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The ancient [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Indonesian archipelago]] was a geographical maritime bridge between the political and cultural centers of [[Ancient India]] and [[Imperial China]], and is notable as a part of ancient [[Maritime Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Maritime Silk Road| work = SEAArch| url = https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/| access-date = 2017-09-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043328/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/| archive-date = 2014-01-05| url-status = live}}</ref> The first government institution of archaeology was officially formed in 1913 with the establishment of ''Oudheidkundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië'' (Archaeological Service in the Dutch East Indies) under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm.<ref name="Soejono">{{cite book | title = Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift | author = Soejono (R. P.) | work = Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, International Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies (Indonesia), Penerbit Yayasan Obor Indonesia | year = 2006 | publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonesia | isbn = 9789792624991 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&q=archaeology+of+Indonesia&pg=PA418 | language = id | access-date = 2017-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910220828/https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&pg=PA418&dq=archaeology+of+Indonesia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifl-fZ_JrWAhUOSo8KHWTRBD0Q6AEIQjAE#v=onepage&q=archaeology%20of%20Indonesia&f=false | archive-date = 2017-09-10 | url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|page=5}} Today, the national institution of archaeology in Indonesia is the ''Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional'' ([[National Archaeology Research Institute (Indonesia)|National Archaeology Research Institute]]).<ref name="Arkenas">{{cite web | title = Sejarah Pusat Arkeologi Nasional | work = Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional | url = http://arkenas.kemdikbud.go.id/page/profile/sejarah-arkenas | language = id | access-date = 2017-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221512/http://arkenas.kemdikbud.go.id/page/profile/sejarah-arkenas | archive-date = 2017-09-10 | url-status = live }}</ref> ==History== ===Early period=== During the early period of archaeological discovery in Indonesia, from the 16th to the 18th century, ancient statues, temples, ruins and other archaeological sites and artifacts were usually left intact, undisturbed by locals. This was mainly due to local taboo and [[superstitious]] beliefs connecting statues and ancient ruins with spirits that might cause misfortune. For example, two [[Javanese historical texts|old Javanese chronicles]] (''babad'') from the 18th century mention cases of bad luck associated with "the mountain of statues", which was actually the ruins of the [[Borobudur]] Buddhist monument. According to the ''[[Babad Tanah Jawi]]'', the monument was a fatal factor for Mas Dana, a rebel who revolted against Pakubuwono{{nbsp}}I, the king of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] in 1709.<ref name="Soekmono4">Soekmono (1976), page 4.</ref> It was recorded that the "Redi Borobudur" hill was besieged and the insurgents were defeated and sentenced to death by the king. In the ''Babad Mataram'' (or the ''History of the Mataram Kingdom''), the monument was associated with the misfortune of Prince Monconagoro, the crown prince of the [[Yogyakarta Sultanate]] in 1757.<ref name="p5">Soekmono (1976), page 5.</ref> In spite of a taboo against visiting the monument, "he took what is written as ''the knight who was captured in a cage'' (a [[Buddharupa|Buddha statue]] in one of the perforated stupas)". Upon returning to his palace, he fell ill and died a day later. Another example: the [[Prambanan]] and [[Sewu]] temple compound is connected to the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] legend of [[Roro Jonggrang]]; a wondrous folklore about a multitude of demons that built almost a thousand temples, and a prince who cursed a beautiful but cunning princess causing her to become a stone statue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/82-rara-jonggrang-the-legend-of-prambanan-temple|title=Rara Jonggrang: The Legend of Prambanan Temple, Yogyakarta – Indonesia|website=ceritarakyatnusantara.com|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228053936/http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/82-rara-jonggrang-the-legend-of-prambanan-temple|archive-date=2017-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, several Javanese [[Keraton]]s did collect archaeological artifacts, including Hindu-Buddhist statues. For example, [[Surakarta Sunanate|Keraton Surakarta]], [[Keraton Yogyakarta]], and [[Mangkunegaran]] collected archaeological artifacts in their palace museums.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/mengenal-sejarah-seni-dan-tradisi-solo-di-museum-keraton-surakarta|title=Mengenal Sejarah, Seni, dan Tradisi Solo di Museum Keraton Surakarta {{!}} IndonesiaKaya.com – Eksplorasi Budaya di Zamrud Khatulistiwa|last=Kaya|first=Indonesia|website=IndonesiaKaya|language=id|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228000653/https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/mengenal-sejarah-seni-dan-tradisi-solo-di-museum-keraton-surakarta|archive-date=2017-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref> In areas where the Hindu faith survived, especially [[Bali]], archaeological sites such as [[Goa Gajah]] cave sanctuary and the [[Gunung Kawi]] temples still served their original religious purposes as sacred places of worship. ===Dutch East Indies period=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Beelden in het museum van het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen Batavia TMnr 60025173.jpg|thumb|left|Hindu-Buddhist sculptures in the Museum of the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences (today the [[National Museum of Indonesia]]), Batavia, c.1896]] Formal archaeological study in Indonesia has its roots in 18th-century [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], when a group of Dutch intellectuals established a scientific institution under the name ''Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen'', ([[Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences]]) on 24{{nbsp}}April 1778.<ref>{{cite book | last =Rosi | first =Adele | title =Museum Nasional Guide Book| publisher=PT Indo Multi Media, Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society |year=1998 | location =Jakarta | pages =4 }}</ref> This private body had the aim of promoting research in the field of arts and sciences, especially in history, [[archaeology]], [[ethnography]] and [[physics]], and publishing the various findings. Sir [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]], the Governor General of [[British Java]] (1811 to 1816) had a personal interest in the history, culture, and the antiquity of ancient Java, writing ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|The History of Java]]'', which was published in 1817.<ref>Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|The History of Java]]''; Black, Parbury and Allen for the Hon. East India Company 1817; reprinted in the Cambridge Library Collection, 2010</ref> During his administration, the ancient ruins of [[Borobudur]], [[Prambanan]] and [[Trowulan]] came to light. This sparked a wider interest in Javanese archaeology. A number of [[Candi of Indonesia|temple ruins]] were surveyed, recorded and catalogued systematically for the first time. However, by the 19th century, the sudden surge of interest in Javanese art had led to the looting of archaeological sites by "souvenir hunters" and thieves. This period saw the decapitation of a Buddha's head at Borobudur. Of the original 504 ancient Buddha statues in Borobudur, over 300 are damaged (mostly headless), and 43 are missing. The looted Borobudur Buddhas' heads were mostly sold abroad, ending up in private collections or acquired by Western museums<ref>{{cite journal| title=Acquisition |journal=Critical Inquiry |author=Hiram W. Woodward Jr. |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=291–303| doi=10.1086/448048|s2cid=224792217 }}</ref> such as the [[Tropenmuseum]] in [[Amsterdam]] and [[The British Museum]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/CPbWMMoFSnmUlSHF3dkf5A# |title = Borobudur Buddha head |publisher = BBC |access-date = 2 August 2014 |quote = A History of The World, [[The British Museum]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812144441/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/CPbWMMoFSnmUlSHF3dkf5A |archive-date = 2014-08-12 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1901, the colonial government of the [[Dutch East Indies]] set up the ''Commissie in Nederlandsch Indie voor Oudheidkundige Onderzoek van Java en Madoera'', headed by [[:nl:Jan Laurens Andries Brandes|Dr J. L. A. Brandes]].<ref name="Arkenas"/> It was officially recognized on 14{{nbsp}}June 1913, with the formation of the ''Oudheidkundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië'' (Archaeological Service of the Dutch East Indies), often abbreviated as "OD", under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm.<ref name="Soejono"/>{{rp|page=5}} Kromm is credited as the pioneer who established the organizational foundation of archaeological study in the East Indies. The object of this was to attempt to ensure that every archaeological find, discovery, exploration and study was conducted and recorded correctly and in accord with the scientific approach of modern archaeology. During Kromm's administration, numbers of journals, books and catalogues were composed and published which systematically recorded the archaeological finds in the colony. Several initial restoration works on the [[Candi of Indonesia|temple ruins]] of Java were also conducted during this period.<ref name="Soejono"/>{{rp|page=5}} ===Republic of Indonesia period=== After the turbulent period of [[World War II]] [[Pacific War]] (1941–45) and the ensuing [[Indonesian Revolution]] (1945–49) the ''Oudheidkundige Dienst'' ("OD") was nationalized by the newly recognized [[United States of Indonesia]] in 1950 as ''Djawatan Poerbakala Repoeblik Indonesia Serikat'' (Archaeological Service of the United States of Indonesia). In 1951, the organization of ''Djawatan Purbakala'' was improved as ''Dinas Purbakala'' as a part of ''Djawatan Kebudajaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudajaan'' (Cultural Service of Department of Education and Culture), with independent archaeological offices in [[Makassar]], [[Prambanan]] and [[Bali]].<ref name="Soejono"/>{{rp|page=5}} In 1953, two of the first [[native Indonesian]] [[archaeologists]] graduated, one of them was [[Soekmono|R. Soekmono]], who subsequently succeeded Bernet Kemper as the chief of ''Djawatan Poerbakala Repoeblik Indonesia''. Later, the national archaeological institution changed to ''Lembaga Poerbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional'' (Institute of Archaeology and National Heritage) or LPPN.<ref name="Sejarah Lembaga Purbakala">{{cite web | title = Sejarah Lembaga Purbakala | author = Ferry Ardiyanto | date = 16 June 2014 | work = Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan | url = http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbyogyakarta/2014/06/16/sejarah-lembaga-purbakala/ | language = id | access-date = 2017-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025448/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbyogyakarta/2014/06/16/sejarah-lembaga-purbakala/ | archive-date = 11 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 1975 the LPPN was separated into two institutions: ''Direktorat Pemeliharaan dan Pelestarian Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala'' which focussed on preservation efforts; and ''Pusat Penelitian Purbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional'' which focussed on archaeological research.<ref name="Arkenas"/> In 1980, the institution was changed to ''Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional'' (National Archaeological Research Center) under the [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Education and Culture]]. In 2000 the institution was transferred to [[Ministry of Tourism (Indonesia)|Ministry of Culture and Tourism]]. In 2005 the institution name was changed to ''Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional'' (National Archaeological Research and Development Center). In 2012 it changed again to ''Pusat Arkeologi Nasional'' (National Archaeological Center) with authority transferred back from the Ministry of Tourism to the Ministry of Education and Culture.<ref name="Arkenas"/> Today, several Indonesian [[Public university|public universities]] have archaeology study programmes, including [[Gadjah Mada University]] in Yogyakarta, [[University of Indonesia]] in Jakarta,<ref>{{cite web | title = Archaeology | work = Universitas Indonesia | url = http://www.ui.ac.id/en/bachelor/archaeology.html | access-date = 2017-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024851/http://www.ui.ac.id/en/bachelor/archaeology.html | archive-date = 2017-09-11 | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Udayana University]] in Bali, [[Hasanuddin University]] in Makassar, [[Haluoleo University]] in Kendari and [[Jambi University]] in Jambi.<ref>{{cite web | title = Arkeologi Universitas Jambi | url = http://arkeologisumatera.unja.ac.id/ | access-date = 2017-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025120/http://arkeologisumatera.unja.ac.id/ | archive-date = 2017-09-11 | url-status = live }}</ref> In January 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of at least 45,500 years old cave art in Leang Tedongnge cave. According to the [[Science Advances|journal Science Advances]], [[cave painting]] of a warty pig is the earliest evidence of human settlement of the region. An adult male pig, measuring 136&nbsp;cm x 54&nbsp;cm, was depicted with horn-like facial warts and two handprints above its hindquarters. According to co-author [[Adam Brumm]], two other pigs that were partly preserved suggest that the wart pig was observing a fight between two of them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brumm|author1-link=Adam Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Oktaviana|first2=Adhi Agus|last3=Burhan|first3=Basran|last4=Hakim|first4=Budianto|last5=Lebe|first5=Rustan|last6=Zhao|first6=Jian-xin|last7=Sulistyarto|first7=Priyatno Hadi|last8=Ririmasse|first8=Marlon|last9=Adhityatama|first9=Shinatria|last10=Sumantri|first10=Iwan|last11=Aubert|first11=Maxime|date=2021-01-01|title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=eabd4648|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648|issn=2375-2548|pmid=33523879|pmc=7806210|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2021-01-13|title=World's 'oldest known cave painting' found in Indonesia|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jan/13/worlds-oldest-known-cave-painting-found-in-indonesia|access-date=2021-02-24|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sawal|first=Ibrahim|title=World's oldest painting of animals discovered in an Indonesian cave|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2264793-worlds-oldest-painting-of-animals-discovered-in-an-indonesian-cave/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-14|title=Indonesia: Archaeologists find world's oldest animal cave painting|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55657257|access-date=2021-02-24}}</ref> ==Notable sites== [[File:Calvaria Sangiran II (D).jpeg|thumb|right|The cranial skull of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' discovered at Sangiran]] * [[Sangiran]]: one of the most important sites in the world for studying [[hominid]] fossils, including ''[[Homo erectus]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/593|title=Sangiran Early Man Site|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226033733/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/593|archive-date=2017-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Trinil]]: the site of the discovery of [[Java Man]], an early human fossil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Java-man|title=Java man {{!}} extinct hominid|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206053434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Java-man|archive-date=2018-02-06|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Liang Bua]]: the limestone cave on the island of [[Flores]] where the fossil of ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'', nicknamed the Hobbit, was discovered in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160330-hobbits-humans-flores-cave-older-species/|title=Did Modern Humans Wipe Out the 'Hobbits'?|work=National Geographic|date=2016-03-30|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122642/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160330-hobbits-humans-flores-cave-older-species/|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Gunung Padang]]: a [[megalith]]ic site located in Karyamukti village, [[Cianjur Regency]], [[West Java]] Province of [[Indonesia]], 30&nbsp;km southwest of the city of Cianjur or 6 kilometers from Lampegan station.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/02/megalithic-site-should-be-preserved-experts.html|title=Megalithic site should be preserved: Experts|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122830/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/02/megalithic-site-should-be-preserved-experts.html|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Buni culture|Buni]]: a prehistoric [[clay pottery]] culture that flourished in coastal northern [[West Java]] and [[Banten]] around 400 BC to 100 AD <ref name="Zahorka-2007">{{cite book| last = Zahorka| first = Herwig| publisher = Yayasan cipta Loka Caraka| title = The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java, From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with Royal Center of Bogor, Over 1000 Years of Propsperity and Glory| year = 2007}}</ref> and probably survived until 500 AD. The culture was named after its first discovered archaeological site, Buni village in Babelan, [[Bekasi]], east of [[Jakarta]]. [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur in de steigers TMnr 20025659.jpg|thumb|right|[[Borobudur]] restoration circa 1980]] * [[Borobudur Temple Compounds]]: the archaeological area of three Buddhist temples in the fertile [[Kedu Plain]] of [[Central Java]], comprises [[Borobudur]], [[Mendut]], and [[Pawon]]. These three temples are located in a straight line, and are considered to have been built during the [[Shailendra dynasty]] circa 8th–9th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592|title=Borobudur Temple Compounds|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010150711/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592|archive-date=2017-10-10|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Prambanan|Prambanan Temple Compounds]]: the archaeological area of several Hindu-Buddhist temples in [[Prambanan Plain]], including its main site the [[Prambanan]] Trimurti Hindu temple, and nearby [[Sewu]], [[Lumbung]] and Bubrah temples. The Sewu Buddhist temple compound dates from the 8th century, while the main Hindu temple compound of Prambanan dates from the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/642|title=Prambanan Temple Compounds|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225102149/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/642|archive-date=2017-12-25|url-status=live}}</ref> Other nearby but separated sites including [[Plaosan]], [[Sojiwan]], [[Ratu Boko]], [[Banyunibo]] and [[Ijo temple]]. * [[Muara Takus]]: the 11th to 12th century red brick [[Buddhist]] temple complex linked to the [[Srivijaya]] empire, located in [[Kampar Regency]], [[Riau]] province. * [[Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds]]: an extensive site of Buddhist temples of red brick structure estimated to date from the 11th to 13th century CE, and linked to Srivijaya and [[Melayu Kingdom]]. The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers about 12 square kilometers, stretching 7.5 kilometers along the [[Batang Hari River]]. 80 ''menapos'', or mounds of temple ruins, are not yet restored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lovejambi.com/wisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html|title=Muaro Jambi Temple: The Legacy of Ancient Jambi|date=25 September 2011|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630104221/http://lovejambi.com/wisata-unik-di-candi-muaro-jambi.html|archive-date=2013-06-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Temple>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/25/muarajambi-temple-jambi-s-monumental-mystery.html |title=Muarajambi Temple: Jambi's monumental mystery |author=Syofiardi Bachyul Jb |date=November 25, 2014 |access-date=2017-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044313/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/25/muarajambi-temple-jambi-s-monumental-mystery.html |archive-date=2017-12-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Sriwijaya Kingdom Archaeological Park]]: the remnants of ancient man-made canals, moats, ponds and artificial islands discovered near the northern bank of [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi river]] in the vicinity of [[Palembang]]. It is suggested that the site is a 9th-century settlement related to the [[Srivijaya]] empire.<ref>{{cite news | title = S. Sumatra to hold Sriwijaya Festival | newspaper = The Jakarta Post | location = Palembang | date = June 14, 2014 | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/06/14/s-sumatra-hold-sriwijaya-festival.html | access-date = 2017-12-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160920192609/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/06/14/s-sumatra-hold-sriwijaya-festival.html | archive-date = 2016-09-20 | url-status = live }}</ref> * [[Padang Lawas archaeological site]]: the remains of an 11th to 13th century Buddhist temple complex, located in [[Padang Lawas Regency]] and [[North Padang Lawas Regency]] in [[North Sumatra]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EypGAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Padang+Lawas+temple%22 ICOM '89: museums : generators of culture : reports and comments : The International Council of Museums], 15th General Conferences, 27 August-6 September 1989, The Hague, The Netherlands</ref> The most well-preserved temple are the [[Bahal temple]] complex, however most of other temples are in ruins. [[File:Candi Tikus.jpg|thumb|right|Candi Tikus, a 14th-century bathing pool of [[Trowulan]], discovered in 1914]] * Archaeological sites of former [[Singhasari]] kingdom around [[Malang]] area in East Java: the remnant of 13th century Kutaraja, the royal capital of Singhasari centered in present-day [[Singosari]] district in Malang Regency. The sites including [[Jago Temple|Jago]] and [[Kidal temple]], Sumberawan stupa, Giant [[Dvarapala]] and [[Singhasari temple]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://candi.perpusnas.go.id/temples_en/deskripsi-east_java-singasari_temple_23|title=Singasari Temple (East Java) - Temples of Indonesia|website=candi.perpusnas.go.id|access-date=2019-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162216/http://candi.perpusnas.go.id/temples_en/deskripsi-east_java-singasari_temple_23|archive-date=2019-01-30|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Trowulan]]: a 100 square kilometres [[archaeological site]] in [[Trowulan (subdistrict)|Trowulan Subdistrict]], [[Mojokerto Regency]], that was the royal capital of the 13th to 15th century [[Majapahit]] empire.<ref name="JPMajapahit">{{cite news|title=Tracing the glory of Majapahit|author=Sita W. Dewi|date=9 April 2013|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/09/tracing-glory-majapahit.html|access-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205120317/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/09/tracing-glory-majapahit.html|archive-date=2015-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref> * Archaeological sites of Central [[Bali]], including [[Goa Gajah]] and [[Gunung Kawi]]: the remnants of sacred sanctuary and funerary temples dated to the 9th to 11th century Hindu [[Bali Kingdom]]. Goa Gajah contains a cave sanctuary and ritual bathing pools, probably served as a Hindu hermitage. The cave was rediscovered by Dutch archaeologists in 1923, but the fountains and pool were not uncovered until 1954.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bedulu/attractions/goa-gajah/a/poi-sig/1189892/1318644|title=Goa Gajah in Bedulu, Indonesia|last=Planet|first=Lonely|work=Lonely Planet|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122840/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bedulu/attractions/goa-gajah/a/poi-sig/1189892/1318644|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref> While Gunung Kawi is an 11th-century temple and [[funerary]] complex in [[Tampaksiring]]<ref name=Coedes>{{Cite book | last = Cœdès | first = George | author-link = Georges Coedès | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1968 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | isbn = 9780824803681 | access-date = 2017-12-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170221060339/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | archive-date = 2017-02-21 | url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|180}} north east of [[Ubud]] in [[Bali]] * [[Gunongan Historical Park]]: a 17th-century palace and garden located in [[Aceh]], with a white circular structure known as the ''Gunongan'', after which the park has been named.<ref>Eliot, J & Jane Bickersteth (2000) p 126</ref> Possibly built by [[Iskandar Muda]] of [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]]. * [[Fort Nassau, Banda Islands]]: the first Dutch fort built on Banda (or Bandaneira) Island, the main island of the [[Banda Islands]], part of [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] in [[Indonesia]], completed in 1609.<ref name="Indonesian Banda">{{cite book|author1-link=Willard A. Hanna|last=Hanna|first=Willard A.|title=Indonesian Banda|year=1991|publisher=Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Neira|location=Banda Neira|page=27}}</ref> Its purpose was to control the trade in nutmeg, which at that time was only grown in the Banda Islands.<ref>{{cite book|last=Milton|first=Giles|title=Nathaniel's Nutmeg|year=1999|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=London|page=3}}</ref> * [[Old Batavia]]: the old town of [[Jakarta]] contains [[Dutch architecture|Dutch-style structures]] mostly dating from the 17th century, when the port city was served as the Asian headquarters of the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] during the heyday of the [[spice trade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indonesia.travel/my/en/inspiration/travel-info/explore-jakarta-kota-tua-today-s-old-batavia|title=Explore Jakarta Kota Tua: Today's Old Batavia|website=www.indonesia.travel|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123603/http://www.indonesia.travel/my/en/inspiration/travel-info/explore-jakarta-kota-tua-today-s-old-batavia|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref> It covers 1.3 square kilometres within [[North Jakarta]] and [[West Jakarta]]. * [[Tambora culture]]: a lost village and culture on [[Sumbawa|Sumbawa Island]] buried by [[volcanic ash|ash]] and [[pyroclastic flow]]s from the massive [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora|1815 eruption]] of [[Mount Tambora]]. People and houses are preserved as they were in 1815. Sigurdsson dubbed it the ''[[Pompeii]] of the East''.<ref>{{cite news|work= BBC News|title= 'Pompeii of the East' discovered|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4748902.stm|date= 28 February 2006|access-date= 30 January 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061219200937/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4748902.stm|archive-date= 2006-12-19|url-status= live}}</ref> ==Notable findings and artifacts== [[File:Wonoboyo Hoard.jpg|thumb|right|The 9th century Central Javanese [[Wonoboyo Hoard]], discovered in 1990]] * [[Wonoboyo Hoard]]: [[gold]]en and [[silver]] artifacts from the 9th century [[Mataram Kingdom]] in Central Java. It was discovered in October 1990 in Plosokuning hamlet, Wonoboyo village, [[Klaten]], [[Central Java]], near [[Prambanan]].<ref name="tempo">{{cite web|url=http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1990/11/03/ILT/mbm.19901103.ILT19845.id.html|title=Warisan Saragi Diah Bunga|publisher=Majalah Tempo|date=3 November 1990|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529132004/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1990/11/03/ILT/mbm.19901103.ILT19845.id.html|archive-date=2017-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Sambas Treasure]]: a hoard of ancient gold and silver Buddhist sculptures found near the town of Sambas in [[West Kalimantan]] that now form part of the [[British Museum|British Museum's]] collection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=136665&peoA=136665-3-7 |title=British Museum Collection |access-date=2017-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101084503/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=136665&peoA=136665-3-7 |archive-date=2014-01-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dating from 8th–9th centuries AD they were probably made in Java.<ref>[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/southeast-asia/maritime-se-asia/a/a-cache-of-buddhist-figures-from-the-sambas-treasure "A Cache of Buddhist figures from the Sambas Treasure"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804012620/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/southeast-asia/maritime-se-asia/a/a-cache-of-buddhist-figures-from-the-sambas-treasure |date=2017-08-04 }} Khan Academy. Retrieved 2017-08-03.</ref> * [[Belitung shipwreck]]: the wreck of an Arabian [[dhow]] which sailed en route from Africa to China around 830 CE.<ref name=MarineEX2>{{cite web|title=Belitung Wreck Details & Photos|url=http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm|publisher=Marine Exploration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001090716/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm|archive-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> The ship completed the outward journey, but sank on the return journey, approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} off the coast of [[Belitung Island]], [[Indonesia]]. The cargo contains Chinese [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] gold and ceramics artifacts. * [[Cirebon shipwreck]]: a 10th-century shipwreck discovered in 2003 offshore of Cirebon. It contains a large amount of Chinese [[Yue ware]] and important evidence of the [[Maritime Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite web | title = The Cirebon shipwreck | work = UNESCO | url = https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/underwater-heritage/cirebon-shipwreck | access-date = 2017-09-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170911023916/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/underwater-heritage/cirebon-shipwreck | archive-date = 2017-09-11 | url-status = live }}</ref> * [[Prajnaparamita of Java]]: a masterpiece of Javanese classical Hindu-[[Buddhist art]]; it is a [[murti|depiction]] of [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] from the 13th century [[Singhasari kingdom]] of [[East Java]].<ref name="National Museum">{{cite web|title=Collectionː Prajnaparamita|publisher=National Museum of Indonesia|url=http://www.museumnasional.or.id/collections/arkeologi/prajnaparamita.html|access-date=17 May 2015|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150109125052/http%3A//www.museumnasional.or.id/collections/arkeologi/prajnaparamita.html|archive-date=2015-01-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> A prized item in the collection of the [[National Museum of Indonesia]]. * [[Kris of Knaud]]: the oldest known [[kris]] surviving in the world,<ref name="Duuren2002">{{cite book|last=van Duuren|first=David|title=Krisses: a critical bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iXgAAAAMAAJ|access-date=6 March 2011|year=2002|publisher=Pictures Publishers|isbn=978-90-73187-42-9|page=110|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011090719/http://books.google.com/books?id=6iXgAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> dated to the [[Majapahit]] period (c. 14th century). Today it is displayed in the [[Tropenmuseum]], the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam. ==Institutions== * [[National Archaeology Research Institute (Indonesia)]] * Balai Arkeologi * [[National Archives of Indonesia]] * [[Indonesian Institute of Sciences]] ==See also== {{Portal|History|Indonesia}} * [[List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia]] * [[Candi of Indonesia]] * [[History of Indonesia]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book | title = Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift | author = Soejono (R. P.) | work = Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, International Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies (Indonesia), Penerbit Yayasan Obor Indonesia | year = 2006 | publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonesia | isbn = 9789792624991 | language = id | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&q=archaeology+of+Indonesia&pg=PA418}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3k3vCAAAQBAJ&q=archaeology+indonesia|title=Studies in Indonesian Archaeology: Publication Commissioned and Financed by the Netherlands Institute for International Cultural Relations|last=Stutterheim|first=Dr W. F.|year=1956|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789401759878|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz5MNfCbOSwC&q=archaeology+indonesia&pg=PA36|title=An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography|last=Soedjatmoko|date=2006|publisher=Equinox Publishing|isbn=9789793780443|language=en}} ==External links== * [http://arkenas.kemdikbud.go.id/#1 Official site of ''Pusat Arkeologi Nasional'' (Arkenas)] or National Archaeological Center (in Indonesian) * [https://www.world-archaeology.com/category/world/asia/indonesia/ World Archaeology, Category: Indonesia] {{Asia topic|Archaeology of}} [[Category:Archaeology of Indonesia| ]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aligned_table" 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