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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early military service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_military_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early military service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_in_warlord_armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_in_warlord_armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Service in warlord armies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_warlord_armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuomintang_officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuomintang_officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kuomintang officer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuomintang_officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Army_commander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Army_commander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Red Army commander</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Red_Army_commander-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Red Army commander subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Red_Army_commander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defending_the_Jiangxi_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defending_the_Jiangxi_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Defending the Jiangxi Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defending_the_Jiangxi_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Long March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Liberation_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Liberation_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>People's Liberation Army</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People's_Liberation_Army-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People's Liberation Army subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People's_Liberation_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defeating_the_Kuomintang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeating_the_Kuomintang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Defeating the Kuomintang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeating_the_Kuomintang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Defense Minister</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defense_Minister-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defense Minister subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defense_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Political activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Military activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_from_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_from_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fall from power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fall_from_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fall from power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fall_from_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Great_Leap_Forward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Leap_Forward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The Great Leap Forward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Leap_Forward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lushan_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lushan_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The Lushan Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lushan_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partial_rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Partial rehabilitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_during_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_during_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Persecution during Cultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_during_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Posthumous rehabilitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peng Dehuai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AA%E2%81%BF_Tek-ho%C3%A2i" title="Phêⁿ Tek-hoâi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phêⁿ Tek-hoâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Пэн Дэхуай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пэн Дэхуай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pcheng_Te-chuaj" title="Pcheng Te-chuaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pcheng Te-chuaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پنگ دهای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنگ دهای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A0ng_Tet-f%C3%A0i" title="Phàng Tet-fài – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phàng Tet-fài" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%91%EB%8D%94%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B4" title="펑더화이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펑더화이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="פנג דה-חואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנג דה-חואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_T%C3%B6-huaj" title="Peng Tö-huaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Peng Tö-huaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%89" title="پينج ديهواى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پينج ديهواى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B3%E6%87%90" title="彭徳懐 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="彭徳懐" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Пэн Дэхуай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пэн Дэхуай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pcheng_Te-chuaj" title="Pcheng Te-chuaj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pcheng Te-chuaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuaj" title="Peng Dehuaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peng Dehuaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Пенг Дехуај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пенг Дехуај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peng Dehuai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2" title="เผิง เต๋อหวย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เผิง เต๋อหวย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwngz_Dwzvaiz" 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href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80" title="彭德怀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彭德怀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%87%B7" title="彭德懷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="彭德懷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80" title="彭德怀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彭德怀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese politician and general (1898–1974)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Marshal Peng Dehuai" redirects here. For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Peng_Dehuai_(TV_series)" title="Marshal Peng Dehuai (TV series)"><i>Marshal Peng Dehuai</i> (TV series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Peng_(surname)" title="Peng (surname)">Peng</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>inconsistent birth name.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Peng_Dehuai" title="Special:EditPage/Peng Dehuai">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuanshuai" title="Yuanshuai">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Peng Dehuai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">彭德怀</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/220px-General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/330px-General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Peng in his Marshal uniform, 1955</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister of National Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 28, 1954 – September 17, 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彭清宗</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Péng Qīngzōng</i></span>)</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-10-24</span>)</span>October 24, 1898<br />Shixiang, <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_County" title="Xiangtan County">Xiangtan County</a>, Hunan, <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 29, 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-11-29)</span> (aged 76)<br />Beijing, People's Republic of China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CCP" class="mw-redirect" title="CCP">CCP</a> (1928–1959)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan_Military_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunan Military Academy (page does not exist)">Hunan Military Academy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E8%AE%B2%E6%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:湖南讲武堂">zh</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General</li><li>politician</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">彭老总</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Péng Lǎozǒng</i></span>, "Old Chief Peng")</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">红军之狮</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hóng jūn zhī shī</i></span>, "The Lion of the Red Army")</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">彭大将军</span></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Grand General</a> Peng", addressed by Mao Zedong in his famous poem)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">People's Liberation Army Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army">Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Hunan clique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1916–1959</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the People's Republic of China">Marshal of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> (NRA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Commander, Third Corps, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a></li> <li>Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Eighth Route Army</li> <li>Deputy Commander-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li>Commander and <a href="/wiki/Political_Commissar" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Commissar">Political Commissar</a>, People's Volunteer Army</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Republic" title="Hero of the Republic">Hero of the Republic</a> (North Korea, 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1_Medal_(1955)" title="August 1 Medal (1955)">Order of August 1</a> (First Class Medal) (China, 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Independence_and_Freedom" title="Order of Independence and Freedom">Order of Independence and Freedom</a> (First Class Medal) (China, 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberation_(China)" title="Order of Liberation (China)">Order of Liberation</a> (First Class Medal) (China, 1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">彭德怀</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">彭德懷</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Péng Déhuái</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Pʻeng² Tê²-huai²</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[pʰə̌ŋ tɤ̌.xwǎɪ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Pàahng Dāk-wàaih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Paang<sup>4</sup> Dak<sup>1</sup>-waai<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[pʰaŋ˩ tɐk̚˥.waj˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peng Dehuai</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (October 24, 1898 – November 29, 1974) was a Chinese general and politician who was the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister of National Defense</a> from 1954 to 1959. Peng was born into a poor peasant family, and received several years of primary education before his family's poverty forced him to suspend his education at the age of ten, and to work for several years as a manual laborer. When he was sixteen, Peng became a professional soldier. Over the next ten years Peng served in the armies of several Hunan-based warlord armies, raising himself from the rank of private second class to major. In 1926, Peng's forces joined the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, and Peng was first introduced to communism. Peng participated in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>, and supported <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>'s attempt to form a <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_government" title="Wuhan Nationalist government">left-leaning Kuomintang government based in Wuhan</a>. After Wang was defeated, Peng briefly rejoined <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s forces before joining the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), allying himself with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>. </p><p>Peng was one of the most senior generals who defended the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a> from Chiang's attempts to capture it, and his successes were rivaled only by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>. Peng participated in the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>, and supported Mao Zedong at the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a>, which was critical to Mao's rise to power. During the 1937–1945 <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Peng was one of the strongest supporters of pursuing a ceasefire with the Kuomintang in order to concentrate China's collective resources on resisting the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a>. Peng was the senior commander in the combined Kuomintang–Communist efforts to resist the Japanese occupation of <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> in 1937; and, by 1938, was in command of two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a>. In 1940, Peng conducted the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a>, a massive Communist effort to disrupt Japanese logistical networks across northern China. The Hundred Regiments Offensive was modestly successful, but political disputes within the Communist Party led to Peng being recalled to <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, and he spent the rest of the war without an active command. After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese surrender">Japanese surrendered</a>, in 1945, Peng was given command of Communist forces in Northwest China. He was the most senior commander responsible for defending the Communist leadership in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> from Kuomintang forces, saving Mao from being captured at least once. Peng eventually defeated the Kuomintang in Northwest China, captured huge amounts of military supplies, and actively incorporated the huge area, including <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, into the People's Republic of China. </p><p>Peng was one of the few senior military leaders who supported Mao's suggestions to involve China directly in the 1950–1953 <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and he served as the direct commander of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> for the first half of the war (though Mao and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> were technically more senior). Peng's experiences in the Korean War convinced him that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese military">Chinese military</a> had to become more professional, organized, and well-equipped in order to prepare itself for the conditions of modern technical warfare. Because the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was the only communist country then equipped with a fully modern, professional army, Peng attempted to reform China's military on the Soviet model over the next several years, making the army less political and more professional (contrary to the political goals of Mao). Peng resisted Mao's attempts to develop a personality cult throughout the 1950s; and, when Mao's economic policies associated with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> caused a nationwide famine, Peng became critical of Mao's leadership. The rivalry between Peng and Mao culminated in an open confrontation between the two at the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a>. Mao won this confrontation, labeled Peng as a leader of an "anti-Party clique", and purged Peng from all influential positions for the rest of his life. </p><p>Peng lived in virtual obscurity until 1965, when the reformers <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> supported Peng's limited return to government, developing military industries in Southwest China. In 1966, following the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Peng was arrested by <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a>. From 1966 to 1970, radical factions within the CCP, led by Lin Biao and Mao's wife, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, singled out Peng for national persecution, and Peng was publicly humiliated in numerous large-scale <a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">struggle sessions</a> and subjected to physical and psychological torture in organized efforts to force Peng to confess his "crimes" against Mao Zedong and the CCP. In 1970, Peng was formally tried and sentenced to life imprisonment, and he died in prison in 1974. After Mao died in 1976, Peng's old ally, Deng Xiaoping, emerged as China's <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>. Deng led an effort to formally rehabilitate people who he believed to have been unjustly persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and Peng was one of the first leaders to be posthumously rehabilitated, in 1978. In modern China, Peng is considered one of the most successful and highly respected generals in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_CCP" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the CCP">history of the CCP</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peng was born on October 24, 1898, in the village of Shixiang, <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> County, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. His birth name was "<i>Peng Dehua</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng's family lived in a thatched-straw hut and owned approximately 1.5 acres of irrigated land on which the family grew bamboo, sweet potatoes, tea, cotton, and various vegetables. His father also operated a bean curd shop. The income from the land and shop supported an extended family of eight people, including Peng, his three brothers, his parents, his grandmother, and a grand-uncle. Peng's grand-uncle had joined and fought for the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiping rebellion">Taiping rebellion</a> and used to tell Peng about the old Taiping ideals: everyone should have enough food to eat, women should not <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">bind their feet</a>, and land should be redistributed equally. Peng later described his own class background as "lower-middle peasant."<sup id="cite_ref-Domes1011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes1011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1905 to 1907, Peng was enrolled in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> primary school. In 1908, Peng attended a modern primary school but at the age of ten was forced to withdraw from this school because of his family's deteriorating financial situation. In 1905 to 1906, there was a severe drought in Hunan. Peng's mother died in 1905, and Peng's six-month-old brother died of hunger. Peng's father was forced to sell most of his family possessions for food and to pawn most of his family's land. When Peng was withdrawn from school in 1908, he and his brothers were sent to beg for food in their village. From 1908 to 1910, Peng took work on looking after a pair of water buffaloes.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes1011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes1011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Peng's grand-uncle died in 1911, Peng left home and worked at a coalmine in <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_County" title="Xiangtan County">Xiangtan</a>, where he pushed carts of coal for a wage of nine <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a> a month. In 1912, shortly after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, the mine went bankrupt and the owners fled, which cheated Peng out of half his annual wages. Peng returned home in 1912 and took a number of odd jobs. In 1913, Hunan suffered another drought and famine, and Peng participated in a public demonstration that escalated into the seizure of a grain merchant's storehouse and the redistribution of grain among the peasants. Village police issued a warrant for Peng's arrest, and he fled to northern Hunan, where he worked for two years as a construction laborer for the construction of a dam near <a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">Dongting Lake</a>. When the dam was completed in 1916, Peng assumed that he was no longer in danger of being arrested and returned home and joined the army of a local <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>-aligned warlord, <a href="/wiki/Tang_Xiangming" title="Tang Xiangming">Tang Xiangming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_service">Early military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_in_warlord_armies">Service in warlord armies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Service in warlord armies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_Dehuai_at_the_Hunan_Army_Officers%E2%80%99_Academy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Peng_Dehuai_at_the_Hunan_Army_Officers%E2%80%99_Academy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Peng at the Hunan Military Academy (1923)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time, the minimum age of enlistment in Hunan was 18. Peng was able to join in March 1916 at the age of 17 as a private second class soldier. This may be why his year of birth is sometimes given as 1897 not 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng received a monthly wage, a portion of which he would continuously send back to support his family. Within seven months, he was promoted to private first class. One of Peng's commanding officers was an idealistic Nationalist who had participated in the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> and influenced Peng to sympathize with the Kuomintang's goals of social reform and national reunification. After <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">another civil war broke out</a> in 1917, Peng's regiment split from the rest of its army and joined the forces of <a href="/wiki/Tang_Shengzhi" title="Tang Shengzhi">Tang Shengzhi</a>, who was aligned with <a href="/wiki/Tan_Yankai" title="Tan Yankai">Tan Yankai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> against those aligned with the northern warlord <a href="/wiki/Wu_Peifu" title="Wu Peifu">Wu Peifu</a>. Peng received training in formal tactics from an officer in his brigade and education in written <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">classical Chinese</a>. In July 1918, Peng was captured on a reconnaissance mission behind enemy lines, but he was released after two weeks. In April 1919, Peng was promoted to master sergeant and acting platoon commander. Tang Shengzhi's forces drove enemy troops out of Hunan in July 1920 and captured the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng participated in a failed mutiny over pay but was ultimately pardoned along with other rebels, because there was a shortage of soldiers at the time. In August 1921, Peng was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant and became acting company commander several weeks later. Stationed in a village in <a href="/wiki/Nan_County" title="Nan County">Nanxian</a>, Peng noticed that the poor were being mistreated by a local landlord, and he encouraged them to establish an "association to help the poor." When the local villagers hesitated, Peng ordered his soldiers to arrest the landlord and execute him. Peng was reprimanded for his actions but not demoted or reassigned. After that incident, Peng began to consider seriously leaving the service of his provincial warlord army. In February 1922, after applying for extended unpaid leave, Peng and several other officers traveled to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> to seek employment in the army of the Kuomintang.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng's impression of the Kuomintang in 1922 was not favorable, and he left <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> with the intention of settling back in Hunan as a farmer. Peng returned to his home village by sea via <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, the farthest that he had ever been from his home village, and farmed with his father for three months on land that his father had bought with money sent home by Peng, but Peng did not find that occupation to be satisfying.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After one of Peng's old comrades had suggested that Peng apply to the local Hunan Military Academy to seek employment as a formally-trained professional officer, Peng accepted. Peng successfully gained admission in August 1922 and used the personal name "Dehuai" for the first time. In August 1923, after nine months of training, Peng graduated from the academy and rejoined his old regiment with the rank of captain. He was promoted to acting battalion commander in April 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, Tang's army aligned with northern warlords against the Guangdong warlord allied with the Kuomintang. Nonetheless, Peng reorganized his battalion along pro-Kuomintang political lines in 1925. In late 1925, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> established the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (NRA) and led the Kuomintang to take control of Guangdong. Tang then realigned himself with Chiang in 1926. After Wu Peifu drove Tang out of Changsha, Chiang ordered the NRA to relieve Tang and began the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>, an effort to unify China by defeating the northern warlords. Tang's forces were incorporated into the NRA, and Peng was promoted to the rank of major. Peng himself did not become a formal member of the Kuomintang. He first heard of the CCP in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuomintang_officer">Kuomintang officer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kuomintang officer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between July 1926 and March 1927, Peng campaigned in Hunan, participating in the capture of Changsha and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. Under General <a href="/wiki/He_Jian" title="He Jian">He Jian</a>, Peng participated in the battle of Fengtai, in which Kuomintang forces decisively defeated the warlord <a href="/wiki/Wu_Peifu" title="Wu Peifu">Wu Peifu</a>. In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> attempted to establish a left-leaning Kuomintang government in Wuhan, causing a split with the center/right-leaning government in Nanking. Tang Shengzhi aligned himself with the Wuhan government, and Peng was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. However, Tang's forces were defeated by Chiang. During their retreat in 1928, He Jian, under whom Peng served, defected to the Nanking side. Peng became a full colonel after the reorganization.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, Peng was approached several times by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) members, including some of his old friends. The communists' persistent push for land redistribution resonated with his childhood experience of poverty. Peng was also disappointed by the left-right split within the Kuomintang and the in-fighting among Chiang Kai-shek's own forces. In October, Peng was approached by <a href="/wiki/Duan_Dechang" title="Duan Dechang">Duan Dechang</a>, a CCP representative, but Peng could not make up his mind at the time. He met with Duan again later that month, however, and began studying basic communist theory. Albeit secretly, Peng became a member of the CCP no later than April 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his superior officer <a href="/wiki/He_Jian" title="He Jian">He Jian</a> defected to Chiang's forces, Peng was stationed in the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Pingjiang_County" title="Pingjiang County">Pingjiang County</a>, northwest of Changsha, in May 1928. His orders were to eliminate local groups of communist guerrillas who had fled to the area after the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai massacre of 1927">Shanghai massacre of 1927</a>. Peng kept his unit passive and began organizing local party branches with other secret members of the CCP within his own troops. His forces then executed the county magistrate and landlords, formed a local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviet</a>, and incorporated themselves within the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a>. Following a prolonged defeat at the hands of He Jian, who still served the KMT, Peng retreated to Jinggangshan to join <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist Jürgen Domes wrote that like many other young men at the time, Peng's social consciousness was awakened by their experience of impoverishment and sharpened by the disappointment they felt with the Kuomintang (KMT) for not completely following through with its revolution after the Qing dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">overthrown</a>. Communist-leaning cadres of the Kuomintang were some of the most ardent advocates of the KMT party platform, which had called for national sovereignty, eradication of warlordism, a welfare state, and equal distribution of land. After Chiang split with Wang and re-ingratiated himself with the warlords, Peng and others felt that the CCP was the only major force that represented what they had been fighting for. More advanced communist doctrines and ideological considerations do not appear to have played a significant role.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_Army_commander">Red Army commander</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Red Army commander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peng_3.jpg/200px-Peng_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Peng_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>By his mid-thirties, Peng was one of the most senior generals in the Jiangxi Soviet (1934-1935).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defending_the_Jiangxi_Soviet">Defending the Jiangxi Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defending the Jiangxi Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his defeat by He Jian, Peng and the remnant of his forces joined the communist guerrillas at Jinggangshan. One of his first operations was to save Mao, who was attached to a unit that faced encirclement from Kuomintang forces. Jinggangshan was very poor and cold during the winter. It was ideal for retreat but not as a base for the growing communist forces. Zhu and Mao decided to attack into the adjacent area around <a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, an agricultural city defended by weak warlord units. In January 1929, they successfully occupied the area, which became the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi%E2%80%93Fujian_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng remained behind to guard Jinggangshan with a force of 800 soldiers but withdrew after an attack by a Hunanese Kuomintang force of 25,000 soldiers. He was criticized by Mao for retreating. Peng returned to the area with a force of 1,000 men later that year after the Kuomintang withdrew. He then successfully organized two large raids into southern Hunan, first during the summer of 1929 and later in the spring of 1930, increasing the amount of supplies and the number recruits for his force. Between those two raids, a compromise was reached within the broader communist forces at large. Professional military discipline and strategy should prevail over Mao's mobile guerilla tactics, while political indoctrination efforts by CCP commissars, such as Mao, would be strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1930, Peng became the commander of a newly formed Red 3rd Army. In July 1930, <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a>, who had gained <i>de facto</i> leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, saw the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">economic depression</a> as a window of opportunity and issued a general order for communist units around China to "conquer one provincial capital" as a signal of a nationwide uprising and "revolutionary storm." Mao and Zhu were skeptical, but Peng prepared for and launched attacks on the cities of <a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yuezhou</a> and Changsha, the capital of Hunan province, with 17,000 soldiers and the support of another 10,000 guerillas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha was defended by He Jian, Peng's former superior. Peng was initially victorious and occupied the city on July 30 following a hasty retreat by He. The anticipated nationwide revolution did not occur, however, and on August 5 He Jian counterattacked with a force of 35,000 men. Peng was forced to withdraw. On September 1, Peng attempted to capture Changsha again but suffered heavy casualties. Mao and Zhu had been reluctant to fully support Peng during his campaign. Nonetheless, Zhu was willing to explore other vectors of attack with Peng. Mao, however, believed that they should continue to consolidate their base areas instead. Under the influence of Li Lisan, some CCP members in Jiangxi rose up to oppose Mao's strategy, but the insurgency was suppressed in early 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng scored a series of victories defending against the Kuomintang-aligned <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (NRA) during the first three <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Encirclement campaigns">encirclement campaigns</a> from December 1930 to May 1931. The outcome bolstered the positions of Zhu and Peng, who conducted conventional mobile operations in contrast with Mao's doctrine of guerilla warfare. After Li Lisan fell from power, "internationalists" who were more aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> rose to prominence within the Party. Following the <a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">return</a> of several military leaders who had been training in Moscow, Jiangxi Soviet's forces were re-organized along more professional lines as Peng had long advocated for. On November 7, Peng was named to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)#History" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> and to the Central Executive Committee of the Jiangxi Soviet, the first time that he had been named to a position of political leadership in the communist movement. In February 1932, Peng attacked but failed to dislodge elite NRA troops at <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Kanchow</a>. Nonetheless, he continued to argue in favor of conventional operations over guerilla tactics during the August meeting of the Party's Military Commission, where he was named vice-chairman. During the fourth encirclement campaign involving 400,000 NRA soldiers, Peng successfully defeated an elite enemy division in Chiaohu and forayed into <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province, capturing a large amount of ammunition. In 1933, the Chinese Communist Party shifted its focus from underground activities in the cities to building up its power in rural bases.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_March">Long March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Long March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1933 Chiang Kai-shek took command of nearly 800,000 soldiers and led the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_encirclement_campaign_against_the_Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Fifth encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet">fifth encirclement campaign</a> against CCP forces, which numbered about 150,000 regulars and guerillas. The communist military leaders, including Peng and Zhu De, prepared largely static defenses, a strategy supported by the internationalists, the returned "students", and German advisor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Braun_(communist)" title="Otto Braun (communist)">Otto Braun</a>. Chiang was able to successfully encircle the soviet base areas and deal a number of defeats to the communists. Peng's own units shrank from 35,000 to around 20,000 men. CCP remnants decided to retreat from Jiangxi. On October 20, 1934, they broke out of NRA encirclement and began the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>. Of the 18,000 men under Peng's command when the March began, only about 3,000 remained when Peng's forces reached their eventual destination in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> on October 20, 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes_36-37_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes_36-37-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their defeat in 1934, Peng began shifting toward the doctrine of guerilla warfare advocated by Mao. He supported Mao's rise to power during the January 1935 <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a>. Peng continued to consolidate the communists' base area after arriving in Shaanxi by campaigning in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. In April 1937, Peng was named vice commander-in-chief of all Chinese communist forces, outranked only by Zhu De, who was named commander-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes_36-37_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes_36-37-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng's promotion was supported by Lin Biao, who had been actively supporting Peng for promotions to senior leadership as early as May 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1935, Lin responded to widespread discontent within the Red Army over Mao's evasive tactics, which it perceived as unnecessarily exhausting, by publicly proposing for Peng to take overall command of the Red Army, but Mao, who had recently been promoted to the position, attacked Peng and Lin for challenging him and successfully retained his position.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1935, following the last major battle between the Kuomintang and the Red Army, Mao wrote and dedicated a poem to Peng. (The poem was not published until 1947.)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The mountains are high, the road is long and full of potholes,</dd> <dd>Many soldiers are moving to and fro,</dd> <dd>Who is the courageous one, striking from his horse in all directions?</dd> <dd>None other than our great General Peng!<sup id="cite_ref-D45_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Hans"> <dl><dd>山高路远坑深</dd> <dd>大军纵横驰奔</dd> <dd>谁敢横刀立马</dd> <dd>唯我彭大将军</dd></dl></div></div> <p>In 1936, the American journalist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a> stayed for several days at Peng's compound in <a href="/wiki/Tongxin_County" title="Tongxin County">Yuwang</a> while Peng was campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>. Snow had long conversations with him and wrote two whole chapters about Peng in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a></i>. He wrote more about Peng than any other individual, except for Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1940pengdehuai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1940pengdehuai.jpg/200px-1940pengdehuai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1940pengdehuai.jpg/300px-1940pengdehuai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1940pengdehuai.jpg/400px-1940pengdehuai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Peng Dehuai commanded the largest communist offensive in the war against Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a>, China and Japan went to war. When the Kuomintang and communists declared a <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">united front</a> to fight the Japanese, Peng was confirmed as a general in the unified command structure of the NRA. At the August 20, 1937 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luochuan_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luochuan Conference (page does not exist)">Luochuan Conference</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">洛川会议</span></span>), Mao believed that the united front should be used as a feint by giving token resistance to the Japanese but saving the strength of the Red Army for the eventual confrontation with the Kuomintang. However, Peng, along with most other senior military and political leaders, disagreed and believed that the Red Army should genuinely focus on fighting the Japanese. Mao was not able to force his position, and the communists co-operated with the Kuomintang and fought the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Japanese invaded Shanxi, the Red Army (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a>) assisted the Kuomintang warlord, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a>, in resisting the Japanese, and Peng traveled to the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> to co-ordinate tactics. After the Japanese advanced towards Taiyuan on September 13, 1937, Peng directed overall operations from a base in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Wutaishan</a> but was called from duty to attend a Politburo meeting on December 13. At the meeting, Peng advocated a greater material commitment to the defense of Shanxi, but Mao disagreed and wanted the Red Army to reduce its commitment to fighting the Japanese. In 1938, after Mao's rival, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a>, defected to the Kuomintang, Peng moved closer to Mao's position. In late 1938, Peng set up a base in <a href="/wiki/Taihang_Mountains" title="Taihang Mountains">Taihangshan</a>, on the borders of Shanxi and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, and directed guerrilla operations in both provinces. From Taihangshan, Peng commanded two thirds of the Eighth Route Army, approximately 100,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, Peng was given overall command of the largest communist operation of the anti-Japanese war, the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a>, when 200,000 regular troops from the Eighth Route Army participated in the operation and were supported by 200,000 irregular communist guerrillas. From August 20 to October 5, 1940, communist forces destroyed large numbers of bridges, tunnels, and railroad tracks in Japanese-occupied China and inflicted relatively heavy Japanese casualties. From October 6 to December 5, the Japanese counterattacked, and the communists mostly repelled the counterattack successfully. Peng's operation was successful in disrupting Japanese communication lines and logistics networks, which were not fully restored until 1942, but the communists suffered heavy losses,<sup id="cite_ref-D3942_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D3942-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In communist sources, the Japanese casualties have two figures, one of which is 20,645 and the other 12,645. Foreign sources give figures of 20,900.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1941, the Japanese began a large-scale effort to drive Peng from his base in Taihangshan, and Peng relocated closer to the communist base in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> in late 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-D3942_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D3942-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being recalled to Yan'an, Peng was subjected to a <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan'an Rectification Campaign">political indoctrination campaign</a> in which he was criticized as an "empiricist" for his good relations with the Comintern and survived professionally only through an unconditional conversion to Mao's leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao ordered Peng to be criticized for 40 days for the "failings" of the Hundred Regiments Campaign (even though Mao had supported it and later praised its successes). Peng was not allowed to reply and was forced to make a self-criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Teiwes86_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teiwes86-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately, Peng resented Mao's criticism of him, and in 1959 once told Mao: "At Yan'an, you fucked my mother for forty days."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1942 to 1945, Peng's role in the war was mostly political, and he supported Mao very closely.<sup id="cite_ref-D3942_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D3942-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1944, Peng was part of a team that held conferences with American military personnel who visited Yan'an as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a>, briefing the Americans about the military situation in Japanese-occupied China.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Liberation_Army"><span id="People.27s_Liberation_Army"></span>People's Liberation Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: People's Liberation Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeating_the_Kuomintang">Defeating the Kuomintang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Defeating the Kuomintang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945, ending China's war with Japan and beginning the final stage of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. In October Peng took command of troops in northern China, occupied <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, and accepted the surrender of Japanese soldiers there. In March 1946, communist forces (1.1 million soldiers) were renamed the "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>" (PLA). Peng himself was placed in command of 175,000 soldiers, organized as the "<a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Field_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Field Army">Northwest Field Army</a>," most of which had been under the command of <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> during the war against Japan. He then became Peng's second-in-command. Peng's notable subordinates in the Northwest Field Army included <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zongxun" title="Zhang Zongxun">Zhang Zongxun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng's forces were the most poorly armed of the newly re-organized army but were responsible for the area around the communist capital, Yan'an. In March 1947, Kuomintang General <a href="/wiki/Hu_Zongnan" title="Hu Zongnan">Hu Zongnan</a>, invaded the area with 260,000 soldiers. Hu's forces were among the best-trained and most well-supplied Nationalist units,<sup id="cite_ref-D45_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Xianghui" title="Xiong Xianghui">one of Zhou Enlai's spies</a> was able to provide Peng with information about Hu's strategic plans, his forces' troop distributions, strength, and positions, and details about the air cover available to Hu.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng was forced to abandon Yan'an in late March but resisted Hu's forces long enough for Mao and other senior party leaders to evacuate safely.<sup id="cite_ref-D45_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao wanted Peng to provoke a decisive confrontation with Hu immediately, but Peng dissuaded him. By April, Mao agreed that Peng's objective was to "keep the enemy on the run... tire him out completely, reduce his food supplies, and then look for an opportunity to destroy him."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 4 Peng's forces attacked an isolated supply depot in northeastern Shaanxi, arrested its commander, and captured food reserves, 40,000 army uniforms, and a collection of arms that included over a million pieces of artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="That must mean total weapons, not artillery (December 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Peng_Dehuai#Talk:Peng_Dehuai" title="Talk:Peng Dehuai">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Peng's forces were pushed back to the border of Inner Mongolia but finally managed to decisively defeat Hu's forces in August, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shajiadian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Shajiadian (page does not exist)">Battle of Shajiadian</a>(沙家店战役), which saved Mao and other members from the Central Committee from being taken prisoner. Peng eventually pushed Kuomintang forces out of Shaanxi in February 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-D45_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D45-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1947 and September 22, 1949, Peng's forces occupied Gansu, Ningxia, and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>. His forces repeatedly defeated but could not destroy the forces of Hu Zongnan and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, which retreated into <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and were airlifted to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> when the Kuomintang lost the Civil War in December 1949. In October Peng's forces, led directly by Wang Zhen, invaded Xinjiang. Most of Xinjiang's defenders <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">surrendered peacefully</a> and were incorporated as a new unit in Peng's army, but some ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency_in_China_(1950%E2%80%931958)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China (1950–1958)">guerrilla bands resisted Chinese control</a> for several years. After the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was declared on October 1, 1949, Peng was appointed Chairman of the Northwest China Military and Administrative Commission and Commander-in-Chief and Political Commissar of Xinjiang, with Wang Zhen as his deputy. That appointment gave Peng responsibility over Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, an area of over 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) but under 30 million people. Peng's forces continued their gradual occupation of Xinjiang, which they completed in September 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_Statue_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Peng_Statue_1.jpg/300px-Peng_Statue_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Peng_Statue_1.jpg/450px-Peng_Statue_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Peng_Statue_1.jpg/600px-Peng_Statue_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Peng now stands on the Chinese border with Korea, on the place that Peng crossed into North Korea in 1950.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> on June 25, 1950. After receiving its endorsement from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> landed its first troops in Korea on September 15. On October 1, the first anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic, UN forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> into North Korea. There was some disagreement within China's leadership about how to react to the American push to the Chinese border. Mao and Zhou wanted direct military intervention, but most other Chinese leaders believed that China should not enter the war unless it was directly attacked. Lin Biao was Mao's first choice to lead the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> (PVA) into Korea, but Lin refused, citing his bad health.<sup id="cite_ref-BY145146_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY145146-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mao then sought the support of Peng, who had not yet taken a strong position, to lead the PVA. Peng flew to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> from <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> (where he was still administering northwest China and directing the incorporation of Xinjiang into the PRC), and arrived on October 4. Peng listened to both sides of the debate and on October 5 decided to support Mao. Peng's support for Mao's position changed the atmosphere of the meeting, and most other leaders changed their positions to support a direct Chinese intervention in the Korean War.<sup id="cite_ref-BY145146_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY145146-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 5, Peng was named the Commander and the Commissar of the People's Volunteer Army and held both titles until the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" class="extiw" title="s:Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-D61_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D61-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao directed China's general strategy, and Zhou was appointed general commander and coordinating Peng's forces with the Soviet and North Korean governments and the rest of the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-BY145146_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY145146-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next week, Peng established a headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, and prepared his invasion strategy with his officers.<sup id="cite_ref-D61_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D61-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:195108_1951%E5%B9%B4%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/195108_1951%E5%B9%B4%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF.png/220px-195108_1951%E5%B9%B4%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/195108_1951%E5%B9%B4%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF.png/330px-195108_1951%E5%B9%B4%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/195108_1951%E5%B9%B4%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF.png/440px-195108_1951%E5%B9%B4%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Peng at the frontline, during the Korean War (1951)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Zhou and Lin had negotiated Stalin's approval, Peng attended a conference in Beijing with Mao, Zhou, and <a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> on October 18, and they ordered the first wave of Chinese soldiers, in total more than 260,000 men, to cross into Korea on the night of October 19.<sup id="cite_ref-BY147_148_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY147_148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhang94_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang94-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 25, the PVA had its first confrontation with UN troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Onjong" title="Battle of Onjong">Onjong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Unsan" title="Battle of Unsan">Unsan</a>, and pushed the UN forces south of the <a href="/wiki/Chongchon_River" title="Chongchon River">Chongchon River</a> by November 4 in the aftermath of First Phase Campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang101_102_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang101_102-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From November 24 to December 24, Peng directed 380,000 PVA troops to confront UN forces in the Second Phase Campaign, and he successfully recovered the area north of the 38th parallel. However, on his watch, Mao's son <a href="/wiki/Mao_Anying" title="Mao Anying">Anying</a> was killed in an air raid.<sup id="cite_ref-BY147_148_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BY147_148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roe233_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roe233-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his personal reservations, Peng then began an ambitious campaign to take the area south of the 38th parallel to fulfill Mao's political objectives for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang123_124_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang123_124-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 230,000 Chinese soldiers crossed into South Korean territory on December 31 and captured Seoul as part of the Third Phase Campaign<sup id="cite_ref-millet381_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millet381-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were forced to evacuate it with heavy losses on March 14, 1951, as the UN forces counterattacked during the course of Fourth Phase Campaign. Peng launched a final Fifth Phase Campaign from April 22 to June 10 to retake Seoul with 548,000 Chinese troops,<sup id="cite_ref-millett426_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millett426-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it failed, and the Korean War came to a standstill just north the 38th parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-D62_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D62-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the evaluation of US Army's official Korean War historian Roy Edgar Appleman, Peng's performances in the war were unremarkable in terms of military talents despite his aggressiveness and leadership skills.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Red Guards claimed that Peng's successful campaigns, from October to December 1950, were fought under Mao's direction but that his unsuccessful campaigns, from January to May 1951, were organized by Peng against Mao's instructions. Modern scholars reject that interpretation and credit Peng with both the successes and the failures of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-D62_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D62-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PVA casualties during the first 12 months of the Korean War, from October 1950 to October 1951, were heavy. Soviet material support was slight, and because the only available means to transport supplies into Korea for the first year of the war was a force of 700,000 labourers, all available supplies were light and limited. The UN forces also had complete air superiority. The logistic constraints later caused 45,000 Chinese soldiers to freeze to death between November 27 and December 12, 1950, because of inadequate winter clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-domes135_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domes135-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's insufficient artillery, armor, and air support meant that Peng was forced to rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Human_wave_attack#People's_Liberation_Army" title="Human wave attack">human wave tactics</a> until the summer of 1951. Stealthy <a href="/wiki/Fireteam" title="Fireteam">fireteams</a> attacked in column against weak points in enemy defenses in the hope that surprise, <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a>, and perseverance would break the enemy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-roe433_435_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roe433_435-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants even drank large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaoliang wine">Kaoliang wine</a> to improve their courage.<sup id="cite_ref-D62_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D62-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the worst Chinese battle losses occurred during the Second and the Fifth Phase Campaign. Up to 40% of all Chinese forces in Korea were rendered combat ineffective between November 25 and December 24, 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-roe412_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roe412-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 12 Chinese divisions were lost in from April 22 to June 10, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-millett446_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millett446-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All in all, over a million Chinese soldiers became casualties during the course of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Li111_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li111-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng justified the PVA's high casualty rate by his almost religious belief in communism and the party and his belief that the ends of the conflict justified the means.<sup id="cite_ref-domes135_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domes135-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some accounts even claimed that Peng invented the human wave tactic under the name "short attack" to exploit his manpower advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-roe93_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roe93-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 19, 1951, Zhou called a conference in Shenyang to discuss improvements to China's logistical network, but they did little to resolve China's supply problems directly. Peng visited Beijing several times over the next several months to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. By the winter of 1951–1952, Peng became convinced that the war would be protracted and that neither side would be able for achieve victory in the foreseeable future. On February 24, 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)">Central Military Commission</a>, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted, "You have this and that problem.... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. He later called a series of meetings, and it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups to be dispatched to Korea in shifts, to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots, to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines, to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union, to provide the army with more food and clothing, and to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng also became a zealous supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Three-anti_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-anti Campaign">Three-anti Campaign</a> because of his belief that corruption and waste were the main causes of the PVA's hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang213_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang213-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Peng_1.jpg/300px-Peng_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Peng_1.jpg/450px-Peng_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Peng_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>In 1953, Peng signed the armistice agreement which ended the Korean War.</figcaption></figure> <p>Truce talks began on July 10, 1951, but proceeded slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng was recalled to China in April 1952 for a head tumor, and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Geng" title="Chen Geng">Chen Geng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Hua" title="Deng Hua">Deng Hua</a> later assumed Peng's responsibilities in the PVA.<sup id="cite_ref-zhang217_304_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang217_304-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 27, 1953, Peng personally signed the armistice agreement in <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom" title="Panmunjom">Panmunjom</a>. At a mass rally in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> on July 31, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> awarded Peng his second North Korean "National Flag" Order of Merit, First Class (the first had been awarded to Peng in 1951) and awarded Peng the title of "Hero of the Korean Democratic People's Republic." Peng also received a hero's welcome in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> on August 11.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese troops remained in North Korea until 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Korean War affected Peng's vision for the development of the PLA over the next decade. The heavy losses in the war's first year indicated unpreparedness for modern conventional warfare; the PLA needed modern professional standards, equipment, and tactics. Military training needed to take priority over political indoctrination, and commissars should be subordinate to military commanders. He regarded the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> — the only example of a modern communist force — as the model. Peng believed that the CCP's main role was to improve the welfare of the common people; this was contrary to Mao's political goals and contributed to their conflict in the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin once arbitrated in favor of Peng in a conflict with a Soviet diplomat by saying, "Trust him in everything; Peng is a long-tested, talented <a href="/wiki/Militarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarist">militarist</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense_Minister">Defense Minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Defense Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being recalled to China in April 1952, Peng succeeded Zhou in managing the day-to-day affairs of the Central Military Commission in July 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1954, Peng was confirmed as the vice-chairman of the commission (Mao was its chairman) and became effectively the most senior military leader in China. On September 24, 1954, the First <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> confirmed Peng's position and appointed him <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Defense Minister</a> and one of the ten vice-ministers of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>. Lin Biao was senior to Peng on the State Council. Soon after accepting those appointments, on October 1, 1954, Peng produced an ambitious plan for the modernization of the PLA on the model of the Soviet military.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activities">Political activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peng_2.jpg/300px-Peng_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Peng_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>After returning to China from the Korean War, Peng became engaged in a rivalry with Mao Zedong over the political future of China (photo: <a href="/wiki/Hou_Bo" title="Hou Bo">Hou Bo</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Peng had been an alternate member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> since 1934, a full member since 1938, and a member of the Politburo since 1945, but it was not until he became the leader of the PLA and moved permanently to Beijing in November 1953 that he could attend regular political meetings and became active in domestic politics. Peng had been loyal to Mao's leadership since the 1935 Zunyi Conference and continued to support Mao for several years after he had moved to Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes7073_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes7073-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng, like Lin Biao, was implicated in passively supporting Gao Gang's effort to replace <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> as the second most powerful person in China in 1953<sup id="cite_ref-Teiwes86_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teiwes86-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then opposed Gao in 1954 once Mao had made his own opposition clear.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes7073_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes7073-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao did not take any action against Peng or Lin, but Peng's involvement alienated Peng from Liu and Liu's supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, Peng supported Mao's efforts to collectivize agriculture. Along with Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a>, Peng opposed Mao's attempt to liberalize China's culture and politics in the first stages of the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a> but then supported Mao's efforts to arrest and persecute Chinese citizens who had criticized the CCP later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes7073_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes7073-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1950s, Peng developed a personal dislike for Mao's efforts to promote his own image in Chinese popular culture as a perfect hero singularly responsible for the communist victories of his time. In 1955 to 1956, Peng was involved in a large number of efforts to moderate Mao's popular image by developing it into a personal campaign. Peng's preference for modesty and simplicity led Peng to oppose Mao's efforts to develop his personality cult. In 1955, a draft copy of a book, <i>The Military History of the PVA</i>, was submitted to Peng so that he could edit and authorize it. The preface of the book stated that "the military victories of the PVA" were won "under the correct leadership of the CCP and of Comrade Mao Zedong." Peng authorized the text after he had removed "and of Comrade Mao Zedong." In 1956, an anonymous Chinese citizen wrote a letter to Peng to condemn the practices of hanging portraits of Mao in public places and singing songs in praise of Mao. Peng sent this letter to <a href="/wiki/Huang_Kecheng" title="Huang Kecheng">Huang Kecheng</a>, his chief of staff, to be widely distributed. Peng successfully opposed efforts to place a bronze statue of Mao in the <a href="/wiki/Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution" title="Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution">Beijing Military Museum</a> by saying, "Why take the trouble to put it up? What is put up now will be removed in the future." When greeted by a group of soldiers who shouted, "Long Live Chairman Mao!" (literally "10,000 years for Chairman Mao"), Peng addressed the soldiers by saying, "You shout '10,000 years for Chairman Mao!' – does he, then, live for 10,000 years? He will not even live for 100 years! This is a personality cult!" When one of Peng's political commissars suggested that the Maoist hymn <i><a href="/wiki/The_East_Is_Red_(song)" title="The East Is Red (song)">The East is Red</a></i> should be widely taught throughout the PLA, Peng angrily rejected the suggestion, similarly by saying, "That is a personality cult! That is idealism!" Later in 1956, a group of soldiers visited Peng to request an audience with the chairman, but Peng rejected them by saying, "He is an old man, what is so beautiful about him?"<sup id="cite_ref-D7074_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D7074-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation for the Eighth <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a>, held in September 1956, Peng attended a Politburo committee to redraft the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Party Constitution</a>. At the meeting, Peng suggested for a section in the Constitution's preamble referring to <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a> to be removed. Liu Shaoqi, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>, and most other senior CCP members present quickly agreed, and it was removed from the final version of the 1956 Party Constitution. At the Congress, Peng was reappointed to the Politburo and as a full member of the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-D7074_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D7074-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng resented Mao's personal lifestyle, which Peng considered decadent and luxurious. By the late 1950s, Mao had developed a lifestyle that was out of touch with Peng's preference for modesty and simplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-D7074_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D7074-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao enjoyed a private pool in <a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a> and had many villas around China built for him, which he would travel to on a private train. Mao enjoyed the companionship of an ever-changing succession of enthusiastic young women, whom he met either at weekly dances in Zhongnanhai or on his journeys by train.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence_565_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence_565-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao had a costly office suite built for him in Beijing,<sup id="cite_ref-D7074_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D7074-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a private, book-lined study (which, according to Mao's personal physician <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhisui" title="Li Zhisui">Li Zhisui</a>, was never used).<sup id="cite_ref-Spence_565_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence_565-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Peng's wife suggested for the couple to spend more free time visiting Mao's quarters, Peng was reluctant and stated that Mao's surroundings were "too luxuriously furnished" for him to tolerate.<sup id="cite_ref-D7074_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D7074-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1950s, Peng continued to refer to the Chairman as "Old Mao," an egalitarian title that was used among senior CCP leaders in the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_activities">Military activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_Dehuai_welcomes_Kim_Il-sung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Peng_Dehuai_welcomes_Kim_Il-sung.jpg/220px-Peng_Dehuai_welcomes_Kim_Il-sung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Peng_Dehuai_welcomes_Kim_Il-sung.jpg/330px-Peng_Dehuai_welcomes_Kim_Il-sung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Peng_Dehuai_welcomes_Kim_Il-sung.jpg/440px-Peng_Dehuai_welcomes_Kim_Il-sung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Following the Korean War, Peng rose in prominence and is here seen welcoming <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> to Beijing in 1955.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peng staged his first offensive after becoming Defense Minister in January 1955 by attacking and occupying a chain of islands, part of <a href="/wiki/Chekiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Chekiang Province, Republic of China">Zhejiang</a>, which were still held by the Kuomintang from which it occasionally staged guerrilla raids as far as Shanghai. That operation led the United States to form a <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Resolution_of_1955" title="Formosa Resolution of 1955">defense agreement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a>, which effectively prevented the communists from completely defeating the Kuomintang.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng participated in a number of foreign trips throughout the communist world after he had become Defense Minister, the first time that he had traveled outside of China and North Korea. In May 1955 Peng visited <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a>, and the Soviet Union and met with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Józef Cyrankiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and Soviet Marshals <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>. In September 1955, Peng traveled to Poland and the Soviet Union to attend the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> as an observer. From November 2 to December 3, 1957, Peng accompanied Mao on his second visit to the Soviet Union. From April 24 to June 13, 1959, Peng went on a "military goodwill tour" across the communist world and visited Poland, East Germany, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Shaoqi_and_Peng_Dehuai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liu_Shaoqi_and_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/220px-Liu_Shaoqi_and_Peng_Dehuai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liu_Shaoqi_and_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/330px-Liu_Shaoqi_and_Peng_Dehuai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liu_Shaoqi_and_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/440px-Liu_Shaoqi_and_Peng_Dehuai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Peng (right) and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> observing military exercises at the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> (1955)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Peng had returned from his first tour abroad in September 1955, he began to implement his "Four Great Systems" seriously: the implementation of standardized military ranks, salaries, awards, and rules of conscription. On September 23, 1955, the State Council named Peng one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Marshals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Marshals">ten marshals</a> of the PLA, China's highest military rank.<sup id="cite_ref-D6768_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D6768-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Before 1955, Chinese soldiers were assigned "functions" instead of ranks, such as "company commander", or "division commander".)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PLA leaders were promoted into Peng's new system of military ranks and were awarded new orders of merit. Peng himself was awarded the First Class Medal of the Order of August 1 (for his achievements in the Chinese Civil War from 1927 to 1937), the First Class Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Independence_and_Freedom" title="Order of Independence and Freedom">Order of Independence and Freedom</a> (for his achievements in the Sino-Japanese War), and the First Class Medal of the Order of Liberation (for his achievements in the Chinese Civil War from 1945 to 1949). Peng introduced military insignia for the first time and issued military uniforms modeled on those worn by Soviet soldiers. On January 1, 1956, Peng replaced conscription with voluntary service and standardized career soldiers' salaries on eighteen grades from private second class to marshal. In May 1956, Peng introduced a clear prioritization of rank favoring commanders over political commissars. By September 1956, Peng's doctrines of professionalism, strict training, discipline, and the mastery of modern equipment were entrenched within the structure of the PLA.<sup id="cite_ref-D6768_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D6768-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mao opposed all of those initiatives<sup id="cite_ref-D6768_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D6768-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at first focused his dissatisfaction on other marshals, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> and Luo Ronghuan, whom Mao accused of "dogmatism" (uncritically assimilating methods borrowed from the Soviet Union). In 1958, Mao convinced Peng of the need to maintain a balance between military professionalism and political indoctrination, and Peng co-operated in removing Liu and Luo from high positions. Peng's removal of Liu especially cost Peng the support of many other military leaders, and Mao used Liu's resulting criticism of Peng to criticize Peng before other senior Chinese leaders the next year, when Mao then sought to remove Peng.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_Dehuai,_Ye_Jianying,_Nikita_Khrushchev,_Nikolai_Bulganin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Peng_Dehuai%2C_Ye_Jianying%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Nikolai_Bulganin.jpg/220px-Peng_Dehuai%2C_Ye_Jianying%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Nikolai_Bulganin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Peng_Dehuai%2C_Ye_Jianying%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Nikolai_Bulganin.jpg/330px-Peng_Dehuai%2C_Ye_Jianying%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Nikolai_Bulganin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Peng_Dehuai%2C_Ye_Jianying%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Nikolai_Bulganin.jpg/440px-Peng_Dehuai%2C_Ye_Jianying%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Nikolai_Bulganin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Peng (second from left) and Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> (second from right) and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1958)</figcaption></figure> <p>Peng was still in command of the PLA when Mao ordered the <a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">shelling of Kinmen (Quemoy) and Matsu</a>, islands off the coast of Fujian that were still held by the Kuomintang, in the late summer and autumn of 1958. Peng developed a strategy with his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Su_Yu" title="Su Yu">Su Yu</a>, to bombard the islands so intensely that the morale of their defenders would collapse, which would eventually lead to the islands' surrender. Then, the PLA would then use the islands to launch attacks against Taiwan. The saturated shelling of the islands included over half the artillery in China and began on August 28. The attack included a co-ordinated effort to cut off the islands' air and sea supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-D6970_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D6970-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign ran into unexpected difficulties and did not achieve its objectives. The Soviets did not give explicit support to the operation, and the United States provided air and sea cover to Kuomintang supply ships up to within three miles of the Chinese coast. Kuomintang fighter jets shot down 37 PRC fighters but only lost only 3 themselves, and Nationalist artillery and naval bombardments destroyed 25 PRC ships. Peng had quietly opposed the operation from the beginning and gradually began to end hostilities after the PLA had encountered serious difficulties by announcing a series of intermittent ceasefires and eventually halting the campaign in late October. Su Yu was blamed for the disaster and replaced with another ally of Peng, General Huang Kecheng. Peng's position was not directly affected, but his personal prestige suffered, and the practical effects of his efforts to modernize China's armed forces were called into question within the PLA.<sup id="cite_ref-D6970_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D6970-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Su was accused of directing the aborted attack on Matzu and withdrawing troops from North Korea without authorization, and of secretly taking orders from the Soviets. The conflict between Su and Peng lingered throughout Peng's life, and Su was not rehabilitated until after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_from_power">Fall from power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fall from power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Leap_Forward">The Great Leap Forward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Great Leap Forward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backyard_furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Backyard_furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>During the Great Leap Forward, many farmers were forced to work in primitive backyard furnaces in order to produce poor-quality steel.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></div> <p>In the autumn of 1957, Mao suggested a nationwide programme of mass collectivization, in which China's farmers would be forcibly relocated to large agricultural communes and all private property would be eliminated. Mao's theories on mass collectivization became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a national economic plan that began in 1958 which caused a man-made famine across the country that lasted for several years. By 1959, tens of millions of people had starved to death.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October–December 1958, the economic system in the countryside broke down as farmers refused to go to work in the fields, raided government granaries for food, and in Guangdong, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Qinghai, rebelled. In December 1958 China's leaders quietly decided to reverse the policies of the Great Leap.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng did not oppose Mao's collectivization drive in the first phase of the Great Leap, from late 1957 to early 1958, but he increasingly opposed it from spring to winter 1958, as the problems which Mao's policies had caused became more evident. In February 1958, Peng gave a speech for the fortieth anniversary of the Soviet Red Army, in which he suggested increased military cooperation between China and the Soviet Union. Mao opposed this suggestion, and began grooming Lin Biao as a viable successor to Peng for the position of Defense Minister. As part of the Great Leap Forward, Mao ordered the formation of a national militia that was controlled by Party members and independent of the PLA, eventually training and arming tens of millions of civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng made regular inspection tours of the Chinese provinces after becoming Defense Minister in 1953. In a tour on Guangzhou in April 1958, he openly criticized Mao, saying "The Chairman talks all the time about more, faster, better, and more economical results. That is annoying. What does he want with chanting these liturgies all the time?" On an inspection tour through Gansu in October 1958, Peng observed many of the problems associated with the Great Leap Forward. Mature crops were left to die in the field because all of the young men had been drafted to operate primitive <a href="/wiki/Backyard_furnace" title="Backyard furnace">backyard furnaces</a>. When Peng asked an old peasant why no one was collecting the harvest, he received the answer: "unless the centre sends down a great comrade, one cannot stand up against this storm." On the same tour Peng heard complaints that household utensils were being melted down for "steel", and that houses and orchards were cut and torn down in order to provide fuel for the backyard furnaces. In a subsequent tour through his native province of Hunan, later in 1958, Peng observed the same problems associated everywhere with the Great Leap Forward: serious food shortages; hungry children and babies; elders who expressed bitterness and anger; and arrogant, boasting Party cadres who administered local economic reforms. During his inspection tours through China in the fall of 1958, Peng composed a poem that summarized his attitude towards the Great Leap Forward:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Grain scattered on the ground, potato leaves withered;</dd> <dd>Strong young people have left to make steel;</dd> <dd>Only children and old women reap the crops;</dd> <dd>How can they pass the coming year?</dd> <dd>Allow me to raise my voice for the people!<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Hans"> <dl><dd>谷撒地，薯叶枯</dd> <dd>青壮炼铁去</dd> <dd>收禾童与姑</dd> <dd>来年日子怎么过</dd> <dd>请为人民鼓咙胡</dd></dl></div></div> <p>At an enlarged Politburo meeting in Shanghai, held from March 25 – April 1, Peng openly criticized Mao in the chairman's presence for the first time, accusing him of "taking personal command" of national politics and disregarding the collective leadership of the Chinese government and the Party. Mao responded with vague criticisms of Peng, which Peng said was "provocative". From April 24 – June 15 Peng left on a goodwill military tour through Eastern Europe. Peng met with Khrushchev on May 24, and was criticized during the Cultural Revolution for having criticized Mao's leadership to the Soviet leader, but the evidence that Peng criticized Mao to Khrushchev is very circumstantial, and Mao did not mention this during his efforts to have Peng purged. Peng's absence from China during the seven weeks that he was abroad allowed Mao to freely spread negative rumors discrediting Peng within the Party, and to develop consensus among other senior Party leaders to oppose Peng when he returned.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lushan_Conference">The Lushan Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Lushan Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Eighth Plenum of the Eighth CCP Central Committee</a> was held in the scenic resort town of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Lu">Mount Lu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a>, on July 2, 1959, to discuss Party members' positions on the Great Leap Forward. Mao opened the conference by encouraging Party members to "criticize and offer opinions" on the government's "mistakes and shortcomings", and he promised that he would not attack any member personally as a "rightist" or "counter-revolutionary" for any opinions expressed at the conference. Peng had returned to China just previous to the conference after spending seven weeks abroad and was not planning on attending the conference, but Mao personally phoned Peng and invited him to attend. Peng obeyed Mao and travelled to Mount Lu to participate in the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng participated in group meetings in the early portion of the conference, gaining consensus among his peers for criticizing the widespread practice of inaccurately reporting agricultural statistics, and emphasizing that "everybody had a share of responsibility, including Comrade Mao Zedong". Peng bluntly criticized the hesitation of senior Party members to disagree with the Party leadership, implying that many Party leaders were cowardly for following orders that they knew were not in the best interests of the Chinese people. After gaining the consensus of several of his peers, Peng developed his opinions more systematically,<sup id="cite_ref-Domes8991_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes8991-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was hesitant to bring up the full range of his criticisms in public. Peng discussed his thoughts with several other senior Party leaders (notably the CCP Secretary of Hunan, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xiaozhou_(politician)" title="Zhou Xiaozhou (politician)">Zhou Xiaozhou</a> (周小舟), and Peng's colleagues encouraged Peng to visit Mao privately in order to win Mao's support for a reversal of the policies of the Great Leap Forward. Peng visited Mao's quarters on the night of July 13, but found Mao asleep, and wrote Mao a "letter of opinion" articulating Peng's ideas instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Teiwes90_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teiwes90-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng delivered the letter to Mao on the morning of July 14, but Mao did not read the letter until July 17. Later on July 17 Mao had Peng's letter widely circulated among the other delegates at the conference. Peng did not intend his letter to be widely read and attempted to prevent its circulation, but was not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes8991_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes8991-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most other senior leaders, including Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping, supported Peng's position before Mao began to attack it, indicating that they shared Peng's views and that they did not see Peng's letter as an attack on the chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-Teiwes90_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teiwes90-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Peng's letter, Peng compared himself to the courageous but tactless <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fei" title="Zhang Fei">Zhang Fei</a>. Because of Mao's appreciation of Zhang's enemy, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a>, Mao interpreted this as implying a confrontational relationship. Peng criticized the poor allocation of labour across China, especially the inefficient, country-wide practice of forcing farmers to work in backyard furnaces. He criticized the nationwide famine and severe shortage of cotton, and stated that the Chinese people were justified in demanding change from the present conditions. Peng blamed the problems of the Great Leap on what he called "problems in our way of thinking and style of work", especially the tendency for Party administrators to submit exaggerated production reports, and for Party bureaucrats to accept these figures uncritically. Peng blamed the mistakes of the Party on a culture of "petty bourgeois fanaticism", a tendency to believe in achieving change through blindly encouraging mass movements, and claimed that the acceptance of this culture had led to the Party leadership forgetting "the mass-line and the style of seeking truth from facts", which Peng believed had led to the Communist victories over the Japanese and Kuomintang. Peng criticized Mao's policy of "putting politics in command", substituting economic principles and productive work for political objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mao's decision to have Peng's letter widely circulated completely changed the direction of the conference. On July 21, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> gave an independent, supplementary speech attacking Mao's policies, and the same day a majority of delegates expressed their approval of Peng's letter, making it an official conference document. Mao interpreted the letter as a personal attack, and began to defend himself on July 23, attacking Peng and those who disagreed with his policies. Mao defended his commune system by claiming that "until now, not a single commune has collapsed". He attacked Peng and those who shared his political opinions as "imperialists" "bourgeoisie", and "rightists", and associated their positions with other Communist leaders who had led failed oppositions to Mao's leadership, including Li Lisan, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>, Gao Gang, and <a href="/wiki/Rao_Shushi" title="Rao Shushi">Rao Shushi</a>. Mao brought up an ultimatum, stating that, if the delegates of the conference sided with Peng, Mao would split the CCP, retreating into the countryside and leading the peasants to "overthrow the government". The other senior leaders of the CCP, including Zhou Enlai and Liu Shaoqi, were unwilling to risk splitting the Party, and sided with Mao in opposing Peng's position.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From August 2, the conference debated whether Peng should be disciplined, what punishment Peng should receive, and for what reasons. On August 16 the conference passed two resolutions. The first resolution condemned Peng as the leader of an "anti-Party clique", and called for Peng's removal from the positions of Defense Minister and vice-chairman of the Military Commission. The resolution did not eject Peng from the CCP, and it allowed Peng to retain his position in the Politburo, but he was excluded from Politburo meetings for years. The second resolution recognized Mao's dominance within the Party and subtly called for an end to the policies of the Great Leap Forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes98100_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes98100-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Mao had rallied the rest of the Party against him, Peng's options were limited to stubbornly standing his ground, engaging in a humiliating self-criticism, or suicide. After private discussion with other senior leaders, Peng considered the prestige of Mao and the unity of the Party and agreed to make a self-criticism,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was publicly reviewed at the conference, in which he admitted that he had made "severe mistakes" associated with his "rightist viewpoint", that he had been a follower of Li Lisan and Wang Ming, and in which he openly implicated his supporters in his "mistakes". After the conference, Peng said privately to Zhou Enlai regarding his self-criticism: "For the first time in my life, I have spoken out against my very heart!" Mao purged most of Peng's supporters from important offices following the conference, almost completely isolating Peng politically for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes98100_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes98100-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng later reflected that he was confused that Mao could have interpreted his private letter as a political attack, and wondered why, after thirty years of working together, Mao could not have discussed the matter privately with him, if Peng had indeed made the mistakes Mao claimed he did.<sup id="cite_ref-Teiwes90_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teiwes90-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1959 Mao replaced Peng as Defense Minister with Lin Biao, which effectively ended Peng's military career. Peng was relocated to a suburb of Beijing and forfeited his marshal's uniform and military decorations. Lin reversed Peng's reforms,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abolished all signs and privileges of rank, purged officers considered sympathetic to the Soviets, directed soldiers to part-time work as industrial and agricultural laborers, and indoctrinated the armed forces in Mao Zedong Thought.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lin's system of indoctrination made it clear that the party was clearly in command of China's armed forces, and Lin ensured that the army's political commissars enjoyed great power and status to see that his directives were followed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lin implemented those reforms to please Mao but privately feared that they would weaken the PLA.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lin used his position as Minister of Defense to flatter Mao by using the army to promote Mao's personality cult throughout China<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by devising and running a number of national Maoist propaganda campaigns based on the PLA. The most successful of Lin's efforts to promote Mao's personality cult was the "learn from <a href="/wiki/Lei_Feng" title="Lei Feng">Lei Feng</a>" campaign, which Lin began in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_rehabilitation">Partial rehabilitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Partial rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his forced retirement, Peng lived alone, under constant surveillance from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Division of the PLA</a> and was accompanied by a secretary and a bodyguard. His wife remained in Beijing, and her work as the party secretary of <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> allowed her to visit only infrequently. Peng's guards prevented curious local farmers from visiting Peng until he threatened to complain to Mao. Peng's niece, Peng Meikui, visited frequently, and they became close. Peng spent most of his free time in renovating his home, gardening, and studying <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> theory, agriculture, and economics. Peng was not completely purged since even though he could no longer participate in government meetings or decision-making bodies, he still received and read all documents distributed to the members of the Politburo and State Council of which he was technically still a member. In 1960, Peng attended the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960 to 1961, the effects of Mao's economic policies continued to produce widespread economic collapse. That improved Peng's reputation among party leaders who secretly believed that Mao's policies were a mistake and desired to reverse them. Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi led Party efforts to revive the Chinese economy and cultivated Peng's friendship as part of a wider effort to gain widespread support for their activities. In November to December 1961, Peng received permission to leave his residence for the first time since 1959 to conduct an inspection tour of Hunan. Peng found the conditions there even worse than in 1959 and, in a January 1962 conference of 7,000 party leaders to determine party economic policies, repeated most of the criticisms that he had made at Lushan. On June 16, 1962, Peng submitted a document, his "Letter of 80,000 Words," to Mao and the Politburo, which gave a full account of his life, admitted to several "mistakes," defended himself against most of the accusations made against him at the Lushan Conference, requested to be readmitted to decision-making government bodies, and sharply criticized the economic policies of the Great Leap Forward. In his letter, Peng first wrote one of his most famous quotes: "I want to be a <a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui</a>!" The efforts of Liu and Deng to rehabilitate Peng further were not initially successful. Peng was not allowed to attend the Tenth Plenum of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Eighth CCP Central Committee</a>, held in September 1962, and the efforts to reverse the verdict on Peng made at the Lushan Conference failed. From 1962 to 1965, Peng continued to live in relative obscurity but was no longer under house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Mao had purged Peng in 1959, he appointed Marshal <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> to the head of an office to investigate Peng's past to find more reasons to criticize Peng. He accepted the position but was sympathetic to Peng, and he stalled for over a year before he submitted his report. Mao's prestige weakened when it became widely known that the Great Leap Forward had been a disaster, and He eventually presented a positive report that attempted to vindicate Peng.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1965, Mao agreed to rehabilitate Peng by promoting him to a position managing the industrial development of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern China</a>, a project known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a>. Peng initially refused the position and so Mao called him personally and convinced him to accept it by suggesting that the condemnation of Peng at the Lushan Conference may have been a mistake. Peng was then appointed "Deputy Commander of the Great Third Line of Construction in Southwest China" and "Third Secretary of the Control Commission of the CPC's Southwest Bureau." In practice, Peng's responsibilities were to oversee the industrial development of Sichuan, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> with a focus on developing military industries and logistical networks. Those positions were far below Peng's position before 1959 but signaled his return to national politics. Peng worked energetically until August 1966, when the beginning of the Cultural Revolution had him recalled to <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guards</a> began patrolling the streets and violently attacking their perceived enemies. Peng's bodyguards warned him to avoid contact with the Red Guards, but Peng disregarded their advice: "a CPC member does not have to be afraid of the masses." Peng's disregard for personal danger and his confidence in the party made him one of the Cultural Revolution's first victims.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_during_Cultural_Revolution">Persecution during Cultural Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Persecution during Cultural Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peng_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Peng_4.jpg/180px-Peng_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Peng_4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Peng Dehuai (1966) was brought to Beijing in chains by Red Guards, where he would be tortured and publicly humiliated for years.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div> <p>Peng was one of the first public figures singled out for persecution in 1966 by the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_Group" title="Cultural Revolution Group">Cultural Revolution Group</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat of the Party</a>, attempted to shield Peng, but Mao's wife, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, took a personal interest in persecuting Peng and directed Red Guards in Sichuan to find Peng in Chengdu, arrest him, and deliver him to Beijing to be persecuted. Local Red Guards in Chengdu were not enthusiastic to follow the orders. They visited Peng's house on December 22, 1966, and attempted to intimidate him by informing him of the recent arrests of some of his friends and comrades and the imminent arrests of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Because of local Red Guards' lack of enthusiasm to carry out Jiang Qing's orders, a more radical Red Guard leader, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Dabin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Dabin (page does not exist)">Wang Dabin</a>, arrived in Chengdu on December 24 and denounced his local comrades as "rightists" and "traitors" for delaying Peng's arrest. The Red Guards then abducted Peng in the early morning of December 25, put him in chains, and ransacked his house. Peng's bodyguards arrived to save Peng at around 4:00 a.m. but were already too late.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Premier Zhou Enlai made an effort to save Peng by placing him under PLA surveillance. On December 25, Zhou's office ordered the Red Guards who had abducted Peng to accompany members of the PLA from Chengdu, deliver Peng to Beijing by train (instead of by plane since the airports in Sichuan had been taken over by Red Guards), and deliver Peng to the Beijing PLA garrison. After the party arrived in Beijing, Wang Dabin successfully directed Red Guards under his command to delay the PLA unit scheduled to take possession of Peng and succeeded in keeping Peng from being saved.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes_119-120_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes_119-120-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1967, Peng was taken to his first "struggle session" in which he was paraded in chains before several thousand jeering Red Guards, wearing a large paper <a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">dunce cap</a> and with a wooden board hung from his neck on which his "crimes" were written. In the fall, Peng was held at a PLA military prison outside Beijing and was allowed to receive extra clothing. In July, Mao and Lin Biao, co-operating with Jiang Qing's faction, ordered the PLA to form an "investigation group" to determine Peng's "crimes" so that Peng could be more thoroughly humiliated in future struggle sessions. Peng's jailers attempted to force Peng to confess that he was a "great warlord," a "great ambitionist," and a "great conspirator" who had "crept into the Party and the Army." Peng refused to confess to those accusations or to "surrender to the masses" and so his jailers strapped Peng to the floor of an unlit cell and did not allow him to stand or sit up, drink water, rise to go to the toilet, or move in his sleep for several days. After Peng still refused to "confess," his jailers began routinely beating him and broke several ribs,<sup id="cite_ref-Domes_119-120_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes_119-120-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> injured his back, and damaged his internal organs,<sup id="cite_ref-PDO_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDO-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially his lungs. Peng's violent "interrogations" lasted over ten hours a day, but his interrogators were replaced every two hours to keep them from developing any sympathy for Peng, a practice pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> secret police in the 1930s. Peng was "interrogated" that way over 130 times.<sup id="cite_ref-Domes_119-120_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domes_119-120-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During interrogations he shouted denials to the Red Guards who beat him, and it is reputed that he pounded the table so hard that the cell walls shook.<sup id="cite_ref-PDO_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDO-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late July 1967, following the failed <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan Incident">Wuhan Uprising</a>, party leaders decided that Peng should be used as an example by publicly humiliating him by name at a national level. On July 31, an article appeared that was distributed nationally and directed the nation to take part in vilifying him. In the article, Peng was called a "capitalist," a "great ambitionist," and a "great conspirator" who had "always opposed Chairman Mao" and who was "the representative of the greatest capitalist-roader [Liu Shaoqi] in the army." The article accused Peng of conspiring with foreign countries; allying with "imperialists, revisionists, and counter-revolutionaries;" and waging "a wild attack against the Party." The campaign of national vilification against Peng lasted several months until late 1967. On August 16, another article stated that Peng "was never a Marxist" but that he had instead been a "capitalist great warlord" who had "crept into the Party and into the army... we have to struggle against him until he falls, until he breaks down, until he stinks." CCP propagandists made an effort to discredit Peng's military career by portraying it as a long string of failures except for the battles that were supposedly directed closely by Mao and to convince the Chinese people that Peng was a subhuman villain who should be destroyed without compassion or mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1967, Peng was taken to a "struggle meeting," which was held in a stadium attended by 40,000 PLA soldiers. At the meeting, Peng was led in chains to a stage, where he was forced to kneel for several hours while he listened to soldiers repeatedly denouncing him for his "crimes." At the end of the meeting, Lin Biao personally appeared to the soldiers, where he addressed the assembled soldiers and Peng, who was still kneeling. Lin gave a speech in which he denounced Peng as a villainous element who must be purged and that it was "in the interest of the whole Party, the whole army, and the whole people of the whole country" to persecute him so severely. Lin then addressed Peng directly: "If you reform yourself, all right, if not, it is all right too. But of course we hope you reform yourself." It is not known whether Peng eventually broke down and "confessed" at the rally.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng was imprisoned for the rest of his life. In 1969, the party formed a "special investigation group" to reach a verdict in his case. Peng's jailers then forced him to write a full biography of his life many times, but they did not believe that he ever fully confessed his "crimes." Peng was then subjected to constant violent "interrogations" throughout most of 1970 until a special military tribune sentenced Peng to life imprisonment. The sentence was immediately approved by Lin Biao's General Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a>, the military attempted to improve Peng's living conditions, but the years of deprivation and torture from 1967 to 1970 had seriously weakened his physical health, and from late 1972 to his death, Peng was seriously ill probably from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, or both. Peng was briefly hospitalized in 1973 before he was returned to prison, the first time that he had been outside of prison since 1967. Peng's niece, Peng Meikui, visited Peng in the hospital and convinced his jailers to allow an operation, but the nature and the results of this operation are unknown. Peng's medical condition deteriorated further in 1974. According to Jurgen Domes, there is "some scattered evidence" that he received no substantial medical aid because of Mao's direct order.<sup id="cite_ref-D1224_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D1224-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/David_Shambaugh" title="David Shambaugh">David Shambaugh</a> states that he was instead denied medical aid by the directive of Mao's wife, Jiang Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peng died at 3:35 p.m. on November 29, 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-D1224_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D1224-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last wish was to see Zhu De on his deathbed. The request was denied and when Zhu learnt of Peng's wish, after his death, he reportedly burst into tears.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peng Meikui was allowed to view her uncle's body for twenty minutes but was then removed. Peng's body was quickly cremated, and his ashes were sent to Chengdu, identified only by a note that read, "No. 327 – Wang Chuan, from Chengdu."<sup id="cite_ref-D1224_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D1224-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_rehabilitation">Posthumous rehabilitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Posthumous rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E5%8E%BF_%E4%B9%8C%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%87_%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85_%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E5%8E%BF_%E4%B9%8C%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%87_%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85_%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E5%8E%BF_%E4%B9%8C%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%87_%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85_%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E5%8E%BF_%E4%B9%8C%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%87_%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85_%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E5%8E%BF_%E4%B9%8C%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%87_%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85_%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E5%8E%BF_%E4%B9%8C%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%87_%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85_%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg/440px-%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD_%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E5%8E%BF_%E4%B9%8C%E7%9F%B3%E9%95%87_%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85_%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Peng at his hometown in Hunan</figcaption></figure> <p>The leadership of the CCP successfully concealed Peng's death for several years and successfully convinced the only civilian witness, Peng Meikui, not to tell anyone of Peng's death. Peng's former bodyguards did not learn of his death until 1976. His wife, Pu Anxiu, had also been arrested by Red Guards and "sentenced" to a "labour reform camp," where she remained until 1975, when she was released to settle as a farmer in Northern China. She did not find out about Peng's death until she was allowed to return to Beijing in 1978, when the news was first publicly disclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mao died in 1976. Following a brief power struggle, Peng's former ally, Deng Xiaoping, emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of China. One of Deng's first political goals was to rehabilitate party members who had been condemned and persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. By 1978, many people, led by General Huang Kecheng, who had been a comrade of Peng's since Peng rebelled against the Kuomintang in 1928, were agitating for Peng's posthumous rehabilitation. The Chinese government formally reversed the "erroneous" verdict of Peng during the <a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, held from December 18 to 22, 1978. Deng gave a speech announcing Peng's rehabilitation:<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>He was courageous in battle, open and straightforward, incorruptible and impeccable, and strict towards himself. He cared about the masses, and was never concerned about his own advantage. He was never afraid of difficulties, neither of carrying heavy loads. In his revolutionary work, he was diligent, honest, and he had an utmost sense of responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Deng's speech also stated that Mao's decision in 1959, which vilified Peng as the leader of an "anti-Party clique," had been "entirely wrong" and that it had "undermined intra-Party democracy." From January 1979, the party encouraged historians and those who had known Peng to produce many memoirs, historical stories, and articles praising and remembering him. In 1980, the Intermediate Court of Justice in Wuhan sentenced Wang Dabin, the Red Guard who had directed Peng's arrest in 1966, to nine years in prison for "the persecution and torture of Comrade Peng Dehuai."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the conclusion of memorial services, Peng's ashes were interred at <a href="/wiki/Babaoshan_Revolutionary_Cemetery" title="Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery">Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery</a>. In December 1999, Peng's nephew and niece moved his ashes out of Babaoshan and buried them at his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Wushi,_Xiangtan" title="Wushi, Xiangtan">Wushi</a> in Hunan.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, an "autobiography", <i>Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal</i>, was compiled from various documents that Peng had written about his life. Much of the material for <i>Memoirs</i> was drawn from the "confessions" that Peng had written during the Cultural Revolution, and the book focused on Peng's early life, before the Sino-Japanese War.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, China released a set of stamps to commemorate the 90th anniversary of Peng's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern China, Peng is considered one of the greatest military leaders of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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Army">Eighth Route Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> – <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of generals of the People's Republic of China">List of generals of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">彭德怀</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Péng Déhuái</span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peng-Dehuai">"Peng Dehuai | Chinese military leader"</a>. <i>via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=via+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Peng+Dehuai+%7C+Chinese+military+leader&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPeng-Dehuai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewLeung2013" class="citation book cs1">Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Edwin Pak-wah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYSAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810878747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810878747"><bdi>978-0810878747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Civil+War&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0810878747&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft.au=Leung%2C+Edwin+Pak-wah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WYSAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel1992" class="citation book cs1">Frankel, Benjamin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nxNnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Cold War, 1945–1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World</i></a>. Gale Research. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810389281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810389281"><bdi>978-0810389281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931991%3A+Leaders+and+other+important+figures+in+the+Soviet+Union%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+China%2C+and+the+Third+World&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0810389281&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnxNnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domes1011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domes1011_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes1011_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 10–11, 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 11–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 12–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 16–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 17–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandschneider2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sandschneider, Eberhard (December 2001). "Jürgen Domes (1932–2001)". <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>168</b>: 998–1000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009443901000584">10.1017/S0009443901000584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153686538">153686538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=J%C3%BCrgen+Domes+%281932%E2%80%932001%29&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=998-1000&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009443901000584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153686538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sandschneider&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 20–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1981" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Paul (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189054">"Changsha in the 1930: Red Army Occupation"</a>. <i>Modern China</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 413–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048100700402">10.1177/009770048100700402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-7004">0097-7004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189054">189054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144648528">144648528</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714012658/https://www.jstor.org/stable/189054">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Changsha+in+the+1930%3A+Red+Army+Occupation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-444&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0097-7004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144648528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189054%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048100700402&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 33–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domes_36-37-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domes_36-37_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes_36-37_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisbury 191–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yang Lijie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D45-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D45_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D45_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D45_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D45_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D3942-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D3942_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D3942_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D3942_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 39–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garver 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teiwes86-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teiwes86_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teiwes86_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiao 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lew 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BY145146-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BY145146_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY145146_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY145146_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 145–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D61-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D61_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D61_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BY147_148-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BY147_148_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BY147_148_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 147–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang94-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhang94_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang101_102-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhang101_102_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roe233-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roe233_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roe 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang123_124-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhang123_124_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millet381-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millet381_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millett 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millett426-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millett426_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millett 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D62-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D62_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D62_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D62_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appleman 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-domes135-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-domes135_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-domes135_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roe433_435-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roe433_435_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roe 433–435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roe412-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roe412_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roe 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millett446-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millett446_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millett 446</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li111-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li111_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roe93-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roe93_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roe 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 148–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang213-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhang213_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang217_304-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhang217_304_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang 207, 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 47, 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222012807/http://news.ifeng.com/history/phtv/zgjy/detail_2011_12/21/11472220_0.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">十大元帅中谁被斯大林称为天才军事家？</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ifeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifeng">Ifeng</a> News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/phtv/zgjy/detail_2011_12/21/11472220_0.shtml">the original</a> on December 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E4%B8%AD%E8%B0%81%E8%A2%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%9F&rft.pub=Ifeng+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fphtv%2Fzgjy%2Fdetail_2011_12%2F21%2F11472220_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domes7073-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domes7073_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes7073_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes7073_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 70–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D7074-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D7074_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D7074_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D7074_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D7074_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D7074_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 70–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence_565-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spence_565_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence_565_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D6768-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D6768_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D6768_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D6768_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casella</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D6970-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D6970_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D6970_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 69–70, 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Phoenix Online Comprehensive History</i> 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yang Jisheng. Section I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 80–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 82–83, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domes8991-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domes8991_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes8991_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 89–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teiwes90-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teiwes90_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teiwes90_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teiwes90_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 91–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domes98100-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domes98100_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes98100_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 98–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snow. "Biographical Notes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qiu 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey 442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 112–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 113–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice 185–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 117–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domes_119-120-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domes_119-120_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes_119-120_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domes_119-120_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 119–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDO-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDO_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDO_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>People's Daily Online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 120–121, 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 121–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D1224-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D1224_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D1224_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D1224_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 122–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShambaugh2021" class="citation book cs1">Shambaugh, David (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSw1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52"><i>China's Leaders: From Mao to Now</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509546527" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509546527"><bdi>978-1509546527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Leaders%3A+From+Mao+to+Now&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1509546527&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrSw1EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMin2013" class="citation web cs1">Min, Zhu (November 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.sohu.com/20131111/n389810468.shtml">"彭德怀临终有何遗愿未能实现？让朱老总泪流满面-搜狐 [What was Peng Dehuai's unfulfilled dying wish? Zhu De burst into tears.]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201214216/https://history.sohu.com/20131111/n389810468.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sohu+History&rft.atitle=%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88%E6%9C%89%E4%BD%95%E9%81%97%E6%84%BF%E6%9C%AA%E8%83%BD%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%9F%E8%AE%A9%E6%9C%B1%E8%80%81%E6%80%BB%E6%B3%AA%E6%B5%81%E6%BB%A1%E9%9D%A2-%E6%90%9C%E7%8B%90+%5BWhat+was+Peng+Dehuai%27s+unfulfilled+dying+wish%3F+Zhu+De+burst+into+tears.%5D&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Zhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sohu.com%2F20131111%2Fn389810468.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 124–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421004720/https://www.163.com/dy/article/HFUVU0U4055339SU.html">"1996年，彭德怀侄女请求把其骨灰迁出八宝山，中央为何批示：同意"</a>. <i>163.com</i>. August 29, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/HFUVU0U4055339SU.html">the original</a> on April 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=163.com&rft.atitle=1996%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E4%BE%84%E5%A5%B3%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82%E6%8A%8A%E5%85%B6%E9%AA%A8%E7%81%B0%E8%BF%81%E5%87%BA%E5%85%AB%E5%AE%9D%E5%B1%B1%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E6%89%B9%E7%A4%BA%EF%BC%9A%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.163.com%2Fdy%2Farticle%2FHFUVU0U4055339SU.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teiwes 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>China Stamps Here</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domes 143–144</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peng, Dehuai (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sP5lAAAAIAAJ"><bdi lang="zh">《彭德怀自述》</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). 人民出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7010011066" title="Special:BookSources/978-7010011066"><bdi>978-7010011066</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13633223">13633223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E8%87%AA%E8%BF%B0%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13633223&rft.isbn=978-7010011066&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Dehuai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsP5lAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF《彭德怀传》编写组2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">《彭德怀传》编写组 (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pengdehuaizhuan0000unse"><i>Peng Dehuai zhuan</i> <bdi lang="zh">《彭德怀传》</bdi></a></span> (in Simplified Chinese). 当代中国出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7800921032" title="Special:BookSources/978-7800921032"><bdi>978-7800921032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peng+Dehuai+zhuan+%E3%80%8A%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E4%BC%A0%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-7800921032&rft.au=%E3%80%8A%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E4%BC%A0%E3%80%8B%E7%BC%96%E5%86%99%E7%BB%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpengdehuaizhuan0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeng+Dehuai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Appleman, Roy. <i>Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur</i>, College Station, TX: Texas A and M University Military History Series. 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603441285" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603441285">978-1603441285</a>.</li> <li>Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&q=zhou+enlai"><i>Zhou Enlai: A Political Life</i></a>. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9629962802" title="Special:BookSources/9629962802">9629962802</a>. Retrieved on March 12, 2011.</li> <li>Casella, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915173859/http://atimes.com/atimes/China/KI12Ad01.html">"China's Military Comes to Terms with Its Past"</a>. <i>Asia Times Online</i>. September 12, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinastampshere.com/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=30332">"J155 90th Anniv. of Birth of Comrade Peng Dehuai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027024508/http://www.chinastampshere.com/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=30332">Archived</a> October 27, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>China Stamps Here</i>. October 26, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</li> <li>Chung, Jang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYHPLULRAtAC&pg=PA391"><i>Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China</i></a>. Touchstone: New York, NY. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743246985" title="Special:BookSources/0743246985">0743246985</a>.</li> <li>Domes, Jurgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pengtehuaimanan00dome"><i>Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image</i></a>, London: C. Hurst & Company. 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905838998" title="Special:BookSources/0905838998">0905838998</a>.</li> <li>Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. (Ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUcdH6opOlcC&pg=PA442"><i>Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Second Ed. United States of America: The Free Press. 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/002908752X" title="Special:BookSources/002908752X">002908752X</a>. Retrieved November 17, 2011.</li> <li>Garver, John W. <i>Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195054326" title="Special:BookSources/0195054326">0195054326</a>.</li> <li>Lee, Khoon Choy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jlOQc8BumIC&pg=PA171"><i>Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese</i></a>. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9812564640" title="Special:BookSources/9812564640">9812564640</a>. Retrieved November 19, 2011.</li> <li>Lew, Christopher R. <i>The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945–1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership</i>. US and Canada: Routelage. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415777305" title="Special:BookSources/0415777305">0415777305</a>.</li> <li>Li Xiaobing. <i>A History of the Modern Chinese Army</i>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813124384" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813124384">978-0813124384</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirspengdehuai">Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal: The Autobiographical Notes of Peng Dehuai (1898–1974)</a></i>. Foreign Languages Press. 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0835110524" title="Special:BookSources/0835110524">0835110524</a>.</li> <li>Millett, Allan R. <i>The War for Korea, 1950–1951: They Came From the North</i>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700617098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700617098">978-0700617098</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/data/people/pengdehuai.shtml">"Peng Dehuai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906110203/http://english.people.com.cn/data/people/pengdehuai.shtml">Archived</a> September 6, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>People's Daily Online</i>. Retrieved May 5, 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguoxiandaishi/200912/1215_7179_1475023_2.shtml">"'Peng Dehuai's Complete Biography': Recalling Su Yu's Three Great Mistakes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055056/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguoxiandaishi/200912/1215_7179_1475023_2.shtml">Archived</a> February 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Phoenix Online Comprehensive History</i>. December 15, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2014. [Chinese].</li> <li>Qiu Jin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc5wutpAuHgC&pg=PA145"><i>The Culture of Power: The Lin Biao Incident in the Cultural Revolution</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1999. Retrieved November 12, 2011.</li> <li>Rice, Edward E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONWxWuI3udgC&dq=ho+lung+marshal&pg=PA186"><i>Mao's Way</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520026233" title="Special:BookSources/0520026233">0520026233</a>.</li> <li>Roe, Patrick C. <i>The Dragon Strikes</i>. Novato, CA: Presidio. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0891417036" title="Special:BookSources/0891417036">0891417036</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Salisbury" title="Harrison Salisbury">Salisbury, Harrison E</a>. <i>The Long March: The Untold Story</i>. New York: Harper & Row. 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Snow, Edgar</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a></i>. Penguin. 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/014021433X" title="Special:BookSources/014021433X">014021433X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton and Company">W.W. Norton and Company</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393973514" title="Special:BookSources/0393973514">0393973514</a>.</li> <li>Tanner, Harold Miles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA522"><i>China: A History</i></a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872209152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872209152">978-0872209152</a>. Retrieved November 17, 2011.</li> <li>Teiwes, Frederick C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158776">"Peng Dehuai and Mao Zedong"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504043021/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158776">Archived</a> May 4, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs</i>. No. 16, July 1986. pp. 81–98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158776">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504043021/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158776">Archived</a> May 4, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Titov, A. "Apropos of the Rehabilitation of Peng Teh-Huai." <i>Far Eastern Affairs</i> (1980), Issue 3, pp. 69–77</li> <li>Xiao Nong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213012755/http://info.wenweipo.com/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-61036-page-3">"Peng Dehuai and Mao Zedong Told Each Other: 'Fuck Your Mother'. Everyone Else Was Speechless"</a>. <i>Wenweipo.com</i>. April 9, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014. [Chinese]</li> <li>Yang Lijie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030911111729/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-09/02/content_1058251.htm">"'Six Poems to Comrade Peng Dehuai' (October 1935)"</a>. <i>Xinhuanet</i>. 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2012.</li> <li>Yang Jisheng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2010.485408">"The Fatal Politics of the PRC's Great Leap Famine: the preface to <i>Tombstone</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016120726/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2010.485408">Archived</a> October 16, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary China</i>. Vol. 19, Issue 66. pp. 755–776. July 26, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2011.</li> <li>Zhang Shu Guang. <i>Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953</i>. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700607234" title="Special:BookSources/0700607234">0700607234</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Dehuai&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p63xt5AlahY"><span class="plainlinks">Video of Peng Dehuai, Peng Zhen, Wu Han, Zhang Wentian, and others being paraded in public during the early Cultural Revolution</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister of National Defense</a> </b><br />1954–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Next:<br /><b>Marshal <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zhu_De.jpg/45px-Zhu_De.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zhu_De.jpg/60px-Zhu_De.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/30px-General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/45px-General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg/60px-General_Peng_Dehuai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lin_Biao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lin_Biao.jpg/30px-Lin_Biao.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lin_Biao.jpg/45px-Lin_Biao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lin_Biao.jpg/60px-Lin_Biao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Bocheng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Liu_Bocheng.jpg/30px-Liu_Bocheng.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Liu_Bocheng.jpg/45px-Liu_Bocheng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Liu_Bocheng.jpg/60px-Liu_Bocheng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He_Long.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/He_Long.jpg/30px-He_Long.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/He_Long.jpg/45px-He_Long.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/He_Long.jpg/60px-He_Long.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen_Yi(communist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chen_Yi%28communist%29.jpg/30px-Chen_Yi%28communist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chen_Yi%28communist%29.jpg/45px-Chen_Yi%28communist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Chen_Yi%28communist%29.jpg/60px-Chen_Yi%28communist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luo_Ronghuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Luo_Ronghuan.jpg/30px-Luo_Ronghuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Luo_Ronghuan.jpg/45px-Luo_Ronghuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Luo_Ronghuan.jpg/60px-Luo_Ronghuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_Xiangqian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Xu_Xiangqian.jpg/30px-Xu_Xiangqian.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Xu_Xiangqian.jpg/45px-Xu_Xiangqian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Xu_Xiangqian.jpg/60px-Xu_Xiangqian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="796" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Nie_Rongzhen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marshal_Nie_Rongzhen.jpg/30px-Marshal_Nie_Rongzhen.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marshal_Nie_Rongzhen.jpg/45px-Marshal_Nie_Rongzhen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marshal_Nie_Rongzhen.jpg/60px-Marshal_Nie_Rongzhen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye_Jianying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ye_Jianying.jpg/30px-Ye_Jianying.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ye_Jianying.jpg/45px-Ye_Jianying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ye_Jianying.jpg/60px-Ye_Jianying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_(vertical).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_%28vertical%29.svg/20px-Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_%28vertical%29.svg/30px-Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_%28vertical%29.svg/40px-Marshal_of_the_PRC_rank_insignia_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1st_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:1st State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:1st_State_Council_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:1st State Council of China (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1st_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1st <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Zhou Enlai Cabinet (1954–1959)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">12 <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (added)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Minister of Civil Affairs">Internal Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Xie_Juezai" title="Xie Juezai">Xie Juezai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> Ministry of Supervision <a href="/wiki/Qian_Ying_(communist_politician)" title="Qian Ying (communist politician)">Qian Ying</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> State Infrastructure Commission <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Ministry of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">10</span> Ministry of Food <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Naiqi" title="Zhang Naiqi">Zhang Naiqi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">11</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Shan" title="Zeng Shan">Zeng Shan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">12</span> Ministry of Foreign Trade <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jizhuang" title="Ye Jizhuang">Ye Jizhuang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">13</span> Ministry of Heavy Industry/ Ministry of Metallurgical Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">14</span> Ministry of Chemical Industry <a href="/wiki/Peng_Tao" title="Peng Tao">Peng Tao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">15</span> Ministry of Building Materials Industry <a href="/wiki/Lai_Jifa" title="Lai Jifa">Lai Jifa</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">16</span> <a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">First Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Huang_Jing" title="Huang Jing">Huang Jing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">17</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">Second Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erlu" title="Zhao Erlu">Zhao Erlu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">18</span> Ministry Of Fuel Industries <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yu_(politician)" title="Chen Yu (politician)">Chen Yu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">19</span> Ministry of Geology <a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">20</span> Ministry of Building Construction <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiufeng" title="Liu Xiufeng">Liu Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">21</span> Ministry of Textile Industry <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Guangnai" title="Jiang Guangnai">Jiang Guangnai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">22</span> Ministry of Light Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Tuofu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jia Tuofu (page does not exist)">Jia Tuofu</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">23</span> Ministry of Local Industry <a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">24</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Ministry of Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/Teng_Daiyuan" title="Teng Daiyuan">Teng Daiyuan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">25</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Ministry of Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Bojun" title="Zhang Bojun">Zhang Bojun</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">26</span> Ministry of Posts & Telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">27</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs">Ministry of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_Luyan" title="Liao Luyan">Liao Luyan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">28</span> Ministry of Forestry <a href="/wiki/Liang_Xi" title="Liang Xi">Liang Xi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">29</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Water_Resources_(China)" title="Minister of Water Resources (China)">Ministry of Water Resources</a> <a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">30</span> Ministry of Labor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">31</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yanbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shen Yanbing">Shen Yanbing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">32</span> Ministry of Higher Education <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiufeng" title="Yang Xiufeng">Yang Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">33</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">Ministry of Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiruo" title="Zhang Xiruo">Zhang Xiruo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">34</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Ministry of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Dequan" title="Li Dequan">Li Dequan</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">35</span> Commission for Physical Culture and Sports <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">36</span> Ethnic Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">37</span> Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">38</span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Third Ministry of Machine Building">Third Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Linzhi" title="Zhang Linzhi">Zhang Linzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">39</span> National Economic Commission <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">40</span> National Technical Commission <a href="/wiki/Huang_Jing" title="Huang Jing">Huang Jing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">41</span> Ministry of Urban Development <a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">42</span> Ministry of Food Industry <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">43</span> Ministry of Aquatic Products <a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">44</span> Ministry of State Farms and Land Reclamation <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">45</span> Ministry of Timber Industry <a href="/wiki/Luo_Longji" title="Luo Longji">Luo Longji</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>P</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>;</li> <li><sup>PSC</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a>;</li> <li>♀: female</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2nd_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:2nd State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:2nd_State_Council_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:2nd State Council of China (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2nd_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2nd <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Zhou Enlai Cabinet (1959–1965)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">16 <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Minister of Civil Affairs">Internal Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Qian_Ying_(communist_politician)" title="Qian Ying (communist politician)">Qian Ying</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Shan" title="Zeng Shan">Zeng Shan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">National Defense</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup> → <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Public Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> National Basic Construction Commission <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a><sup>PSC</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> National Economic Commission <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> National Science and Technology Commission <a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">10</span> Food <a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">11</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">12</span> Foreign Trade <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jizhuang" title="Ye Jizhuang">Ye Jizhuang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">13</span> Aquatic Products <a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">14</span> Metallurgical Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">15</span> Chemical Industry <a href="/wiki/Peng_Tao" title="Peng Tao">Peng Tao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">16</span> <a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">First Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erlu" title="Zhao Erlu">Zhao Erlu</a> → <a href="/wiki/Duan_Junyi" title="Duan Junyi">Duan Junyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">17</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">Second Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> → <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jie" title="Liu Jie">Liu Jie</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">18</span> Coal Industry <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Linzhi" title="Zhang Linzhi">Zhang Linzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">19</span> Petroleum Industry <a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">20</span> Geology <a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">21</span> Building Construction <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiufeng" title="Liu Xiufeng">Liu Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">22</span> Textile Industry <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Guangnai" title="Jiang Guangnai">Jiang Guangnai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">23</span> Light Industry <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">24</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/Teng_Daiyuan" title="Teng Daiyuan">Teng Daiyuan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">25</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shoudao" title="Wang Shoudao">Wang Shoudao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">26</span> Posts & Telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">27</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs">Ministry of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_Luyan" title="Liao Luyan">Liao Luyan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">28</span> State Farms and Land Reclamation <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">29</span> Forestry <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wenhui" title="Liu Wenhui">Liu Wenhui</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">30</span> Water Resources and Electric Power <a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">31</span> Labor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">32</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">33</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiufeng" title="Yang Xiufeng">Yang Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">34</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Ministry of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Dequan" title="Li Dequan">Li Dequan</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">35</span> Commission for Physical Culture and Sports <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">36</span> Ethnic Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">37</span> Foreign Cultural Liaison Commission <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiruo" title="Zhang Xiruo">Zhang Xiruo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">38</span> Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">39</span> Agricultural Machinery <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhengren" title="Chen Zhengren">Chen Zhengren</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">40</span> Machinery Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Liankui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Liankui (page does not exist)">Zhang Liankui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhiyuan" title="Sun Zhiyuan">Sun Zhiyuan</a><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>P</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>;</li> <li><sup>PSC</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a>;</li> <li>♀: female</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1945–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> (died 1950) → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1950)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to Secretariat 1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(committed suicide 1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1956–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 11th Plenum<br />(Aug 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (added May 1958, Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a> (died May 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (to PSC May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> (died Dec 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> (added May 1958, died Apr 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (added May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (added May 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 11th Plenum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standing Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (purged Sep 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> (purged Aug 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_Premiers_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Vice premiers of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Vice premiers of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice premiers of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_Premiers_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">Provisional Cabinet</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <small>(added 1952)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> <small>(added 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> <small>(added 1956)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> <small>(died 1971)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <small>(dismissed 1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <small>(dismissed 1968, reinstated 1973)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> <small>(died 1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <small>(died 1972)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> <small>(died 1965)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> <small>(dismissed 1968)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a> <small>(died 1975)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> <small>(dismissed 1967)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a> <small>(dismissed 1966)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a> <small>(dismissed 1966)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> <small>(died 1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a> <small>(died 1972)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <small>(dismissed 1976, reinstated 1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> <small>(dismissed 1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a> ♀ <small>(resigned 1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jian_(politician)" title="Sun Jian (politician)">Sun Jian</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Cabinet (1978)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a> <small>(added 1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <small>(added 1979)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Cabinet (1980)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> <small>(promoted to premier)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Cabinet (1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> <small>(added 1986)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a> <small>(added 1991)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a> <small>(added 1991)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a> <small>(added 1995)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a> <small>(added 1995)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a> <small>(died 2007)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Peiyan" title="Zeng Peiyan">Zeng Peiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Liangyu" title="Hui Liangyu">Hui Liangyu</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Liangyu" title="Hui Liangyu">Hui Liangyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">12th Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Kai" title="Ma Kai">Ma Kai</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">13th Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Chunlan" title="Sun Chunlan">Sun Chunlan</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Chunhua" title="Hu Chunhua">Hu Chunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(politician)" title="Liu He (politician)">Liu He</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_National_Defense_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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(China)">Ministers of National Defense of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><span class="nowrap">Marshal <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peng Dehuai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Marshal <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Marshal <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">General <a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">General <a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">General <a href="/wiki/Cao_Gangchuan" title="Cao Gangchuan">Cao Gangchuan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">General <a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">General <a href="/wiki/Chang_Wanquan" title="Chang Wanquan">Chang Wanquan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><s>General</s> <a href="/wiki/Wei_Fenghe" title="Wei Fenghe">Wei Fenghe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><s>General</s> <a href="/wiki/Li_Shangfu" title="Li Shangfu">Li Shangfu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Admiral <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></span></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381823#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381823#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381823#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120369890">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18544334">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/74051/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMhVVqv9hqKMYMXMWFKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012943585">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81063473">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00536033">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36730191">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016903193&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p151597200">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000084649&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018L8303">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266434305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04758966?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1438092">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1012943585.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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