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href="#Biografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loopbaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loopbaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Loopbaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loopbaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erkenning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erkenning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Erkenning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erkenning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onderscheidingen_en_Prijzen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onderscheidingen_en_Prijzen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Onderscheidingen en Prijzen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onderscheidingen_en_Prijzen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Sanger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 82 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="فردريك سانغر – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فردريك سانغر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="فردريك سانجر – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فردريك سانجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Senger" title="Frederik Senger – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frederik Senger" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1" title="فردریک سنقر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فردریک سنقر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрэдэрык Сенгер – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэдэрык Сенгер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сангър – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фредерик Сангър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফ্রেডরিক স্যাঙ্গার – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রেডরিক স্যাঙ্গার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Φρέντερικ Σάνγκερ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρέντερικ Σάνγκερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="فردریک سنگر – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فردریک سنگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0" title="ફેડ્રિક સેંગર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફેડ્રિક સેંગર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="פרדריק סנגר – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדריק סנגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रेड्रिक सैंगर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रेड्रिक सैंगर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆրեդերիկ Սանգեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրեդերիկ Սանգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="フレデリック・サンガー – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレデリック・サンガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფრედერიკ სენგერი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრედერიკ სენგერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%94%EB%A6%AD_%EC%83%9D%EC%96%B4" title="프레더릭 생어 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레더릭 생어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сеңер – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фредерик Сеңер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Sanger" title="Fridericus Sanger – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Sanger" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiks_Sengers" title="Frederiks Sengers – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frederiks Sengers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്രെഡറിക് സാങ്ങർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രെഡറിക് സാങ്ങർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="فردریک سنگر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فردریک سنگر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫਰੈਡਰਿਕ ਸੇਂਜਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰੈਡਰਿਕ ਸੇਂਜਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="فریڈرک سینگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فریڈرک سینگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сенгер, Фредерик – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сенгер, Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сенгер – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фредерик Сенгер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сангер – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фредерик Сангер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரடெரிக் சேங்கர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரடெரிக் சேங்கர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రెడెరిక్ సాంజెర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రెడెరిక్ సాంజెర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เฟรเดอริก แซงเงอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟรเดอริก แซงเงอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сәңер – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фредерик Сәңер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фредерік Сенгер – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фредерік Сенгер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="فریڈرک سنگر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فریڈرک سنگر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗雷德里克·桑格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფრედერიკ სენგერი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრედერიკ სენგერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗雷德里克·桑格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Frederick Sanger" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="腓特烈桑格 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腓特烈桑格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151564#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frederick Sanger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/266px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/399px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Frederick_Sanger2.jpg/532px-Frederick_Sanger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rendcomb" title="Rendcomb">Rendcomb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Cambridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1958 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">Voor zijn onderzoek naar de structuur van <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïne">eiwitten</a>, in het bijzonder <a href="/wiki/Insuline" title="Insuline">insuline</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Todd" title="Alexander Todd">Alexander Todd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Scheikunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>In </th> <td colspan="2">1980 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">Voor hun bijdragen aan de bepaling van de <a href="/wiki/Sequentie_(biologie)" title="Sequentie (biologie)">basenvolgorde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%AFnezuur" title="Nucleïnezuur">nucleïnezuren</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Samen met </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gedeeld met </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg_(scheikundige)" title="Paul Berg (scheikundige)">Paul Berg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brown" title="Herbert Brown">Herbert Brown</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Frederick Sanger</b> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Order of Merit (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">OM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orde_van_de_Eregezellen_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Orde van de Eregezellen (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">CH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orde_van_het_Britse_Rijk" title="Orde van het Britse Rijk">CBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">FRS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rendcomb" title="Rendcomb">Rendcomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/13_augustus" title="13 augustus">13 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk)</a>, <a href="/wiki/19_november" title="19 november">19 november</a> <a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a>) was een Brits <a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">biochemicus</a>. </p><p>Hij behoorde tot een select gezelschap dat tweemaal een <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs">Nobelprijs</a> mocht ontvangen. Hij verwierf tweemaal de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde</a>: in 1958 ontving hij de eerste keer de prijs voor zijn onderzoek naar de structuren van <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïne">eiwitten</a>, in het bijzonder <a href="/wiki/Insuline" title="Insuline">insuline</a>; in 1980 ontving hij nogmaals, nu samen met <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a>, de helft van de Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde voor hun bijdragen aan de bepaling van de <a href="/wiki/Sequentie_(biologie)" title="Sequentie (biologie)">basenvolgorde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%AFnezuren" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleïnezuren">nucleïnezuren</a>, de andere helft van de Nobelprijs ging in 1980 naar <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg_(scheikundige)" title="Paul Berg (scheikundige)">Paul Berg</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanger werd geboren in Rendcomb, een klein dorpje in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, als tweede zoon van Fredrich Sanger, een praktiserende arts, en diens echtgenote Cicely Crewdson, de dochter van een welvarende katoenfabrikant. Hij had een één jaar oudere broer, Theodore, en een vijf jaar jongere zus, Mary. Toen hij vijf jaar oud was, verhuisde het gezin Sanger naar het dorpje <a href="/wiki/Tanworth-in-Arden" title="Tanworth-in-Arden">Tanworth-in-Arden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>. Zijn familie was redelijk welvarend en daarom in staat om een gouvernante in dienst te nemen om de kinderen te onderwijzen. </p><p>Zijn verdere opleiding genoot hij aan de Downs School nabij Malvern en de Bryanston School in Blanford, Dorset. Net als zijn vader wilde Frederick aanvankelijk arts worden, maar nog voordat hij naar de universiteit ging, besloot hij natuurwetenschappen te studeren aan het <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's College (Cambridge)">St John's College</a> in Cambridge. In 1939 behaalde hij er zijn Bachelor of Arts. Tijdens zijn studie geraakte hij al snel aangetrokken tot de biochemie. Aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Cambridge" title="Universiteit van Cambridge">Universiteit van Cambridge</a> begon hij in 1940 in deze tak van wetenschap aan zijn promotie onder supervisie van <a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a>. Na het vertrek van Pirie kwam hij onder de hoede van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Neuberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Neuberger (de pagina bestaat niet)">Albert Neuberger</a>, die zijn promotieopdracht veranderde in een onderzoek naar <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur">aminozuur</a>. In 1943 promoveerde hij op het proefschrift <i>"The metabolism of the amino acid lysine in the animal body"</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loopbaan">Loopbaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Loopbaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Loopbaan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na zijn afstuderen bleef Sanger in Cambridge waar hij in 1943 zich aansloot bij de onderzoeksgroep van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Chibnall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Chibnall (de pagina bestaat niet)">Albert Chibnall</a>, een scheikundige die kort daarvoor de leerstoel biochemie van <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> had overgenomen. Sanger richtte zijn aandacht op <a href="/wiki/Insuline" title="Insuline">insuline</a>, het eiwit dat betrokken is bij diabetes. In 1902 had de Duitse chemicus <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a> de suggestie gedaan dat eiwitten bestaan uit lange strengen aminozuren die onderling met elkaar verbonden zijn. Met een kleurstof markeerde Sanger het eind van het laatste aminozuur van een eiwitketen. Met deze onderzoeksmethode kon hij zien welk aminozuur zich aan het begin van de keten bevond. Sangers eerste doorbraak was de bepaling van de complete aminozuurvolgorde van de twee <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> ketens van bovien insuline, A en B, in respectievelijk 1951 en 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanaf 1951 was Sanger lid van de externe staf van het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical Research Council (de pagina bestaat niet)">Medical Research Council</a> (MRC) en toen deze organisatie in 1962 een nieuw instituut voor moleculaire biologie opende, verplaatste hij zijn laboratorium naar de bovenste etage van het gebouw. Op dit instituut waren ook <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> werkzaam. Het was Crick die hem op het spoor zette van <a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%AFnezuur" title="Nucleïnezuur">nucleïnezuren</a>. </p><p>Zijn tweede belangrijke doorbraak kwam voort uit dit onderzoek. Samen met zijn medewerkers ontwikkelde hij een methode om kleine volgordes in <a href="/wiki/Ribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" title="Ribonucleïnezuur">RNA</a> te bepalen, waaronder de 120 <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotiden</a> in een van de RNA's uit <a href="/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom">ribosomen</a> van de bacterie <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>. In de periode 1974-1977 wist hij de volgorde te bepalen van het grootste deel van de 5386 nucleotiden van het DNA van de <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofaag" title="Bacteriofaag">bacteriofaag</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A6X174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ΦX174 (de pagina bestaat niet)">φX174</a>. Dit leidde uiteindelijk (1977) tot de ontwikkeling van de <i>dideoxy</i>-methode, een ketenterminatiemethode voor het bepalen van de <a href="/wiki/Sequentie_(biologie)" title="Sequentie (biologie)">basenvolgorde</a> van de nucleotiden in <a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a>. Deze methode wordt ook wel de <i>Sanger-methode</i> genoemd.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het proces was gemakkelijk te automatiseren en dat stelde wetenschappers in staat om zeer grote reeksen aan de pakken, zoals de drie miljard basen van het menselijke <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">genoom</a>. Vanwege zijn onderzoek naar de opbouw van DNA wordt Sanger de "vader van de <a href="/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica">genomica</a>" genoemd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erkenning">Erkenning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Erkenning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Erkenning"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951 ontving hij de <a href="/wiki/Corday-Morgan_Medaille_en_Prijs" title="Corday-Morgan Medaille en Prijs">Corday-Morgan Medaille en Prijs</a> ofwel de <i>Corday–Morgan Medal and Prize</i> een hoge onderscheiding die jaarlijks wordt toegekend door de <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. In 1958 ontving hij de eerste keer de Nobelprijs. In 1977 is hem de <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> toegekend. In 1980 ontving hij nogmaals, samen met <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a>, de helft van de Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde. </p><p>In 1992 werd het naar hem vernoemde Sanger Centrum geopend in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Cambridge (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Cambridge</a>. Deze instelling onderzoekt het <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">genoom</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Mens" title="Mens">mens</a> en van andere <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onderscheidingen_en_Prijzen">Onderscheidingen en Prijzen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Onderscheidingen en Prijzen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Onderscheidingen en Prijzen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corday-Morgan_Medaille_en_Prijs" title="Corday-Morgan Medaille en Prijs">Corday-Morgan Medaille en Prijs</a> - 1951</li> <li>Fellow van de <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> - 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde</a> - 1958, 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandeur_(ridderorde)" title="Commandeur (ridderorde)">Commandeur</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Orde_van_het_Britse_Rijk" title="Orde van het Britse Rijk">Orde van het Britse Rijk</a> - 1963</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Medal (de pagina bestaat niet)">Royal Medal</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>- 1969</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> - 1971</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bate_Hardy_Prijs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bate Hardy Prijs (de pagina bestaat niet)">William Bate Hardy Prijs</a> - 1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> - 1977</li> <li>G.W. Wheland Award - 1978</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (de pagina bestaat niet)">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> - 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> - 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_de_Eregezellen_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Orde van de Eregezellen (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Orde van de Eregezellen</a> - 1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Order of Merit (Verenigd Koninkrijk)"> Order of Merit</a> - 1986</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities (de pagina bestaat niet)">Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities</a> Award - 1994</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1958/sanger/biographical/">Frederick Sanger – Biographical</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1958/sanger/lecture/">Frederick Sanger – Nobel Lecture 1958</a> <i>The Chemistry of Insulin</i>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1980/sanger/lecture/">Frederick Sanger – Nobel Lecture 1980</a> <i>Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA</i>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/">Het Sanger Centrum</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMoore2008"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Moore, Peter</span> (2008). <cite><i>"Wie, wat, waar? Wetenschap"</i></cite>. mo'media bv. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-5767-300-9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-90-5767-300-9">ISBN 978-90-5767-300-9</a></span>.</span></li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFF._Sanger1959"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">F. Sanger</span> (1959). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1959-05-15_129_3359/page/n34">Chemistry of Insulin</a></cite>. <i>Science</i> <b>129</b> (3359): 1340-1345. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.129.3359.1340">10.1126/science.129.3359.1340</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFF._Sanger1988"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">F. Sanger</span> (1988). <cite>Sequences, Sequences, and Sequences</cite>. <i>Annual review of biochemistry</i> <b>57</b>: 1-28. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2460023">2460023</a>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <p><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">Van 't Hoff</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">E. Fischer</a></span> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Baeyer</a> · 1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Moissan</a> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Buchner</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a> · 1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Wallach</a> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Curie</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Grignard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Sabatier</a> · 1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Werner</a> · 1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Richards</a> · 1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Willstätter</a> · 1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Haber</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a> · 1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a> · 1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Aston</a> · 1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Pregl</a> · 1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Zsigmondy</a> · 1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Svedberg</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Wieland</a> · 1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Windaus</a> · 1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Harden</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Euler-Chelpin</a></span> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer_(scheikundige)" title="Hans Fischer (scheikundige)">H. Fischer</a> · 1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Bergius</a> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Langmuir</a> · 1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Urey</a> · <span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">F. Joliot-Curie</a>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">I. Joliot-Curie</a></span> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Haworth" title="Walter Haworth">Haworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Karrer</a> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Kuhn</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Butenandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavoslav_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Lavoslav Ružička">Ružička</a> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">Hevesy</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Virtanen</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/James_Batcheller_Sumner" title="James Batcheller Sumner">Sumner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">Northrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Stanley</a> · 1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robinson</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Tiselius</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">Giauque</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Diels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Alder</a> · 1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">McMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_John_Porter_Martin" title="Archer John Porter Martin">Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Synge</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Staudinger</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vigneaud</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Hinshelwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Semjonov" title="Nikolaj Semjonov">Semjonov</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Todd" title="Alexander Todd">Todd</a> · 1958: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanger</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Heyrovský</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Libby</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Calvin</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Perutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">Kendrew</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler_(scheikundige)" title="Karl Ziegler (scheikundige)">Ziegler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Natta</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Woodward</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulliken" title="Robert Mulliken">Mulliken</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Eigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Norrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">Porter</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Barton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Hassel</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Leloir</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Herzberg</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Anfinsen" title="Christian Anfinsen">Anfinsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stein" title="William Stein">Stein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">E.O. Fischer</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Flory</a> · 1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">Cornforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Prelog</a> · 1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">Lipscomb</a> · 1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mitchell_(biochemicus)" title="Peter Mitchell (biochemicus)">Mitchell</a> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brown" title="Herbert Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Wittig</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg_(scheikundige)" title="Paul Berg (scheikundige)">Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Gilbert</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanger</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Fukui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a> · 1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Taube</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Merrifield</a> · 1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Hauptman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Karle</a> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Herschbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Lee" title="Yuan Lee">Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">Polanyi</a> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram">Cram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Lehn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Pedersen</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Deisenhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Huber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Michel</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Corey</a> · 1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Ernst</a> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Marcus</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Mullis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(scheikundige)" title="Michael Smith (scheikundige)">Smith</a> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">Olah</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" title="Paul Crutzen">Crutzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina">Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Rowland</a> · 1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Curl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Kroto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Smalley</a> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Skou</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Kohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">Pople</a> · 1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Zewail</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Heeger" title="Alan Heeger">Heeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">MacDiarmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a> · 2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryoji_Noyori" title="Ryoji Noyori">Noyori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Fenn" title="John Fenn">Fenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Tanaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Wüthrich</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Agre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Ciechanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Hershko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Rose</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grubbs" title="Robert Grubbs">Grubbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schrock" title="Richard Schrock">Schrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Chauvin</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Kornberg" title="Roger Kornberg">Kornberg</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Ertl</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Shimomura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Chalfie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tsien" title="Roger Tsien">Tsien</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Steitz" title="Thomas Steitz">Steitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Yonath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Ramakrishnan</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heck" title="Richard Heck">Heck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Negishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Suzuki</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shechtman" title="Daniel Shechtman">Shechtman</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Kobilka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Karplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt" title="Michael Levitt">Levitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Warshel</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Betzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Moerner" title="William Moerner">Moerner</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Lindahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Modrich" title="Paul Modrich">Modrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Sancar</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Sauvage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Stoddart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Feringa</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Dubochet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson" title="Richard Henderson">Henderson</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(scheikundige)" title="George Smith (scheikundige)">Smith</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">Goodenough</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">Whittingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Yoshino</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">List</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">MacMillan</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Bertozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morten_Meldal" title="Morten Meldal">Meldal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Bawendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brus" title="Louis Brus">Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Jekimov" title="Alexei Jekimov">Jekimov</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemicus)" title="David Baker (biochemicus)">Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Hassabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jumper" title="John Jumper">Jumper</a> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&oldid=68438465">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Sanger&oldid=68438465</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Brits_bioloog" title="Categorie:Brits bioloog">Brits bioloog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Brits_scheikundige" title="Categorie:Brits scheikundige">Brits scheikundige</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:20e-eeuws_scheikundige" title="Categorie:20e-eeuws scheikundige">20e-eeuws scheikundige</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 27 nov 2024 om 03:38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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