileser III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> (First reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/72px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/108px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/144px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="98" /></a> Marduk-apla-iddina </td> <td>722 BC </td> <td>710 BC </td> <td>palê Tamti 'Dynasty of the Sealand' </td> <td>Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, proclaimed king upon Shalmaneser V's death </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sargon_in_Neo-Assyrian2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sargon_in_Neo-Assyrian2.png/58px-Sargon_in_Neo-Assyrian2.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sargon_in_Neo-Assyrian2.png/87px-Sargon_in_Neo-Assyrian2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sargon_in_Neo-Assyrian2.png/116px-Sargon_in_Neo-Assyrian2.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="104" /></a> Šarru-kīn </td> <td>710 BC </td> <td>705 BC </td> <td rowspan="2">palê Ḫabigal 'Dynasty of [Hanigalbat]' </td> <td>King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Tiglath-Pileser III (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (First reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png/106px-Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png/159px-Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png/212px-Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="107" /></a> Sîn-ahhe-erība </td> <td>705 BC </td> <td>703 BC </td> <td>King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Sargon II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png/109px-Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png/164px-Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png/218px-Marduk-zakir-shumi_var._2.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="60" /></a> Marduk-zâkir-šumi </td> <td>703 BC </td> <td>703 BC </td> <td>A Arad-Ea 'Son [descendant] of Arad-Ea' </td> <td>Babylonian rebel of the Arad-Ea family, rebel king </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> (Second reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/72px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/108px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png/144px-Marduk-apla-iddina_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="98" /></a> Marduk-apla-iddina </td> <td>703 BC </td> <td>703 BC </td> <td>ERÍN Ḫabi 'Soldier of [Hanigalbat?]' </td> <td>Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, retook the throne </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bel-ibni_(chronicle_of_early_kings).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bel-ibni_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/79px-Bel-ibni_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bel-ibni_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/119px-Bel-ibni_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bel-ibni_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png/158px-Bel-ibni_%28chronicle_of_early_kings%29.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="69" /></a> Bel-ibni </td> <td>703 BC </td> <td>700 BC </td> <td>palê E 'Dynasty of E' </td> <td>Babylonian vassal king of the Rab-bānî family, appointed by Sennacherib </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ashur-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ashur-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian2.png/78px-Ashur-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian2.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ashur-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian2.png/117px-Ashur-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ashur-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian2.png/156px-Ashur-nadin-shumi_in_Akkadian2.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="103" /></a> Aššur-nādin-šumi </td> <td>700 BC </td> <td>694 BC </td> <td>palê Ḫabigal 'Dynasty of [Hanigalbat]' </td> <td>Son of Sennacherib, appointed as vassal king by his father </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nergal-ushezib_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nergal-ushezib_in_Akkadian.png/80px-Nergal-ushezib_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nergal-ushezib_in_Akkadian.png/120px-Nergal-ushezib_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nergal-ushezib_in_Akkadian.png/160px-Nergal-ushezib_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="106" /></a> Nergal-ušezib </td> <td>694 BC </td> <td>693 BC </td> <td rowspan="2">palê E 'Dynasty of E' </td> <td>Babylonian rebel of the Gaḫal kin family, rebel king </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mushezib-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mushezib-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/77px-Mushezib-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mushezib-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/116px-Mushezib-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mushezib-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/154px-Mushezib-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="95" /></a> Mušezib-Marduk </td> <td>693 BC </td> <td>689 BC </td> <td>Chaldean chief of the Bit-Dakkuri tribe, rebel king </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[aa]</a> (Second reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png/106px-Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png/159px-Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png/212px-Sennacherib_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="107" /></a> Sîn-ahhe-erība </td> <td>689 BC </td> <td>20 October 681 BC </td> <td colspan="2">King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — retook Babylon </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Radner2003166-140">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Esarhaddon_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Esarhaddon_in_Akkadian.png/65px-Esarhaddon_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Esarhaddon_in_Akkadian.png/98px-Esarhaddon_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Esarhaddon_in_Akkadian.png/130px-Esarhaddon_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="95" /></a> Aššur-aḫa-iddina </td> <td>December 681 BC </td> <td>1 November 669 BC </td> <td colspan="2">King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Sennacherib </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2012135-141">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashurbanipal1-143">[ab]</a> (First reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png/63px-Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="97" /></a> Aššur-bāni-apli </td> <td>1 November 669 BC </td> <td>March 668 BC </td> <td colspan="2">King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Esarhaddon </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shamash-shum-ukin_in_Akkadian2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shamash-shum-ukin_in_Akkadian2.png/64px-Shamash-shum-ukin_in_Akkadian2.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shamash-shum-ukin_in_Akkadian2.png/96px-Shamash-shum-ukin_in_Akkadian2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shamash-shum-ukin_in_Akkadian2.png/128px-Shamash-shum-ukin_in_Akkadian2.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="100" /></a> Šamaš-šuma-ukin </td> <td>March 668 BC </td> <td>648 BC </td> <td colspan="2">Son of Esarhaddon, designated by his father as heir to Babylon, invested as vassal king by Ashurbanipal </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashurbanipal2-145">[ac]</a> (Second reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png/63px-Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Ashurbanipal_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="97" /></a> Aššur-bāni-apli </td> <td>648 BC </td> <td>646 BC </td> <td colspan="2">King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — retook Babylon after rebellion by Šamaš-šuma-ukin </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018217-144">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kandalanu_in_Akkadian2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kandalanu_in_Akkadian2.png/98px-Kandalanu_in_Akkadian2.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kandalanu_in_Akkadian2.png/147px-Kandalanu_in_Akkadian2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kandalanu_in_Akkadian2.png/196px-Kandalanu_in_Akkadian2.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="99" /></a> Kandalānu </td> <td>647 BC </td> <td>627 BC </td> <td colspan="2">Appointed as vassal king by Ashurbanipal </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a><a href="#cite_note-KandalanuNabopolassar-147">[ad]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sin-shumu-lishir_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sin-shumu-lishir_in_Akkadian.png/90px-Sin-shumu-lishir_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sin-shumu-lishir_in_Akkadian.png/135px-Sin-shumu-lishir_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sin-shumu-lishir_in_Akkadian.png/180px-Sin-shumu-lishir_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="94" /></a> Sîn-šumu-līšir </td> <td>626 BC </td> <td>626 BC </td> <td colspan="2">Usurper in the Neo-Assyrian Empire — recognised in Babylonia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a><a href="#cite_note-KandalanuNabopolassar-147">[ad]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sinsharishkun_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sinsharishkun_in_Akkadian.png/99px-Sinsharishkun_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sinsharishkun_in_Akkadian.png/149px-Sinsharishkun_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sinsharishkun_in_Akkadian.png/198px-Sinsharishkun_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="103" /></a> Sîn-šar-iškun </td> <td>626 BC </td> <td>626 BC </td> <td colspan="2">King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Ashurbanipal </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_X_(Chaldean),_626–539_BC">Dynasty X (Chaldean), 626–539 BC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dynasty X (Chaldean), 626–539 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">Chaldean dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></div> The native name for this dynasty does not appear in any sources, as the kings of Dynasty X are only listed in king lists made during the Hellenistic period, when the concept of dynasties ceased being used by Babylonians chronographers to describe Babylonian history. Modern historians typically refer to the dynasty as the 'Neo-Babylonian dynasty', as these kings ruled the Neo-Babylonian Empire, or the 'Chaldean dynasty', after the presumed ethnic origin of the royal line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_Chronicle" title="Dynastic Chronicle">Dynastic Chronicle</a>, a later document, refers to Nabonidus as the founder and only king of the 'dynasty of Harran' (palê Ḫarran), and may also indicate a dynastic change with Neriglissar's accession, but much of the text is fragmentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggers2015183-148">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014137-149">[119]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabopolassar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nabopolassar_in_Akkadian.png/84px-Nabopolassar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nabopolassar_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Nabopolassar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nabopolassar_in_Akkadian.png/168px-Nabopolassar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="99" /></a> Nabû-apla-uṣur </td> <td>22/23 November 626 BC </td> <td>July 605 BC </td> <td>Babylonian rebel, defeated Sinsharishkun </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11-150">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/112px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/168px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/224px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="97" /></a> Nabû-kudurri-uṣur </td> <td>August 605 BC </td> <td>7 October 562 BC </td> <td>Son of Nabopolassar </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11-150">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/138px-Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/184px-Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="101" /></a> Amēl-Marduk </td> <td>7 October 562 BC </td> <td>August 560 BC </td> <td>Son of Nebuchadnezzar II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11-150">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Neriglissar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Neriglissar_in_Akkadian.png/117px-Neriglissar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Neriglissar_in_Akkadian.png/176px-Neriglissar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Neriglissar_in_Akkadian.png/234px-Neriglissar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="95" /></a> Nergal-šar-uṣur </td> <td>August 560 BC </td> <td>April 556 BC </td> <td>Son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II, usurped the throne </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11-150">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Labashi-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Labashi-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/121px-Labashi-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Labashi-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/182px-Labashi-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Labashi-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/242px-Labashi-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="111" /></a> Lâbâši-Marduk </td> <td>April 556 BC </td> <td>June 556 BC </td> <td>Son of Neriglissar </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11-150">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nabonidus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nabonidus_in_Akkadian.png/117px-Nabonidus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nabonidus_in_Akkadian.png/176px-Nabonidus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nabonidus_in_Akkadian.png/234px-Nabonidus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="98" /></a> Nabû-naʾid </td> <td>25 May 556 BC </td> <td>13 October 539 BC </td> <td>Son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II (?), usurped the throne, co-rulers: <a href="/wiki/Nitocris_of_Babylon" title="Nitocris of Babylon">Nitocris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11Wiseman1991244-151">[121]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule,_539_BC_–_AD_224">Babylon under foreign rule, 539 BC – AD 224</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Babylon under foreign rule, 539 BC – AD 224">edit</a>]</div> The concept of dynasties ceased being used in king-lists made after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, meaning that the native Babylonian designations for the ruling dynasties of the foreign empires that succeeded the Chaldean kings are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasty_XI_(Achaemenid),_539–331_BC">Dynasty XI (Achaemenid), 539–331 BC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dynasty XI (Achaemenid), 539–331 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II the Great</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cyrus_in_Akkadian.png/82px-Cyrus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cyrus_in_Akkadian.png/123px-Cyrus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cyrus_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Cyrus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="92" /></a> Kuraš </td> <td>29 October 539 BC </td> <td>August 530 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — conquered Babylon </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cambyses_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cambyses_in_Akkadian.png/98px-Cambyses_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cambyses_in_Akkadian.png/147px-Cambyses_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cambyses_in_Akkadian.png/196px-Cambyses_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="103" /></a> Kambuzīa </td> <td>August 530 BC </td> <td>April 522 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Cyrus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bardiya_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bardiya_in_Akkadian.png/72px-Bardiya_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bardiya_in_Akkadian.png/108px-Bardiya_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bardiya_in_Akkadian.png/144px-Bardiya_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="95" /></a> Barzia </td> <td>April/May 522 BC </td> <td>29 September 522 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Cyrus II or an impostor </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/112px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/168px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/224px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="97" /></a> Nabû-kudurri-uṣur </td> <td>3 October 522 BC </td> <td>December 522 BC </td> <td>Babylonian rebel of the Zazakku family, claimed to be a son of Nabonidus </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering2001Nielsen201555–57-153">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I the Great</a> (First reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/110px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/165px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/220px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="108" /></a> Dariamuš </td> <td>December 522 BC </td> <td>25 August 521 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — distant relative of Cyrus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/105px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/158px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png/210px-Nebuchadnezzar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="97" /></a> Nabû-kudurri-uṣur </td> <td>25 August 521 BC </td> <td>27 November 521 BC </td> <td>Babylonian rebel of Armenian descent, claimed to be a son of Nabonidus </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998-154">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I the Great</a> (Second reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/110px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/165px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/220px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="108" /></a> Dariamuš </td> <td>27 November 521 BC </td> <td>November 486 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — retook Babylon </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I the Great</a> (First reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png/115px-Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png/173px-Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png/230px-Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="97" /></a> Aḫšiaršu </td> <td>November 486 BC </td> <td>July 484 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Darius I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shamash-eriba_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shamash-eriba_in_Akkadian.png/60px-Shamash-eriba_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shamash-eriba_in_Akkadian.png/90px-Shamash-eriba_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shamash-eriba_in_Akkadian.png/120px-Shamash-eriba_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="103" /></a> Šamaš-eriba </td> <td>July 484 BC </td> <td>October 484 BC </td> <td>Babylonian rebel </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998b-155">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bel-shimanni_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bel-shimanni_in_Akkadian.png/103px-Bel-shimanni_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bel-shimanni_in_Akkadian.png/155px-Bel-shimanni_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bel-shimanni_in_Akkadian.png/206px-Bel-shimanni_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="100" /></a> Bêl-šimânni </td> <td>July 484 BC </td> <td>August 484 BC </td> <td>Babylonian rebel </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998b-155">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I the Great</a> (Second reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png/115px-Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png/173px-Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png/230px-Xerxes_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="97" /></a> Aḫšiaršu </td> <td>October 484 BC </td> <td>465 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — retook Babylon </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/86px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/172px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="103" /></a> Artakšatsu </td> <td>465 BC </td> <td>December 424 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Xerxes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-xerxessogdianus-156">[ae]</a> </td> <td>424 BC </td> <td>424 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-xerxessogdianus-156">[ae]</a> </td> <td>424 BC </td> <td>423 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — illegitimate son of Artaxerxes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/110px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/165px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/220px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="108" /></a> Dariamuš </td> <td>February 423 BC </td> <td>c. April 404 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — illegitimate son of Artaxerxes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/86px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/172px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="103" /></a> Artakšatsu </td> <td>c. April 404 BC </td> <td>359/358 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Darius II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/86px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/172px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="103" /></a> Artakšatsu </td> <td>359/358 BC </td> <td>338 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/86px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png/172px-Artaxerxes_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="103" /></a> Artakšatsu </td> <td>338 BC </td> <td>336 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nidin-Bel_cuneiform.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nidin-Bel_cuneiform.png/95px-Nidin-Bel_cuneiform.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nidin-Bel_cuneiform.png/143px-Nidin-Bel_cuneiform.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nidin-Bel_cuneiform.png/190px-Nidin-Bel_cuneiform.png 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="131" /></a> Nidin-Bêl </td> <td>336 BC </td> <td>336/335 BC </td> <td>Babylonian rebel (?), attested only in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk_King_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uruk King List (page does not exist)">Uruk King List</a>, alternatively a scribal error </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2004-157">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/110px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/165px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Darius_in_Akkadian.png/220px-Darius_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="108" /></a> Dariamuš </td> <td>336/335 BC </td> <td>October 331 BC </td> <td>King of the Achaemenid Empire — grandson of Artaxerxes II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">[122]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasty_XII_(Argead),_331–305_BC">Dynasty XII (Argead), 331–305 BC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dynasty XII (Argead), 331–305 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III the Great</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/194px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/258px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="106" /></a> Aliksandar </td> <td>October 331 BC </td> <td>11 June 323 BC </td> <td>King of Macedon — conquered the Achaemenid Empire </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954204Depuydt1997117ParkerDubberstein194211–17-158">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philip_in_Akkadian.png/94px-Philip_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philip_in_Akkadian.png/141px-Philip_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philip_in_Akkadian.png/188px-Philip_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="131" /></a> Pilipsu </td> <td>11 June 323 BC </td> <td>317 BC<a href="#cite_note-160">[af]</a> </td> <td>King of Macedon — brother of Alexander III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiSachsWiseman1954204Depuydt1997117Bertin189152-161">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[ag]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antigonus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antigonus_in_Akkadian.png/131px-Antigonus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antigonus_in_Akkadian.png/197px-Antigonus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antigonus_in_Akkadian.png/262px-Antigonus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="108" /></a> Antigunusu </td> <td>317 BC </td> <td>309/308 BC </td> <td>King of the Antigonid Empire — general (<a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochus</a>) of Alexander III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiSachsWiseman1954204Bertin189152-165">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/194px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/258px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="106" /></a> Aliksandar </td> <td>316 BC </td> <td>310 BC<a href="#cite_note-167">[ah]</a> </td> <td>King of Macedon — son of Alexander III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954205-168">[134]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasty_XIII_(Seleucid),_305–141_BC">Dynasty XIII (Seleucid), 305–141 BC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dynasty XIII (Seleucid), 305–141 BC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/63px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="107" /></a> Siluku </td> <td>305 BC<a href="#cite_note-169">[ai]</a> </td> <td>September 281 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — general (Diadochus) of Alexander III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954205-168">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>294 BC<a href="#cite_note-earlyStart-171">[aj]</a> </td> <td>2 June 261 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954206-172">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seleucus<a href="#cite_note-datejunior-173">[ak]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/63px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="107" /></a> Siluku </td> <td>281 BC </td> <td>266 BC </td> <td>Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xlii-174">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>266 BC<a href="#cite_note-earlyStart-171">[aj]</a> </td> <td>July 246 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954206-172">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/63px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="107" /></a> Siluku </td> <td>July 246 BC </td> <td>225 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954206-172">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/63px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="107" /></a> Siluku </td> <td>225 BC </td> <td>223 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954207Mittag200850-175">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>223 BC </td> <td>3 July 187 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954207Mittag200850-175">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a><a href="#cite_note-juniorKingList-177">[al]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>210 BC </td> <td>192 BC </td> <td>Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954207-178">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/63px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/95px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png/126px-Seleucus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="107" /></a> Siluku </td> <td>189 BC<a href="#cite_note-earlyStart-171">[aj]</a> </td> <td>3 September 175 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954208-179">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>3 September 175 BC </td> <td>164 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954208–209Mittag200851-180">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus,_son_of_Seleucus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV">Antiochus</a><a href="#cite_note-juniorKingList-177">[al]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>175 BC </td> <td>170 BC </td> <td>Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954208–209Gera1998110-181">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>164 BC </td> <td>162 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954209Scolnic20145-182">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a> (First reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/61px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/122px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="136" /></a> Dimitri </td> <td>c. January 161 BC<a href="#cite_note-184">[am]</a> </td> <td>c. January 161 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii,_xliiSachsWiseman1954209Scolnic20147-185">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-187">[an]</a> </td> <td>c. January 161 BC<a href="#cite_note-Tim-188">[ao]</a> </td> <td>c. May 161 BC<a href="#cite_note-Tim-188">[ao]</a> </td> <td>Rebel satrap (vassal governor) under the Seleucids — captured and briefly ruled Babylonia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton1979213–217Boiy2004164–165-186">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a> (Second reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/61px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/122px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="136" /></a> Dimitri </td> <td>c. May 161 BC </td> <td>150 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — reconquered Babylonia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii,_xliiHoughton1979213–217SachsWiseman1954209-189">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/194px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alexander_in_Akkadian.png/258px-Alexander_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="106" /></a> Aliksandar </td> <td>150 BC </td> <td>146 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — supposedly son of Antiochus IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii,_xliiSachsWiseman1954209Mittag200851-190">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/61px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/92px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png/122px-Demetrius_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="136" /></a> Dimitri' </td> <td>146 BC </td> <td>141 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Demetrius I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii,_xliiSachsWiseman1954209-191">[150]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasty_XIV_(Arsacid),_141_BC_–_AD_224">Dynasty XIV (Arsacid), 141 BC – AD 224</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dynasty XIV (Arsacid), 141 BC – AD 224">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">note: The chronology of the Parthian kings, especially in the early period, is disputed on account of a lack of sources. The chronology here, which omits several rival kings and usurpers, primarily follows Shayegan (2011),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011229–239-192">[151]</a> Dąbrowa (2012)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012169–176-193">[152]</a> and Daryaee (2012).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2012391–392-194">[153]</a> For alternate interpretations, see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parthian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parthian monarchs">List of Parthian monarchs</a>.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">King </th> <th width="20%">Akkadian </th> <th width="10%">Reigned from </th> <th width="10%">Reigned until </th> <th width="40%">Succession </th> <th width="10%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ<a href="#cite_note-197">[ap]</a> </td> <td>141 BC </td> <td>132 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — conquered Babylonia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202157-198">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> (First reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>132 BC </td> <td>July 130 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiShayegan2011123-199">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[aq]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rinu_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rinu_in_Akkadian.png/78px-Rinu_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rinu_in_Akkadian.png/117px-Rinu_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rinu_in_Akkadian.png/156px-Rinu_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="76" /></a> Ri-[—]-nu<a href="#cite_note-203">[ar]</a> </td> <td>132 BC </td> <td>July 130 BC </td> <td>Mother and regent for Phraates II, who was a minor at the time of his accession </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiShayegan2011123-199">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/139px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/209px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png/278px-Antiochus_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="102" /></a> Antiʾukusu </td> <td>July 130 BC </td> <td>November 129 BC </td> <td>King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Demetrius I, conquered Babylonia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii,_xliiShayegan2011110–111Shayegan2011123-204">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> (Second reign) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>November 129 BC </td> <td>128/127 BC<a href="#cite_note-Hyspa-206">[as]</a> </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — reconquered Babylonia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiShayegan2011110–111Shayegan2011123-207">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ubulna<a href="#cite_note-ParthianQueen-208">[at]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ubulna_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ubulna_in_Akkadian.png/82px-Ubulna_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ubulna_in_Akkadian.png/123px-Ubulna_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ubulna_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Ubulna_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="64" /></a> Ubulna </td> <td>November 129 BC </td> <td>128/127 BC </td> <td>Unclear identity, associated with Phraates II – probably his queen </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiShayegan2011110–111Shayegan2011123-207">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hyspaosines_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hyspaosines_in_Akkadian.png/117px-Hyspaosines_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hyspaosines_in_Akkadian.png/176px-Hyspaosines_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hyspaosines_in_Akkadian.png/234px-Hyspaosines_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="86" /></a> Aspasinē </td> <td>128/127 BC<a href="#cite_note-Hyspa-206">[as]</a> </td> <td>November 127 BC </td> <td>King of <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a> — captured Babylon in the wake of Antiochus VII Sidetes's campaign </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOelsner2014301Shayegan2011110–111-209">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>November 127 BC </td> <td>124 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — brother of Mithridates I, conquered Babylonia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiDaryaee2012391-210">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>124 BC </td> <td>91 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202135-211">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>91 BC </td> <td>80 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiLewy1944202-212">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asi'abatar<a href="#cite_note-ParthianQueen-208">[at]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Asi%27abatar_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Asi%27abatar_in_Akkadian.png/104px-Asi%27abatar_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Asi%27abatar_in_Akkadian.png/156px-Asi%27abatar_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Asi%27abatar_in_Akkadian.png/208px-Asi%27abatar_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="89" /></a> Aši'abatum </td> <td>91 BC </td> <td>80 BC </td> <td>Wife (queen) of Gotarzes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiLewy1944202-212">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>80 BC </td> <td>75 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates II or Gotarzes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiLewy1944203Ellerbrock202136-213">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ispubarza<a href="#cite_note-ParthianQueen-208">[at]</a> </td> <td>Isbubarzâ </td> <td>80 BC </td> <td>75 BC </td> <td>Sister-wife (queen) of Orodes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiLewy1944203-214">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>75 BC </td> <td>69 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son or brother of Mithridates I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202136–37-215">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>69 BC </td> <td>57 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Sinatruces </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202140-216">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Piriustana<a href="#cite_note-ParthianQueen-208">[at]</a> </td> <td>Piriustanâ </td> <td>69 BC </td> <td>?? </td> <td>Wife (queen) of Phraates III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiShayegan2011235-217">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teleuniqe<a href="#cite_note-ParthianQueen-208">[at]</a> </td> <td>Ṭeleuniqê' </td> <td>?? </td> <td>57 BC </td> <td>Wife (queen) of Phraates III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiShayegan2011235-217">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>57 BC </td> <td>38 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates III </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202141-218">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>38 BC </td> <td>2 BC </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Orodes II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202143-219">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[au]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>2 BC </td> <td>AD 4 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202145–46-221">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 4 </td> <td>AD 6 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202148Daryaee2012391-222">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 6 </td> <td>AD 12 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202148-223">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 12 </td> <td>AD 38 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Phraates IV (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202149-224">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 38 </td> <td>AD 46 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202149-224">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 38 </td> <td>AD 51 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202149-224">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 51 </td> <td>AD 51 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Phraates IV (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee2012391–392Olbrycht201624-225">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 51 </td> <td>AD 78 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vonones II or Artabanus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202157-198">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 78 </td> <td>AD 110 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiEllerbrock202158-226">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[av]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/109px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/164px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png/218px-Arsaces_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="129" /></a> Aršakâ </td> <td>AD 79/80 </td> <td>AD 81 </td> <td>Rival king of the Parthian Empire (against Pacorus II) — son of Vologases I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxiiSchippmann1986647–650-228">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-lastParthians-229">[aw]</a> </td> <td>AD 109 </td> <td>AD 129 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Pacorus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814Ellerbrock202160–61-230">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-lastParthians-229">[aw]</a> </td> <td>AD 110 </td> <td>AD 147 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Pacorus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814Dąbrowa2012176-231">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-lastParthians-229">[aw]</a> </td> <td>AD 116 </td> <td>AD 117 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Osroes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814Ellerbrock202161-232">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-lastParthians-229">[aw]</a> </td> <td>AD 147 </td> <td>AD 191 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Pacorus II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814Ellerbrock202161-232">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-lastParthians-229">[aw]</a> </td> <td>AD 191 </td> <td>AD 208 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases IV </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814Patterson2013180–181-233">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-lastParthians-229">[aw]</a> </td> <td>AD 208 </td> <td>AD 216/228 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases V </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814Ellerbrock202163-234">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td>— <a href="#cite_note-lastParthians-229">[aw]</a> </td> <td>AD 216 </td> <td>AD 224 </td> <td>King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases V </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201814Ellerbrock202163–64-235">[186]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">List of Assyrian kings</a> – for the Assyrian kings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of Mesopotamian dynasties</a> – for other dynasties and kingdoms in ancient Mesopotamia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The star of Shamash was often used as a standard in southern Mesopotamia from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian period</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992168-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> The Antiochus cylinder is written in Babylonian cuneiform, though with some unorthodox and strange choices of signs. Its rendition of the name Antiochus is featured here, alongside transcriptions of the same spelling of Antiochus, but with ordinary Babylonian and Assyrian signs, to illustrate the differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis_Budge188494–97-62">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumu-abum-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Sumu-abum_72-0">^</a> Sumu-abum was the first king of Babylon according to Babylonian King Lists A and B. There is no contemporary evidence for his rule in Babylon; the earliest ruler who there is textual evidence of in Babylon itself is Sin-Muballit, the fifth king according to the king lists. Sumu-abum is contemporarily attested as a ruler of the cities <a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kisurra" title="Kisurra">Kisurra</a>, but some evidence seems to suggest that he and Sumu-la-El (his supposed successor) were contemporaries. Later rulers of Babylon's first dynasty referred to Sumu-la-El, rather than Sumu-abum, as the founder of their dynasty. It is possible that Sumu-abum did not rule Babylon, but for some reason was inserted in later traditions into the city's dynastic history. Perhaps Sumu-la-El ruled Babylon as a vassal of Sumu-abum, who might have ruled a larger group of territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201869–70-71">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> No king list includes a king between Itti-ili-nibi and Damqi-ilishu, and Babylonian King List A states that Dynasty II had 11 kings, speaking against the existence of this figure. The existence of an unknown king here is thus very speculative, based on the presence of the sign AŠ between lines 5 and 6 of BKLa, between Itti-ili-nibi and Damqi-ilishu, which might be a reference to a king between them, as the same sign later in the list has been seen by some scholars as evidence of an attestation of another unknown king, attested in the Synchronistic King List but unattested in other sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201837-78">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Name not preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201837-78">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Omitted in Babylonian King Lists A and B, only being included in the Synchronistic King List. The reading of the signs making up his name is not certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018129-76">[73]</a> The issue derives from the poor quality early photographs of the tablet and its subsequent deteriorating condition. The presence of the sign AŠ between lines 10 and 11 of BKLa, between Gulkishar and Peshgaldaramesh might be a reference to a king between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201837-78">[75]</a> Given that he only appears in one source, and BKLa states that there were 11 kings of this dynasty, his existence is not certain. Perhaps he was a real king who reigned very briefly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201837-78">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Babylonian King List A adds a king between Kashtiliash I and Abi-Rattash, but the list is damaged and the name is not preserved. The Synchronistic King List omits this figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018128-85">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Name not preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018128-85">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> One possible reading of an inscription by Agum II indicates that Abi-Rattash was an ancestor of Agum II's father Urzigurumash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197685-89">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> As Agum II explicitly refers to Urzigurumash as his father in his own inscriptions, Beaulieu (2018) placed him as Urzigurumash's direct successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018128-85">[79]</a> Chen (2020) placed him later, as the direct predecessor of Burnaburiash I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206-68">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> There being a king between Shipta'ulzi and Burnaburiash I is indicated by both Babylonian King List A and the Synchronistic King List, but as both texts are damaged, neither list preserves the name of this ruler. Historically, the fragments left have been interpreted as suggesting that this king's name was Agum, but this reading has been abandoned by modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018128-85">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Name not preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018128-85">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Kadashman-Sah does not appear in king lists. The only evidence of his existence are tablets that are dated to the reign of 'Agum and Kadashman-Sah', suggesting that he was a king, and that there was some form of co-rulership. It is possible that he was a transitional ruler with only local power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018132-97">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> There are no sources that directly indicate a familial connection between Kadashman-Enlil I and Kurigalzu I, but Kadashman-Enlil I's presumed son, Burnaburiash II, refers to Kurigalzu I as his ancestor in a letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197615-101">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KashtiliashSuccessors-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KashtiliashSuccessors_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KashtiliashSuccessors_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KashtiliashSuccessors_104-2">c</a> Kashtiliash IV was deposed by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1225 BC. The Bablyonian Chronicles describe Tukulti-Ninurta I as destroying Babylon's walls and incorporating the city into his empire for seven years until the Babylonians rebelled and placed Kashtiliash IV's son, Adad-shuma-usur, on the throne. Babylonian King List A contradicts this, listing three rulers between Kashtiliash IV and Adad-shuma-usur. As the reigns of these three kings add up to just a little less than seven years, scholars have historically interpreted this to mean that these three kings were appointed vassals of Tukulti-Ninurta I. The Babylonian Chronicles seem to suggest that Adad-shuma-usur ruled in the south of Bablyonia concurrently with Tukulti-Ninurta controlling the north (and Babylon itself). Beaulieu (2018) suggests the possibility that these three kings were contemporary rivals, rather than successors of one another, and that Adad-shuma-usur did succeed Kashtiliash IV directly, but only in the south, and only took control of Babylon late in his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018148–149-103">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> A family link between Ninurta-nadin-shumi and his immediate predecessors cannot be proven from the sources, but the only definitely attested break in family succession to the throne in this dynasty was the accession of Adad-apla-iddina, who is explicitly designated as an usurper in the sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196898-107">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Marduk-shapik-zeri was once believed to be attested as Marduk-nadin-ahhe's son, but the reading of the relevant text is uncertain–it cannot be proven, or disproven, that Marduk-shapik-zeri was Marduk-nadin-ahhe's son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1968119-109">[93]</a> The only definitely attested break in family succession to the throne in this dynasty was the accession of Adad-apla-iddina, who is explicitly designated as an usurper in the sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196898-107">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> The name of this king has not survived in its complete form in any source. The 'X' in his name was inserted by modern historians to mark the missing portion. The reading of the second element of his name, zēra, is not fully certain. According to Brinkman (1968), there are many possibilities for what the full name was (based on known Babylonian names with the same first two elements), including: Marduk-zēra-ibni, Marduk-zēra-iddina, Marduk-zēra-iqīša, Marduk-zēra-uballiṭ, Marduk-zēra-ukīn, Marduk-zēra-uṣur, Marduk-zēra-ušallim and 'Marduk-zēra-līšir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1968146-112">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mudammiq-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mudammiq_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mudammiq_120-1">b</a> Shamash-mudammiq is described as having been defeated by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 901 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018180-119">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nabu-apla-iddina-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nabu-apla-iddina_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nabu-apla-iddina_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nabu-apla-iddina_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nabu-apla-iddina_121-3">d</a> Beaulieu (2018) states that Nabu-apla-iddina's 31st year as king was <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 855 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018180-119">[101]</a> Chen (2020) ascribes Nabu-apla-iddina a 33-year reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206-68">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakir-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zakir_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakir_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zakir_122-2">c</a> Chen (2020) ascribes Marduk-zakir-shumi I a 27-year reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206-68">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-adad-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adad_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adad_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adad_124-2">c</a> Marduk-balassu-iqbi was deposed by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> in 813 BC. Less than a year later, in 812 BC, Shamshi-Adad deposed Marduk-balassu-iqbi's successor, Baba-aha-iddina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184-123">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> After Baba-aha-iddina was taken to Assyria as a captive by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> in 812 BC, Babylonia entered into an interregnum lasting several (at least four) years, which the chronicles describe as a period when there was "no king in the land". The chief claimants to royal power in Babylonia at this time was the Assyrians. Though they did not claim the title 'king of Babylon', Shamshi-Adad V took the title 'king of Sumer and Akkad' after his victory in 812 BC and Shamshi-Adad's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a>, claimed that 'all the kings of Chaldea' were his vassals and that he had received tribute, as well as sacrificial meals (a Babylonian royal prerogative) at Babylon. The Babylonian crown had thus, at least nominally, been taken over by the Assyrians, though as Assyria was in a weakened state its kings were unable to fully exploit the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184–185-125">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Some of the Chaldean tribes during this time also either claimed royal Babylonian power, or asserted their own independence. A seal from the time of the interregnum depicts the chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe (and father of the later king Eriba-Marduk), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marduk-shakin-shumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marduk-shakin-shumi (page does not exist)">Marduk-shakin-shumi</a>, in the traditional Babylonian royal garbs. There is also a contract tablet known that describes a weight being sent to the 'palace of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabu-shumu-lishir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabu-shumu-lishir (page does not exist)">Nabu-shumu-lishir</a>, descendant of Dakkuru'. Nabu-shumu-lishir of the Bit-Dakkuri tribe's claim to reside in a 'palace' was equivalent to claiming to be a king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184–185-125">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Ninurta-apla-X is only known from Babylonian King List A, where his name is broken off and incompletely preserved. The 'X' in his name was inserted by modern historians to mark the missing portion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018185-128">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196859-129">[105]</a> The second element of the name, apla, is not a fully certain reading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196859-129">[105]</a> According to Brinkman (1968), the full name might have been Ninurta-apla-uṣur or something similar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196859-129">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-eriba-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eriba_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eriba_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eriba_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eriba_132-3">d</a> Beaulieu (2018) writes that Eriba-Marduk's ninth and last year as king was <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 760 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018186-131">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Recognising Sennacherib as the king of Babylon from 689 to 681 BC is the norm in modern lists of Babylonian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> Babylon was destroyed at this time and many contemporary Babylonian documents, such as chronicles, refer to Sennacherb's second reign in Babylonia as a "kingless period" without a king in the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197395-137">[111]</a> Babylonian King List A nevertheless includes Sennacherib as the king of this period, listing his second reign as taking place between the downfall of Mushezib-Marduk and the accession of Esarhaddon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014206-138">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashurbanipal1-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashurbanipal1_143-0">^</a> Though Šamaš-šuma-ukin was the legitimate successor of Esarhaddon to the Babylonian throne, appointed by his father, he was not formally invested as such until the spring after his father's death. Lists of kings of Babylon by modern historians typically regard Ashurbanipal, Esarhaddon's successor in Assyria, as the ruler of Babylon during this brief 'interregnum'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> The Uruk King List lists Ashurbanipal as Šamaš-šuma-ukin's predecessor, but also lists him as ruling simultaneously with his brother, giving his reign as 669–647 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2005-142">[115]</a> In contrast, Babylonian King List A omits Ashurbanipal entirely, listing Šamaš-šuma-ukin as the direct successor of Esarhaddon, and Kandalanu as the direct successor of Šamaš-šuma-ukin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014206-138">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashurbanipal2-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashurbanipal2_145-0">^</a> Ashurbanipal is again not recorded by the Babylonian King List A as ruler between Šamaš-šuma-ukin and Kandalanu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014206-138">[112]</a> and is not recorded as such in lists by modern historians either.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> Ashurbanipal did however rule Babylonia from the defeat of Šamaš-šuma-ukin in the summer of 648 BC to Kandalanu's appointment in 647 BC. Date formulae from Babylonia during this time are dated to Ashurbanipal's rule, and indicate that the transfer of power to Kandalanu was gradual. Tablets were still dated to Ashurbanipal around the end of 647 BC at <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, and as late as the spring of 646 BC at <a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a>. After 646 BC, tablets in Babylonia are exclusively dated to Kandalanu's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018217-144">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KandalanuNabopolassar-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KandalanuNabopolassar_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KandalanuNabopolassar_147-1">b</a> The Babylonian Chronicles describe the period between Kandalanu and Nabopolassar as a "kingless" one and some date formulae from this period are dated to "the year after Kandalanu", suggesting an interregnum. The Uruk King List records Sin-shumu-lishir and Sinsharishkun's reigns, however,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018223-146">[117]</a> as do lists of Babylonian kings by modern historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-xerxessogdianus-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xerxessogdianus_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xerxessogdianus_156-1">b</a> Contemporary Babylonian contract tablets, as well as Babylonian king lists, omit both Xerxes II and Sogdianus, suggesting that the Babylonians viewed Darius II as Artaxerxes I's immediate successor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Philip III Arrhidaeus died in 317 BC. Certain Babylonian documents continue to recognise him as king until 316 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi-159">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Antigonus, one of Alexander III's former generals who took power in the eastern regions of Alexander's empire, began issuing date formulae in his own name, rather than in the name of an official king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoiy20113-162">[130]</a> The Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period suggests that Antigonus's rule was not considered legal and that he should have submitted to the rule of Alexander III's son, Alexander IV. The list writes that "there was no king in the land" for several years and titles Antigonus as the chief of the army, rather than king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachsWiseman1954204-163">[131]</a> The Uruk King List includes Antigonus without comments on his status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2005-142">[115]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Alexander IV died in 310 BC. Certain Babylonian documents continue to recognise him as king until 305 BC, when Seleucus I Nicator became king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi-159">[128]</a> The Babylonians were aware that Alexander IV had died in 310 BC, but they continued to date documents to his reign posthumously for several years since there was no clear legitimate heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoiy20114-166">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Seleucus I Nicator became king in 305 BC, but he retroactively dated to his accession to 311 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi-159">[128]</a> The Babylonian King List dates Seleucus I's accession to 305/304 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoiy20113-162">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyStart-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlyStart_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyStart_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyStart_171-2">c</a> Did not technically become senior king until his father's death, from which his rule is counted in the Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachsWiseman1954206-170">[135]</a> but recognised as king in date formulae alongside his father from this earlier date onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi-159">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-datejunior-173"><a href="#cite_ref-datejunior_173-0">^</a> Junior ruler who never ruled in his own right, recognised as king of Babylon alongside his senior counterpart in date formulae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi-159">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-juniorKingList-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-juniorKingList_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-juniorKingList_177-1">b</a> Junior ruler who never ruled in his own right, recognised as king of Babylon alongside his senior counterpart in date formulae<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi-159">[128]</a> and in the Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachsWiseman1954207-176">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Demetrius I Soter deposed and killed Antiochus V Eupator in 162 BC, but the last known document dated to Antiochus V's rule at Babylon is from 11 January 161 BC. It is possible that it took several weeks for the news of Antiochus V's death to reach the eastern provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton1979215–216-183">[145]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> No known cuneiform tablets record Timarchus's brief rule in Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton1979213–217Boiy2004164–165-186">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_188-1">b</a> Given that tablets dating to Antiochus V Eupator are known from January 161 BC, and the earliest known tablet dated to Demetrius I is from 14 May 161 BC, Timarchus's brief control of Babylon must have transpired at some point between these dates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton1979215–216-183">[145]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Babylonian documents from the period of Parthian rule refer to virtually all Parthian kings as Arshaka, Arshakan, Arshakamma, or some other Akkadian variant of the name Arsaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead193714-195">[154]</a> This list uses the spelling Aršakâ per Spar & Lambert (2005).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xlii-196">[155]</a> Arsaces was used as the regnal name by all Parthian kings, making it more similar to an official title, such as the Roman <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>, than a name. If there was a period of civil war or rivalry, i.e. in times where there were multiple Arsaces at the same time and clarification was needed, Babylonian documents sometimes employed the personal names of the kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead193714-195">[154]</a> The practice of all Parthian kings assuming Arsaces as their regnal name complicates establishing a chronology of rulers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead193714-195">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi-159">[128]</a> which mainly has to follow evidence from coinage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead193714-195">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Though formally only a regent during the minority of her son, a contemporary Babylonian tablet counts Rinnu as a monarch. The date formula of this tablet reads 'Arshak and Ri-[in(?)]-nu, his mother, kings'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead193713-200">[158]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Name incompletely preserved (middle sign missing).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011230-202">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyspa-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyspa_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyspa_206-1">b</a> Phraates II's rule in Babylon is last attested on 17 May 128 BC. Hyspaosines is first attested as ruler on 30/31 May 127 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011111-205">[161]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParthianQueen-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParthianQueen_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParthianQueen_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParthianQueen_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParthianQueen_208-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParthianQueen_208-4">e</a> Queen consort, and thus not formally a monarch, but recorded together with her husband as ruler in Babylonian date formulae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii-37">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Phraates V's mother, <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a>, who ruled with him as co-ruler, is not recorded as a monarch in any known Babylonian tablets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxii-37">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> The latest known datable Akkadian cuneiform tablet is W22340a, found at <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and dated to AD 79/80. The tablet preserves the word LUGAL (king), indicating that the Babylonians by this point still recognised a king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerde_Jong2014182–185-52">[51]</a> The ruler of Babylonia at this point in time was the Parthian rival king (i. e. usurper) Artabanus III, noted by historians as having had support for his rule in Babylonia, but not much support elsewhere in the Parthian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986647–650-53">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lastParthians-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lastParthians_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lastParthians_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lastParthians_229-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lastParthians_229-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lastParthians_229-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lastParthians_229-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lastParthians_229-6">g</a> Although the late Parthian kings would presumably have been referred to as Aršákā, like their predecessors, no cuneiform records are known from beyond AD 79/80.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerde_Jong2014182–185-52">[51]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992168-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992168_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201723-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201723_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201723_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201723_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201723_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares2017">Soares 2017</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201724-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201724_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares2017">Soares 2017</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20172_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckenbill19249_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckenbill1924">Luckenbill 1924</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011260-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011260_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201728-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201728_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201728_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares2017">Soares 2017</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176,_11-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20176,_11_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2017">Karlsson 2017</a>, pp. 6, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201468-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201468_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2014">Stevens 2014</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetze196498_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoetze1964">Goetze 1964</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201722-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201722_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201722_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares2017">Soares 2017</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Meer195542-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Meer195542_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Der_Meer1955">Van Der Meer 1955</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDa_Riva2013">Da Riva 2013</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares201721-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares201721_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares2017">Soares 2017</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeat1989199-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeat1989199_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeat1989">Peat 1989</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20193-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia20193_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia20193_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamaev1989185–186_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamaev1989">Dandamaev 1989</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaingFrost2017-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaingFrost2017_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaingFrost2017">Laing & Frost 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20194-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia20194_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaia20193–7-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaia20193–7_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaia2019">Zaia 2019</a>, pp. 3–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014208-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFales2014208_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFales2014">Fales 2014</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201813_23-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014210-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFales2014210_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFales2014">Fales 2014</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20201–2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20201–2_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202,_4-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20202,_4_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20202,_4_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 2, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20204-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20204_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20204_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20204_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20204_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20204_27-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20202-28">^ <a 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<a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196898-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196898_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196898_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1968">Brinkman 1968</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1968119-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1968119_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1968">Brinkman 1968</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155Brinkman1968136-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018155Brinkman1968136_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1968">Brinkman 1968</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1968146-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1968146_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1968">Brinkman 1968</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178_114-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178_114-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018176–178_114-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, pp. 176–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018177-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018177_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018178-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018178_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812–13-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201812–13_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018178_118-17">r</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018180-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018180_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018180_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184–185-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184–185_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018184–185_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018185-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018185_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196859-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196859_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196859_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman196859_129-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1968">Brinkman 1968</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018186-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018186_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoossens194033-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoossens194033_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoossens1940">Goossens 1940</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014204–218-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFales2014204–218_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFales2014">Fales 2014</a>, pp. 204–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2014204–218_135-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFFales2014">Fales 2014</a>, pp. 204–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195_136-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197395-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman197395_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkman1973">Brinkman 1973</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFales2014206-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFales2014206_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFales2014206_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFales2014206_138-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFales2014">Fales 2014</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Radner2003166-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Radner2003166_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFRadner2003">Radner 2003</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2012135-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018195Fales2012135_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFFales2012">Fales 2012</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2005-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2005_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2005_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLendering2005">Lendering 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018217-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018217_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018217_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018223-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018223_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggers2015183-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggers2015183_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaerzeggers2015">Waerzeggers 2015</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014137-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014137_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11_150-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFParkerDubberstein1942">Parker & Dubberstein 1942</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11Wiseman1991244-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2020202–206Beaulieu2018220ParkerDubberstein19429–11Wiseman1991244_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2020">Chen 2020</a>, pp. 202–206; <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFParkerDubberstein1942">Parker & Dubberstein 1942</a>, pp. 9–11; <a href="#CITEREFWiseman1991">Wiseman 1991</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247ParkerDubberstein194211–17_152-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFParkerDubberstein1942">Parker & Dubberstein 1942</a>, pp. 11–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering2001Nielsen201555–57-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering2001Nielsen201555–57_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFLendering2001">Lendering 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNielsen2015">Nielsen 2015</a>, pp. 55–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFLendering1998">Lendering 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998b-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998b_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018247Lendering1998b_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFLendering1998b">Lendering 1998b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2004-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2004_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLendering2004">Lendering 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954204Depuydt1997117ParkerDubberstein194211–17-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparLambert2005xxi,_xliiSachsWiseman1954204Depuydt1997117ParkerDubberstein194211–17_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparLambert2005">Spar & Lambert 2005</a>, pp. xxi, xlii; 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Journal of Ancient History. 2 (1): 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjah-2014-0009">10.1515/jah-2014-0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161546400">161546400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+History&rft.atitle=Seleucid+Coinage+in+175%E2%80%93166+BCE+and+the+Historicity+of+Daniel+11%3A21%E2%80%9324&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjah-2014-0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161546400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scolnic&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274523095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+kings+of+Babylon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassmaier1888" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strassmaier, J. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  (foreign ruler</li><li>vassal king</li><li>female♀)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a> (1894–1595 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li>mDIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a> (1729–1157 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a> (1157–732 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a> (732–626 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (626–539 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a> (539–331 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (331–141 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li>Seleucus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a> (141 BC – AD 224)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></li> <li>Ubulna♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></li> <li>Asi'abatar♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></li> <li>Ispubarza♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></li> <li>Piriustana♀</li> <li>Teleuniqe♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titulature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titles" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titles" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamian_royal_titulature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Ancient Mesopotamian royal titulature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dominion over the world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_All_Peoples" title="King of All Peoples">King of All Peoples</a> (šar kiššat nišē)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners" title="King of the Four Corners">King of the Four Corners of the World</a> (šar kibrāt erbetti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe" title="King of the Universe">King of the Universe</a> (šar kiššatim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Claims_to_universal_rule" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dominion over Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (šar šarrāni)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a> (šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">King of the Lands</a> (šar mātāti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Dominance_over_Mesopotamia" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The king's person</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a> (šarru rabu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mighty_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mighty King (page does not exist)">Mighty King</a> (šarrum dannum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Titles_centering_on_the_king's_person" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Akkad" title="List of kings of Akkad">King of Akkad</a> (šar māt Akkadi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">King of Assyria</a> (šar māt Aššur)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King of Babylon</a> (šar Bābili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">King of Sumer</a> (šar māt Šumeri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Specific_locations_and_peoples" title="Akkadian royal titulary">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Titles rendered in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-236">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[5]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-241">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-241">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun- tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-241">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (Vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-242">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a> Dynasty </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+kings+of+Babylon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+kings+of+Babylon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+kings+of+Babylon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+kings+of+Babylon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_241-2">c</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+kings+of+Babylon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&oldid=1248686557#Dynasty_I_(Amorite),_1894–1595_BC">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&oldid=1248686557#Dynasty_I_(Amorite),_1894–1595_BC</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Kings of Babylon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Babylonia" title="Category:Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_monarchs_in_Asia" title="Category:Lists of monarchs in Asia">Lists of monarchs in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq_history-related_lists" title="Category:Iraq history-related lists">Iraq history-related lists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2024, at 22:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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1,\n [\"CITEREFEllerbrock2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFales2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFales2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGera1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoetze1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoossens1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaubold2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoover2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoughton1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHungerde_Jong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlsson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosmin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaingFrost2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendering1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendering1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendering2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendering2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendering2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewy1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuckenbill1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittag2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurai2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOelsner1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOelsner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbrycht2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlmstead1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerDubberstein1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeat1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoebel1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachsWiseman1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchippmann1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScolnic2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShayegan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwin-White1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoares2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparLambert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrassmaier1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Meer1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Spek1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Spek2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaerzeggers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaerzeggers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallis_Budge1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaia2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ancient Mesopotamia\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Mesopotamian royal titles\"] = 1,\n [\"Babylonian kings\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 154,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Kings Of Babylon\"] = 1,\n [\"Early Rulers of Mesopotamia\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 79,\n [\"Infobox former monarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple images\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 33,\n [\"Sc\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 192,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 203,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 2,\n [\"Transl\"] = 258,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","26.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","220","12.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","9.9"],["dataWrapper 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