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id="toc-Road_to_universal_mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_to_universal_mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Road to universal mandate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_to_universal_mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_and_display_by_government_institutions_in_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_and_display_by_government_institutions_in_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adoption and display by government institutions in U.S. </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption_and_display_by_government_institutions_in_U.S.-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adoption and display by government institutions in U.S. subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption_and_display_by_government_institutions_in_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Federal government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_local_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_local_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 State and local governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_local_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_the_national_motto_in_state_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_the_national_motto_in_state_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Adoption of the national motto in state symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_the_national_motto_in_state_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandating_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandating_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Mandating display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandating_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allowing_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allowing_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Allowing display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allowing_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-License_plates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#License_plates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 License plates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-License_plates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Opinion polls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Litigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Usage in other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">In God We Trust</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="نثق بالله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نثق بالله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_we_trust" title="In God we trust – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="In God we trust" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_we_trust" title="In God we trust – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="In God we trust" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88" title="ب الله كنآمنو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ب الله كنآمنو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_we_trust" title="In God we trust – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="In God we trust" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_we_trust" title="In God we trust – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="In God we trust" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="خدا را باور داریم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدا را باور داریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इन गॉड वी ट्रस्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इन गॉड वी ट्रस्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95" title="באל נשים מבטחנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באל נשים מבטחנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_we_trust" title="In God we trust – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="In God we trust" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इन गॉड वी ट्रस्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इन गॉड वी ट्रस्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_we_trust" title="In God we trust – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="In God we trust" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%95_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%95" title="بڕوامان بە خوا ھەیە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕوامان بە خوا ھەیە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="இன் காட் வீ டிரஸ்ட் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இன் காட் வீ டிரஸ்ட் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="อินก็อดวีทรัสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินก็อดวีทรัสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="In God We Trust" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Official motto of the United States and the U.S. state of Florida</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="In God We Trust (disambiguation)">In God We Trust (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1in_god_we_trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""IN GOD WE TRUST" as it appears on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill, above the White House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1in_god_we_trust.jpg/243px-1in_god_we_trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1in_god_we_trust.jpg/365px-1in_god_we_trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1in_god_we_trust.jpg/486px-1in_god_we_trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Capitalized "IN GOD WE TRUST" on the reverse of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_bill" title="United States twenty-dollar bill">United States twenty-dollar bill</a></figcaption></figure> "In God We Trust" (also rendered as "In God we trust") is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_motto" title="United States national motto">official motto</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> as well as the motto of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, along with the nation of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: En Dios confiamos).<a href="#cite_note-auto22-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-myflorida.com22-5">[5]</a> It was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> in 1956, replacing <a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a> ("Out of many, one"), which had been the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> motto since the initial design of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RSAL22-6">[6]</a> The fourth stanza of the U.S. national anthem "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>", adopted from the 1814 poem "The Defence of Fort M'Henry", contains the line: "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust"". The origins of "In God We Trust" as a political motto lie in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> supporters wanted to emphasize their attachment to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and to boost morale.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> The capitalized form "IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Two-cent_piece_(United_States)" title="Two-cent piece (United States)">two-cent piece</a> in 1864 and initially only appeared on coins, but it gradually became accepted among Americans.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a> Much wider adoption followed in the 1950s. The first postage stamps with the motto appeared in 1954. A law passed in July 1955 by a <a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/84/140">84–140</a>) and approved by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> requires that "In God We Trust" appear on all <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">American currency</a>. This law was first implemented on the updated one-dollar <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">silver certificate</a> that entered circulation on October 1, 1957.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a> The 84th Congress later passed legislation (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/84/851">84–851</a>), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> Several states have also mandated or authorized its use in public institutions or schools;<a href="#cite_note-:12-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> have incorporated the phrase in some of their state symbols. The motto has also been used in some cases in other countries, most notably on <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>'s coins.<a href="#cite_note-:9-12">[11]</a> The motto remains popular among the American public. According to a 2003 joint poll by <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a>, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins;<a href="#cite_note-Poll22-13">[12]</a> and a 2019 student poll by College Pulse showed that 53% of students supported its inclusion in currency.<a href="#cite_note-:32-14">[13]</a> Some groups and people in the United States, however, have objected to its use, contending that its religious reference violates the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property, which has resulted in numerous lawsuits. This argument has not overcome the interpretational doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">accommodationism</a> and the notion of "<a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">ceremonial deism</a>". The former allows the government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally, while the latter states that a repetitious invocation of a religious entity in ceremonial matters strips the phrase of its original religious connotation.<a href="#cite_note-Drakeman199122-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">New Hampshire Supreme Court</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">Fourth</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">Fifth</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">Sixth</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">Eighth</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">Tenth Circuits</a>, have all upheld the constitutionality of the motto in various settings. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> has discussed the motto in footnotes but has never directly ruled on its compliance with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The earliest recorded usage of the motto in English was in January 1748, when <a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette">The Pennsylvania Gazette</a> reported on the <a href="/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons" title="Military colours, standards and guidons">colours</a> of <a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> regiments, namely that of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> militia, one of which said: "IX. A Coronet and Plume of Feathers. Motto, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>In God we Trust."<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Kidd" title="Thomas S. Kidd">Thomas S. Kidd</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, this appears to be an isolated instance of an official usage, which could be traced to some renderings of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#56:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 56:11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-21">[20]</a> The precise phrase, “In God We Trust” is also found in a publication of Isaac Watts’ <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a> which was revised and printed in America in 1785. Watts had translated Psalm 115:9-11 with the words, “Britain, trust the Lord.” An American publisher, Joel Barlow, sought to revise Watts’ Psalter for an American audience. Barlow's goal was to modify Watts in such a way as to purge the un-American flavor. Barlow simply translated Psalm 115: 9–11 with the words “In God we Trust.”<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chase_to_Pollock_1863-12-09_motto_only.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, drafting a new motto for the U.S. currency. After writing "In God is Our Trust", he scratches it out and changes "is Our" to "We". Letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint, December 9, 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chase_to_Pollock_1863-12-09_motto_only.png/213px-Chase_to_Pollock_1863-12-09_motto_only.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Chase_to_Pollock_1863-12-09_motto_only.png 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury Secretary">Treasury Secretary</a>, scribes "In God is Our Trust," scratches out "is Our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "In God We Trust" in a December 9, 1863, letter to <a href="/wiki/James_Pollock_(American_politician)" title="James Pollock (American politician)">James Pollock</a>, Director of the Philadelphia Mint.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:68px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:And_this_be_our_motto_-_%22In_God_is_out_trust,%22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manuscript copy of Key's 1814 poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry" (later known as "The Star-Spangled Banner") in which one line of the fourth verse reads, "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust,""" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/And_this_be_our_motto_-_%22In_God_is_out_trust%2C%22.png/213px-And_this_be_our_motto_-_%22In_God_is_out_trust%2C%22.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/And_this_be_our_motto_-_%22In_God_is_out_trust%2C%22.png/320px-And_this_be_our_motto_-_%22In_God_is_out_trust%2C%22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/And_this_be_our_motto_-_%22In_God_is_out_trust%2C%22.png/426px-And_this_be_our_motto_-_%22In_God_is_out_trust%2C%22.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="594" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Manuscript copy of Key's 1814 poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry" (better known today as "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>") in which one line of the fourth verse reads, "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust,"" (enclosed section)</div></div></div></div></div>There were several other unrelated recordings of the motto. It can be encountered in some literary works of the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> One of them, "Defence of Fort M'Henry", contained a version of the motto and subsequently became the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_united_states" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the united states">national anthem of the United States</a>. It also appeared in 1845, when D.S. Whitney published an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">anti-slavery</a> hymn in <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Odd_Fellows" title="Odd Fellows">Odd Fellows</a> have also used the phrase as their motto from the 1840s at least into the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motto_on_U.S._currency">Motto on U.S. currency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motto on U.S. currency">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_adoption">Initial adoption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial adoption">edit</a>]</div> In a letter dated November 13, 1861, Rev. Mark R. Watkinson of Ridleyville, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (pastor of the Prospect Hill Baptist Church in present-day <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Prospect Park, Pennsylvania">Prospect Park, Pennsylvania</a>), petitioned the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a> to add a statement recognizing "<a href="/wiki/Almighty_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Almighty God">Almighty God</a> in some form on our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism".<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myers202022-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a> given that the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy's constitution</a>, unlike the Union's, invoked God.<a href="#cite_note-31">[b]</a> This sentiment was shared by other citizens who supported such inclusion in their letters.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Indeed, the <a href="/wiki/125th_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="125th Pennsylvania Infantry">125th Pennsylvania Infantry</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> In the South, the phrase has also gained significant traction. A Confederate <a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">bunting</a> with “In God We Trust” printed in the center, dated to late 1861 or early 1862 and attributed to the <a href="/wiki/37th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment" title="37th Arkansas Infantry Regiment">37th Arkansas Infantry Regiment</a>, was probably captured by the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Iowa_Infantry_Regiment" title="33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment">33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helena" title="Battle of Helena">Battle of Helena</a> and is currently in possession of the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Historical Society">Iowa Historical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Another flag with exactly the same motto, this time of the <a href="/wiki/60th_Tennessee_Infantry_Regiment" title="60th Tennessee Infantry Regiment">60th Tennessee Infantry Regiment</a>, was captured in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Black_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Big Black River Bridge">Battle of Big Black River Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Additionally, in 1864, <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> had captured a flag whose motto said: "Our cause is just, our duty we know; In God we trust, to battle we go."<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Other Confederate symbols included close paraphrasing of the motto, such as the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Guards" title="Franklin Guards">Apalachicola Guard</a> of Florida (In God is our trust)<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> and "The Star-Spangled Cross and the Pure Field of White", a popular song in the Southern military whose refrain contains the following passage: "Our trust is in God, who can help us in fight, And defend those who ask Him in prayer."<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="President Abraham Lincoln">President Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury Secretary">Treasury Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, a lifelong evangelical <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian">Episcopalian</a> who was known for his public shows of piety,<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> acted swiftly on the proposal to include a motto referring to God and directed the then-Philadelphia <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_United_States_Mint" title="Director of the United States Mint">Director of the Mint</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Reform_Association_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Reform Association (1864)">National Reform Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Pollock_(American_politician)" title="James Pollock (American politician)">James Pollock</a>, to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase.<a href="#cite_note-Myers202022-29">[28]</a> Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to the Congress for the new designs in late 1863. He then decided on the final version of the new motto, "In God We Trust," in December 1863.<a href="#cite_note-:42-41">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Breen" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Breen">Walter H. Breen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">numismatist</a>, wrote that Chase drew inspiration from the motto of <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, In Deo speramus, which is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for a similarly sounding "In God we hope".<a href="#cite_note-:3-42">[40]</a> President Lincoln's degree of involvement in the process of the motto's approval is unclear, though he was aware of such talks.<a href="#cite_note-43">[c]</a> As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the federal legislature passed a bill on January 18, 1837, which determined the mottos and devices that should be stamped on U.S. coins. This meant that enactment of some additional legislation was necessary before "In God We Trust" could be engraved. Such bill was introduced and passed as the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1864" title="Coinage Act of 1864">Coinage Act of 1864</a> on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a> On March 3, 1865, the U.S. Congress passed a bill, which Lincoln subsequently signed as the last act of Congress prior to his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:52-27">[26]</a> that allowed the Mint Director to place "In God We Trust" on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon", subject to the Secretary's approval.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> In 1873, Congress passed another Coinage Act, granting the Secretary of the Treasury the right to "cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto".<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[42]</a> In God We Trust (or, rarely, its variation, God We Trust) first appeared on <a href="/wiki/Two-cent_piece_(United_States)" title="Two-cent piece (United States)">2¢</a> coins, which were first minted in 1863 and went into mass circulation the following year.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> According to David W. Lange, a numismatist, the inclusion of the motto on a coin was a major driver for the popularisation of the slogan.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Other coins, that is, <a href="/wiki/Shield_nickel" title="Shield nickel">nickels</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seated_Liberty_coinage" title="United States Seated Liberty coinage">quarter dollars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_dollar" title="Half dollar">half dollars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_eagle" title="Half eagle">half eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(United_States_coin)" title="Eagle (United States coin)">eagles</a>, have had In God We Trust engraved from 1866 on.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[45]</a> Dollar coins got the motto in 1873 for <a href="/wiki/Trade_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Trade dollar (United States coin)">trade dollars</a> and 1878 for common circulation <a href="/wiki/Morgan_dollar" title="Morgan dollar">Morgan dollars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[45]</a> However, there was no obligation for the motto to be used, so some denominations still didn't have it. Others, such as nickels, have seen the phrase disappear after a <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Head_nickel" title="Liberty Head nickel">redesign</a>, so that by the late 19th century, most of the coins did not bear the motto.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Finally, in 1892, an oversight caused the Coinage Act to lose the language which mandated inclusion of the phrase.<a href="#cite_note-:62-50">[47]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1864_2C_Small_Motto_Red_(obv).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""IN GOD WE TRUST" as it first appeared on the obverse side of the two-cent piece in 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1864_2C_Small_Motto_Red_%28obv%29.jpg/204px-1864_2C_Small_Motto_Red_%28obv%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1864_2C_Small_Motto_Red_%28obv%29.jpg/306px-1864_2C_Small_Motto_Red_%28obv%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1864_2C_Small_Motto_Red_%28obv%29.jpg/408px-1864_2C_Small_Motto_Red_%28obv%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>"IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the obverse side of the <a href="/wiki/Two-cent_piece_(United_States)" title="Two-cent piece (United States)">Two-cent piece</a> in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$20-IBN-1864-Fr.197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="$20 interest-bearing note from 1864; "in god is our trust" appears on the bottom-right shield on the obverse side of the note." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US-%2420-IBN-1864-Fr.197.jpg/236px-US-%2420-IBN-1864-Fr.197.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US-%2420-IBN-1864-Fr.197.jpg/354px-US-%2420-IBN-1864-Fr.197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US-%2420-IBN-1864-Fr.197.jpg/472px-US-%2420-IBN-1864-Fr.197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4716" /></a><figcaption>$20 interest-bearing note from 1864; "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">in god is our trust" appears on the bottom-right shield.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1879S_Morgan_Dollar_NGC_MS67plus_Reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The reverse of the Morgan dollar (here, an 1879 issue is shown) presented the lower-cased "In God we trust"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1879S_Morgan_Dollar_NGC_MS67plus_Reverse.png/237px-1879S_Morgan_Dollar_NGC_MS67plus_Reverse.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1879S_Morgan_Dollar_NGC_MS67plus_Reverse.png/356px-1879S_Morgan_Dollar_NGC_MS67plus_Reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1879S_Morgan_Dollar_NGC_MS67plus_Reverse.png/474px-1879S_Morgan_Dollar_NGC_MS67plus_Reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The reverse of the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_dollar" title="Morgan dollar">Morgan dollar</a> presented the lower-cased "In God we trust".</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Roman,_high_relief).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint-Gaudens double eagle, subject of public outcry in 1907 due to the lack of "In God we Trust" on the coin (it would later appear on the obverse side, the one with the eagle, close to the sun's rim)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg/213px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg/320px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg/426px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9857" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gaudens_double_eagle" title="Saint-Gaudens double eagle">Saint-Gaudens double eagle</a> ("high relief" version), subject of public outcry in 1907 due to the lack of "In God we Trust" on the coin</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NNC-US-1908-D-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Arabic_%26_motto).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Version with the national motto, 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NNC-US-1908-D-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic_%26_motto%29.jpg/213px-NNC-US-1908-D-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic_%26_motto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NNC-US-1908-D-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic_%26_motto%29.jpg/320px-NNC-US-1908-D-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic_%26_motto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NNC-US-1908-D-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic_%26_motto%29.jpg/426px-NNC-US-1908-D-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic_%26_motto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9814" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Version with the national motto, 1908</div></div></div></div></div> Banknotes did not have formal authorization, or mandate, to have "In God We Trust" engraved until 1955. However, a version of the motto (In God Is Our Trust) first made a brief appearance on the obverse side of the 1864 $20 <a href="/wiki/Interest_bearing_note#Denominational_set_of_interest_bearing_notes" title="Interest bearing note">interest-bearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compound_interest_treasury_note" title="Compound interest treasury note">compound interest treasury notes</a>, along with the motto "God and our Right".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions">Reactions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> The initial reaction of the general populace was far from unanimous approval. On the one hand, Christian newspapers were generally happy with the phrase being included in coins, though some advocated for more religiously connoted mottos, such as "In God alone is our trust" or "God our Christ".<a href="#cite_note-:52-27">[26]</a> On the other, non-religious press was less impressed by the developments. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> editorial board asked to "let us try to carry our religion—such as it is—in our hearts, and not in our pockets" and criticized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">Mint</a> for including the motto only on golden and larger silver coins.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> New York Illustrated News ridiculed the new coins for marking "the first time that God has ever been recognized on any of our counters of <a href="/wiki/Mammon" title="Mammon">Mammon</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-:52-27">[26]</a> with a similar comparison made by the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> The different opinions on its inclusion eventually grew into a dispute between secularists and faith congregations.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> Others still started to make jokes of "In God We Trust". The <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Numismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Numismatics">American Journal of Numismatics</a> suggested that people would misread the motto as "In <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> we Trust", which they said was "much nearer the fact".<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Newspapers also started reporting on puns made of the slogan. Already in 1860s, newspapers reported signs reading "In God we Trust — terms cash," "In God we trust. All others are expected to pay cash" and the like.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> The phrase, however, gradually became a symbol of national pride. Just six years after it first appeared on coins, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a> called it "our nation's motto"; similarly, groups as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibitionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffragists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> all adopted the motto or endorsed its usage by the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> The motto stayed popular even as fewer denominations had "In God We Trust" embossed on coins.<a href="#cite_note-:52-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1907_Saint-Gaudens_coins_controversy">1907 Saint-Gaudens coins controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1907 Saint-Gaudens coins controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Head_eagle" title="Indian Head eagle">Indian Head eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gaudens_double_eagle" title="Saint-Gaudens double eagle">Saint-Gaudens double eagle</a></div>In 1904, President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> sought to beautify American coinage and decided to give the task to his friend, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-42">[40]</a> who, after several delays and technical issues with his design, produced a new design for <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(United_States_coin)" title="Eagle (United States coin)">eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_eagle" title="Double eagle">double eagles</a>. Roosevelt specifically instructed Saint-Gaudens not to include "In God We Trust" on the coins, as the President feared that these coins would be used to further ungodly activities, such as gambling, and facilitate crime.<a href="#cite_note-:3-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-56">[53]</a> Saint-Gaudens did not oppose the order, as he thought that the phrase would distract from the coin's design features.<a href="#cite_note-:13-56">[53]</a> The coin, whose ultra-high relief version is now considered one of the most beautiful coins ever struck in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-:13-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> was indeed appreciated for its esthetics by art critics.<a href="#cite_note-:14-58">[55]</a> However, a scandal immediately erupted over the lack of "In God We Trust" on the eagles and double eagles.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Theodore Roosevelt insisted that while he was in favor of placing the motto on public buildings and monuments, doing so for money (or <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> and advertisements) would be "dangerously close to <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a>":<a href="#cite_note-:42-41">[39]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"My own feeling in the matter is due to my very firm conviction that to put such a motto on coins, or to use it in any kindred manner, not only does no good, but does positive harm, and is in effect irreverence, which comes dangerously close to sacrilege. ...  Any use which tends to cheapen it, and, above all, any use which tends to secure its being treated in a spirit of levity, is from every standpoint profoundly to be regretted. ... it seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins ...  In all my life I have never heard any human being speak reverently of this motto on the coins or show any signs of its having appealed to any high emotion in him, but I have literally, hundreds of times, heard it used as an occasion of and incitement to ... sneering ...  Every one must remember the innumerable cartoons and articles based on phrases like 'In God we trust for the 8 cents,' ...  Surely, I am well within bounds when I say that a use of the phrase which invites constant levity of this type is most undesirable."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>President Theodore Roosevelt, 13 November 1907<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Press response was largely negative. Most news outlets affiliated with Christian organisations, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Press" title="The Philadelphia Press">The Philadelphia Press</a> and other newspapers were critical of the decision, with accusations amounting to the President being guilty of premeditated assault on religion and disregard for Americans' religious sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-:14-58">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">Atlanta Constitution</a> wrote that people were to choose between "God and Roosevelt", while <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Sun" title="The New York Sun">The New York Sun</a> published a poem mocking Roosevelt's attitude.<a href="#cite_note-:42-41">[39]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, and some religious newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/The_Churchman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Churchman">The Churchman</a>, sided with the President,<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-58">[55]</a> who was both stunned and irritated by people's opposition to excluding the motto. This prompted debate in Congress, which quickly decided to reinstate the motto on the coins in an act adopted in 1908. As a result of controversy, relevant design changes were subsequently introduced by the Mint Chief Engraver, <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Barber" title="Charles E. Barber">Charles E. Barber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:62-50">[47]</a> Other coins have also retained or renewed the usage of the motto. All gold coins and silver $1 coins, <a href="/wiki/Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Half dollar (United States coin)">half dollars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">quarters</a> have had the motto engraved since July 1, 1908; <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">pennies</a> followed in 1909 and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_dime" title="Mercury dime">dimes</a> in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a> Since 1938, all U.S. coins have borne the "In God We Trust" inscription on them.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_to_universal_mandate">Road to universal mandate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Road to universal mandate">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8cliberty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="8¢ postage stamp from 1954, with the motto inscribed around the Statue of Liberty's head, in the white area surrounding her head. At the time, eight cents was the standard rate for international postage. A 3¢ (domestic mail rate) stamp with a similar design was also issued." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/8cliberty.jpg/191px-8cliberty.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/8cliberty.jpg/287px-8cliberty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/8cliberty.jpg/382px-8cliberty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>8¢ postage stamp from 1954, with the motto inscribed around the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>'s head. At the time, eight cents was the standard rate for international postage. A 3¢ (domestic mail rate) stamp with a similar design was also issued.</figcaption></figure> It is generally thought that during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which promoted <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> and thus implemented <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">antireligious legislation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> therefore, a debate for further usage of religious motto was started in Congress. <a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Kruse" title="Kevin M. Kruse">Kevin M. Kruse</a> offers an alternative explanation. In his book, he argues that <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> opposition to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, and those politicians' subsequent successful campaigns to expand the influence of religion, were the main factors that contributed to further adoption of "In God We Trust".<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower administration</a> struck a deeply religious tone, which proved a fertile ground for lobbying for inclusion of the motto in more contexts.<a href="#cite_note-:15-64">[61]</a> This is often attributed to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, a prominent evangelist of the time.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> After intense public pressure for inclusion of the national motto, it appeared for the first time on some postage stamps of the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Issue" title="Liberty Issue">Liberty Issue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> though lobbying for universal inclusion by <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">Charles E. Potter</a> and Representative <a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Louis C. Rabaut</a> failed.<a href="#cite_note-:15-64">[61]</a> The following year, Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edward Bennett">Charles Edward Bennett</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> cited the Cold War when he introduced <abbr title="House Resolution">H. R.</abbr> 619, which obliged "In God we trust" to be printed on all banknotes and struck on all coins, in the House, arguing that "[in] these days when imperialistic and materialistic <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom".<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Numismatic_Association" title="American Numismatic Association">American Numismatic Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> concurred and made resolutions urging to promote further usage of "In God We Trust".<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> On July 11, 1955, the bill, having passed with bipartisan support of both chambers of Congress, was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-History,_Art_&_Archives22-74">[71]</a> Since all coins already complied with the law, the only changes were made to the paper currency. The motto first appeared on the $1 <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)#Small-size_United_States_silver_certificates_(1928–1957)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">silver certificate</a> in 1957, followed by other certificates. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Notes</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">United States Notes</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.<a href="#cite_note-USTreasury22-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_and_display_by_government_institutions_in_U.S.">Adoption and display by government institutions in U.S.</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adoption and display by government institutions in U.S.">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_of_the_Union_entrance_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the Speaker sits. The national motto is carved in marble over the seat of the presiding officer of the chamber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/State_of_the_Union_entrance_2011.jpg/220px-State_of_the_Union_entrance_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/State_of_the_Union_entrance_2011.jpg/330px-State_of_the_Union_entrance_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/State_of_the_Union_entrance_2011.jpg/440px-State_of_the_Union_entrance_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>The rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> sits. The national motto carved in <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> can be seen at the top of the image.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Federal government">edit</a>]</div> On July 30, 1956, the <a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th Congress</a> passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> The resolution passed both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> unanimously and without debate.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[e]</a> It replaced <a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a>, which had existed before as a de facto official motto.<a href="#cite_note-RSAL22-6">[6]</a> The United States Code at <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">36 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/302">§ 302</a>, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the Senate,<a href="#cite_note-Senate22-83">[78]</a> and in 2011 by the House of Representatives, in a 396 to 9 vote.<a href="#cite_note-Reaffirm22-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iqraar22-85">[80]</a> In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-87">[82]</a> The House of Representatives features the motto above the rostrum of the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a>, which was carved in the wall in December 1962<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> in response to the Supreme Court banning public school prayer in <a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Florida.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/193px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/290px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seal_of_Florida.svg/386px-Seal_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Florida" title="Seal of Florida">Seal of Florida</a>, which also appears on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">Flag of Florida</a>. IN GOD WE TRUST appears at the bottom of the seal.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_local_governments">State and local governments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State and local governments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_of_the_national_motto_in_state_symbols">Adoption of the national motto in state symbols</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adoption of the national motto in state symbols">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <abbr title="House Bill">HB</abbr> 1145 provided for the adoption of "In God We Trust" as the official state motto, instead of fairly similar "In God Is Our Trust", effective July 1, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-auto22-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-myflorida.com22-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> The motto has also appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Florida" title="Seal of Florida">seal of Florida</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">flag of Florida</a>, as the seal is one of its elements, since 1868.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia's flag</a> features the motto since 2001, which was retained after a redesign two years later.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate" title="Mississippi State Senate">Mississippi Senate</a> voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Mississippi" title="Seal of Mississippi">state seal</a>, justifying it as an effort to protect religious freedom. The change was made effective on July 1, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-2014Seal22-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Six years later, Mississippi Governor <a href="/wiki/Tate_Reeves" title="Tate Reeves">Tate Reeves</a> signed into law a bill requiring that the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi" title="Flag of Mississippi">state's flag</a>, which had contained the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate battle emblem</a>, be replaced with a new one containing the phrase "In God We Trust."<a href="#cite_note-:17-97">[92]</a> A new flag containing the motto was <a href="/wiki/2020_Mississippi_flag_referendum" title="2020 Mississippi flag referendum">approved by voters in a referendum</a>, and it became the official state flag in January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> On April 28, 2023, Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Bill Lee</a> of Tennessee signed a bill that would require him to submit a new <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Tennessee" title="Seal of Tennessee">state seal</a> design which would include the national motto. The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secretary_of_State" title="Tennessee Secretary of State">secretary of state</a> should receive the proposal by July 1, 2025.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_US_with_display_of_In_God_we_trust.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of U.S. states with display of the national motto in public schools and government buildings as of August 2021. Display of the motto is mandated in the schools of Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, South Dakota and Utah (Texas and Ohio also require such display if a copy of the motto is donated); it is allowed in Arizona, Oklahoma, North Dakota, Indiana, and New Hampshire. Michigan, Alabama and South Carolina also allow display in government buildings. Idaho, Kentucky and Arkansas require it in at least some of these, while Mississippi, Georgia and Florida may require insofar as it appears on their state symbols." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_US_with_display_of_In_God_we_trust.svg/400px-Map_of_the_US_with_display_of_In_God_we_trust.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_US_with_display_of_In_God_we_trust.svg/600px-Map_of_the_US_with_display_of_In_God_we_trust.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_US_with_display_of_In_God_we_trust.svg/800px-Map_of_the_US_with_display_of_In_God_we_trust.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>A map of U.S. states with display of the national motto in public schools and government buildings as of August 2022 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Display in schools mandated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Display in at least some government buildings mandated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Display in schools mandated if a copy of the motto is donated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Display in schools allowed</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Display in government buildings allowed</div> Note. Florida, Georgia and Mississippi use the national motto in state symbols, therefore the display of In God We Trust as it appears on state symbols is regulated by laws governing their usage. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandating_display">Mandating display</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mandating display">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>: In March 2017, Act 911, sponsored by state Representative <a href="/wiki/Jim_Dotson" title="Jim Dotson">Jim Dotson</a>, made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for public schools to display posters with the national motto, if these were donated.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> In 2019, the law was later amended to require public display of the national motto in public schools, higher education institutions and state government buildings, if funds are available for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>: In early 2018, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Daniels" title="Kimberly Daniels">Kimberly Daniels</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> who served as a representative for the <a href="/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">Florida House of Representatives</a>, introduced <abbr title="House Bill">HB</abbr> 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a> then signed the mandate into law.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>: House Concurrent Resolution 32, adopted in March 2020, mandates that the national motto be placed over the chairs of presiding officers of both chambers of <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Legislature" title="Idaho Legislature">Idaho Legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>: In 2014, a law was passed that obliged display of the national motto in legislative buildings and in committees.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> In June 2019, a bill sponsored by state Representative <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Reed" title="Brandon Reed">Brandon Reed</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hodgenville,_Kentucky" title="Hodgenville, Kentucky">Hodgenville</a> was passed that required Kentucky public schools to display the motto "in a prominent location", beginning from the 2019–20 school year.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-109">[104]</a> To protest the requirement, <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County_Public_Schools_(Kentucky)" title="Fayette County Public Schools (Kentucky)">Fayette County Public Schools</a>, a school district which serves <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a>, complied by posting framed <a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">one-dollar bills</a>, which bear the slogan,<a href="#cite_note-:72-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> while in <a href="/wiki/LaRue_County,_Kentucky" title="LaRue County, Kentucky">LaRue County</a>, of which Hodgenville is seat, schools were using oversized images of <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">pennies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:72-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>: A bill requiring public display of the motto in public schools was introduced by state Senator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regina_Ashford_Barrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regina Ashford Barrow (page does not exist)">Regina Ashford Barrow</a> in March 2018. It was passed unanimously both in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate" title="Louisiana State Senate">Senate</a> (33 to 0) and in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Louisiana House of Representatives">House</a> (93 to 0)<a href="#cite_note-:82-111">[106]</a> and signed into law by Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Bel_Edwards" title="John Bel Edwards">John Bel Edwards</a> in May that year.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc122-113">[108]</a> The bill also mandated school instruction about "In God We Trust" as part of the social studies curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-:82-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> The law was strengthened in August 2023 to require the motto to be hung in each classroom.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>: In March 2001, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Governor of Mississippi">Governor of Mississippi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Musgrove" title="Ronnie Musgrove">Ronnie Musgrove</a> signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public school</a> classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>: Ohio requires public schools to hang material featuring the motto if school districts receive it as donation, or if money is donated with the stated purpose of buying such materials.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>: In March 2019, South Dakota required public schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" motto on their walls, starting from the 2019–20 school year.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>: In March 2018, a bill sponsored by state Representative <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lynn" title="Susan Lynn">Susan Lynn</a>, which requires Tennessee schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" passed the state <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">House</a> with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> After being approved unanimously in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">Senate</a>, it was signed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Bill Haslam</a> into law the following month.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>: Texas allowed display of the motto in public schools and higher education institutions since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-:12-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> then passed a bill in 2021 to mandate donated copies of the motto to be hung in a "conspicuous place" in a collage that should, aside from the motto, also include the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States flag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas flag">Texas flag</a>, but nothing more.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-125">[120]</a> Two years later, another bill prohibited anyone from denying the possibility to hang such mottos.<a href="#cite_note-:4-125">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>: A regulation that obliges all Virginia schools to publicly display the motto was signed into law in May 2002.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>: Utah's law to oblige schools to publicly display "In God We Trust" was signed into law in March 2002 by Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> The law also mandates school instruction about the motto.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allowing_display">Allowing display</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Allowing display">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>: A 2018 law allows display of the motto in schools, libraries, government buildings, and on law enforcement vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>: Arizona allows public display of the motto in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>: Georgia allows for usage of the national motto in schools and government buildings, provided they have funds for pay for its display.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>: Indiana allows display of the national motto in public schools since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>: Michigan allows and encourages the display of the motto in and on public schools as well as state and local government buildings.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>: <abbr title="House Bill">HB</abbr> 69, introduced in April 2021, initially proposed to require schools to display the national and state motto's, and passed the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives" title="New Hampshire House of Representatives">House</a> 204–169. It was amended in the Senate to allow publication of the mottos and approved on May 13, 2021,<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> which was approved by the House the following month.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> The bill was signed into law by Governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sununu" title="Chris Sununu">Chris Sununu</a> on July 30, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>: North Dakota statute allows display of the national motto in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>: A bill was passed in 2004 that allowed public schools to display "In God We Trust" and <a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a> in classrooms, auditoriums and cafeterias;<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Senate" title="Oklahoma Senate">Senate</a> bill to mandate such display died in the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives" title="Oklahoma House of Representatives">House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>: South Carolina allows political subdivisions and schools to post a display detailing the foundations of the American law and government, of which the national motto is one of thirteen documents, while providing context to these documents in terms detailed by the state statute.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a></li></ul> In addition to that, several local governments have introduced the display of the motto in government buildings and municipal cars.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> School boards have also seen voluntary introduction of the motto, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a> supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to their display.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Siloam_Springs,_AR_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Downtown_Siloam_Springs%2C_AR_023.jpg/204px-Downtown_Siloam_Springs%2C_AR_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Downtown_Siloam_Springs%2C_AR_023.jpg/306px-Downtown_Siloam_Springs%2C_AR_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Downtown_Siloam_Springs%2C_AR_023.jpg/408px-Downtown_Siloam_Springs%2C_AR_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="3098" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic_Memorial_(Siloam_Springs,_Arkansas)" title="Grand Army of the Republic Memorial (Siloam Springs, Arkansas)">Grand Army of the Republic Memorial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siloam_Springs,_Arkansas" title="Siloam Springs, Arkansas">Siloam Springs, Arkansas</a>) engraved with the words "IN GOD WE TRUST"</figcaption></figure> Multiple scholars have noted that "In God We Trust" motto is one of the main elements of <a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">civil religion</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the official motto "In God We Trust" is not found verbatim in any verses from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, but the phrase is translated in similar terms in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#91:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 91:2</a>, in the Old Testament ("I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust") and in the New Testament in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#1:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 1:10</a> ("Who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver us.") The concept is paraphrased in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#118:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 118:8</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#40:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 40:3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#73:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 73:28</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Proverbs#29:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Proverbs">Proverbs 29:25</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Philip Jenkins</a>, a historian of religion, some Bible translations rendered Psalm 56:11 as "In God I trust; I will not fear",<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> which could lead to substitution of the first "I" for "we".<a href="#cite_note-:11-21">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> the word for the concept of reliance on God is called <a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a>; the phrase "In God We Trust" is closely paraphrased in two places of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Yunus_(surah)" title="Yunus (surah)">Yunus</a> (10:85), as well as surah <a href="/wiki/Al-A%27raf" title="Al-A'raf">Al-A'raf</a> (7:89), and several other verses reinforce this concept.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not."<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="License_plates">License plates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: License plates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""In God We Trust" on the top of the optional license plate of South Carolina, designed in 2002. U.S. and South Carolina's flag appear weaving off a pole in the middle, separating two series of three characters each." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png/220px-2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png/330px-2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png/440px-2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>"In God We Trust" optional <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_license_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina license plates">license plate</a> of South Carolina, designed in 2002</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_sample_plate,_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mississippi current standard plate design (as of 2021). "IN GOD WE TRUST" can be seen at the bottom of the state seal, which is located in the gap between three letters and four numbers of the license plate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mississippi_sample_plate%2C_2019.png/220px-Mississippi_sample_plate%2C_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mississippi_sample_plate%2C_2019.png/330px-Mississippi_sample_plate%2C_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mississippi_sample_plate%2C_2019.png/440px-Mississippi_sample_plate%2C_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Mississippi current standard plate design, approved in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> "IN GOD WE TRUST" can be seen at the bottom of the state seal.</figcaption></figure> As of May 25, 2021, the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate (vanity and standard issues): <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, Kentucky, Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, Ohio,<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-151">[146]</a> Among the states that use the motto in standard issues, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>'s standard plate will feature the motto as displayed on its <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Mississippi" title="Seal of Mississippi">state seal</a> until the end of 2023, when it will change to the design that does not contain the motto.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> offers a standard option license plate with a seal.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> Florida, which also offers a specialty plate, has an option to place "In God We Trust" instead of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">official state nickname</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida" title="List of counties in Florida">county</a> name;<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> Georgia also provides for such an option,<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> while North Carolina offers an option with North Carolina's state motto and "In God We Trust" instead of "First in Flight" or "First in Freedom".<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> In Tennessee, the 2022 issue license plates have two versions: with and without the national motto.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> As of March 2023, about 60% of the state's license tags feature "In God We Trust", but this falls to 21% in <a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson County</a>, which includes the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_polls">Opinion polls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opinion polls">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2003 joint poll by <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.<a href="#cite_note-Poll22-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> launched a similar live survey online that ran for several years in the late 2000s and yielded overwhelming opposition to the removal of the motto.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> However, a more recent student poll in 2019 by College Pulse made for <a href="/wiki/The_College_Fix" title="The College Fix">The College Fix</a> showed that just over a half of students supports inclusion of the national motto in currency, with two-thirds of those who recognised themselves as Democrats opposing and 94% of Republicans in favor of the measure.<a href="#cite_note-:32-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> "In God We Trust" has long been controversial as an official motto due to what opponents perceive as being a religious statement, and as such, violating the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>. Secular and atheist organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-161">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-97">[92]</a> members, have all opposed inclusion of such motto. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Project_Blitz" title="Project Blitz">Project Blitz</a> as well as conservative organizations and lawmakers have lobbied for its further adoption.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> Proponents have extensively argued for inclusion of the national motto in more settings, grounding it in the traditional invocations of God that they say have now become an element of a civil religion and should express the will of the founders, who believed in God.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> Opponents, on the other hand, argue that not only does the motto violate the secular character of the United States, but it also predefines the type and number of gods (if any) to be trusted.<a href="#cite_note-:18-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litigation">Litigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Litigation">edit</a>]</div> The constitutionality of the phrase "In God We Trust" has been repeatedly upheld according to the judicial interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">accommodationism</a>, whose adherents state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.<a href="#cite_note-Views22-170">[165]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Zorach_v._Clauson" title="Zorach v. Clauson">Zorach v. Clauson</a> (1952), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the U.S. constitution's authors intended to prohibit.<a href="#cite_note-ABA22-171">[166]</a> The courts also rely on the notion of "<a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">ceremonial deism</a>" (as defined in <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan's</a> dissent in <a href="/wiki/Lynch_v._Donnelly" title="Lynch v. Donnelly">Lynch v. Donnelly</a>, 1984),<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> i.e. that there exist religious references that, through their repetitious and customary usage, have become secular and are thus constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> While opponents of such rulings argue that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>'s notion of a "wall of separation between church and state" prohibits any aid, direct or indirect, to any religious institution, and therefore any ruling to the contrary goes counter to <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founders</a>' intent, this separationist view has not gained significant ground in judicial settings.<a href="#cite_note-Views22-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Even though not directly related to the motto, <a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a> (1962) elicited much speculation on the future of "In God We Trust" in public settings. In the ruling, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> struck down a <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> law that encouraged public schools to recite a prayer as written in state law on <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> grounds. The ruling sparked widespread outrage and was extremely unpopular at the time, even as the judges' decision was near-unanimous.<a href="#cite_note-:21-175">[170]</a> Almost 4/5 of Americans disapproved of the ruling, according to a Gallup poll.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Congressmen were afraid that "In God We Trust" would have to disappear from coins and banknotes,<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> the feeling shared by the then president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>, John C. Salterfield.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a>, a Democrat from North Carolina, went so far as to wonder if God was declared unconstitutional by that decision.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> Congressmen tried to direct federal funds to buy <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a> for the Supreme Court justices and to propose a <a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">constitutional amendment</a> allowing <a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">school prayer</a> (both measures failed).<a href="#cite_note-:21-175">[170]</a> A similar ruling the following year in <a href="/wiki/Abington_Township_v._Schempp" class="mw-redirect" title="Abington Township v. Schempp">Abington Township v. Schempp</a> prompted senators to attempt to force the Supreme Court to hang the national motto in the courtroom, which also did not succeed.<a href="#cite_note-:02-7">[7]</a> Even though the Supreme Court has never ruled directly on the constitutionality of "In God We Trust",<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[16]</a> several <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">appellate federal courts</a> and some state courts have, and the Supreme Court itself did not seem to have any problem with the phrase being inscribed on coins and banknotes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aronow_v._United_States" title="Aronow v. United States">Aronow v. United States</a> (1970) was the first case to challenge the inclusion of "In God We Trust" on <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. currency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AronowUS22-179">[174]</a> The passage of the statute that the lawsuit challenged ("the inscription 'In God we Trust'...shall appear on all United States currency and coins", <a href="/wiki/Title_31_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 31 of the United States Code">31 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/324a">§ 324a</a>)<a href="#cite_note-AronowUS22-179">[174]</a> stood, and the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth circuit">Ninth Circuit</a> stated that "its [motto's] use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise". In O'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Texas">U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas</a> also upheld the law. A similar decision was reached on appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Circuit">Fifth Circuit</a> in 1979, which affirmed that the "primary purpose of the slogan was secular".<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[42]</a> The same decision was reached in Gaylor v. United States (1996) when it was appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth circuit">Tenth Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Newdow" title="Michael Newdow">Michael Newdow</a> then launched a series of lawsuits attempting to outlaw "In God We Trust", with support of the Freedom From Religion Foundation. Newdow was known for his previous case <a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow</a> (2004), in which the Ninth Circuit issued a ruling removing "under God" from the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a> (the ruling was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court). A federal judge in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> rejected his reasoning in a June 2006 ruling, as did the Ninth Circuit. Because the Supreme Court denied <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>, the appellate court's decision, which said that "the national motto is of a "patriotic or ceremonial character," has no "theological or ritualistic impact," and does not constitute "governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise,"" remained unchanged and in force.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> A lawsuit filed by Newdow and Freedom from Religion Foundation in 2013 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> also failed, both on trial<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> and on appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Circuit">Second Circuit</a>;<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> yet another one, filed in Ohio in 2016, was dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Ohio" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio">U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Circuit">Sixth Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> The same happened with the lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Circuit">Eighth Circuit</a>, which was unrelated to Newdow's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/David_F._Bauman" title="David F. Bauman">David F. Bauman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> state judge, dismissed a case against the <a href="/wiki/Matawan-Aberdeen_Regional_School_District" title="Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District">Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District</a> brought by a student of the district and the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a> that argued that the phrase "under God" in the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a> created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens".<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> Bauman noted that "as a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787."<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> Additionally, several courts have agreed that "In God We Trust" on public buildings did not violate the Establishment Clause: the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">New Hampshire Supreme Court</a> (1967)<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Circuit">Fourth Circuit</a> (2005)<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> did so for public schools, and the same appellate federal court argued the same for a county government office (2005).<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Even though efforts to remove "In God We Trust" in most settings were largely fruitless, mandatory display of mottos in general on license plates drew some skepticism from the judiciary. In <a href="/wiki/Wooley_v._Maynard" title="Wooley v. Maynard">Wooley v. Maynard</a> (1977), the Supreme Court struck down a <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> law mandating that every person carry <a href="/wiki/Live_Free_or_Die" title="Live Free or Die">the state motto</a> on their license plates. The Supreme Court noted in the case that the state can't force its citizens to "use their private property as a 'mobile billboard' for the State's ideological message". Applying Wooley in Griggs v. Graham (2023), a federal judge in Mississippi ruled that under the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Speech Clause">Free Speech Clause</a>, the state may not force individuals to display "In God We Trust" as it appears on the state seal on their license plates (see <a href="#License_plates">above</a>). The judge suggested that objectors to the statement may deface the part of the license tag containing it even though a Mississippi statute may arguably punish this behavior, but declined to order the state to issue religiously neutral license plates free of charge.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> In an unrelated development while the ruling was on appeal, Mississippi announced the winner of a design contest for the new standard plate, which did not include the motto.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> Atheist plaintiffs were satisfied and dropped the lawsuit in May that year.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> The Supreme Court never decided a case challenging the constitutionality of "In God we Trust" as a national/state motto. But in <a href="/wiki/Obiter_dictum" title="Obiter dictum">obiter dicta</a>, the majority of the Supreme Court in Wooley indicated they would reject the line of argument that the plaintiffs used in that case to declare the presence of the national motto on currency unconstitutional. They argued that unlike license plates, currency was not something that was either associated directly with the owner or made to display.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_other_countries">Usage in other countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Usage in other countries">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> equivalent of "In God We Trust", En Dios Confiamos, is an unofficial motto of the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Republic of Nicaragua</a>. The phrase can be seen on most of Nicaragua's coins.<a href="#cite_note-:9-12">[11]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> religious political party in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, proposed a bill that would order inclusion of "In God we trust" motto on <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel#Banknotes" title="Israeli new shekel">banknotes</a>, but it died in the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> Additionally, the phrase has been used in heraldic settings. In 1860, the phrase was included in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Westminster" title="Coat of arms of New Westminster">coat of arms of New Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and it stayed there ever since.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Until 1997 (though still traditionally remembered), the official <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_motto" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic motto">heraldic motto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton, England">Brighton, England</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> equivalent of the phrase: In Deo Fidemus.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In other countries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deus_seja_louvado" title="Deus seja louvado">Deus seja louvado</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God,_Honour,_Fatherland" title="God, Honour, Fatherland">God, Honour, Fatherland</a> (Poland)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_zij_met_ons" title="God zij met ons">God zij met ons</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gott_mit_uns" title="Gott mit uns">Gott mit uns</a> (Prussia, previously in Germany)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust:_All_Others_Pay_Cash" title="In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash">In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_symbols" title="List of Florida state symbols">List of Florida state symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_God_have_mercy_upon_your_soul" title="May God have mercy upon your soul">May God have mercy upon your soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance of the United States">Pledge of Allegiance of the United States</a>, "under God" added in 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_help_me_God" title="So help me God">So help me God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_in_God_and_keep_your_powder_dry" title="Trust in God and keep your powder dry">Trust in God and keep your powder dry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> For the relevant statutes, see <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">36 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/302">§ 302</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf">United States Public Law 84-851</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> See preamble of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Confederate States of America">CSA Constitution</a>: ...invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God... </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> According to the Congressional Record (1908, <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>), p. 3387, the motto was adopted "doubtless with his [Lincoln's] knowledge and approval". </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Quoting the <a href="/wiki/Peroration" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroration">peroration</a> (abridged here) of the speech by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edward Bennett">Charles Edward Bennett</a>, sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and <a href="/wiki/W._Randolph_Burgess" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Randolph Burgess">W. Randolph Burgess</a>, Deputy to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury for Monetary Affairs</a>, had approved of the legislation. 101 <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> For the relevant statutes, see <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">36 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/302">§ 302</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf">United States Public Law 84-851</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-112hconres13rh/pdf/BILLS-112hconres13rh.pdf">"H. CON. RES. 13"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512223059/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-112hconres13rh/pdf/BILLS-112hconres13rh.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2019-05-13. <q>Reaffirming In God We Trust as the official motto of the United States</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.atitle=H.+CON.+RES.+13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FBILLS-112hconres13rh%2Fpdf%2FBILLS-112hconres13rh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2017-title36/html/USCODE-2017-title36.htm">"Title 36 – Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512135913/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2017-title36/html/USCODE-2017-title36.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2019-05-12. <q>§302. National motto "In God we trust" is the national motto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.atitle=Title+36+%E2%80%93+Patriotic+and+National+Observances%2C+Ceremonies%2C+and+Organizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2017-title36%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2017-title36.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/302">"36 U.S. Code § 302. National motto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">Legal Information Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207221852/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/302">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-05-12. <q>"In God we trust" is the national motto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=36+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+302.+National+motto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F36%2F302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto22-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto22_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto22_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netstate.com/states/mottoes/fl_motto.htm">"Florida State Motto In God We Trust"</a>. www.netstate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614202208/http://www.netstate.com/states/mottoes/fl_motto.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-14. Retrieved 2018-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.netstate.com&rft.atitle=Florida+State+Motto+In+God+We+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Fstates%2Fmottoes%2Ffl_motto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-myflorida.com22-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myflorida.com22_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myflorida.com22_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216211708/http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-motto/">"State Motto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Department of State">Florida Department of State</a>. 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Religions. 10 (5): 340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10050340">10.3390/rel10050340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=%22In+God+We+Trust%3A%22+The+U.S.+National+Motto+and+the+Contested+Concept+of+Civil+Religion&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10050340&rft.aulast=Lienesch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10050340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USTreasury22-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USTreasury22_8-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx">"History of 'In God We Trust'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417102334/https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2017-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.atitle=History+of+%27In+God+We+Trust%27&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fabout%2Feducation%2FPages%2Fin-god-we-trust.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2019" class="citation web cs1">Kelley, Bryan (25 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ednote.ecs.org/in-god-we-trust-public-school-displays-of-the-national-motto/">"'In God We Trust': Public School Displays of the National Motto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Education_Commission_of_the_States" title="Education Commission of the States">Education Commission of the States</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525152246/https://ednote.ecs.org/in-god-we-trust-public-school-displays-of-the-national-motto/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+Commission+of+the+States&rft.atitle=%27In+God+We+Trust%27%3A+Public+School+Displays+of+the+National+Motto&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fednote.ecs.org%2Fin-god-we-trust-public-school-displays-of-the-national-motto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/educ/In_God_We_Trust.pdf?ver=2019-10-22-113444-580&timestamp=1571765698383">"Display of National Motto in Public Schools"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures" title="National Conference of State Legislatures">National Conference of State Legislatures</a>. September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620004257/https://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/educ/In_God_We_Trust.pdf?ver=2019-10-22-113444-580&timestamp=1571765698383">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-20. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.atitle=Display+of+National+Motto+in+Public+Schools&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2FPortals%2F1%2FDocuments%2Feduc%2FIn_God_We_Trust.pdf%3Fver%3D2019-10-22-113444-580%26timestamp%3D1571765698383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/circulacion/circulacion.php">"Billetes y Monedas en Circulación"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Central Bank of Nicaragua</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190704082720/https://www.bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/circulacion/circulacion.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Bank+of+Nicaragua&rft.atitle=Billetes+y+Monedas+en+Circulaci%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcn.gob.ni%2Fbilletes_monedas%2Fcirculacion%2Fcirculacion.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poll22-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poll22_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poll22_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/2003-09-29-religion-poll.htm">"USA Today/CNN/Gallup Poll results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108005340/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/2003-09-29-religion-poll.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2011-11-15. <q>C. The inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins; 2003 Sep 19–21; Approve 90; Disapprove 8; No opinion 2</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=USA+Today%2FCNN%2FGallup+Poll+results&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolls%2Ftables%2Flive%2F2003-09-29-religion-poll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabbany-Fix2019" class="citation web cs1">Kabbany-Fix, Jennifer (2019-08-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecollegefix.com/nearly-half-of-college-students-believe-in-god-we-trust-should-be-removed-from-u-s-currency-poll/">"Nearly half of college students believe 'In God We Trust' should be removed from U.S. currency: poll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_College_Fix" title="The College Fix">The College Fix</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010414/https://www.thecollegefix.com/nearly-half-of-college-students-believe-in-god-we-trust-should-be-removed-from-u-s-currency-poll/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+College+Fix&rft.atitle=Nearly+half+of+college+students+believe+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+should+be+removed+from+U.S.+currency%3A+poll&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Kabbany-Fix&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecollegefix.com%2Fnearly-half-of-college-students-believe-in-god-we-trust-should-be-removed-from-u-s-currency-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/7426824/Atheist-in-battle-to-remove-In-God-We-Trust-from-US-currency.html">"Atheist in battle to remove 'In God We Trust' from US currency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. 2010-03-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031114917/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/7426824/Atheist-in-battle-to-remove-In-God-We-Trust-from-US-currency.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2014-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Atheist+in+battle+to+remove+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+from+US+currency&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnorthamerica%2F7426824%2FAtheist-in-battle-to-remove-In-God-We-Trust-from-US-currency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drakeman199122-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Drakeman199122_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakeman1991" class="citation book cs1">Drakeman, Donald L. (1991-01-01). Church-state Constitutional Issues: Making Sense of the Establishment Clause. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313276637" title="Special:BookSources/9780313276637"><bdi>9780313276637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church-state+Constitutional+Issues%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Establishment+Clause&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.isbn=9780313276637&rft.aulast=Drakeman&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2015" class="citation web cs1">Dunn, Christopher (2015-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyclu.org/en/publications/column-pope-invoking-god-and-new-york-courtrooms-new-york-law-journal">"Column: The Pope, Invoking God, and New York Courtrooms (New York Law Journal)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="New York Civil Liberties Union">New York Civil Liberties Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215154/https://www.nyclu.org/en/publications/column-pope-invoking-god-and-new-york-courtrooms-new-york-law-journal">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01. <q>The Supreme Court has never ruled on any aspect of government use of "In God We Trust," and the phrase appears only as an aside in a few of the Court's opinions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=Column%3A+The+Pope%2C+Invoking+God%2C+and+New+York+Courtrooms+%28New+York+Law+Journal%29&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyclu.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fcolumn-pope-invoking-god-and-new-york-courtrooms-new-york-law-journal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-03-02-0105">"Founders Online: Colors of the Associator Companies, 12 January 1748 and 16 April 1748"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728213424/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-03-02-0105">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.atitle=Founders+Online%3A+Colors+of+the+Associator+Companies%2C+12+January+1748+and+16+April+1748&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FFranklin%2F01-03-02-0105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopik2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Popik" title="Barry Popik">Popik, Barry</a> (2009-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/in_god_we_trust_all_others_pay_cash">"In God we trust (all others pay cash)"</a>. The Big Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213822/https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/in_god_we_trust_all_others_pay_cash">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Apple&rft.atitle=In+God+we+trust+%28all+others+pay+cash%29&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft.aulast=Popik&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrypopik.com%2Findex.php%2Fnew_york_city%2Fentry%2Fin_god_we_trust_all_others_pay_cash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2006" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Fred Q. (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Ct." class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven, Ct.">New Haven, Ct.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300107982" title="Special:BookSources/9780300107982"><bdi>9780300107982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yale+Book+of+Quotations&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Ct.&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300107982&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Fred+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2015" class="citation web cs1">Kidd, Thomas S. (2015-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2015/11/the-origin-of-in-god-we-trust/">"The Origin of "In God We Trust""</a>. Anxious Bench. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220137/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2015/11/the-origin-of-in-god-we-trust/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anxious+Bench&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+%22In+God+We+Trust%22&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Fanxiousbench%2F2015%2F11%2Fthe-origin-of-in-god-we-trust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N14926.0001.001/1:4.261?rgn=div2;view=fulltext">Watt's Psalter, 1785</a>. June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031051014/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N14926.0001.001/1:4.261?rgn=div2;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2021-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watt%27s+Psalter%2C+1785&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Fevans%2FN14926.0001.001%2F1%3A4.261%3Frgn%3Ddiv2%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1863" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Salmon P (1863-12-09). Letter to James Pollock. National Archives and Records Administration. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+James+Pollock&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=1863-12-09&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Salmon+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominguez" class="citation web cs1">Dominguez, André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/117trust.pdf">""In God We Trust" originated from a Columbia County President Judge"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Columbia County, Pennsylvania">Columbia County</a> Historical and Genealogical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809130738/https://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/117trust.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+County+Historical+and+Genealogical+Society&rft.atitle=%22In+God+We+Trust%22+originated+from+a+Columbia+County+President+Judge&rft.aulast=Dominguez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolcohist-gensoc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F117trust.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopik2009" class="citation web cs1">Popik, Barry (2009-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/in_god_we_trust_all_others_pay_cash">"In God we trust (all others pay cash)"</a>. The Big Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213822/https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/in_god_we_trust_all_others_pay_cash">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Apple&rft.atitle=In+God+we+trust+%28all+others+pay+cash%29&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft.aulast=Popik&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrypopik.com%2Findex.php%2Fnew_york_city%2Fentry%2Fin_god_we_trust_all_others_pay_cash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/book_viewer/commonwealth:gb19h269f">"The Liberator. v.15:no.17(1845:Apr.25)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215929/https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/book_viewer/commonwealth:gb19h269f">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-28 – via Digital Commonwealth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Liberator.+v.15%3Ano.17%281845%3AApr.25%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalcommonwealth.org%2Fbook_viewer%2Fcommonwealth%3Agb19h269f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_27-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatterell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Latterell, Justin (2015-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpoth.v12i4.594">"In God We Trust: Abraham Lincoln and America's Deathbed Repentance"</a>. Political Theology. 12 (4): 594–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpoth.v12i4.594">10.1558/poth.v12i4.594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Theology&rft.atitle=In+God+We+Trust%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+America%27s+Deathbed+Repentance&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=594-607&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpoth.v12i4.594&rft.aulast=Latterell&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1558%252Fpoth.v12i4.594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney1845" class="citation journal cs1">Disney, David T. (February 1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBcZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22in+god+we+trust%22&pg=PA20">"Bro. Disney's Address"</a>. The Ark, and Odd Fellows Magazine. 2 (2): 20, 184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015010655/https://books.google.com/books?id=uBcZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22in+god+we+trust%22&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-06-19 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ark%2C+and+Odd+Fellows+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bro.+Disney%27s+Address&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20%2C+184&rft.date=1845-02&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBcZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522in%2Bgod%2Bwe%2Btrust%2522%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers202022-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myers202022_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers202022_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2020" class="citation web cs1">Myers, R. Andrew (2020-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logcollegepress.com/blog/2020/7/24/how-did-in-god-we-trust-come-to-be-on-american-currency-a-19th-century-presbyterian-played-a-major-role">"How did "In God We Trust" come to be on American currency? A 19th-century Presbyterian played a major role"</a>. Log College Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103204735/https://www.logcollegepress.com/blog/2020/7/24/how-did-in-god-we-trust-come-to-be-on-american-currency-a-19th-century-presbyterian-played-a-major-role">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2020-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Log+College+Press&rft.atitle=How+did+%22In+God+We+Trust%22+come+to+be+on+American+currency%3F+A+19th-century+Presbyterian+played+a+major+role&rft.date=2020-07-25&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=R.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logcollegepress.com%2Fblog%2F2020%2F7%2F24%2Fhow-did-in-god-we-trust-come-to-be-on-american-currency-a-19th-century-presbyterian-played-a-major-role&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118192336/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv0qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260">Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances for the Year 1896</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. 1897. p. 260. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv0qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260">the original</a> on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2021-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Secretary+of+the+Treasury+on+the+State+of+the+Finances+for+the+Year+1896&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYv0qAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegley2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Begley, Sarah (2016-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4179685/in-god-we-trust-currency-history/">"How 'In God We Trust' Got on the Currency in the First Place"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506134753/https://time.com/4179685/in-god-we-trust-currency-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+Got+on+the+Currency+in+the+First+Place&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Begley&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4179685%2Fin-god-we-trust-currency-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For sources discussing it, see:</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2011" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Ted (2011). The Battle of Antietam: The Bloodiest Day. <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston, S.C.">Charleston, S.C.</a>: The History Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-179-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-179-6"><bdi>978-1-60949-179-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Antietam%3A+The+Bloodiest+Day&rft.place=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-179-6&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLc6WDOMUwA">125th PA Vol. Infantry: IN GOD WE TRUST</a>. <a href="/wiki/WTAJ" class="mw-redirect" title="WTAJ">WTAJ</a> (Television production). 2012-06-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810041027/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLc6WDOMUwA">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-11-29 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=125th+PA+Vol.+Infantry%3A+IN+GOD+WE+TRUST&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfLc6WDOMUwA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?unit_id=269">"Antietam: 125th Pennsylvania Infantry"</a>. Antietam on the Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213932/https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?unit_id=269">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antietam+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=Antietam%3A+125th+Pennsylvania+Infantry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantietam.aotw.org%2Fofficers.php%3Funit_id%3D269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennsylvania_Infantry._125th_Regiment,_1862–18632009" class="citation book cs1">Pennsylvania Infantry. 125th Regiment, 1862–1863 (2009). History Of The One Hundred And Twenty-fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1862–1863. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_N.Y." class="mw-redirect" title="Ithaca, N.Y.">Ithaca, N.Y.</a>: Cornell University Library. pp. 150–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-112-13570-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-112-13570-5"><bdi>978-1-112-13570-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+The+One+Hundred+And+Twenty-fifth+Regiment%2C+Pennsylvania+Volunteers%2C+1862%E2%80%931863&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Library&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-112-13570-5&rft.au=Pennsylvania+Infantry.+125th+Regiment%2C+1862%E2%80%931863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070233708&view=1up&seq=10">"A descriptive list of the Confederate flags in the possession of the State Historical Society of Iowa"</a>. 1918. p. 4. Retrieved 2021-10-31. <q>Bunting, 4x7 feet (modified form of <a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Bars_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars and Bars (flag)">Stars and Bars</a>), Union blue with twelve 8-point stars in circle. "In God We Trust" printed on white silk and stitched on white bar of Field. No record of when or where captured.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+descriptive+list+of+the+Confederate+flags+in+the+possession+of+the+State+Historical+Society+of+Iowa&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015070233708%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedmondt2009" class="citation book cs1">Dedmondt, Glenn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCAxwqU1oAEC&dq=iowa+confederate+flag+in+god+we+trust&pg=PA108">The Flags of Civil War Arkansas</a>. Pelican Publishing. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0432-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0432-6"><bdi>978-1-4556-0432-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flags+of+Civil+War+Arkansas&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-0432-6&rft.aulast=Dedmondt&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCAxwqU1oAEC%26dq%3Diowa%2Bconfederate%2Bflag%2Bin%2Bgod%2Bwe%2Btrust%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, William D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPTY56TRFxUC&dq=iowa+confederate+flag+in+god+we+trust&pg=PA302">"A Fit Representation of Pandemonium": East Tennessee Confederate Soldiers in the Campaign for Vicksburg</a>. Mercer University Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-034-6"><bdi>978-0-88146-034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+Fit+Representation+of+Pandemonium%22%3A+East+Tennessee+Confederate+Soldiers+in+the+Campaign+for+Vicksburg&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-034-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPTY56TRFxUC%26dq%3Diowa%2Bconfederate%2Bflag%2Bin%2Bgod%2Bwe%2Btrust%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpersweeklyv8bonn/page/260/mode/2up">"Sketches of the Metropolitan Fair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a>. 8: 261. 1864-04-23. Retrieved 2021-05-29 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=Sketches+of+the+Metropolitan+Fair&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=261&rft.date=1864-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharpersweeklyv8bonn%2Fpage%2F260%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Archibald_Cunningham" title="Sumner Archibald Cunningham">Cunningham, Sumner Archibald</a> (January 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSNEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA117">"Flag History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>: 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Confederate+Veteran&rft.atitle=Flag+History&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1896-01&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Sumner+Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSNEAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitney2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pitney" title="John J. Pitney">Pitney, John J. Jr.</a> (2001-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OPmKnf3jywC&dq=confederate+flag+in+god+we+trust&pg=PA91">The Art of Political Warfare</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3382-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-3382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Political+Warfare&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3382-9&rft.aulast=Pitney&rft.aufirst=John+J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7OPmKnf3jywC%26dq%3Dconfederate%2Bflag%2Bin%2Bgod%2Bwe%2Btrust%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarp2019" class="citation book cs1">Harp, Gillis J. (2019-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCeeDwAAQBAJ">Protestants and American Conservatism: A Short History</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997741-3"><bdi>978-0-19-997741-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817091828/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCeeDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestants+and+American+Conservatism%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997741-3&rft.aulast=Harp&rft.aufirst=Gillis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCeeDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherLouisMourtada-Sabbah,_Nada2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Louis, <a href="/wiki/Nada_Mourtada-Sabbah" title="Nada Mourtada-Sabbah">Mourtada-Sabbah, Nada</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jchs44&id=685&collection=journals&index=">"Adopting In God We Trust as the U.S. National Motto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Church_and_State" title="Journal of Church and State">Journal of Church and State</a>. 44 (4): 682–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F44.4.671">10.1093/jcs/44.4.671</a> – via <a href="/wiki/HeinOnline" title="HeinOnline">HeinOnline</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Adopting+In+God+We+Trust+as+the+U.S.+National+Motto&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=682-83&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F44.4.671&rft.au=Fisher&rft.au=Louis&rft.au=Mourtada-Sabbah%2C+Nada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjchs44%26id%3D685%26collection%3Djournals%26index%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> (Referencing H. Rept. No. 1959, 84th Cong., 2d Sess. (1956) and S. Rept. No. 2703, 84th Cong., 2d Sess. (1956), 2.) </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen1988" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins. New York: Doubleday. pp. 238, 353, 572–573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14207-6"><bdi>978-0-385-14207-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Breen%27s+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+and+Colonial+Coins.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=238%2C+353%2C+572-573&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-385-14207-6&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106115209/http://www.nonbeliever.org/images/CR102-13917.pdf">102 Congressional Record – Senate</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> 1956. p. 13917. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonbeliever.org/images/CR102-13917.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2021-08-09 – via NonBeliever.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=102+Congressional+Record+%E2%80%93+Senate&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=13917&rft.date=1956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nonbeliever.org%2Fimages%2FCR102-13917.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2007" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Ann W. (2007-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6kZHs0yG5sC&q=Church-state+Issues+in+America+Today">Church-state Issues in America Today</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Ct.</a>: Praeger Publishers. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99367-2"><bdi>978-0-275-99367-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817024630/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6kZHs0yG5sC&q=Church-state+Issues+in+America+Today">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church-state+Issues+in+America+Today&rft.place=Westport%2C+Ct.&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99367-2&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Ann+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6kZHs0yG5sC%26q%3DChurch-state%2BIssues%2Bin%2BAmerica%2BToday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiedroyc" class="citation web cs1">Giedroyc, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgs.com/coinfacts/category/two-cent-1864-1873/670">"Two Cent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Professional_Coin_Grading_Service" title="Professional Coin Grading Service">Professional Coin Grading Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010413/https://www.pcgs.com/coinfacts/category/two-cent-1864-1873/670">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Professional+Coin+Grading+Service&rft.atitle=Two+Cent&rft.aulast=Giedroyc&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgs.com%2Fcoinfacts%2Fcategory%2Ftwo-cent-1864-1873%2F670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2005" class="citation book cs1">Lange, David W. (2005). History of the United States Mint and its Coinage. Whitman Publisher LLC. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0794819729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0794819729"><bdi>978-0794819729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+Mint+and+its+Coinage&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Whitman+Publisher+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0794819729&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman1996" class="citation web cs1">Ackerman, David M. (1996-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19960710_96-609_a80750766297a603d32b12e9f6d72db35ab6ac04.pdf">""In God We Trust" on the Nation's Coins and Currency and as the National Motto: History and Constitutionality"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725103031/https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19960710_96-609_a80750766297a603d32b12e9f6d72db35ab6ac04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=%22In+God+We+Trust%22+on+the+Nation%27s+Coins+and+Currency+and+as+the+National+Motto%3A+History+and+Constitutionality&rft.date=1996-07-10&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everycrsreport.com%2Ffiles%2F19960710_96-609_a80750766297a603d32b12e9f6d72db35ab6ac04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMislin2018" class="citation web cs1">Mislin, David (2 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-complex-history-of-in-god-we-trust-91117">"The complex history of 'In God We Trust'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010414/https://theconversation.com/the-complex-history-of-in-god-we-trust-91117">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+complex+history+of+%27In+God+We+Trust%27&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.aulast=Mislin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-complex-history-of-in-god-we-trust-91117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010358/https://www.pcgs.com/coinfacts/category/gold-coins/st-gaudens-20-1907-1933/type-2-no-motto-1907-1908/784">"Type 2, No Motto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Professional_Coin_Grading_Service" title="Professional Coin Grading Service">Professional Coin Grading Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgs.com/coinfacts/category/gold-coins/st-gaudens-20-1907-1933/type-2-no-motto-1907-1908/784">the original</a> on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Professional+Coin+Grading+Service&rft.atitle=Type+2%2C+No+Motto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgs.com%2Fcoinfacts%2Fcategory%2Fgold-coins%2Fst-gaudens-20-1907-1933%2Ftype-2-no-motto-1907-1908%2F784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1876617">"20 Dollars, Compound Interest Treasury Note, United States, 1864"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809132237/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1876617">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=20+Dollars%2C+Compound+Interest+Treasury+Note%2C+United+States%2C+1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fobject%2Fnmah_1876617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1876647">"20 Dollars, Interest Bearing Note, United States, 1864"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108005413/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1876647">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2021-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=20+Dollars%2C+Interest+Bearing+Note%2C+United+States%2C+1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fobject%2Fnmah_1876647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1865/12/18/archives/the-new-legend-on-our-coins.html">"THE NEW LEGEND ON OUR COINS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 1865-12-18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603012739/https://www.nytimes.com/1865/12/18/archives/the-new-legend-on-our-coins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+NEW+LEGEND+ON+OUR+COINS.&rft.date=1865-12-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1865%2F12%2F18%2Farchives%2Fthe-new-legend-on-our-coins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43585592">"The New Five Cent Piece. [Communicated]"</a>. American Journal of Numismatics, and Bulletin of the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society. 1 (4): 27. 1866. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2381-4586">2381-4586</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43585592">43585592</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602222819/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43585592">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Numismatics%2C+and+Bulletin+of+the+American+Numismatic+and+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=The+New+Five+Cent+Piece.+%26%2391%3BCommunicated%26%2393%3B&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43585592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2381-4586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43585592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2017/12/10/cash/">"In God We Trust; All Others Cash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quote_Investigator" title="Quote Investigator">Quote Investigator</a>. 2017-12-10. 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Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collectors.com&rft.atitle=100+Greatest+U.S.+Coins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectors.com%2Fsetmatch%2Fsetmatchdetail%3Fcompitemid%3D54748%26itemtypeid%3D1%26compid%3D1576%26exactmatch%3DTrue%26hidenomatch%3DFalse%26hidehascurrentitem%3DFalse%26days%3DAny%26lowgrade%3DAny%26highgrade%3DAny%26lowprice%3DAny%26highprice%3DAny%26sellerexclude%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatewood1966" class="citation journal cs1">Gatewood, Willard B. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711109">"Theodore Roosevelt and the Coinage Controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Quarterly" title="American Quarterly">American Quarterly</a>. 18 (1): 35–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711109">10.2307/2711109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711109">2711109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+Coinage+Controversy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-51&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711109&rft.aulast=Gatewood&rft.aufirst=Willard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2711109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdette2006" class="citation book cs1">Burdette, Roger W. 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Renaissance of American Coinage, 1905–1908. <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Va." class="mw-redirect" title="Great Falls, Va.">Great Falls, Va.</a>: Seneca Mill Press. pp. 193–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9768986-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9768986-1-0"><bdi>978-0-9768986-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+of+American+Coinage%2C+1905%E2%80%931908&rft.place=Great+Falls%2C+Va.&rft.pages=193-195&rft.pub=Seneca+Mill+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9768986-1-0&rft.aulast=Burdette&rft.aufirst=Roger+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.republicanpresidents.net/10-interesting-facts-about-theodore-roosevelt/">"10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt"</a>. Republicanpresidents.net. 2009-03-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217130709/http://www.republicanpresidents.net/10-interesting-facts-about-theodore-roosevelt/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2014-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Interesting+Facts+About+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Republicanpresidents.net&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.republicanpresidents.net%2F10-interesting-facts-about-theodore-roosevelt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41216216/teddy-roosevelts-letter-on-his/">"Roosevelt Dropped 'IN GOD WE TRUST'; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence, Close to Sacrilege. NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity"</a>. The New York Times. 1907-11-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032944/https://www.nytimes.com/1907/11/14/archives/roosevelt-dropped-in-god-we-trust-president-says-such-a-motto-on.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2010-08-26 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Roosevelt+Dropped+%27IN+GOD+WE+TRUST%27%3B+President+Says+Such+a+Motto+on+Coin+Is+Irreverence%2C+Close+to+Sacrilege.+NO+LAW+COMMANDS+ITS+USE+He+Trusts+Congress+Will+Not+Direct+Him+to+Replace+the+Exalted+Phrase+That+Invited+Constant+Levity&rft.date=1907-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F41216216%2Fteddy-roosevelts-letter-on-his%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2007" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Scott A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529230649/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281&dq">Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_Calif." class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara, Calif.">Santa Barbara, Calif.</a>: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851098637" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851098637"><bdi>978-1851098637</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281">the original</a> on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2021-08-09. <q>In 1956, the United States, changed its motto to 'In God We Trust', in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union, its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Law+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Personal+Belief+and+Public+Policy&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1851098637&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_8VFygyaDYC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2015" class="citation book cs1">Kruse, Kevin M. (2015). One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America. 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(2011-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGC8D-ybQnAC&q=Louis+C.+Rabaut+postage+cancellation+god+we+trust&pg=PA101">The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America's Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, USA. pp. 97, 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539346-0"><bdi>978-0-19-539346-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814202438/https://books.google.com/books?id=pGC8D-ybQnAC&q=Louis+C.+Rabaut+postage+cancellation+god+we+trust&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual-Industrial+Complex%3A+America%27s+Religious+Battle+Against+Communism+in+the+Early+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97%2C+101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539346-0&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGC8D-ybQnAC%26q%3DLouis%2BC.%2BRabaut%2Bpostage%2Bcancellation%2Bgod%2Bwe%2Btrust%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2021" class="citation web cs1">Jain, Kalpana (2021-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-the-legacy-of-billy-graham-continues-to-endure-3-essential-reads-162465">"Why the legacy of Billy Graham continues to endure: 3 essential reads"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613092001/https://theconversation.com/why-the-legacy-of-billy-graham-continues-to-endure-3-essential-reads-162465">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Why+the+legacy+of+Billy+Graham+continues+to+endure%3A+3+essential+reads&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kalpana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-the-legacy-of-billy-graham-continues-to-endure-3-essential-reads-162465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/26/archives/new-stamp-gets-motto-in-god-we-trust-8center-to-go-on-sale-early-in.html">"NEW STAMP GETS MOTTO; 'In God We Trust' 8-Center to Go on Sale Early in April"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 1954-02-26. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603004649/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/26/archives/new-stamp-gets-motto-in-god-we-trust-8center-to-go-on-sale-early-in.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NEW+STAMP+GETS+MOTTO%3B+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+8-Center+to+Go+on+Sale+Early+in+April&rft.date=1954-02-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1954%2F02%2F26%2Farchives%2Fnew-stamp-gets-motto-in-god-we-trust-8center-to-go-on-sale-early-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2014" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, West (2014). A History of America in Thirty-Six Postage Stamps. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250043689" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250043689"><bdi>978-1250043689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+America+in+Thirty-Six+Postage+Stamps&rft.place=London&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1250043689&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=West&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCep2014" class="citation web cs1">Cep, Casey N. (2014-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/news/americans-start-trusting-god-74456">"When Did Americans Start Trusting in God?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215405/https://psmag.com/news/americans-start-trusting-god-74456">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=When+Did+Americans+Start+Trusting+in+God%3F&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.aulast=Cep&rft.aufirst=Casey+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fnews%2Famericans-start-trusting-god-74456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/">"The legislation placing "In God We Trust" on national currency | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"</a>. history.house.gov. 1955-07-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004812/http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legislation+placing+%22In+God+We+Trust%22+on+national+currency+%26%23124%3B+US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft.pub=history.house.gov&rft.date=1955-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistorical-Highlights%2F1951-2000%2FThe-legislation-placing-%25E2%2580%259CIn-God-We-Trust%25E2%2580%259D-on-national-currency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dEADWZdN2k8C&q=strengthen+our+freedom&pg=PA47">"United States Currency Inscription"</a>. Miscellaneous Hearings: Hearings Before ... , 84-1 on H.J.Res. 202 ... , H.R. 3327 ... , H.R. 619 ... 1956. Washington, D.C.: United States Congress House Banking and Currency Committee. 1956. pp. 47–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223136/https://books.google.com/books?id=dEADWZdN2k8C&q=strengthen+our+freedom&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States+Currency+Inscription&rft.btitle=Miscellaneous+Hearings%3A+Hearings+Before+...+%2C+84-1+on+H.J.Res.+202+...+%2C+H.R.+3327+...+%2C+H.R.+619+...+1956&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=47-57&rft.pub=United+States+Congress+House+Banking+and+Currency+Committee&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdEADWZdN2k8C%26q%3Dstrengthen%2Bour%2Bfreedom%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitschen2018" class="citation web cs1">Fitschen, Steve (2018-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationallegalfoundation.org/briefings/defending-in-god-we-trust/">"Defending "In God We Trust""</a>. National Legal Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213850/https://nationallegalfoundation.org/briefings/defending-in-god-we-trust/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Legal+Foundation&rft.atitle=Defending+%22In+God+We+Trust%22&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft.aulast=Fitschen&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationallegalfoundation.org%2Fbriefings%2Fdefending-in-god-we-trust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2002-07-29/html/CREC-2002-07-29-pt1-PgE1437-2.htm">"Congressional Record, Volume 148 Issue 105 (Monday, July 29, 2002)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215734/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2002-07-29/html/CREC-2002-07-29-pt1-PgE1437-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31. <q>The following year, 1955, largely at the instigation of Matt Rothert, later president of the American Numismatic Association, Congress amended the U.S. Code to require the national motto to be placed on all coins and currency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.atitle=Congressional+Record%2C+Volume+148+Issue+105+%28Monday%2C+July+29%2C+2002%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCREC-2002-07-29%2Fhtml%2FCREC-2002-07-29-pt1-PgE1437-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-69/pdf/STATUTE-69-Pg290-2.pdf">"An Act to provide that all United States currency shall bear the inscription "In God We Trust.""</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. 1955-07-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814192031/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-69/pdf/STATUTE-69-Pg290-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.atitle=An+Act+to+provide+that+all+United+States+currency+shall+bear+the+inscription+%22In+God+We+Trust.%22&rft.date=1955-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-69%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-69-Pg290-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History,_Art_&_Archives22-74"><a href="#cite_ref-History,_Art_&_Archives22_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/">"The Legislation Placing "In God We Trust" on National Currency'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923113553/http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=The+Legislation+Placing+%22In+God+We+Trust%22+on+National+Currency%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistorical-Highlights%2F1951-2000%2FThe-legislation-placing-%25E2%2580%259CIn-God-We-Trust%25E2%2580%259D-on-national-currency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Not produced since 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2007" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Scott A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281">Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_Calif." class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara, Calif.">Santa Barbara, Calif.</a>: ABC-CLIO. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-863-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-863-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529230649/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2016-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Law+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Personal+Belief+and+Public+Policy&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-863-7&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_8VFygyaDYC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1996" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Steven B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235545/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418">"Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a>. 96 (8): 2083–2174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123418">10.2307/1123418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418">1123418</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418">the original</a> on 2017-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Constitutionality+of+Ceremonial+Deism&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2083-2174&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0010-1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1123418%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1123418&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Steven+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1123418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Wood2013" class="citation web cs1">Margaret Wood (2013-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/04/in-god-we-trust/">"In God We Trust"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318002142/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/04/in-god-we-trust/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2021-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+God+We+Trust&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.au=Margaret+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Flaw%2F2013%2F04%2Fin-god-we-trust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust">"New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palladium-Item" title="Palladium-Item">Palladium-Item</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana" title="Richmond, Indiana">Richmond, Indiana</a>. 1956-08-13. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032430/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-02-15 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palladium-Item&rft.atitle=New+National+Motto+Of+U.+S.+Recalls+Key%27s+Words+Of+1814&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1956-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F249484657%2F%3Fterms%3Din%2Bgod%2Bwe%2Btrust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerMarion1977" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Douglas; Marion, Nowak (1977). The Fifties: The Way We Really Were. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. p. 89. <q>'In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifties%3A+The+Way+We+Really+Were&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Marion%2C+Nowak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senate22-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Senate22_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelicia_Sonmez2011" class="citation news cs1">Felicia Sonmez (2011-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html">"Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104034201/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2021-08-09. <q>'In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States,' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. 'Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Social+issues+return+to+fore+with+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+resolution&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.au=Felicia+Sonmez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2F2chambers%2Fpost%2Fsocial-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution%2F2011%2F10%2F31%2FgIQAXQasZM_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reaffirm22-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Reaffirm22_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Steinhauer2011" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Steinhauer (2011-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html">"In God We Trust, With the House's Help"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107012016/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2021-08-09. <q>Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution 'reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+God+We+Trust%2C+With+the+House%27s+Help&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.au=Jennifer+Steinhauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F11%2F02%2Fus%2Fhouse-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqraar22-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Iqraar22_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_Starnes2011" class="citation news cs1">Todd Starnes (2011-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104222412/http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil">"See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil">the original</a> on 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2011-11-07. <q>The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=See+Which+Congressmen+Voted+Against+%27In+God+We+Trust%27&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.au=Todd+Starnes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.foxnews.com%2Fcongress%2F2011%2F11%2F01%2Fsee-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust%23ixzz1cYiMXHil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.au.org/media/press-releases/house-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings">"House Votes For Display Of 'in God We Trust' Motto In Public Buildings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a>. 2000-07-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010359/https://www.au.org/media/press-releases/house-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americans+United+for+Separation+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=House+Votes+For+Display+Of+%27in+God+We+Trust%27+Motto+In+Public+Buildings&rft.date=2000-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.org%2Fmedia%2Fpress-releases%2Fhouse-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-106hres548eh/html/BILLS-106hres548eh.htm">"H. Res. 548 Engrossed in House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215355/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-106hres548eh/html/BILLS-106hres548eh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.atitle=H.+Res.+548+Engrossed+in+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FBILLS-106hres548eh%2Fhtml%2FBILLS-106hres548eh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/1951-Present/Furniture/">"Furniture | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"</a>. history.house.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010357/https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/1951-Present/Furniture/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=Furniture+%7C+US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FExhibitions-and-Publications%2FCapitol%2F1951-Present%2FFurniture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2015" class="citation book cs1">Kruse, Kevin Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwGCBgAAQBAJ">One nation under God: how corporate America invented Christian America</a>. New York: Basic Books. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465040643" title="Special:BookSources/9780465040643"><bdi>9780465040643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+nation+under+God%3A+how+corporate+America+invented+Christian+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780465040643&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwGCBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2023" class="citation news cs1">Kruse, Kevin M. (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kevinmkruse.substack.com/p/of-little-faith?r=1srwzp">"Of Little Faith"</a>. Campaign Trails. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Campaign+Trails&rft.atitle=Of+Little+Faith&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkevinmkruse.substack.com%2Fp%2Fof-little-faith%3Fr%3D1srwzp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0000-0099/0015/Sections/0015.0301.html">"The 2020 Florida Statutes: 15.0301"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislature" title="Florida Legislature">Florida Legislature</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010359/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0000-0099%2F0015%2FSections%2F0015.0301.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25. <q>State motto.—"In God We Trust" is hereby designated and declared the official motto of the State of Florida.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Legislature&rft.atitle=The+2020+Florida+Statutes%3A+15.0301&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2FStatutes%2Findex.cfm%3FApp_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26Search_String%3D%26URL%3D0000-0099%2F0015%2FSections%2F0015.0301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-seal/">"State Seal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Department of State">Florida Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423205604/https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-seal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=State+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdos.myflorida.com%2Fflorida-facts%2Fflorida-state-symbols%2Fstate-seal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-flag/">"State Flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Department of State">Florida Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531121000/https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-31. 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Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Flag+of+Georgia+United+States+state+flag&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fflag-of-Georgia-United-States-state-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014Seal22-95"><a href="#cite_ref-2014Seal22_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402134106/http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2014/pdf/SB/2600-2699/SB2681PS.pdf">"Mississippi Religious Freedom Restoration Act; enact and modify the great seal"</a> (PDF). Senate Bill No. 2681. <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Miss." class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson, Miss.">Jackson, Miss.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">Mississippi Legislature</a>. January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2014/pdf/SB/2600-2699/SB2681PS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-04-02. 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Senate OKs adding 'In God We Trust' to seal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Free_Press" title="Jackson Free Press">Jackson Free Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807181321/https://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2014/feb/01/miss-senate-oks-adding-god-we-trust-seal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jackson+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Miss.+Senate+OKs+adding+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+to+seal&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.aulast=Wagster+Pettus&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacksonfreepress.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F01%2Fmiss-senate-oks-adding-god-we-trust-seal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2020" class="citation web cs1">Knowles, Lindsay (2020-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wlbt.com/2020/07/08/satanic-temple-threatens-lawsuit-if-god-we-trust-appears-new-mississippi-flag/">"Satanic Temple threatens lawsuit if 'In God We Trust' appears on new Mississippi flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WLBT" title="WLBT">WLBT</a>-3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010359/https://www.wlbt.com/2020/07/08/satanic-temple-threatens-lawsuit-if-god-we-trust-appears-new-mississippi-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. 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Retrieved 2019-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Insider&rft.atitle=%27In+God+We+Trust%27+Posters+to+Be+Displayed+in+Arkansas+Public+Schools&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsider.foxnews.com%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2Fgod-we-trust-posters-be-displayed-arkansas-public-schools-after-donations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerozek2018" class="citation web cs1">Perozek, Dave (2018-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/mar/11/schools-will-display-in-god-we-trust-20/">"Some Arkansas schools will display 'In God we trust' after posters donated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Democrat-Gazette" title="Arkansas Democrat-Gazette">Arkansas Democrat-Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603120850/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/mar/11/schools-will-display-in-god-we-trust-20/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-03. 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More and more states say yes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134206/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/does-in-god-we-trust-belong-in-schools-more-and-more-states-say-yes/2018/12/01/d846f870-e863-11e8-b8dc-66cca409c180_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-08. 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Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Idaho+State+Legislature&rft.atitle=HOUSE+CONCURRENT+RESOLUTION+32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislature.idaho.gov%2Fsessioninfo%2F2020%2Flegislation%2Fhcr032%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=43315">"7.090 Legislative Research Commission – Kentucky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky General Assembly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010359/https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=43315">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+General+Assembly&rft.atitle=7.090+Legislative+Research+Commission+%E2%80%93+Kentucky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.legislature.ky.gov%2Flaw%2Fstatutes%2Fstatute.aspx%3Fid%3D43315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=48792">"Display of national motto in public elementary and secondary schools – Reading and posting in public schools of texts and documents on American history and heritage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky General Assembly</a>. 2019-06-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010359/https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=48792">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. 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Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27In+God+We+Trust%27%3A+display+in+Kentucky+schools+marks+effort+to+mix+church+and+state&rft.date=2019-09-13&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2019%2Fsep%2F12%2Fin-god-we-trust-display-in-kentucky-schools-marks-effort-to-mix-church-and-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wkyt.com/content/news/In-God-We-Trust-found-in-form-of-dollar-bill-at-Fayette-County-school-542607641.html">"'In God We Trust' found in form of dollar bill at Fayette County schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WKYT" class="mw-redirect" title="WKYT">WKYT</a>. 2019-08-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901175508/https://www.wkyt.com/content/news/In-God-We-Trust-found-in-form-of-dollar-bill-at-Fayette-County-school-542607641.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-01. Retrieved 2019-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WKYT&rft.atitle=%27In+God+We+Trust%27+found+in+form+of+dollar+bill+at+Fayette+County+schools&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wkyt.com%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2FIn-God-We-Trust-found-in-form-of-dollar-bill-at-Fayette-County-school-542607641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand2019" class="citation web cs1">Rand, Brendan (2019-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/louisiana-public-schools-display-god-trust-beginning-school/story?id=64947756">"Louisiana public schools will display 'In God We Trust' beginning this school year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010357/https://abcnews.go.com/US/louisiana-public-schools-display-god-trust-beginning-school/story?id=64947756">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Louisiana+public+schools+will+display+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+beginning+this+school+year&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Flouisiana-public-schools-display-god-trust-beginning-school%2Fstory%3Fid%3D64947756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly_McCleary2019" class="citation web cs1">Kelly McCleary (2019-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/11/us/in-god-we-trust-louisiana-schools/index.html">"'In God We Trust' signs to greet Louisiana students in new school year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913180826/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/11/us/in-god-we-trust-louisiana-schools/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-13. 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Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+God+We+Trust&rft.atitle=Government+Legislature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fingodwetrust.com%2Fget-involved%2Fgovernment-legislature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohra2021" class="citation web cs1">Bohra, Neelam (2021-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2021/05/24/texas-school-signs-legislature/">"Some Texas schools would be required to hang "In God We Trust" signs under measure nearing passage by lawmakers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Texas_Tribune" title="The Texas Tribune">The Texas Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524231923/https://www.texastribune.org/2021/05/24/texas-school-signs-legislature/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-24. 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Retrieved 2021-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KFVS-TV&rft.atitle=%27In+God+We+Trust%27+stickers+placed+on+Jefferson+Co.%2C+IL+squad+cars&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Rae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfvs12.com%2Fstory%2F29683669%2Fin-god-we-trust-to-be-placed-on-jefferson-co-il-squad-cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam2019" class="citation news cs1">Sam, Morgan (2019-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bakersfield.com/news/in-god-we-trust-decals-to-be-placed-on-local/article_fb214930-880a-11e9-9042-03579af67a08.html">"'In God We Trust' decals to be placed on local police, fire vehicles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Bakersfield_Californian" title="The Bakersfield Californian">The Bakersfield Californian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003302/https://www.bakersfield.com/news/in-god-we-trust-decals-to-be-placed-on-local/article_fb214930-880a-11e9-9042-03579af67a08.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-07. Retrieved 2019-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bakersfield+Californian&rft.atitle=%27In+God+We+Trust%27+decals+to+be+placed+on+local+police%2C+fire+vehicles&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.aulast=Sam&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bakersfield.com%2Fnews%2Fin-god-we-trust-decals-to-be-placed-on-local%2Farticle_fb214930-880a-11e9-9042-03579af67a08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ingodwetrustamerica.org/">"Home"</a>. In God We Trust America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010400/https://ingodwetrustamerica.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+God+We+Trust+America&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fingodwetrustamerica.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowlett2002" class="citation news cs1">Howlett, Debbie (2002-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/20/usat-posters.htm">"'In God We Trust' pressed for schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USAToday" class="mw-redirect" title="USAToday">USAToday</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111072453/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/20/usat-posters.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USAToday&rft.atitle=%27In+God+We+Trust%27+pressed+for+schools&rft.date=2002-02-19&rft.aulast=Howlett&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2002%2F02%2F20%2Fusat-posters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For various perspectives on the matter, see:</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatterell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Latterell, Justin (2015-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpoth.v12i4.594">"In God We Trust: Abraham Lincoln and America's Deathbed Repentance"</a>. Political Theology. 12 (4): 594–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpoth.v12i4.594">10.1558/poth.v12i4.594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Theology&rft.atitle=In+God+We+Trust%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+America%27s+Deathbed+Repentance&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=594-607&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpoth.v12i4.594&rft.aulast=Latterell&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1558%252Fpoth.v12i4.594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellah1967" class="citation journal cs1">Bellah, Robert N. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027022">"Civil Religion in America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a>. 96 (1): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-5266">0011-5266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027022">20027022</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010412/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027022">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Civil+Religion+in+America&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20027022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0011-5266&rft.aulast=Bellah&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20027022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/encounter/in-god-we-trust-civil-and-uncivil-religion-in/3560790">"In God We Trust: Civil and Uncivil Religion in America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 1999-10-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814180717/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/encounter/in-god-we-trust-civil-and-uncivil-religion-in/3560790">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=In+God+We+Trust%3A+Civil+and+Uncivil+Religion+in+America&rft.date=1999-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Farchived%2Fencounter%2Fin-god-we-trust-civil-and-uncivil-religion-in%2F3560790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFait" class="citation web cs1">Fait, Stefano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1519/civil-religion">"Civil Religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University" title="Middle Tennessee State University">Middle Tennessee State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221133104/https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1519/civil-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+Tennessee+State+University&rft.atitle=Civil+Religion&rft.aulast=Fait&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtsu.edu%2Ffirst-amendment%2Farticle%2F1519%2Fcivil-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnicelyWhitehead2010" class="citation journal cs1">Knicely, James J.; Whitehead, John W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.uic.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=lawreview">"In God We Trust: The Judicial Establishment of American Civil Religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marshall Law Review">John Marshall Law Review</a>. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010413/https://repository.law.uic.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=lawreview">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=John+Marshall+Law+Review&rft.atitle=In+God+We+Trust%3A+The+Judicial+Establishment+of+American+Civil+Religion&rft.volume=43&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Knicely&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.uic.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1097%26context%3Dlawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1970" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, John A. (1970-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3710057">"Civil Religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>. 31 (2): 75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3710057">10.2307/3710057</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3710057">3710057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Civil+Religion&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1970-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3710057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3710057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F3710057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allabouthistory.org/in-god-we-trust.htm">"In God We Trust: The Motto"</a>. All About History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216035526/http://www.allabouthistory.org/in-god-we-trust.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2013-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+God+We+Trust%3A+The+Motto&rft.pub=All+About+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allabouthistory.org%2Fin-god-we-trust.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgmusic.org/workshop/smp_frame.htm">"The Scottish Metrical Psalter"</a>. www.cgmusic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423052439/http://www.cgmusic.org/workshop/smp_frame.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cgmusic.org&rft.atitle=The+Scottish+Metrical+Psalter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgmusic.org%2Fworkshop%2Fsmp_frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quranindex.net/kelime.php?id=8603">"Verses including the word Putting One's Trust in Allah (Tawakkul)"</a>. Quran Index. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144200/http://quranindex.net/kelime.php?id=8603">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2016-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verses+including+the+word+Putting+One%27s+Trust+in+Allah+%28Tawakkul%29&rft.pub=Quran+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquranindex.net%2Fkelime.php%3Fid%3D8603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2012" class="citation web cs1">Ramaswamy, Melkote (2012-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indystar.com/article/20120811/LIFE04/208110323/In-Hinduism-there-just-one-God-many-forms">"Faith/Values | Indianapolis Star"</a>. indystar.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019115759/http://www.indystar.com/article/20120811/LIFE04/208110323/In-Hinduism-there-just-one-God-many-forms">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith%2FValues+%26%23124%3B+Indianapolis+Star&rft.pub=indystar.com&rft.date=2012-08-11&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Melkote&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indystar.com%2Farticle%2F20120811%2FLIFE04%2F208110323%2FIn-Hinduism-there-just-one-God-many-forms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/09cd7d3c984a43478431840d2280a227">"Mississippi adding 'In God We Trust' on new license plate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 2019-01-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215411/https://apnews.com/article/09cd7d3c984a43478431840d2280a227">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Mississippi+adding+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+on+new+license+plate&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F09cd7d3c984a43478431840d2280a227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4503.763">"4503.763 Ohio Battleflag license plates"</a>. Ohio Administrative Code. Lawriter LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035758/http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4503.763">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-05-29. <q>Ohio Battleflag" license plates shall be inscribed with the words "In God We Trust</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Administrative+Code&rft.atitle=4503.763+Ohio+Battleflag+license+plates.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcodes.ohio.gov%2Forc%2F4503.763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blitzwatch.org/in-god-we-trust-license-plates">"Project Blitz – "In God We Trust" License Plates"</a>. BlitzWatch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010414/https://www.blitzwatch.org/in-god-we-trust-license-plates">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BlitzWatch&rft.atitle=Project+Blitz+%E2%80%93+%22In+God+We+Trust%22+License+Plates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blitzwatch.org%2Fin-god-we-trust-license-plates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-151"><a href="#cite_ref-:19_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParke2019" class="citation web cs1">Parke, Caleb (2019-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/mississippis-new-license-plates-say-in-god-we-trust">"Mississippi unveils new state license plates with 'In God We Trust'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215715/https://www.foxnews.com/us/mississippis-new-license-plates-say-in-god-we-trust">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Mississippi+unveils+new+state+license+plates+with+%27In+God+We+Trust%27&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft.aulast=Parke&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fmississippis-new-license-plates-say-in-god-we-trust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman2023" class="citation web cs1">Pittman, Ashton (2023-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mississippifreepress.org/32901/in-god-we-trust-absent-on-new-mississippi-license-plates-after-atheists-lawsuit">"'In God We Trust' Absent On New Mississippi License Plates After Atheists' Lawsuit"</a>. Mississippi Free Press. 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In God We Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213949/https://ingodwetrust.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+God+We+Trust&rft.atitle=Why+Is+This+Significant%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fingodwetrust.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-168"><a href="#cite_ref-:18_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForman" class="citation web cs1">Forman, Carmen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/02/oklahoma-house-speaker-wants-in-god-we-trust-displayed-in-state-buildings/334638007/">"Oklahoma House speaker wants 'In God We Trust' displayed in state buildings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oklahoman" title="The Oklahoman">The Oklahoman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407234817/https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/02/oklahoma-house-speaker-wants-in-god-we-trust-displayed-in-state-buildings/334638007/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oklahoman&rft.atitle=Oklahoma+House+speaker+wants+%27In+God+We+Trust%27+displayed+in+state+buildings&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oklahoman.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F03%2F02%2Foklahoma-house-speaker-wants-in-god-we-trust-displayed-in-state-buildings%2F334638007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery2019" class="citation web cs1">Avery, Daniel (2019-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/god-we-trust-motto-south-dakota-1452797">"Where does "In God We Trust" come from? National motto appearing in public schools across America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213520/https://www.newsweek.com/god-we-trust-motto-south-dakota-1452797">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Where+does+%22In+God+We+Trust%22+come+from%3F+National+motto+appearing+in+public+schools+across+America&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fgod-we-trust-motto-south-dakota-1452797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Views22-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Views22_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Views22_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_H._Fallon2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard H. Fallon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vonnZcMHs8kC&pg=PA60">The Dynamic Constitution: an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60078-1"><bdi>978-0-521-60078-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118232121/https://books.google.com/books?id=vonnZcMHs8kC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-09-24. <q>"Strict separationists" believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way – for example, by providing tax breaks to churches, assisting parochial schools, including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies, or inscribing "In God We Trust" on the currency. Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices (such as the inscription of "In God We Trust" on the currency) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties: The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamic+Constitution%3A+an+Introduction+to+Americans+Constitutional+Law&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60078-1&rft.au=Richard+H.+Fallon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvonnZcMHs8kC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABA22-171"><a href="#cite_ref-ABA22_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gymQ6vWfA3QC&q=Zorach+v.+Clauson+++In+God+We+Trust&pg=PA817">ABA Journal Sep 1962</a>. September 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119065015/https://books.google.com/books?id=gymQ6vWfA3QC&pg=PA817&dq=Zorach+v.+Clauson+++In+God+We+Trust#v=onepage&q=Zorach%20v.%20Clauson%20%20%20In%20God%20We%20Trust&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-24. <q>Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABA+Journal+Sep+1962&rft.date=1962-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgymQ6vWfA3QC%26q%3DZorach%2Bv.%2BClauson%2B%2B%2BIn%2BGod%2BWe%2BTrust%26pg%3DPA817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriamLupuElwoodDavis2008" class="citation web cs1">Merriam, Jesse; Lupu, Ira; Elwood, F.; Davis, Eleanor; Tuttle, Robert; R., David; Kirschner, Sherry (2008-08-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/">"On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity?"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215404/https://www.pewforum.org/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=On+Ceremonial+Occasions%2C+May+the+Government+Invoke+a+Deity%3F&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft.aulast=Merriam&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Lupu%2C+Ira&rft.au=Elwood%2C+F.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Eleanor&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+Robert&rft.au=R.%2C+David&rft.au=Kirschner%2C+Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2008%2F08%2F28%2Fon-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne2003" class="citation web cs1">Thorne, M. 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Journal of Church and State. 31 (3): 381–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F31.3.381">10.1093/jcs/31.3.381</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-969X">0021-969X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916922">23916922</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602223929/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916922">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. 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Retrieved 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=God%2C+Civic+Virtue%2C+and+the+American+Way%3A+Reconstructing+Engel&rft.volume=67&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lain&rft.aufirst=Corinna+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.richmond.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2153%26context%3Dlaw-faculty-publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2002" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Linda (2002-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/7393/Gallup-Brain-Prayer-Public-Schools.aspx">"The Gallup Brain: Prayer in Public Schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213215/https://news.gallup.com/poll/7393/Gallup-Brain-Prayer-Public-Schools.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=The+Gallup+Brain%3A+Prayer+in+Public+Schools&rft.date=2002-12-10&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F7393%2FGallup-Brain-Prayer-Public-Schools.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/87/crecb/1962/06/28/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-5.pdf">"THE SUPREME COURT DECISION ON PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK"</a> (PDF). Congressional Record – Senate: 12226. 1962-06-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214337/https://www.congress.gov/87/crecb/1962/06/28/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record+%E2%80%93+Senate&rft.atitle=THE+SUPREME+COURT+DECISION+ON+PRAYER+IN+PUBLIC+SCHOOLS+OF+NEW+YORK&rft.pages=12226&rft.date=1962-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2F87%2Fcrecb%2F1962%2F06%2F28%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/87/crecb/1962/06/26/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-3.pdf">"The Supreme Court decision on prayer in public schools of New York"</a> (PDF). Congressional Record – Senate: 11709. 1962-06-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214522/https://www.congress.gov/87/crecb/1962/06/26/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record+%E2%80%93+Senate&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court+decision+on+prayer+in+public+schools+of+New+York&rft.pages=11709&rft.date=1962-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2F87%2Fcrecb%2F1962%2F06%2F26%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AronowUS22-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AronowUS22_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AronowUS22_179-1">b</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Aronow_v._United_States" title="Aronow v. United States">Aronow v. United States</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/432/f2d/242/aronow-v-united-states">432 F.2d 242</a>, 243 (9th Cir. 1970-10-06). </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-10th-circuit/1343475.html">"GAYLOR v. UNITED STATES"</a>. Findlaw. 1996-01-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215425/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-10th-circuit/1343475.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. 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The Times of Israel. 2023-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Shas+bill%3A+Add+%27In+God+we+trust%27+to+banknotes+as+%27talisman+for+economic+success%27&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fshas-bill-proposes-adding-in-god-we-trust-to-banknotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.new-westminster.bc.ca/symbols.htm">"Coat of Arms"</a>. City of New Westminster. 2006-10-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007110804/http://www.city.new-westminster.bc.ca/symbols.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+New+Westminster&rft.atitle=Coat+of+Arms&rft.date=2006-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.new-westminster.bc.ca%2Fsymbols.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newwestcity.ca/city_hall/media/city_symbols.php">"City Symbols"</a>. City of New Westminster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213847/https://www.newwestcity.ca/city_hall/media/city_symbols.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+New+Westminster&rft.atitle=City+Symbols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newwestcity.ca%2Fcity_hall%2Fmedia%2Fcity_symbols.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamy.com/the-coat-of-arms-of-brighton-with-motto-in-deo-fidemus-we-trust-in-god-on-wall-brighton-east-sussex-england-uk-in-april-image179873295.html">"Stock Photo – The coat of arms of Brighton with Motto: 'IN DEO FIDEMUS' – We trust in God on wall, Brighton, East Sussex, England UK in April"</a>. Alamy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603073442/https://www.alamy.com/the-coat-of-arms-of-brighton-with-motto-in-deo-fidemus-we-trust-in-god-on-wall-brighton-east-sussex-england-uk-in-april-image179873295.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alamy&rft.atitle=Stock+Photo+%E2%80%93+The+coat+of+arms+of+Brighton+with+Motto%3A+%27IN+DEO+FIDEMUS%27+%E2%80%93+We+trust+in+God+on+wall%2C+Brighton%2C+East+Sussex%2C+England+UK+in+April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fthe-coat-of-arms-of-brighton-with-motto-in-deo-fidemus-we-trust-in-god-on-wall-brighton-east-sussex-england-uk-in-april-image179873295.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarder1990" class="citation web cs1">Carder, Tim (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/topics/corporation-and-council/corporation-and-council-4">"Arms and motto – Encyclopedia of Brighton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328225902/https://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/topics/corporation-and-council/corporation-and-council-4">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2021-05-29 – via My Brighton and Hove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arms+and+motto+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+of+Brighton&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Carder&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mybrightonandhove.org.uk%2Ftopics%2Fcorporation-and-council%2Fcorporation-and-council-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+God+We+Trust" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:In_God_We_Trust" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,1685668,00.html">Final answer? 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title="Philadelphia Mint">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mint" title="San Francisco Mint">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Point_Mint" title="West Point Mint">West Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City_Mint" title="Carson City Mint">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mint" title="Charlotte Mint">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlonega_Mint" title="Dahlonega Mint">Dahlonega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Mint" title="Manila Mint">Manila Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles_Mint" title="The Dalles Mint">The Dalles Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_currency" title="Mutilated currency">Mutilated currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Coins of the United States dollar">Current coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">Penny (1¢)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)" title="Nickel (United States coin)">Nickel (5¢)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_(United_States_coin)" title="Dime (United States coin)">Dime (10¢)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">Quarter (25¢)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Half dollar (United States coin)">Half dollar (50¢)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_coin_(United_States)" title="Dollar coin (United States)">Dollar ($1)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar#Bullion_coins" title="Coins of the United States dollar">Bullion coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_silver_bullion_coins" title="America the Beautiful silver bullion coins">America the Beautiful (silver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Silver_Eagle" title="American Silver Eagle">American Silver Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle" title="American Gold Eagle">American Gold Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Buffalo_(coin)" title="American Buffalo (coin)">American Buffalo (gold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_dollar_coins#First_Spouse_program" title="Presidential dollar coins">First Spouse (gold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Platinum_Eagle" title="American Platinum Eagle">American Platinum Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Palladium_Eagle" title="American Palladium Eagle">American Palladium Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_high_relief_gold_coin" title="American Liberty high relief gold coin">American Liberty (gold)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Current paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">$1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">$2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">$5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">$10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_bill" title="United States twenty-dollar bill">$20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_fifty-dollar_bill" title="United States fifty-dollar bill">$50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">$100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_five-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States five-hundred-dollar bill">$500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-thousand-dollar_bill" title="United States one-thousand-dollar bill">$1,000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_five-thousand-dollar_bill" title="United States five-thousand-dollar bill">$5,000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-thousand-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-thousand-dollar bill">$10,000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-thousand-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill">$100,000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_engraving_on_United_States_banknotes" title="Art and engraving on United States banknotes">Art and engraving on United States banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial_coinage" title="United States Bicentennial coinage">Bicentennial coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Eagle_Silver_Certificate" title="Black Eagle Silver Certificate">Black Eagle Silver Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasher_Doubloon" title="Brasher Doubloon">Brasher Doubloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_commemorative_coins" title="United States commemorative coins">Commemoratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnyback" title="Funnyback">Funnyback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency" title="Large denominations of United States currency">Large denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_denominations_of_United_States_currency" title="Obsolete denominations of United States currency">Obsolete denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_denominations_of_United_States_currency" title="Canceled denominations of United States currency">Canceled denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_United_States_currency" title="Counterfeit United States currency">Counterfeit United States currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(currency)" title="Mill (currency)">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Numismatic_Collection" title="National Numismatic Collection">National Numismatic Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_coin_production" title="United States Mint coin production">Coin production</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In God We Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note#Nicknames" title="Federal Reserve Note">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_banknote" title="Replacement banknote">Replacement banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_tax_token" title="Sales tax token">Sales tax token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Coinage_Advisory_Committee" title="Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee">Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_fake_United_States_currency" title="Promotional fake United States currency">Promotional fake denominations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template talk:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(tree)" title="General Grant (tree)">General Grant (tree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Creed" title="American Creed">American Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mottos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In God We Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stars_and_Stripes_Forever" title="The Stars and Stripes Forever">The Stars and Stripes Forever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)">America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along" title="The Army Goes Rolling Along">The Army Goes Rolling Along</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The Air Force Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)" title="Semper Paratus (march)">Semper Paratus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">Semper Supra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">National Emblem March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_(march)" title="The Washington Post (march)">The Washington Post March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Grand_Old_Flag" title="You're a Grand Old Flag">You're a Grand Old Flag</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land" title="This Land Is Your Land">This Land Is Your Land</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" title="Battle Cry of Freedom">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Florida" title="Template:Florida"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000033">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Florida" title="Template talk:Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000033">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000033">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_history" title="Timeline of Florida history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missions_in_Spanish_Florida" title="Missions in Spanish Florida">missions</a></li></ul></li> <li>British Rule <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida" title="Plantations of Leon County, Florida">Plantations of Leon County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_County,_Florida" title="Mosquito County, Florida">Mosquito County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Occupation_Act" title="Armed Occupation Act">Armed Occupation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_ranchos" title="Fishing ranchos">Fishing ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_and_development_of_the_Everglades" title="Draining and development of the Everglades">Draining and development of the Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">Florida land boom of the 1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Disney World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Florida" title="Geography of Florida">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beaches_of_Florida" title="Category:Beaches of Florida">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Florida" title="List of bays of Florida">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of caves in the United States">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida" title="List of counties in Florida">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Florida" title="Category:Lakes of Florida">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Florida" title="List of metropolitan areas of Florida">Metro areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Florida" title="List of municipalities in Florida">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Florida" title="List of rivers of Florida">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_springs_in_Florida" title="List of major springs in Florida">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_state_forests" title="Florida state forests">State forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_swamps" title="Florida swamps">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes" title="List of Florida hurricanes">Major hurricanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Florida_Keys_hurricane" title="1919 Florida Keys hurricane">Florida Keys (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Tampa_Bay_hurricane" title="1921 Tampa Bay hurricane">Tampa Bay (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Miami_hurricane" title="1926 Miami hurricane">Miami (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane" title="1928 Okeechobee hurricane">Okeechobee (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Bahamas_hurricane" title="1929 Bahamas hurricane">Florida Keys (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Treasure_Coast_hurricane" title="1933 Treasure Coast hurricane">Treasure Coast (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane" title="1935 Labor Day hurricane">Labor Day (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Cuba%E2%80%93Florida_hurricane" title="1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane">Dry Tortugas (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Homestead_hurricane" title="1945 Homestead hurricane">Homestead (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Fort_Lauderdale_hurricane" title="1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane">Fort Lauderdale (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1948_Florida_hurricane" title="September 1948 Florida hurricane">South Florida (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Florida_hurricane" title="1949 Florida hurricane">1949 Florida hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Easy_(1950)" title="Hurricane Easy (1950)">Easy (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_King" title="Hurricane King">King (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Donna" title="Hurricane Donna">Donna (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Betsy (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise" title="Hurricane Eloise">Eloise (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Elena" title="Hurricane Elena">Elena (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Andrew (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Opal" title="Hurricane Opal">Opal (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley" title="Hurricane Charley">Charley (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Frances (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Ivan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Jeanne (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis" title="Hurricane Dennis">Dennis (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Matthew (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael" title="Hurricane Michael">Michael (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Dorian (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Ian (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Idalia" title="Hurricane Idalia">Idalia (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Helene (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Milton (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Florida" title="Category:African-American history of Florida">African-American</a></li> <li>Brazilian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans#Brazilian_American_communities" title="Brazilian Americans">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida#Demographics" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Florida" title="Crime in Florida">Crime</a></li> <li>Cuban-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami" title="Cuban migration to Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuban-American_culture_in_Tampa,_Florida" title="Category:Cuban-American culture in Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Florida" title="Demographics of Florida">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Florida" title="Economy of Florida">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_tourism_industry" title="Florida tourism industry">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Florida" title="Education in Florida">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_cracker" title="Florida cracker">Florida cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Florida" title="List of people from Florida">Floridians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Florida" title="Government of Florida">Government</a></li> <li>Haitian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Delray_Beach" title="Haitian diaspora">Delray Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Miami" title="Haitian diaspora">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Florida" title="Homelessness in Florida">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Florida" title="Human trafficking in Florida">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Everglades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Florida">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_ballot_measures" title="List of Florida ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Florida" title="United States congressional delegations from Florida">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_congressional_districts" title="Florida's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puerto Rican culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans#Orlando" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida#Demographics" title="Kissimmee, Florida">Kissimmee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Florida" title="List of casinos in Florida">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry_in_Florida" title="Film industry in Florida">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Man" title="Florida Man">Florida Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Heritage_Trails" title="Florida Heritage Trails">Florida Heritage Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridiana" title="Floridiana">Floridiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_literature" title="Florida literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Florida" title="Music of Florida">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Florida" title="Category:Mass media in Florida">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Florida" title="List of newspapers in Florida">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Florida" title="List of radio stations in Florida">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Florida" title="List of television stations in Florida">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_symbols" title="List of Florida state symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">flag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Florida" title="Seal of Florida">seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunk_ape" title="Skunk ape">Skunk ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-Toed_Tom" title="Two-Toed Tom">Two-Toed Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_Florida" title="Visit Florida">Visit Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Florida" title="Environment of Florida">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Florida" title="Environmental issues in Florida">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Florida" title="Fauna of Florida">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Florida" title="Category:Flora of Florida">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Reef" title="Florida 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