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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesia" title="Category:History of Indonesia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/220px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/330px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/440px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s-500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali kingdom">Bali kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_the_Malay_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in the Malay Archipelago">Dutch East India Company</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">1800–1942<br />1945–1949</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reform era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>archaeology of Indonesia</b> is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">archipelagic realm</a> that today forms the nation of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">prehistory</a> through almost two millennia of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">documented history</a>. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Indonesian archipelago</a> was a geographical maritime bridge between the political and cultural centers of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>, and is notable as a part of ancient <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first government institution of archaeology was officially formed in 1913 with the establishment of <i>Oudheidkundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië</i> (Archaeological Service in the Dutch East Indies) under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm.<sup id="cite_ref-Soejono_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soejono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>Today, the national institution of archaeology in Indonesia is the <i>Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional</i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeology_Research_Institute_(Indonesia)" title="National Archaeology Research Institute (Indonesia)">National Archaeology Research Institute</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Arkenas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkenas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early period of archaeological discovery in Indonesia, from the 16th to the 18th century, ancient statues, temples, ruins and other archaeological sites and artifacts were usually left intact, undisturbed by locals. This was mainly due to local taboo and <a href="/wiki/Superstitious" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitious">superstitious</a> beliefs connecting statues and ancient ruins with spirits that might cause misfortune. For example, two <a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">old Javanese chronicles</a> (<i>babad</i>) from the 18th century mention cases of bad luck associated with "the mountain of statues", which was actually the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> Buddhist monument. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a></i>, the monument was a fatal factor for Mas Dana, a rebel who revolted against Pakubuwono<span class="nowrap"> </span>I, the king of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> in 1709.<sup id="cite_ref-Soekmono4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soekmono4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was recorded that the "Redi Borobudur" hill was besieged and the insurgents were defeated and sentenced to death by the king. In the <i>Babad Mataram</i> (or the <i>History of the Mataram Kingdom</i>), the monument was associated with the misfortune of Prince Monconagoro, the crown prince of the <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a> in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-p5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of a taboo against visiting the monument, "he took what is written as <i>the knight who was captured in a cage</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Buddharupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddharupa">Buddha statue</a> in one of the perforated stupas)". Upon returning to his palace, he fell ill and died a day later. </p><p>Another example: the <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewu" title="Sewu">Sewu</a> temple compound is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> legend of <a href="/wiki/Roro_Jonggrang" title="Roro Jonggrang">Roro Jonggrang</a>; a wondrous folklore about a multitude of demons that built almost a thousand temples, and a prince who cursed a beautiful but cunning princess causing her to become a stone statue.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, several Javanese <a href="/wiki/Keraton" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton">Keratons</a> did collect archaeological artifacts, including Hindu-Buddhist statues. For example, <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Keraton Surakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keraton_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Yogyakarta">Keraton Yogyakarta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mangkunegaran" title="Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran</a> collected archaeological artifacts in their palace museums.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas where the Hindu faith survived, especially <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, archaeological sites such as <a href="/wiki/Goa_Gajah" title="Goa Gajah">Goa Gajah</a> cave sanctuary and the <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kawi" title="Gunung Kawi">Gunung Kawi</a> temples still served their original religious purposes as sacred places of worship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_East_Indies_period">Dutch East Indies period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch East Indies period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beelden_in_het_museum_van_het_Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_Batavia_TMnr_60025173.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beelden_in_het_museum_van_het_Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_Batavia_TMnr_60025173.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beelden_in_het_museum_van_het_Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_Batavia_TMnr_60025173.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beelden_in_het_museum_van_het_Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_Batavia_TMnr_60025173.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beelden_in_het_museum_van_het_Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_Batavia_TMnr_60025173.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beelden_in_het_museum_van_het_Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_Batavia_TMnr_60025173.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beelden_in_het_museum_van_het_Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen_Batavia_TMnr_60025173.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Hindu-Buddhist sculptures in the Museum of the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences (today the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum of Indonesia</a>), Batavia, c.1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Formal archaeological study in Indonesia has its roots in 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>, when a group of Dutch intellectuals established a scientific institution under the name <i>Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Batavian_Society_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences">Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences</a>) on 24<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This private body had the aim of promoting research in the field of arts and sciences, especially in history, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and publishing the various findings. </p><p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a>, the Governor General of <a href="/wiki/British_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="British Java">British Java</a> (1811 to 1816) had a personal interest in the history, culture, and the antiquity of ancient Java, writing <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java_(1817_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Java (1817 book)">The History of Java</a></i>, which was published in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his administration, the ancient ruins of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trowulan" title="Trowulan">Trowulan</a> came to light. This sparked a wider interest in Javanese archaeology. A number of <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">temple ruins</a> were surveyed, recorded and catalogued systematically for the first time. However, by the 19th century, the sudden surge of interest in Javanese art had led to the looting of archaeological sites by "souvenir hunters" and thieves. This period saw the decapitation of a Buddha's head at Borobudur. Of the original 504 ancient Buddha statues in Borobudur, over 300 are damaged (mostly headless), and 43 are missing. The looted Borobudur Buddhas' heads were mostly sold abroad, ending up in private collections or acquired by Western museums<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Museum">The British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, the colonial government of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> set up the <i>Commissie in Nederlandsch Indie voor Oudheidkundige Onderzoek van Java en Madoera</i>, headed by <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Laurens_Andries_Brandes" class="extiw" title="nl:Jan Laurens Andries Brandes">Dr J. L. A. Brandes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arkenas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkenas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially recognized on 14<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 1913, with the formation of the <i>Oudheidkundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië</i> (Archaeological Service of the Dutch East Indies), often abbreviated as "OD", under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm.<sup id="cite_ref-Soejono_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soejono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Kromm is credited as the pioneer who established the organizational foundation of archaeological study in the East Indies. The object of this was to attempt to ensure that every archaeological find, discovery, exploration and study was conducted and recorded correctly and in accord with the scientific approach of modern archaeology. During Kromm's administration, numbers of journals, books and catalogues were composed and published which systematically recorded the archaeological finds in the colony. Several initial restoration works on the <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">temple ruins</a> of Java were also conducted during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Soejono_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soejono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Indonesia_period">Republic of Indonesia period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Republic of Indonesia period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the turbulent period of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> (1941–45) and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Revolution">Indonesian Revolution</a> (1945–49) the <i>Oudheidkundige Dienst</i> ("OD") was nationalized by the newly recognized <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a> in 1950 as <i>Djawatan Poerbakala Repoeblik Indonesia Serikat</i> (Archaeological Service of the United States of Indonesia). In 1951, the organization of <i>Djawatan Purbakala</i> was improved as <i>Dinas Purbakala</i> as a part of <i>Djawatan Kebudajaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudajaan</i> (Cultural Service of Department of Education and Culture), with independent archaeological offices in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soejono_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soejono-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1953, two of the first <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Indonesian">native Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a> graduated, one of them was <a href="/wiki/Soekmono" title="Soekmono">R. Soekmono</a>, who subsequently succeeded Bernet Kemper as the chief of <i>Djawatan Poerbakala Repoeblik Indonesia</i>. Later, the national archaeological institution changed to <i>Lembaga Poerbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional</i> (Institute of Archaeology and National Heritage) or LPPN.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_Lembaga_Purbakala_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_Lembaga_Purbakala-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975 the LPPN was separated into two institutions: <i>Direktorat Pemeliharaan dan Pelestarian Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala</i> which focussed on preservation efforts; and <i>Pusat Penelitian Purbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional</i> which focussed on archaeological research.<sup id="cite_ref-Arkenas_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkenas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, the institution was changed to <i>Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional</i> (National Archaeological Research Center) under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)">Ministry of Education and Culture</a>. In 2000 the institution was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Tourism (Indonesia)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a>. In 2005 the institution name was changed to <i>Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional</i> (National Archaeological Research and Development Center). In 2012 it changed again to <i>Pusat Arkeologi Nasional</i> (National Archaeological Center) with authority transferred back from the Ministry of Tourism to the Ministry of Education and Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Arkenas_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkenas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, several Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public universities</a> have archaeology study programmes, including <a href="/wiki/Gadjah_Mada_University" title="Gadjah Mada University">Gadjah Mada University</a> in Yogyakarta, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> in Jakarta,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Udayana_University" title="Udayana University">Udayana University</a> in Bali, <a href="/wiki/Hasanuddin_University" title="Hasanuddin University">Hasanuddin University</a> in Makassar, <a href="/wiki/Haluoleo_University" title="Haluoleo University">Haluoleo University</a> in Kendari and <a href="/wiki/Jambi_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi University">Jambi University</a> in Jambi.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of at least 45,500 years old cave art in Leang Tedongnge cave. According to the <a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">journal Science Advances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a> of a warty pig is the earliest evidence of human settlement of the region. An adult male pig, measuring 136 cm x 54 cm, was depicted with horn-like facial warts and two handprints above its hindquarters. According to co-author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Brumm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Brumm (page does not exist)">Adam Brumm</a>, two other pigs that were partly preserved suggest that the wart pig was observing a fight between two of them.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_sites">Notable sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvaria_Sangiran_II_(D).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Calvaria_Sangiran_II_%28D%29.jpeg/220px-Calvaria_Sangiran_II_%28D%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Calvaria_Sangiran_II_%28D%29.jpeg/330px-Calvaria_Sangiran_II_%28D%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Calvaria_Sangiran_II_%28D%29.jpeg/440px-Calvaria_Sangiran_II_%28D%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4113" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>The cranial skull of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> discovered at Sangiran</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a>: one of the most important sites in the world for studying <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> fossils, including <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a>: the site of the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>, an early human fossil.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Bua" title="Liang Bua">Liang Bua</a>: the limestone cave on the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> where the fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>, nicknamed the Hobbit, was discovered in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Padang" title="Gunung Padang">Gunung Padang</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> site located in Karyamukti village, <a href="/wiki/Cianjur_Regency" title="Cianjur Regency">Cianjur Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> Province of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 30 km southwest of the city of Cianjur or 6 kilometers from Lampegan station.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni</a>: a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Clay_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay pottery">clay pottery</a> culture that flourished in coastal northern <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> around 400 BC to 100 AD <sup id="cite_ref-Zahorka-2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahorka-2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably survived until 500 AD. The culture was named after its first discovered archaeological site, Buni village in Babelan, <a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Borobudur_in_de_steigers_TMnr_20025659.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Borobudur_in_de_steigers_TMnr_20025659.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Borobudur_in_de_steigers_TMnr_20025659.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Borobudur_in_de_steigers_TMnr_20025659.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Borobudur_in_de_steigers_TMnr_20025659.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Borobudur_in_de_steigers_TMnr_20025659.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Borobudur_in_de_steigers_TMnr_20025659.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> restoration circa 1980</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_Temple_Compounds" title="Borobudur Temple Compounds">Borobudur Temple Compounds</a>: the archaeological area of three Buddhist temples in the fertile <a href="/wiki/Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Kedu Plain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, comprises <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendut" title="Mendut">Mendut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pawon" title="Pawon">Pawon</a>. These three temples are located in a straight line, and are considered to have been built during the <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra dynasty</a> circa 8th–9th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan Temple Compounds</a>: the archaeological area of several Hindu-Buddhist temples in <a href="/wiki/Prambanan_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prambanan Plain">Prambanan Plain</a>, including its main site the <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> Trimurti Hindu temple, and nearby <a href="/wiki/Sewu" title="Sewu">Sewu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbung" title="Lumbung">Lumbung</a> and Bubrah temples. The Sewu Buddhist temple compound dates from the 8th century, while the main Hindu temple compound of Prambanan dates from the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other nearby but separated sites including <a href="/wiki/Plaosan" title="Plaosan">Plaosan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sojiwan" title="Sojiwan">Sojiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratu_Boko" title="Ratu Boko">Ratu Boko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banyunibo" title="Banyunibo">Banyunibo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ijo_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijo temple">Ijo temple</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Takus" title="Muara Takus">Muara Takus</a>: the 11th to 12th century red brick <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temple complex linked to the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> empire, located in <a href="/wiki/Kampar_Regency" title="Kampar Regency">Kampar Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds" title="Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds">Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds</a>: an extensive site of Buddhist temples of red brick structure estimated to date from the 11th to 13th century CE, and linked to Srivijaya and <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a>. The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers about 12 square kilometers, stretching 7.5 kilometers along the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batang Hari River</a>. 80 <i>menapos</i>, or mounds of temple ruins, are not yet restored.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Temple_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temple-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriwijaya_Kingdom_Archaeological_Park" title="Sriwijaya Kingdom Archaeological Park">Sriwijaya Kingdom Archaeological Park</a>: the remnants of ancient man-made canals, moats, ponds and artificial islands discovered near the northern bank of <a href="/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)" title="Musi River (Indonesia)">Musi river</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>. It is suggested that the site is a 9th-century settlement related to the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> empire.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Lawas_archaeological_site" title="Padang Lawas archaeological site">Padang Lawas archaeological site</a>: the remains of an 11th to 13th century Buddhist temple complex, located in <a href="/wiki/Padang_Lawas_Regency" title="Padang Lawas Regency">Padang Lawas Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Padang_Lawas_Regency" title="North Padang Lawas Regency">North Padang Lawas Regency</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most well-preserved temple are the <a href="/wiki/Bahal_temple" title="Bahal temple">Bahal temple</a> complex, however most of other temples are in ruins.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Tikus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Candi_Tikus.jpg/220px-Candi_Tikus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Candi_Tikus.jpg/330px-Candi_Tikus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Candi_Tikus.jpg/440px-Candi_Tikus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Candi Tikus, a 14th-century bathing pool of <a href="/wiki/Trowulan" title="Trowulan">Trowulan</a>, discovered in 1914</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Archaeological sites of former <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> kingdom around <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a> area in East Java: the remnant of 13th century Kutaraja, the royal capital of Singhasari centered in present-day <a href="/wiki/Singosari" title="Singosari">Singosari</a> district in Malang Regency. The sites including <a href="/wiki/Jago_Temple" title="Jago Temple">Jago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidal temple">Kidal temple</a>, Sumberawan stupa, Giant <a href="/wiki/Dvarapala" title="Dvarapala">Dvarapala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singhasari_temple" title="Singhasari temple">Singhasari temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trowulan" title="Trowulan">Trowulan</a>: a 100 square kilometres <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trowulan_(subdistrict)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trowulan (subdistrict)">Trowulan Subdistrict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto_Regency" title="Mojokerto Regency">Mojokerto Regency</a>, that was the royal capital of the 13th to 15th century <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> empire.<sup id="cite_ref-JPMajapahit_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPMajapahit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Archaeological sites of Central <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Goa_Gajah" title="Goa Gajah">Goa Gajah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kawi" title="Gunung Kawi">Gunung Kawi</a>: the remnants of sacred sanctuary and funerary temples dated to the 9th to 11th century Hindu <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a>. Goa Gajah contains a cave sanctuary and ritual bathing pools, probably served as a Hindu hermitage. The cave was rediscovered by Dutch archaeologists in 1923, but the fountains and pool were not uncovered until 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Gunung Kawi is an 11th-century temple and <a href="/wiki/Funerary" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary">funerary</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/Tampaksiring" title="Tampaksiring">Tampaksiring</a><sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup> north east of <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunongan_Historical_Park" title="Gunongan Historical Park">Gunongan Historical Park</a>: a 17th-century palace and garden located in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, with a white circular structure known as the <i>Gunongan</i>, after which the park has been named.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly built by <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Muda" title="Iskandar Muda">Iskandar Muda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau,_Banda_Islands" title="Fort Nassau, Banda Islands">Fort Nassau, Banda Islands</a>: the first Dutch fort built on Banda (or Bandaneira) Island, the main island of the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, completed in 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-Indonesian_Banda_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indonesian_Banda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose was to control the trade in nutmeg, which at that time was only grown in the Banda Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Batavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Batavia">Old Batavia</a>: the old town of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Dutch_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch architecture">Dutch-style structures</a> mostly dating from the 17th century, when the port city was served as the Asian headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> during the heyday of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers 1.3 square kilometres within <a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Jakarta" title="West Jakarta">West Jakarta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_culture" title="Tambora culture">Tambora culture</a>: a lost village and culture on <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa Island</a> buried by <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> from the massive <a href="/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora" title="1815 eruption of Mount Tambora">1815 eruption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a>. People and houses are preserved as they were in 1815. Sigurdsson dubbed it the <i><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> of the East</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_findings_and_artifacts">Notable findings and artifacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable findings and artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wonoboyo_Hoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wonoboyo_Hoard.jpg/220px-Wonoboyo_Hoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wonoboyo_Hoard.jpg/330px-Wonoboyo_Hoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wonoboyo_Hoard.jpg/440px-Wonoboyo_Hoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>The 9th century Central Javanese <a href="/wiki/Wonoboyo_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonoboyo Hoard">Wonoboyo Hoard</a>, discovered in 1990</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wonoboyo_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonoboyo Hoard">Wonoboyo Hoard</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">golden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> artifacts from the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a> in Central Java. It was discovered in October 1990 in Plosokuning hamlet, Wonoboyo village, <a href="/wiki/Klaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaten">Klaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tempo_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambas_Treasure" title="Sambas Treasure">Sambas Treasure</a>: a hoard of ancient gold and silver Buddhist sculptures found near the town of Sambas in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> that now form part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum's</a> collection.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dating from 8th–9th centuries AD they were probably made in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belitung_shipwreck" title="Belitung shipwreck">Belitung shipwreck</a>: the wreck of an Arabian <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a> which sailed en route from Africa to China around 830 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-MarineEX2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarineEX2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship completed the outward journey, but sank on the return journey, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Belitung_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Belitung Island">Belitung Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The cargo contains Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> gold and ceramics artifacts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon_shipwreck" title="Cirebon shipwreck">Cirebon shipwreck</a>: a 10th-century shipwreck discovered in 2003 offshore of Cirebon. It contains a large amount of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yue_ware" title="Yue ware">Yue ware</a> and important evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita_of_Java" title="Prajnaparamita of Java">Prajnaparamita of Java</a>: a masterpiece of Javanese classical Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>; it is a <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">depiction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a> from the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Singhasari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Singhasari kingdom">Singhasari kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Museum_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Museum-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prized item in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum of Indonesia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_of_Knaud" title="Kris of Knaud">Kris of Knaud</a>: the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a> surviving in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Duuren2002_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duuren2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated to the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> period (c. 14th century). Today it is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a>, the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeology_Research_Institute_(Indonesia)" title="National Archaeology Research Institute (Indonesia)">National Archaeology Research Institute (Indonesia)</a></li> <li>Balai Arkeologi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Indonesia" title="National Archives of Indonesia">National Archives of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Institute_of_Sciences" title="Indonesian Institute of Sciences">Indonesian Institute of Sciences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 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Indonesia">Candi of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-egregores-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-egregores_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egregores.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/worshipping-the-source-the-buddhist-goddess-prajnaparamita/">"Worshipping the Source: The Buddhist Goddess Prajnaparamita"</a>. egregores. 25 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902052358/https://egregores.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/worshipping-the-source-the-buddhist-goddess-prajnaparamita/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worshipping+the+Source%3A+The+Buddhist+Goddess+Prajnaparamita&rft.pub=egregores&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegregores.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F09%2F25%2Fworshipping-the-source-the-buddhist-goddess-prajnaparamita%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/">"Maritime Silk Road"</a>. <i>SEAArch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043328/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEAArch&rft.atitle=Maritime+Silk+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southeastasianarchaeology.com%2Ftag%2Fmaritime-silk-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soejono-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soejono_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soejono_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soejono_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soejono_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoejono_(R._P.)2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soejono (R. P.) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&q=archaeology+of+Indonesia&pg=PA418"><i>Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift</i></a> (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789792624991" title="Special:BookSources/9789792624991"><bdi>9789792624991</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220828/https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&pg=PA418&dq=archaeology+of+Indonesia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifl-fZ_JrWAhUOSo8KHWTRBD0Q6AEIQjAE#v=onepage&q=archaeology%20of%20Indonesia&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Indonesian+Perspective+%3A+R.P.+Soejono%27s+Festschrift&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789792624991&rft.au=Soejono+%28R.+P.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSFfD0dpdS4C%26q%3Darchaeology%2Bof%2BIndonesia%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arkenas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arkenas_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arkenas_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arkenas_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arkenas_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkenas.kemdikbud.go.id/page/profile/sejarah-arkenas">"Sejarah Pusat Arkeologi Nasional"</a>. <i>Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional</i> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221512/http://arkenas.kemdikbud.go.id/page/profile/sejarah-arkenas">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pusat+Penelitian+Arkeologi+Nasional&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Pusat+Arkeologi+Nasional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkenas.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fpage%2Fprofile%2Fsejarah-arkenas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soekmono4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soekmono4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soekmono (1976), page 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soekmono (1976), page 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/82-rara-jonggrang-the-legend-of-prambanan-temple">"Rara Jonggrang: The Legend of Prambanan Temple, Yogyakarta – Indonesia"</a>. <i>ceritarakyatnusantara.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228053936/http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/82-rara-jonggrang-the-legend-of-prambanan-temple">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ceritarakyatnusantara.com&rft.atitle=Rara+Jonggrang%3A+The+Legend+of+Prambanan+Temple%2C+Yogyakarta+%E2%80%93+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceritarakyatnusantara.com%2Fen%2Ffolklore%2F82-rara-jonggrang-the-legend-of-prambanan-temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaya" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaya, Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/mengenal-sejarah-seni-dan-tradisi-solo-di-museum-keraton-surakarta">"Mengenal Sejarah, Seni, dan Tradisi Solo di Museum Keraton Surakarta | IndonesiaKaya.com – Eksplorasi Budaya di Zamrud Khatulistiwa"</a>. <i>IndonesiaKaya</i> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228000653/https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/mengenal-sejarah-seni-dan-tradisi-solo-di-museum-keraton-surakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndonesiaKaya&rft.atitle=Mengenal+Sejarah%2C+Seni%2C+dan+Tradisi+Solo+di+Museum+Keraton+Surakarta+%7C+IndonesiaKaya.com+%E2%80%93+Eksplorasi+Budaya+di+Zamrud+Khatulistiwa&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indonesiakaya.com%2Fjelajah-indonesia%2Fdetail%2Fmengenal-sejarah-seni-dan-tradisi-solo-di-museum-keraton-surakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosi1998" class="citation book cs1">Rosi, Adele (1998). <i>Museum Nasional Guide Book</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Borobudur+Temple+Compounds&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/642">"Prambanan Temple Compounds"</a>. <i>whc.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225102149/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/642">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Prambanan+Temple+Compounds&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630104221/http://lovejambi.com/wisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html">"Muaro Jambi Temple: The Legacy of Ancient Jambi"</a>. 25 September 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muaro+Jambi+Temple%3A+The+Legacy+of+Ancient+Jambi&rft.date=2011-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flovejambi.com%2Fwisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temple-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Temple_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyofiardi_Bachyul_Jb2014" class="citation web cs1">Syofiardi Bachyul Jb (November 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/25/muarajambi-temple-jambi-s-monumental-mystery.html">"Muarajambi Temple: Jambi's monumental mystery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044313/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/25/muarajambi-temple-jambi-s-monumental-mystery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muarajambi+Temple%3A+Jambi%27s+monumental+mystery&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.au=Syofiardi+Bachyul+Jb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F11%2F25%2Fmuarajambi-temple-jambi-s-monumental-mystery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/06/14/s-sumatra-hold-sriwijaya-festival.html">"S. Sumatra to hold Sriwijaya Festival"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. Palembang. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=S.+Sumatra+to+hold+Sriwijaya+Festival&rft.date=2014-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F06%2F14%2Fs-sumatra-hold-sriwijaya-festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EypGAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Padang+Lawas+temple%22">ICOM '89: museums : generators of culture : reports and comments : The International Council of Museums</a>, 15th General Conferences, 27 August-6 September 1989, The Hague, The Netherlands</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://candi.perpusnas.go.id/temples_en/deskripsi-east_java-singasari_temple_23">"Singasari Temple (East Java) - Temples of Indonesia"</a>. <i>candi.perpusnas.go.id</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162216/http://candi.perpusnas.go.id/temples_en/deskripsi-east_java-singasari_temple_23">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=candi.perpusnas.go.id&rft.atitle=Singasari+Temple+%28East+Java%29+-+Temples+of+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcandi.perpusnas.go.id%2Ftemples_en%2Fdeskripsi-east_java-singasari_temple_23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPMajapahit-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPMajapahit_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSita_W._Dewi2013" class="citation news cs1">Sita W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+glory+of+Majapahit&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.au=Sita+W.+Dewi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F09%2Ftracing-glory-majapahit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanet" class="citation news cs1">Planet, Lonely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bedulu/attractions/goa-gajah/a/poi-sig/1189892/1318644">"Goa Gajah in Bedulu, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122840/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bedulu/attractions/goa-gajah/a/poi-sig/1189892/1318644">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Goa+Gajah+in+Bedulu%2C+Indonesia&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Findonesia%2Fbedulu%2Fattractions%2Fgoa-gajah%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1189892%2F1318644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Coedès">Cœdès, George</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC"><i>The Indianized states of Southeast Asia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824803681" title="Special:BookSources/9780824803681"><bdi>9780824803681</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221060339/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+states+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780824803681&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot, J & Jane Bickersteth (2000) p 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indonesian_Banda-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indonesian_Banda_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_A._Hanna" title="Willard A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indonesia.travel&rft.atitle=Explore+Jakarta+Kota+Tua%3A+Today%27s+Old+Batavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indonesia.travel%2Fmy%2Fen%2Finspiration%2Ftravel-info%2Fexplore-jakarta-kota-tua-today-s-old-batavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4748902.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pompeii of the East' discovered"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219200937/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4748902.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Pompeii+of+the+East%27+discovered&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4748902.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tempo-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tempo_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529132004/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1990/11/03/ILT/mbm.19901103.ILT19845.id.html">"Warisan Saragi Diah Bunga"</a>. Majalah Tempo. 3 November 1990. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warisan+Saragi+Diah+Bunga&rft.pub=Majalah+Tempo&rft.date=1990-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmajalah.tempointeraktif.com%2Fid%2Farsip%2F1990%2F11%2F03%2FILT%2Fmbm.19901103.ILT19845.id.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=136665&peoA=136665-3-7">"British Museum Collection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101084503/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=136665&peoA=136665-3-7">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fsearch.aspx%3Fpeople%3D136665%26peoA%3D136665-3-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/southeast-asia/maritime-se-asia/a/a-cache-of-buddhist-figures-from-the-sambas-treasure">"A Cache of Buddhist figures from the Sambas Treasure"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804012620/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/southeast-asia/maritime-se-asia/a/a-cache-of-buddhist-figures-from-the-sambas-treasure">Archived</a> 2017-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Khan Academy. Retrieved 2017-08-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarineEX2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarineEX2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001090716/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm">"Belitung Wreck Details & Photos"</a>. Marine Exploration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belitung+Wreck+Details+%26+Photos&rft.pub=Marine+Exploration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-explorations.com%2Fbelitung%2520artefacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/underwater-heritage/cirebon-shipwreck">"The Cirebon shipwreck"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911023916/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/underwater-heritage/cirebon-shipwreck">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=The+Cirebon+shipwreck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsilk-road-themes%2Funderwater-heritage%2Fcirebon-shipwreck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Museum-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Museum_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150109125052/http%3A//www.museumnasional.or.id/collections/arkeologi/prajnaparamita.html">"Collectionː Prajnaparamita"</a>. National Museum of Indonesia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumnasional.or.id/collections/arkeologi/prajnaparamita.html">the original</a> on 2015-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection%CB%90+Prajnaparamita&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumnasional.or.id%2Fcollections%2Farkeologi%2Fprajnaparamita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duuren2002-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duuren2002_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Duuren2002" class="citation book cs1">van Duuren, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iXgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Krisses: a critical bibliography</i></a>. Pictures Publishers. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-73187-42-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-73187-42-9"><bdi>978-90-73187-42-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011090719/http://books.google.com/books?id=6iXgAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krisses%3A+a+critical+bibliography&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Pictures+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-73187-42-9&rft.aulast=van+Duuren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iXgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoejono_(R._P.)2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soejono (R. P.) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&q=archaeology+of+Indonesia&pg=PA418"><i>Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift</i></a> (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789792624991" title="Special:BookSources/9789792624991"><bdi>9789792624991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Indonesian+Perspective+%3A+R.P.+Soejono%27s+Festschrift&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789792624991&rft.au=Soejono+%28R.+P.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSFfD0dpdS4C%26q%3Darchaeology%2Bof%2BIndonesia%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutterheim1956" class="citation book cs1">Stutterheim, Dr W. F. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3k3vCAAAQBAJ&q=archaeology+indonesia"><i>Studies in Indonesian Archaeology: Publication Commissioned and Financed by the Netherlands Institute for International Cultural Relations</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401759878" title="Special:BookSources/9789401759878"><bdi>9789401759878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indonesian+Archaeology%3A+Publication+Commissioned+and+Financed+by+the+Netherlands+Institute+for+International+Cultural+Relations&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9789401759878&rft.aulast=Stutterheim&rft.aufirst=Dr+W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3k3vCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Darchaeology%2Bindonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoedjatmoko2006" class="citation book cs1">Soedjatmoko (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz5MNfCbOSwC&q=archaeology+indonesia&pg=PA36"><i>An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780443" title="Special:BookSources/9789793780443"><bdi>9789793780443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indonesian+Historiography&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789793780443&rft.au=Soedjatmoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPz5MNfCbOSwC%26q%3Darchaeology%2Bindonesia%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkenas.kemdikbud.go.id/#1">Official site of <i>Pusat Arkeologi Nasional</i> (Arkenas)</a> or National Archaeological Center (in Indonesian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-archaeology.com/category/world/asia/indonesia/">World Archaeology, Category: Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archaeology_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeology_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Asia">Archaeology of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Afghanistan" title="Archaeology of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Armenia" title="Archaeology of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Archaeology of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Cyprus" title="Archaeology of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_India" title="Archaeology of India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Iran" title="Archaeology of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Lebanon" title="Archaeology of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Oman" title="Archaeology of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Pakistan" title="Archaeology of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Qatar" title="Archaeology of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Russia" title="Archaeology of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Archaeology of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Singapore" title="Archaeology of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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