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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Hati" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sel_punca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sel_punca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sel punca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sel_punca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sel_imunologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sel_imunologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sel imunologis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sel_imunologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungsi_hati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_hati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Fungsi hati </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_hati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regenerasi_sel_hati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regenerasi_sel_hati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Regenerasi sel hati </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regenerasi_sel_hati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyakit_pada_hati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyakit_pada_hati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Penyakit pada hati </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penyakit_pada_hati-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Penyakit pada hati </button> <ul id="toc-Penyakit_pada_hati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_alkohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_alkohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pengaruh alkohol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_alkohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_alkaloid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_alkaloid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pengaruh alkaloid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_alkaloid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_kegemukan,_trigeliserida_tinggi_dan_diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_kegemukan,_trigeliserida_tinggi_dan_diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Pengaruh kegemukan, trigeliserida tinggi dan diabetes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_kegemukan,_trigeliserida_tinggi_dan_diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transplantasi_hati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transplantasi_hati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transplantasi hati </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transplantasi_hati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hati</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 179 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" > 179 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewer" title="Lewer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lewer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber" title="Leber – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leber" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5" title="ጉበት – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉበት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figado" title="Figado – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Figado" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifere" title="Lifere – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lifere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="كبد – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܟܒܕܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܒܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="كبد – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كبد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E" title="যকৃৎ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যকৃৎ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9gadu" title="Fégadu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fégadu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskon" title="Oskon – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Oskon" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB" title="ТӀул – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27iwcha" title="K'iwcha – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="K'iwcha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraciy%C9%99r" title="Qaraciyər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaraciyər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="باغیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باغیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бауыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бауыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeknas" title="Jeknas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jeknas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoy" title="Katoy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katoy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay" title="Atay – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Atay" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Печань – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Печань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Печань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Печань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati" title="Ati – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ati" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Черен дроб – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черен дроб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E" title="যকৃৎ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যকৃৎ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མཆེར་པ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཆེར་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avu" title="Avu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Avu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эльгэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эльгэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetge" title="Fetge – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fetge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83ng-c%C3%A2ung" title="Găng-câung – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Găng-câung" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="ДоӀах – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ДоӀах" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay_(anatomiya)" title="Atay (anatomiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Atay (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جەرگ – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1tra" title="Játra – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Játra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пĕвер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕвер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afu" title="Afu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber" title="Leber – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezebe" title="Kezebe – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kezebe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%AD" title="ފުރަމޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފުރަމޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Ήπαρ – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήπαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9gghet" title="Fégghet – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fégghet" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Liver" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepato" title="Hepato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hepato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADgado" title="Hígado – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hígado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks" title="Maks – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibel" title="Gibel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gibel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="کبد – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksa" title="Maksa – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yate" title="Yate – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yate" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foie" title="Foie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ae" title="Ae – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwa" title="Fwa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fwa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B9than" title="Grùthan – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Grùthan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADgado" title="Fígado – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fígado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dgado" title="Ígado – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ígado" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apana" title="Apana – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Apana" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4n-chh%C3%B3ng" title="Kôn-chhóng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kôn-chhóng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93" title="כבד – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כבד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="यकृत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यकृत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareja" title="Kareja – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kareja" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwa_(%C3%B2gan)" title="Fwa (ògan) – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fwa (ògan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1j" title="Máj – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Máj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Լյարդ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Լեարդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լեարդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficato" title="Ficato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ficato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalem" title="Dalem – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dalem" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepato" title="Hepato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hepato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifur" title="Lifur – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lifur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegato" title="Fegato – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fegato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%93" title="肝臓 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肝臓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati" title="Ati – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ati" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ღვიძლი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღვიძლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94y%C9%9B" title="Hɔyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati" title="Hati – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hati" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Бауыр (орган) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бауыр (орган)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%98" title="ថ្លើម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថ្លើម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಯಕೃತ್ತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಕೃತ್ತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%8C%D9%9A%DB%81%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="کرٛیٚہنہٕ ماز – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کرٛیٚہنہٕ ماز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezeb" title="Kezeb – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kezeb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi" title="Avi – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Avi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Боор – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iecur" title="Iecur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iecur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liewer" title="Liewer – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liewer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%80" title="ТтиликӀ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ТтиликӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8C_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Лекь (анатомия) – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Лекь (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figato" title="Figato – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Figato" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laever" title="Laever – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Laever" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fui%C3%A0_fosch" title="Fuià fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fuià fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidegh" title="Fidegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fidegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libale" title="Libale – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libale" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A" title="ຕັບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕັບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepenys" title="Kepenys – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kepenys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aknas" title="Aknas – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aknas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aty" title="Aty – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88" title="Мокш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мокш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Црн дроб – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црн дроб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BE" title="കരൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Элэг – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Элэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%94" title="ꯂꯤꯚꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯚꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="यकृत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यकृत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati" title="Hati – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwied" title="Fwied – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fwied" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အသည်း – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Максо – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Максо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ltapachtli" title="Ēltapachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ēltapachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebber" title="Lebber – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lebber" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B" title="कलेजो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कलेजो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="सें – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सें" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetge" title="Fetge – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fetge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruu" title="Tiruu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tiruu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4" title="ଯକୃତ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯକୃତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%C3%A6%D1%80" title="Игæр – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Игæр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਲਜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altey" title="Altey – Pangasina" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Altey" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate" title="Ate – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ate" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%85troba" title="Wątroba – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wątroba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACdich" title="Fìdich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fìdich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="کلیجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلیجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="اينه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADgado" title="Fígado – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fígado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukupin" title="Kukupin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kukupin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitigu" title="Igitigu – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Igitigu" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ficat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicatu" title="Hicatu – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hicatu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Печень – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Печень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Печунка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Печунка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D" title="यकृत् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यकृत्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Быар – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Быар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figadu" title="Figadu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Figadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACcatu" title="Fìcatu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fìcatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Liver" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جيرو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جيرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasa" title="Tasa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අක්මාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්මාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liver" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8De%C5%88" title="Pečeň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pečeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jetra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitaka" title="Chitaka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitaka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(xubin)" title="Beer (xubin) – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Beer (xubin)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABl%C3%A7ia" title="Mëlçia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mëlçia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Јетра – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јетра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati" title="Ati – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ati" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever" title="Lever – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lever" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ini" title="Ini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/atay" title="atay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="atay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கல்லீரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்லீரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాలేయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాలేయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҷигар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷигар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ตับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyr" title="Bagyr – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bagyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay" title="Atay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaci%C4%9Fer" title="Karaciğer – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karaciğer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бавыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бавыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جىگەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جىگەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Печінка – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Печінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جگر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جگر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigar" title="Jigar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jigar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig%C3%A0" title="Figà – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Figà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan" title="Gan – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foad" title="Foad – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Foad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foete" title="Foete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atay" title="Atay – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F" title="肝脏 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肝脏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibindi" title="Isibindi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isibindi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჩხონჩხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხონჩხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לעבער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעבער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daep" title="Daep – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daep" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⴰ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肝臟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa%E2%81%BF" title="Koaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D" title="肝 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Hati" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Indonesia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hati">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Perkakas </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hati">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=history">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Hati" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pranala balik</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Hati" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan terkait</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&oldid=26439701" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini">Pranala permanen</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini">Informasi halaman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Hati&id=26439701&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini">Kutip halaman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHati">Lihat URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHati">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hati">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hati&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Liver" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9368" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g">Butir di Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Hati_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hati (disambiguasi)">Hati (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">artikel mengandung terlalu banyak istilah teknis. Tolong <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit">bantu mengembangkannya</a> agar <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Jadikan_artikel_teknis_bisa_dimengerti" title="Wikipedia:Jadikan artikel teknis bisa dimengerti">dapat dipahami oleh orang awam</a>, tanpa harus menghilangkan aspek teknisnya. (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Penghapusan_templat_pemeliharaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:Penghapusan templat pemeliharaan">Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27002510">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Hati</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Human_Hepar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Hepar.jpg/240px-Human_Hepar.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Hepar.jpg/360px-Human_Hepar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Human_Hepar.jpg/480px-Human_Hepar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Hati manusia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/240px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/360px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png/480px-Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="2533" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Gambar organ dalam manusia, hati (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: liver) terletak di tengah.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Rincian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf">Saraf</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celiac_ganglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celiac ganglia (halaman belum tersedia)">celiac ganglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagus">vagus</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Pengidentifikasi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Bahasa Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">jecur, iecer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008099">D008099</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.8.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.8.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3023">3023</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xiphoid.biostr.washington.edu/fma/fmabrowser-hierarchy.html?fmaid=7197">7197</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_istilah_anatomi" title="Daftar istilah anatomi">Daftar istilah anatomi</a><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9368" class="extiw" title="d:Q9368">sunting di Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hati, liver, atau hepar, adalah organ utama yang hanya ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrata</a> yang melakukan banyak fungsi <a href="/wiki/Biologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologis">biologis</a> detoksifikasi <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_protein" title="Sintesis protein">sintesis protein</a> serta biokimia yang diperlukan untuk pencernaan dan pertumbuhan<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Hati terletak dalam rongga <a href="/wiki/Perut" class="mw-redirect" title="Perut">perut</a> sebelah kanan, tepatnya di bawah <a href="/wiki/Diafragma" class="mw-disambig" title="Diafragma">diafragma</a>. Hati juga termasuk sebagai alat ekskresi karena membantu fungsi <a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a> dengan memecah beberapa senyawa bersifat <a href="/wiki/Racun" title="Racun">racun</a> dan menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_urat" title="Asam urat">asam urat</a> dengan memanfaatkan <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a>. Proses pemecahan senyawa racun oleh hati disebut proses <a href="/wiki/Detoksifikasi" title="Detoksifikasi">detoksifikasi</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobus (halaman belum tersedia)">Lobus</a> hati terbentuk dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_parenkimal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel parenkimal (halaman belum tersedia)">sel parenkimal</a> dan juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_non-parenkimal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel non-parenkimal (halaman belum tersedia)">sel non-parenkimal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Sel parenkimal pada hati disebut <a href="/wiki/Hepatosit" title="Hepatosit">hepatosit</a>, menempati sekitar 80% <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> hati dan melakukan berbagai fungsi utama hati. Sebanyak 40% sel hati terdapat pada lobus sinusoidal. Hepatosit merupakan sel endodermal yang terstimulasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> mesenkimal secara terus-menerus pada saat <a href="/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio">embrio</a> hingga berkembang menjadi sel parenkimal.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Selama masa tersebut, terjadi peningkatan <a href="/wiki/Transkripsi" class="mw-disambig" title="Transkripsi">transkripsi</a> <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a> sebagai stimulan proliferasi dan diferensiasi sel endodermal menjadi hepatosit.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Lumen lobus terbentuk dari <a href="/wiki/Sel_endotelial#Hati" title="Sel endotelial">SEC</a> dan ditempati oleh 3 jenis sel lain, seperti <a href="/wiki/Sel_Kupffer" title="Sel Kupffer">sel Kupffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sel_Ito" title="Sel Ito">sel Ito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limfosit" title="Limfosit">limfosit</a> intrahepatik seperti <a href="/wiki/Sel_pit" title="Sel pit">sel pit</a>. Sel non-parenkimal menempati sekitar 6,5% volume hati dan memproduksi berbagai substansi yang mengendalikan banyak fungsi hepatosit. Filtrasi merupakan salah satu fungsi dari lumen-lobus sinusoidal yang memisahkan bagian permukaan hepatosit dari <a href="/wiki/Darah" title="Darah">darah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sel_endotelial#Hati" title="Sel endotelial">SEC</a> memiliki kapasitas <a href="/wiki/Endositosis" title="Endositosis">endositosis</a> yang sangat besar dengan berbagai <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_imun" title="Kompleks imun">kompleks imun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transferin" title="Transferin">transferin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Seruloplasmin" title="Seruloplasmin">seruloplasmin</a>. "SEC" juga berfungsi sebagai sel presenter <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> yang menyediakan <a href="/wiki/Kluster_diferensiasi" title="Kluster diferensiasi">ekspresi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_histokompatibilitas_utama" title="Kompleks histokompatibilitas utama">MHC I</a> dan MHC II bagi <a href="/wiki/Sel_T" title="Sel T">sel T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sekresi" title="Sekresi">Sekresi</a> yang terjadi meliputi berbagai <a href="/wiki/Sitokina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitokina">sitokina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eikosanoid" title="Eikosanoid">eikosanoid</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostanoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostanoid (halaman belum tersedia)">prostanoid</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Leukotriena" title="Leukotriena">leukotriena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endotelin" title="Endotelin">endotelin-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monoksida" title="Nitrogen monoksida">nitrogen monoksida</a> dan beberapa komponen ECM. <a href="/wiki/Sel_Ito" title="Sel Ito">Sel Ito</a> berada pada jaringan perisinusoidal, merupakan sel dengan banyak <a href="/wiki/Vesikel" title="Vesikel">vesikel</a> <a href="/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak">lemak</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a> yang mengikat SEC sangat kuat hingga memberikan lapisan ganda pada lumen lobus sinusoidal. Saat hati berada pada kondisi normal, sel Ito menyimpan <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> guna mengendalikan kelenturan matriks ekstraselular yang dibentuk dengan SEC, yang juga merupakan kelenturan dari lumen sinusoid. <a href="/wiki/Sel_Kupffer" title="Sel Kupffer">Sel Kupffer</a> berada pada jaringan intrasinusoidal, merupakan <a href="/wiki/Makrofaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrofaga">makrofaga</a> dengan kemampuan <a href="/wiki/Endositosis" title="Endositosis">endositik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fagositosis" title="Fagositosis">fagositik</a> yang mencengangkan. Sel Kupffer sehari-hari berinteraksi dengan material yang berasal <a href="/wiki/Saluran_pencernaan" title="Saluran pencernaan">saluran pencernaan</a> yang mengandung larutan bakterial, dan mencegah aktivasi efek toksin senyawa tersebut ke dalam hati. Paparan larutan bakterial yang tinggi, terutama paparan <a href="/wiki/Lipopolisakarida" title="Lipopolisakarida">LPS</a>, membuat sel Kupffer melakukan <a href="/wiki/Sekresi" title="Sekresi">sekresi</a> berbagai <a href="/wiki/Sitokina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitokina">sitokina</a> yang memicu proses <a href="/wiki/Peradangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradangan">peradangan</a> dan dapat mengakibatkan cedera pada hati. Sekresi antara lain meliputi <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">spesi oksigen reaktif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eikosanoid" title="Eikosanoid">eikosanoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monoksida" title="Nitrogen monoksida">nitrogen monoksida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekrosis_tumor-alfa" title="Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa">TNF-α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-10" title="Interleukin-10">IL-10</a>, sebagai respon dari <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan_turunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan turunan">sistem imun bawaan</a> dalam fase <a href="/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi">infeksi</a> primer. <a href="/wiki/Sel_pit" title="Sel pit">Sel pit</a> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Limfosit" title="Limfosit">limfosit</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granula (halaman belum tersedia)">granula</a> besar, seperti <a href="/wiki/Sel_NK" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel NK">sel NK</a> yang bermukim di hati. Sel pit dapat menginduksi kematian seketika pada <a href="/wiki/Sel_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel tumor">sel tumor</a> tanpa bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Kluster_diferensiasi" title="Kluster diferensiasi">ekspresi</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_histokompatibilitas_utama" title="Kompleks histokompatibilitas utama">kompleks histokompatibilitas utama</a>. Aktivitas sel pit dapat ditingkatkan dengan stimulasi <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon-γ</a>. Selain itu, pada hati masih terdapat beberapa sel, diantaranya yaitu: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sel_T" title="Sel T">sel T-γδ</a></li> <li>sel T-αβ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_NKT" title="Sel NKT">sel NKT</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sel_punca">Sel punca</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sel punca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sel punca">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Selain hepatosit dan sel non-parenkimal, pada hati masih terdapat jenis sel lain yaitu sel intra-hepatik yang sering disebut <a href="/wiki/Sel_oval" title="Sel oval">sel oval</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PM12490302-6">[6]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hepatosit_duktular" title="Hepatosit duktular">hepatosit duktular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Regenerasi hati setelah <a href="/wiki/Hepatektomi" title="Hepatektomi">hepatektomi</a> parsial, umumnya tidak melibatkan <a href="/wiki/Sel_progenitor" title="Sel progenitor">sel progenitor</a> intra-hepatik dan <a href="/wiki/Sel_punca" title="Sel punca">sel punca</a> ekstra-hepatik (hemopoietik), dan bergantung hanya kepada proliferasi hepatosit. Namun dalam kondisi saat proliferasi hepatosit terhambat atau tertunda, sel oval yang berada di area periportal akan mengalami proliferasi dan diferensiasi menjadi hepatosit dewasa.<a href="#cite_note-PM12490302-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Sel oval merupakan bentuk diferensiasi dari sel progenitor yang berada pada area portal dan periportal, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanal_Hering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanal Hering (halaman belum tersedia)">kanal Hering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> dan hanya ditemukan saat hati mengalami <a href="/wiki/Cedera" title="Cedera">cedera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Proliferasi yang terjadi pada sel oval akan membentuk saluran ekskresi yang menghubungkan area <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenkima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parenkima (halaman belum tersedia)">parenkima</a> tempat terjadinya kerusakan hati dengan <a href="/wiki/Saluran_empedu" title="Saluran empedu">saluran empedu</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epimorfin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epimorfin (halaman belum tersedia)">Epimorfin</a>, sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfogen (halaman belum tersedia)">morfogen</a> yang banyak ditemukan berperan pada banyak organ epitelial, tampaknya juga berperan pada pembentukan saluran empedu oleh sel punca hepatik.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Setelah itu sel oval akan terdiferensiasi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Hepatosit_duktular" title="Hepatosit duktular">hepatosit duktular</a>. Hepatosit duktular dianggap merupakan sel transisi yang terkait antara lain dengan:<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">metaplasia</a> duktular dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatosit_parenkimal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepatosit parenkimal (halaman belum tersedia)">hepatosit parenkimal</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Epitelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitelium">epitelium</a> biliari intra-hepatik</li> <li>konversi metaplasia dari epitelium duktular menjadi hepatosit parenkimal</li> <li>diferensiasi dari <a href="/wiki/Sel_punca" title="Sel punca">sel punca</a> dari silsilah hepatosit</li></ul> tergantung pada jenis gangguan yang menyerang hati. Pada model <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a> dengan 70% hepatektomi, dan induksi regenerasi hepatik dengan <a href="/wiki/Asetilaminofluorena-2" title="Asetilaminofluorena-2">asetilaminofluorena-2</a>, ditemukan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Sel_punca" title="Sel punca">sel punca</a> yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Sumsum_tulang_belakang" title="Sumsum tulang belakang">sumsum tulang belakang</a> dapat terdiferensiasi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Hepatosit" title="Hepatosit">hepatosit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> dengan mediasi <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_stimulasi_koloni_granulosit" title="Faktor stimulasi koloni granulosit">G-CSF</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kemokina" title="Kemokina">kemokina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mitogen" title="Mitogen">mitogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Regenerasi juga dapat dipicu dengan D-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktosamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktosamina (halaman belum tersedia)">galaktosamina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sel_imunologis">Sel imunologis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sel imunologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sel imunologis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Hati juga berperan dalam <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan">sistem kekebalan</a> dengan banyaknya sel imunologis pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_retikuendotelial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem retikuendotelial (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem retikuendotelial</a> yang berfungsi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapis">tapis</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> yang terbawa ke hati melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_portal_hati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem portal hati (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem portal hati</a>. Perpindahan fase <a href="/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi">infeksi</a> dari fase primer menjadi fase akut, ditandai oleh hati dengan menurunkan sekresi albumin dan menaikkan sekresi <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>. Fasa akut yang berkepanjangan akan berakibat pada <a href="/wiki/Simtoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Simtoma">simtoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipoalbuminemia" title="Hipoalbuminemia">hipoalbuminemia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hiperfibrinogenemia" title="Hiperfibrinogenemia">hiperfibrinogenemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Pada saat hati cedera, <a href="/wiki/Sel_darah_putih" title="Sel darah putih">sel darah putih</a> akan distimulasi untuk bermigrasi menuju hati dan bersama dengan sel Kupffer men<a href="/wiki/Sekresi" title="Sekresi">sekresi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitokina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitokina">sitokina</a> yang membuat modulasi perilaku sel Ito.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sel_T_pembantu" title="Sel T pembantu">Sel TH1</a> memproduksi sitokina yang meningkatkan respon kekebalan seluler seperti <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">IFN-gamma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_nekrosis_tumor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor nekrosis tumor (halaman belum tersedia)">TNF</a>, dan IL-2. <a href="/wiki/Sel_T_pembantu" title="Sel T pembantu">Sel TH2</a> sebaliknnya akan memproduksi sitokina yang meningkatkan respon kekebalan humoral seperti <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4" title="Interleukin-4">IL-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-5" title="Interleukin-5">IL-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6" title="Interleukin-6">IL-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-13" title="Interleukin-13">IL-13</a> dan meningkatkan respon <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis_hati" title="Fibrosis hati">fibrosis</a>. Sitokina yang disekresi oleh sel TH1 akan menghambat diferensiasi <a href="/wiki/Sel_T" title="Sel T">sel T</a> menjadi sel TH2, sebaliknya sitokina sekresi TH2 akan menghambat proliferasi sel TH1. Oleh sebab itu respon kekebalan sering dikatakan terpolarisasi ke respon kekebalan seluler atau humoral, namun belum pernah keduanya. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungsi_hati">Fungsi hati</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi hati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi hati">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Liver_SVG_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Liver_SVG_hariadhi.svg/350px-Liver_SVG_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Liver_SVG_hariadhi.svg/525px-Liver_SVG_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Liver_SVG_hariadhi.svg/700px-Liver_SVG_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Hati dilihat dari bagian atas</figcaption></figure> Berbagai jenis tugas yang dijalankan oleh hati, dilakukan oleh hepatosit. Hingga saat ini belum ditemukan organ lain atau organ buatan atau peralatan yang mampu menggantikan semua fungsi hati. Beberapa fungsi hati dapat digantikan dengan proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialisis_hati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialisis hati (halaman belum tersedia)">dialisis hati</a>, namun teknologi ini masih terus dikembangkan untuk perawatan penderita <a href="/wiki/Gagal_hati" title="Gagal hati">gagal hati</a>. Sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar" title="Kelenjar">kelenjar</a>, hati menghasilkan: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empedu" title="Empedu">empedu</a> yang mencapai ½ liter setiap hari. Empedu merupakan cairan kehijauan dan terasa <a href="/wiki/Pahit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahit">pahit</a>, berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" title="Sel darah merah">sel darah merah</a> yang telah tua, yang kemudian disimpan di dalam kantong empedu atau diekskresi ke <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>. Empedu mengandung <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garam" class="mw-redirect" title="Garam">garam</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>, garam empedu, pigmen <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin" title="Biliverdin">biliverdin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sekresi" title="Sekresi">Sekresi</a> empedu berguna untuk mencerna <a href="/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak">lemak</a>, mengaktifkan <a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">lipase</a>, membantu daya absorpsi lemak di usus, dan mengubah zat yang tidak larut dalam <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> menjadi zat yang larut dalam air. Apabila saluran <a href="/wiki/Empedu" title="Empedu">empedu</a> di hati tersumbat, empedu masuk ke peredaran darah sehingga kulit penderita menjadi kekuningan. Orang yang demikian dikatakan menderita penyakit kuning.</li> <li>sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faktor_koagulasi" title="Faktor koagulasi">faktor koagulasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protrombin" class="mw-redirect" title="Protrombin">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proakselerin" title="Proakselerin">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prokonvertin" title="Prokonvertin">VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protromboplastin_beta" title="Protromboplastin beta">IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protrombinase" title="Protrombinase">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faktor_PTA" title="Faktor PTA">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_C" title="Protein C">protein C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_S" title="Protein S">protein S</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Anti-trombin" title="Anti-trombin">anti-trombin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsidiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsidiol">kalsidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigliserida" title="Trigliserida">trigliserida</a> melalui lintasan <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterol</a></li> <li>insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), sebuah <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> polipeptida yang berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan tubuh dalam masa kanak-kanak dan tetap memiliki efek anabolik pada orang dewasa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arginase" title="Arginase">arginase</a> yang mengubah <a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">arginina</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Ornitina" title="Ornitina">ornitina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>. Ornitina yang terbentuk dapat mengikat NH³ dan CO² yang bersifat racun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombopoietin" title="Trombopoietin">trombopoietin</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a> yang mengendalikan produksi <a href="/wiki/Keping_darah" title="Keping darah">keping darah</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Sumsum_tulang_belakang" title="Sumsum tulang belakang">sumsum tulang belakang</a>.</li> <li>Pada triwulan awal pertumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Janin" title="Janin">janin</a>, hati merupakan organ utama sintesis <a href="/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" title="Sel darah merah">sel darah merah</a>, hingga mencapai sekitar sumsum tulang belakang mampu mengambil alih tugas ini.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>, komponen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmolar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmolar (halaman belum tersedia)">osmolar</a> utama pada <a href="/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah">plasma darah</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensinogen" title="Angiotensinogen">angiotensinogen</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> yang berperan untuk meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_darah" title="Tekanan darah">tekanan darah</a> ketika diaktivasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> yang disekresi oleh <a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a> saat ditengarai kurangnya tekanan darah oleh juxtaglomerular apparatus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspartat_transaminase" title="Aspartat transaminase">glutamat-oksaloasetat transferase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alanina_transaminase" title="Alanina transaminase">glutamat-piruvat transferase</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laktat_dehidrogenase" title="Laktat dehidrogenase">laktat dehidrogenase</a></li></ul> Selain melakukan proses <a href="/wiki/Glikolisis" title="Glikolisis">glikolisis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Siklus_asam_sitrat" title="Siklus asam sitrat">siklus asam sitrat</a> seperti sel pada umumnya, hati juga berperan dalam <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_karbohidrat" title="Metabolisme karbohidrat">metabolisme karbohidrat</a> yang lain: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glukoneogenesis" title="Glukoneogenesis">Glukoneogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintesis" title="Sintesis">sintesis</a> <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a> dari beberapa <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_laktat" title="Asam laktat">asam laktat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak">asam lemak non ester</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gliserol" title="Gliserol">gliserol</a>. Pada <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> dan beberapa jenis <a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">mamalia</a>, proses ini tidak dapat mengkonversi gliserol menjadi glukosa. Lintasan dipercepat oleh <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> seiring dengan <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Tri-iodotironina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-iodotironina">tri-iodotironina</a> melalui pertambahan laju <a href="/wiki/Siklus_Cori" title="Siklus Cori">siklus Cori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glikogenolisis" title="Glikogenolisis">Glikogenolisis</a>, lintasan <a href="/wiki/Katabolisme" title="Katabolisme">katabolisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Glikogen" title="Glikogen">glikogen</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a> untuk kemudian dilepaskan ke darah sebagai respon meningkatnya kebutuhan energi oleh tubuh. Hormon <a href="/wiki/Glukagon" title="Glukagon">glukagon</a> merupakan stimulator utama kedua lintasan glikogenolisis dan glukoneogenesis menghindarikan tubuh dari <a href="/wiki/Simtoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Simtoma">simtoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipoglisemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipoglisemia">hipoglisemia</a>. Pada model tikus, defisiensi glukagon akan menghambat kedua lintasan ini, namun meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toleransi_glukosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toleransi glukosa (halaman belum tersedia)">toleransi glukosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Lintasan ini, bersama dengan lintasan glukoneogenesis pada <a href="/wiki/Saluran_pencernaan" title="Saluran pencernaan">saluran pencernaan</a> dikendalikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar" title="Kelenjar">kelenjar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">hipotalamus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glikogenesis" title="Glikogenesis">Glikogenesis</a>, lintasan <a href="/wiki/Anabolisme" title="Anabolisme">anabolisme</a> glikogen dari glukosa.</li></ul> dan pada lintasan katabolisme: <ul><li>degradasi <a href="/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" title="Sel darah merah">sel darah merah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">Hemoglobin</a> yang terkandung di dalamnya dipecah menjadi <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">zat besi</a>, globin, dan <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>. Zat besi dan globin didaur ulang, sedangkan heme dirombak menjadi <a href="/wiki/Metabolit" title="Metabolit">metabolit</a> untuk diekskresi bersama <a href="/wiki/Empedu" title="Empedu">empedu</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin" title="Biliverdin">biliverdin</a> yang berwarna <a href="/wiki/Hijau" title="Hijau">hijau</a> kebiruan. Di dalam <a href="/wiki/Usus" title="Usus">usus</a>, zat empedu ini mengalami <a href="/wiki/Oksidasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidasi">oksidasi</a> menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urobilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urobilin (halaman belum tersedia)">urobilin</a> sehingga warna <a href="/wiki/Feses" class="mw-redirect" title="Feses">feses</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Urin">urin</a> kekuningan.</li> <li>degradasi <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> dan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> lain.</li> <li>degradasi <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a></li> <li>degradasi zat toksin dengan lintasan <a href="/wiki/Detoksifikasi" title="Detoksifikasi">detoksifikasi</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Metilasi" title="Metilasi">metilasi</a>.</li></ul> Hati juga mencadangkan beberapa substansi, selain glikogen: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> (cadangan 1–2 tahun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> (cadangan 1–4 bulan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> (cadangan 1-3 tahun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">zat besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">zat tembaga</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regenerasi_sel_hati">Regenerasi sel hati</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Regenerasi sel hati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Regenerasi sel hati">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kemampuan hati untuk melakukan regenerasi merupakan suatu proses yang sangat penting agar hati dapat pulih dari kerusakan yang ditimbulkan dari proses <a href="/wiki/Detoksifikasi" title="Detoksifikasi">detoksifikasi</a> dan imunologis. Regenerasi tercapai dengan interaksi yang sangat kompleks antara <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> yang terdapat dalam hati, antara lain <a href="/wiki/Hepatosit" title="Hepatosit">hepatosit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sel_Kupffer" title="Sel Kupffer">sel Kupffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sel_endotelial#Hati" title="Sel endotelial">sel endotelial sinusoidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sel_Ito" title="Sel Ito">sel Ito</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sel_punca" title="Sel punca">sel punca</a>; dengan <a href="/wiki/Organ" class="mw-disambig" title="Organ">organ</a> ekstra-hepatik, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_tiroid" title="Kelenjar tiroid">kelenjar tiroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_adrenal" title="Kelenjar adrenal">kelenjar adrenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas">pankreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">hipotalamus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Hepatosit, adalah sel yang sangat unik. Potensi hepatosit untuk melakukan <a href="/wiki/Proliferasi" title="Proliferasi">proliferasi</a>, muncul pada saat-saat terjadi kehilangan <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> sel,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> yang disebut fase prima atau fase kompetensi replikatif<a href="#cite_note-PM8529831-24">[24]</a> yang umumnya dipicu oleh sel Kupffer melalui sekresi <a href="/wiki/Sitokina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitokina">sitokina</a> <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6" title="Interleukin-6">IL-6</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekrosis_tumor-alfa" title="Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa">TNF-α</a>. Pada fase ini, hepatosit memasuki <a href="/wiki/Siklus_sel" title="Siklus sel">siklus sel</a> dari fase G0 ke fase G1. TNF-α dapat memberikan efek proliferatif atau apoptotik, bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">spesi oksigen reaktif</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Glutathion" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutathion">glutathion</a>, minimal 4 <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> diaktivasi sebelum hepatosit masuk ke dalam fase proliferasi, yaitu <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>, <a href="/wiki/STAT-3" title="STAT-3">STAT-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/AP-1" title="AP-1">AP-1</a> dan <a href="/wiki/C/EBP-beta" title="C/EBP-beta">C/EBP-beta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM10728791-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proliferasi" title="Proliferasi">Proliferasi</a> hepatosit diinduksi oleh stimulasi sitokina <a href="/wiki/Faktor_pertumbuhan_hepatosit" title="Faktor pertumbuhan hepatosit">HGF</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormon_TGF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hormon TGF (halaman belum tersedia)">TGF-α</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormon_EGF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hormon EGF (halaman belum tersedia)">EGF</a><a href="#cite_note-PM10728791-25">[25]</a> dengan dua lintasan. HGF, TGF-α, dan EGF merupakan faktor pertumbuhan yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Serina" title="Serina">serina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> yang menginduksi <a href="/wiki/Sintesis" title="Sintesis">sintesis</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM8529831-24">[24]</a> Lintasan pertama adalah lintasan IL-6/STAT-3 yang berperan dalam <a href="/wiki/Siklus_sel" title="Siklus sel">siklus sel</a> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklin_D1/p21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklin D1/p21 (halaman belum tersedia)">siklin D1/p21</a> dan perlindungan sel dengan peningkatan rasio <a href="/wiki/Protein_FLICE-i" title="Protein FLICE-i">FLIP</a>, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Ref1, dan MnSOD. Lintasan kedua adalah lintasan <a href="/wiki/Kinase_fosfatidil_inositol-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase fosfatidil inositol-3">PI3-K</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=PDK-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PDK-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">PDK-1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kinase_PB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase PB">Akt</a> yang mengendalikan ukuran sel melalui <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> <a href="/wiki/MTOR" title="MTOR">mTOR</a>, selain sebagai zat anti-<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Antioksidan" title="Antioksidan">antioksidan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">Hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Tri-iodotironina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-iodotironina">tri-iodotironina</a>, selain menurunkan kadar <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterol</a> pada hati,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> juga memiliki kapasitas dalam proliferasi hepatosit sebagai mitogen yang berperan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklin_D1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklin D1 (halaman belum tersedia)">siklin D1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> mempercepat <a href="/wiki/Konsumsi" title="Konsumsi">konsumsi</a> <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O2</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> dengan mengaktivasi <a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_(genetik)" title="Transkripsi (genetik)">transkripsi</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pernafasen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pernafasen (halaman belum tersedia)">pernafasen</a> hingga meningkatkan produksi <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">spesi oksigen reaktif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekresi" title="Sekresi">Sekresi</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">ROS</a> ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a> hepatosit akan mengaktivasi <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Pada <a href="/wiki/Sel_Kupffer" title="Sel Kupffer">sel Kupffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">ROS</a> dalam sitoplasma, akan mengaktivasi sekresi <a href="/wiki/Sitokina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitokina">sitokina</a> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekrosis_tumor-alfa" title="Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa">TNF-α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6" title="Interleukin-6">IL-6</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-1" title="Interleukin-1">IL-1</a> untuk disekresi. Ikatan yang terjadi antara ketiga sitokina ini dengan hepatosit akan menginduksi ekspresi pencerap enzim <a href="/wiki/Antioksidan" title="Antioksidan">antioksidan</a>, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangan_superoksida_dismutase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangan superoksida dismutase (halaman belum tersedia)">mangan superoksida dismutase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=I-nitrogen_monoksida_sintase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-nitrogen monoksida sintase (halaman belum tersedia)">i-nitrogen monoksida sintase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_anti-apoptosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protein anti-apoptosis (halaman belum tersedia)">protein anti-apoptosis</a> Bcl-2, <a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin" title="Haptoglobin">haptoglobin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen-β</a> yang diperlukan hepatosit dalam proliferasi.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stres_oksidatif" title="Stres oksidatif">Stres oksidatif</a> yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh ROS maupun kerusakan yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh berbagai sitokina, dapat dilenyapkan dengan asupan <a href="/wiki/Tosoferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosoferol">tosoferol</a> (100 mg/kg) atau senyawa penghambat <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_klorida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium klorida">gadolinium klorida</a> (10 mg/kg) seperti yang dimiliki oleh sel Kupffer, sebelum stimulasi hormon tri-iodotironina,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> sedangkan laju proliferasi hepatosit dikendalikan oleh kadar <a href="/wiki/Etanolamina" title="Etanolamina">etanolamina</a> sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_hepatotrofik_humoral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor hepatotrofik humoral (halaman belum tersedia)">faktor hepatotrofik humoral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Kemampuan hati untuk melakukan regenerasi telah diketahui semenjak zaman <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> kuno dari cerita <a href="/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos">mitos</a> tentang seorang <a href="/wiki/Titan" class="mw-disambig" title="Titan">titan</a> yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(mitologi)" title="Prometheus (mitologi)">Prometheus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Kemampuan ini dapat sirna, hingga hepatosit tidak dapat masuk ke dalam siklus sel, walaupun kehilangan sebagian massanya, apabila terjadi <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis_hati" title="Fibrosis hati">fibrosis hati</a>. Lintasan fibrosis yang tidak segera mendapat perawatan, lambat laun akan berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Sirosis_hati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirosis hati">sirosis hati</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> dan mengharuskan penderitanya untuk menjalani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transplantasi_hati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transplantasi hati (halaman belum tersedia)">transplantasi hati</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Hepatektomi" title="Hepatektomi">hepatektomi</a> demi kelangsungan hidupnya. Regenerasi hati setelah hepatektomi parsial merupakan proses yang sangat rumit di bawah pengaruh perubahan <a href="/wiki/Hemodinamika" title="Hemodinamika">hemodinamika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modulasi" title="Modulasi">modulasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitokina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitokina">sitokina</a>, hormon faktor pertumbuhan dan aktivasi <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a>, yang mengarah pada proses <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>. Hormon <a href="/wiki/Laktogen" title="Laktogen">PRL</a> yang di<a href="/wiki/Sekresi" title="Sekresi">sekresi</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar" title="Kelenjar">kelenjar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipofisis" title="Hipofisis">hipofisis</a> menginduksi respon hepatotrofik sebagai <a href="/wiki/Mitogen" title="Mitogen">mitogen</a> yang berperan dalam proses <a href="/wiki/Proliferasi" title="Proliferasi">proliferasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Diferensiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Diferensiasi">diferensiasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> PRL memberi pengaruh kepada peningkatan aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> yang berperan dalam proliferasi sel, seperti <a href="/wiki/AP-1" title="AP-1">AP-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Jun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Jun (halaman belum tersedia)">c-Jun</a> dan <a href="/wiki/STAT-3" title="STAT-3">STAT-3</a>; dan diferensiasi dan terpeliharanya metabolisme, seperti <a href="/wiki/C/EBP-alfa" title="C/EBP-alfa">C/EBP-alfa</a>, HNF-1, HNF-4 dan HNF-3. c-Jun merupakan salah satu protein penyusun <a href="/wiki/AP-1" title="AP-1">AP-1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Induksi <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Fase" class="mw-disambig" title="Fase">fase</a> ini diperlukan untuk mencegah <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> dan memicu derap <a href="/wiki/Siklus_sel" title="Siklus sel">siklus sel</a> yang wajar.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Pada masa ini, peran <a href="/wiki/Retinil_asetat" title="Retinil asetat">retinil asetat</a> menjadi sangat vital, karena fungsinya yang menambah <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> dan protein yang dikandungnya.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyakit_pada_hati">Penyakit pada hati</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Penyakit pada hati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyakit pada hati">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Hati merupakan organ yang menopang kelangsungan hidup hampir seluruh organ lain di dalam tubuh. Oleh karena lokasi yang sangat strategis dan fungsi multi-dimensional, hati menjadi sangat rentan terhadap datangnya berbagai <a href="/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a>. Hati akan merespons berbagai penyakit tersebut dengan meradang, yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> Sering kali hepatitis dimulai dengan reaksi <a href="/wiki/Radang" title="Radang">radang</a> patobiokimiawi yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis_hati" title="Fibrosis hati">fibrosis hati</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Simtoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Simtoma">simtoma</a> paraklinis berupa peningkatan rasio <a href="/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah">plasma</a> <a href="/wiki/Laminin" title="Laminin">laminin</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a> yang disekresi <a href="/wiki/Sel_Ito" title="Sel Ito">sel Ito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_hialuronat" title="Asam hialuronat">asam hialuronat</a> dan sejenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminopeptida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminopeptida (halaman belum tersedia)">aminopeptida</a> yaitu <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">prokolagen</a> tipe III,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Antigen_karsinoembrionik" title="Antigen karsinoembrionik">CEA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Fibrosis hati dapat disebabkan oleh rendahnya rasio plasma <a href="/wiki/Faktor_pertumbuhan_hepatosit" title="Faktor pertumbuhan hepatosit">HGF</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> atau karena infeksi viral, seperti <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>, patogen yang disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi">infeksi</a> akut sejenis <a href="/wiki/Virus_DNA" title="Virus DNA">virus DNA</a> yang memiliki <a href="/wiki/Fokus_infeksi" title="Fokus infeksi">fokus infeksi</a> berupa templat <a href="/wiki/Transkripsi" class="mw-disambig" title="Transkripsi">transkripsi</a> yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=CccDNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CccDNA (halaman belum tersedia)">cccDNA</a> yang ter<a href="/wiki/Metilasi" title="Metilasi">metilasi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a>, patogen serupa hepatitis B yang disebabkan oleh infeksi <a href="/wiki/Virus_RNA" title="Virus RNA">virus RNA</a> dengan fokus infeksi berupa <a href="/wiki/Metilasi_DNA" title="Metilasi DNA">metilasi DNA</a>, terutama melalui mekanisme <a href="/wiki/Ekspresi_gen" title="Ekspresi gen">ekspresi genetik</a> <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">berkas</a> <a href="/wiki/GADD45B" title="GADD45B">GADD45B</a>, sehingga mengakibatkan <a href="/wiki/Siklus_sel" title="Siklus sel">siklus sel</a> hepatosit menjadi tersendat-sendat.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Fibrosis hati memerlukan penangan sedini mungkin, seperti pada model <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a>, stimulasi proliferasi hepatosit akan meluruhkan fokus infeksi virus hepatitis B,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> sebelum berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Sirosis_hati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirosis hati">sirosis hati</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kanker_hati" title="Kanker hati">karsinoma hepatoselular</a>. Setelah terjadi kanker hati, <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">senyawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Siklosporina" class="mw-redirect" title="Siklosporina">siklosporina</a> yang memiliki potensi untuk memicu proliferasi hepatosit, justru akan mempercepat perkembangan <a href="/wiki/Sel_kanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel kanker">sel kanker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> oleh karena sel kanker mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperplasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperplasia (halaman belum tersedia)">hiperplasia</a> hepatik, yaitu proliferasi yang tidak disertai aktivasi <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> genetik. Hal ini dapat diinduksi dengan stimulasi <a href="/wiki/Timbal_nitrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal nitrat">timbal nitrat</a> (LN, 100 mikromol/kg), <a href="/wiki/Siproteron_asetat" title="Siproteron asetat">siproteron asetat</a> (CPA, 60 mg/kg), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafenopin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafenopin (halaman belum tersedia)">nafenopin</a> (NAF, 200 mg/kg).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Hepatitis juga dapat dimulai dengan defisiensi <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Hepatosit" title="Hepatosit">hepatosit</a>, yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steatohepatitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steatohepatitis (halaman belum tersedia)">steatohepatitis</a>. Disfungsi mitokondria akan berdampak pada <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> senyawa <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipid</a> dan peningkatan rasio <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">spesi oksigen reaktif</a> yang menginduksi <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekrosis_tumor-alfa" title="Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa">TNF-α</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM15489566-51">[51]</a> Hal ini akan berlanjut pada pengendapan <a href="/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak">lemak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stres_oksidatif" title="Stres oksidatif">stres oksidatif</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroksidasi_lipid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroksidasi lipid (halaman belum tersedia)">peroksidasi lipid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PM18061659-52">[52]</a> serta membuat mitokondria menjadi rentan terhadap kematian oleh <a href="/wiki/Nekrosis" title="Nekrosis">nekrosis</a> akibat rendahnya rasio <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">ATP</a> dalam matrik mitokondria, atau oleh <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> melalui pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apoptosom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apoptosom (halaman belum tersedia)">apoptosom</a> dan peningkatan <a href="/wiki/Permeabilitas" title="Permeabilitas">permeabilitas</a> membran mitokondria dengan mekanisme Fas/<a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekrosis_tumor-alfa" title="Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa">TNF-α</a>. Permintaan <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> yang tinggi pada kondisi ini menyebabkan mitokondria tidak dapat memulihkan cadangan <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">ATP</a> hingga dapat memicu <a href="/wiki/Sirosis_hati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirosis hati">sirosis hati</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PM18061659-52">[52]</a> sedangkan peroksidasi lipid akan menyebabkan kerusakan pada <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> mitokondria dan membran mitokondria sisi dalam yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardiolipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sardiolipin (halaman belum tersedia)">sardiolipin</a>, dengan peningkatan laju oksidasi-beta <a href="/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak">asam lemak</a>, akan terjadi akumulasi <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> pada respiratory chain kompleks I dan III yang menurunkan kadar <a href="/wiki/Antioksidan" title="Antioksidan">antioksidan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM15489566-51">[51]</a> Sel hepatosit apoptotik akan dicerna oleh <a href="/wiki/Sel_Ito" title="Sel Ito">sel Ito</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a> dengan reaksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrogenesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrogenesis (halaman belum tersedia)">fibrogenesis</a> setelah diaktivasi oleh produk dari peroksidasi lipid dan rasio <a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">leptin</a> yang tinggi. Apoptosis kronis kemudian dikompensasi dengan peningkatan laju proliferasi hepatosit, disertai <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> yang rusak oleh disfungsi mitokondria, dan menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">mutasi</a> genetik dan kanker. Pada model <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> merupakan senyawa yang menurunkan <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis_hati" title="Fibrosis hati">fibrosis hati</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> sedang pada model <a href="/wiki/Kelinci" title="Kelinci">kelinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurkumin" title="Kurkumin">kurkumin</a> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">senyawa organik</a> yang menurunkan paraklinis steatohepatitis,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> sedang <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> dan kurangnya asupan <a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">metionina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kolina" title="Kolina">kolina</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> memberikan efek sebaliknya dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistansi_adiponektin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistansi adiponektin (halaman belum tersedia)">resistansi adiponektin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Disfungsi mitokondria juga ditemukan pada seluruh <a href="/wiki/Patogenesis" title="Patogenesis">patogenesis</a> hati, dari kasus radang hingga kanker dan transplantasi.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Pada <a href="/wiki/Kolestasis" title="Kolestasis">kolestasis</a> kronik, <a href="/wiki/Asam_ursodeoksikolat" title="Asam ursodeoksikolat">asam ursodeoksikolat</a> bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Glutathion" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutathion">GSH</a> bersinergis sebagai <a href="/wiki/Antioksidan" title="Antioksidan">antioksidan</a> yang melindungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardiolipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sardiolipin (halaman belum tersedia)">sardiolipin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfatidil_serina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfatidil serina (halaman belum tersedia)">fosfatidil serina</a> hingga mencegah terjadinya sirosis hati.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_alkohol">Pengaruh alkohol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pengaruh alkohol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengaruh alkohol">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Alkohol dikenal memiliki fungsi immunosupresif terhadap <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan_tubuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan tubuh">sistem kekebalan tubuh</a>, termasuk meredam ekspresi <a href="/wiki/Kluster_diferensiasi" title="Kluster diferensiasi">kluster diferensiasi</a> <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a>+ dan <a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a>+ yang diperlukan dalam pertahanan hati terhadap infeksi viral, terutama HCV.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Alkohol juga meredam rasio <a href="/wiki/Kemokina" title="Kemokina">kemokina</a> <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">IFN</a> pada lintasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transduksi_sinyal_seluler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transduksi sinyal seluler (halaman belum tersedia)">transduksi sinyal seluler</a>, selain meningkatkan risiko terjadinya fibrosis.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Banyak <a href="/wiki/Lintasan_metabolisme" title="Lintasan metabolisme">lintasan metabolisme</a> memberikan kontribusi terhadap alkohol untuk menginduksi <a href="/wiki/Stres_oksidatif" title="Stres oksidatif">stres oksidatif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Salah satu lintasan metabolisme yang sering diaktivasi oleh etanol adalah induksi enzim <a href="/wiki/Sitokrom_P450_2E1" title="Sitokrom P450 2E1">sitokrom P450 2E1</a>. Enzim ini menimbulkan <a href="/wiki/Spesi_oksigen_reaktif" title="Spesi oksigen reaktif">spesi oksigen reaktif</a> seperti radikal anion superoksida dan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">hidrogen peroksida</a>, serta mengaktivasi subtrat toksik termasuk etanol menjadi produk yang lebih reaktif dan toksik. <a href="/wiki/Sel_dendritik" title="Sel dendritik">Sel dendritik</a> tampaknya merupakan sel yang paling terpengaruh oleh kandungan <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> di dalam alkohol. Pada percobaan menggunakan model <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a>, etanol meningkatkan rasio <a href="/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah">plasma</a> <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-1" title="Interleukin-1">IL-1β</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6" title="Interleukin-6">IL-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-8" title="Interleukin-8">IL-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekrosis_tumor-alfa" title="Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa">TNF-α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspartat_transaminase" title="Aspartat transaminase">AST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alanina_transaminase" title="Alanina transaminase">ALT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etanol_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etanol dehidrogenase (halaman belum tersedia)">ADH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_glutamil_transpeptidase" title="Gamma glutamil transpeptidase">γ-GT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigliserida" title="Trigliserida">TG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malondialdehid" title="Malondialdehid">MDA</a> dan meredam rasio <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-10" title="Interleukin-10">IL-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutathion" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutathion">GSH</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> dan <a href="/wiki/AP-1" title="AP-1">AP-1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_alkaloid">Pengaruh alkaloid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Pengaruh alkaloid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengaruh alkaloid">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi">Kopi</a>, salah satu kompleks <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">senyawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> dari golongan <a href="/wiki/Purina" title="Purina">purina</a> <a href="/wiki/Xantina" class="mw-redirect" title="Xantina">xantina</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorogenat" title="Asam klorogenat">asam klorogenat</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lignan (halaman belum tersedia)">lignan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PM16399494-65">[65]</a> pada studi epidemiologis, disimpulkan sebagai salah satu faktor penurun risiko terjadinya <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> tipe 2,<a href="#cite_note-PM17023692-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Parkinson" title="Penyakit Parkinson">penyakit Parkinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirosis_hati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirosis hati">sirosis hati</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karsinoma_hepatoselular" class="mw-redirect" title="Karsinoma hepatoselular">karsinoma hepatoselular</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PM16507475-68">[68]</a> dan perbaikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toleransi_glukosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toleransi glukosa (halaman belum tersedia)">toleransi glukosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM16399494-65">[65]</a> Konsumsi kopi secara kronis terbukti tidak menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_darah_tinggi" title="Tekanan darah tinggi">tekanan darah tinggi</a> namun secara akut mengakibatkan peningkatan <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_darah" title="Tekanan darah">tekanan darah</a> sementara dalam selang waktu singkat,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah">plasma</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosisteina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homosisteina (halaman belum tersedia)">homosisteina</a><a href="#cite_note-PM16507475-68">[68]</a> sehingga dapat menjadi ancaman bagi penderita gangguan kardiovaskular.<a href="#cite_note-PM17023692-66">[66]</a> Konsumsi kopi secara teratur dapat menurunkan rasio enzim <a href="/wiki/Alanina_transaminase" title="Alanina transaminase">ALT</a> serta aktivitas enzimatik pada lintasan metabolisme hati,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> yang sering disebabkan oleh<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> infeksi viral, induksi obat-obatan, <a href="/wiki/Keracunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keracunan">keracunan</a>, kondisi iskemik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steatosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steatosis (halaman belum tersedia)">steatosis</a> (akibat alkohol, diabetes, obesitas), penyakit otoimun,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sindrom_resistansi_insulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindrom resistansi insulin">resistansi insulin</a>, sindrom metabolisme,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> dan kelebihan zat besi.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Selain ALT, kopi juga menurunkan enzim hati yang lain, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Gamma_glutamil_transpeptidase" title="Gamma glutamil transpeptidase">gamma-GT</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkalina_fosfatase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkalina fosfatase (halaman belum tersedia)">alkalina fosfatase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> dan memberikan efek antioksidan dan detoksifikasi fase II oleh karena senyawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diterpena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diterpena (halaman belum tersedia)">diterpena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafestol" title="Kafestol">kafestol</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahweol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahweol (halaman belum tersedia)">kahweol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> sehingga mencegah terjadinya proses <a href="/wiki/Karsinogenesis" title="Karsinogenesis">karsinogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Proses tersebut disertai dengan gamma-GT sebagai indikator utama.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_kegemukan,_trigeliserida_tinggi_dan_diabetes">Pengaruh kegemukan, trigeliserida tinggi dan diabetes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pengaruh kegemukan, trigeliserida tinggi dan diabetes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengaruh kegemukan, trigeliserida tinggi dan diabetes">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kegemukan" title="Kegemukan">Kegemukan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigliserida" title="Trigliserida">trigliserida</a> tinggi (<a href="/wiki/Hipertrigliseridemia" title="Hipertrigliseridemia">hipertrigliseridemia</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" class="mw-disambig" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> dapat menyebabkan pelemakan hati dan kalau dibiarkan akan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Sirosis_hati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirosis hati">sirosis hati</a>. 10-15 orang dari 100 orang dengan pelemakan hati dapat menderita sirosis, sedangkan 30 orang dari 100 orang dengan peradangan hati kronis akibat virus (biasanya Hepatitis B) dapat menderita sirosis. Pelemakan hati dapat diperiksa di laboratorium klinik menggunakan tes bio kimia atau secara visual menggunakan USG.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transplantasi_hati">Transplantasi hati</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Transplantasi hati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transplantasi hati">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Teknologi transplantasi hati merupakan hasil yang dikembangkan dari penelitian pada beberapa bidang studi kedokteran. Pada tahun 1953, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Billingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billingham (halaman belum tersedia)">Billingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brent" class="mw-disambig" title="Brent">Brent</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medawar (halaman belum tersedia)">Medawar</a> menemukan bahwa toleransi kimerisme<a href="#cite_note-PM10833242-81">[81]</a> dapat diinduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Infus" title="Infus">infus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_hematolimfopoietik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel hematolimfopoietik (halaman belum tersedia)">sel hematolimfopoietik</a> donor pada model <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM11200418-82">[82]</a> Pada tahun 1958 studi canine mengembangkan suatu teori mengenai <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> hepatotrofik pada portal <a href="/wiki/Pembuluh_balik" title="Pembuluh balik">pembuluh balik</a> pada hati dan menemukan <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> sebagai faktor hepatotrofik utama dari beberapa faktor lain yang ada.<a href="#cite_note-PM20235333-83">[83]</a> Pada saat yang hampir bersamaan teori mengenai transplantasi multiviseral dan hati juga berkembang dari studi <a href="/wiki/Imunosupresi" title="Imunosupresi">imunosupresi</a> yang mempelajari algoritme empiris dari pengenalan pola dan respon terapis. Pada awal 1960, dibuktikan bahwa canine dan allograft manusia memiliki toleransi kimersime yang dapat terinduksi otomatis dengan bantuan imunosupresi, hingga pada akhir 1962 disimpulkan dengan keliru, bahwa transplantasi melibatkan dua <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan">sistem kekebalan</a> yang berbeda. Konsekuensi kesimpulan tersebut menjadi <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolerogenisitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolerogenisitas (halaman belum tersedia)">tolerogenisitas</a> hati, pada dasarnya, berbeda, tidak hanya dengan sumsum tulang belakang, tetapi dengan seluruh organ tubuh yang lain.<a href="#cite_note-PM11200418-82">[82]</a> Kekeliruan ini tidak terkoreksi dengan baik hingga tahun 1990.<a href="#cite_note-PM10833242-81">[81]</a> Transplantasi hati yang pertama dilakukan di <a href="/wiki/Denver" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver">Denver</a> pada tahun 1963,<a href="#cite_note-PM12390423-84">[84]</a> keberhasilan pertama tercatat pada tahun 1967 dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azatioprina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azatioprina (halaman belum tersedia)">azatioprina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prednison" title="Prednison">prednison</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulin</a> anti-limfoid, oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Starzl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas E. Starzl (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas E. Starzl</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, disusul oleh keberhasilan transplantasi sumsum tulang belakang manusia pada tahun 1968.<a href="#cite_note-PM10833242-81">[81]</a> Rentang waktu antara 1967 hingga 1979 mencatat 84 kali transplantasi hati pada anak dengan 30% daya tahan hidup hingga 2 tahun.<a href="#cite_note-PM12390423-84">[84]</a> Perkembangan studi imunosupresi kemudian memberikan perbaikan dan harapan hidup lebih panjang bagi pasien, antara lain dengan pergantian azatioprina dengan <a href="/wiki/Siklosporina" class="mw-redirect" title="Siklosporina">siklosporina</a> pada tahun 1979, lalu tergantikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Takrolimus" title="Takrolimus">takrolimus</a> pada tahun 1989.<a href="#cite_note-PM20235333-83">[83]</a> Pada tahun 1992, dikembangkan teori <a href="/wiki/Kimerisme#Mikrokimerisme" title="Kimerisme">mikrokimerisme leukosit donor</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> dengan cakupan donor dari silsilah berlainan, yang memberikan harapan hidup yang sangat panjang bagi penerima donor organ, setelah diketahui hubungan antara aspek imunologis dari transplantasi, <a href="/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi">infeksi</a>, toleransi oleh <a href="/wiki/Sumsum_tulang_belakang" title="Sumsum tulang belakang">sumsum tulang belakang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplasma" title="Neoplasma">neoplasma</a> dan kelainan otoimun, yang disebut sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanisme_seminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanisme seminal (halaman belum tersedia)">mekanisme seminal</a>. Respon kekebalan dan toleransi kekebalan antara organ donor dan tubuh ditemukan merupakan fungsi dari migrasi dan lokalisasi <a href="/wiki/Leukosit" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukosit">leukosit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM11200418-82">[82]</a> Salah satu temuan adalah aktivasi <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan_turunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan turunan">sistem kekebalan turunan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Sel_NK" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel NK">sel NK</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon-γ</a> segera setelah transplantasi selesai dilakukan.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Pada model <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a>, sel hepatosit donor ditemukan bersifat sangat <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigenik</a> sehingga memicu respon penolakan, yang dapat dilakukan secara mandiri atau bersama-sama antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_T_CD4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel T CD4 (halaman belum tersedia)">sel T CD4</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sel_T_CD8" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel T CD8">sel T CD8</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Untuk itu diperlukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_imunosupresif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi imunosupresif (halaman belum tersedia)">terapi imunosupresif</a> yang intensif sebelum transplantasi dilakukan, yang disebut preparative regimen atau conditioning untuk mencegah penolakan organ donor oleh <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan">sistem kekebalan</a> inang.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Terapi imunosupresif tersebut ditujukan untuk menekan <a href="/wiki/Sel_T" title="Sel T">sel T</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sel_NK" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel NK">sel NK</a> inang guna memberikan ruang di dalam <a href="/wiki/Sumsum_tulang_belakang" title="Sumsum tulang belakang">sumsum tulang belakang</a> untuk transplantasi sel punca hematopoietik dari organ donor melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_mielosupresif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi mielosupresif (halaman belum tersedia)">terapi mielosupresif</a>, untuk keseimbangan repopulasi sel donor dengan sel hasil diferensiasi dari sel punca inang. Dewasa ini, transplantasi hati dilakukan hanya pada saat hati telah memasuki jenjang akhir suatu penyakit, atau telah terjadi disfungsi akut yang disebut fulminant hepatic failure. Kasus transplantasi hati pada manusia umumnya disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sirosis_hati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirosis hati">sirosis hati</a> akibat dari <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> kronis, ketergantungan alkohol, hepatitis otoimun dll. Teknik umum yang digunakan adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transplantasi_ortotopik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transplantasi ortotopik (halaman belum tersedia)">transplantasi ortotopik</a>, yaitu penempatan organ donor pada posisi anatomik yang sama dengan posisi awal organ sebelumnya. Transplantasi hati berpotensi dapat diterapkan, hanya jika penerima organ donor tidak memiliki kondisi lain yang memberatkan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastatis (halaman belum tersedia)">metastatis</a> di luar organ hati, ketergantungan pada obat-obatan atau alkohol. Beberapa ahli berpedoman pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriteria_Milan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriteria Milan (halaman belum tersedia)">kriteria Milan</a> untuk seleksi pasien transplantasi hati. Organ donor, disebut allograft, biasanya berasal dari manusia lain yang baru saja meninggal dunia akibat cedera otak traumatik (kadaverik). Teknik transplantasi lain menggunakan organ manusia yang masih hidup, operasi <a href="/wiki/Hepatektomi" title="Hepatektomi">hepatektomi</a> mengangkat 20% hati pada segmen Coinaud 2 dan 3 dari orang dewasa untuk didonorkan kepada seorang anak, pada tahun 1989. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_College_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical College of Georgia (halaman belum tersedia)">Physiology at MCG</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">6/6ch2/s6ch2_30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110554/http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/liver/anatomy-and-physiology/?region=on">https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110554/http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/liver/anatomy-and-physiology/?region=on</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729749">"Cooperation of liver cells in health and disease"</a>. Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Histology and Immunology; Kmieć Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413024935/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729749">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-04-13. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+University+of+Gdansk%2C+Department+of+Histology+and+Immunology%3B+Kmie%C4%87+Z.&rft.atitle=Cooperation+of+liver+cells+in+health+and+disease.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F11729749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/765644">"An experimental analysis of liver development"</a>. Douarin NM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302053253/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/765644">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Douarin+NM&rft.atitle=An+experimental+analysis+of+liver+development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F765644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764997">"Hepatocyte differentiation initiates during endodermal-mesenchymal interactions prior to liver formation"</a>. Section of Biochemistry, Brown University; Cascio S, Zaret KS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308044418/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764997">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Section+of+Biochemistry%2C+Brown+University%3B+Cascio+S%2C+Zaret+KS&rft.atitle=Hepatocyte+differentiation+initiates+during+endodermal-mesenchymal+interactions+prior+to+liver+formation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F1764997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM12490302-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM12490302_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM12490302_6-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12490302">"The role of hepatocytes and oval cells in liver regeneration and repopulation"</a>. Department of Pathology, University of Washington; Fausto N, Campbell JS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308041917/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12490302">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+University+of+Washington%3B+Fausto+N%2C+Campbell+JS.&rft.atitle=The+role+of+hepatocytes+and+oval+cells+in+liver+regeneration+and+repopulation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12490302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599440">"Ductular hepatocytes"</a>. Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University; Sirica AE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308045045/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599440">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+College+of+Virginia%2C+Virginia+Commonwealth+University%3B+Sirica+AE.&rft.atitle=Ductular+hepatocytes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F7599440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187050">"Stem cells, cell transplantation and liver repopulation"</a>. Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University; Oertel M, Shafritz DA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813093256/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187050">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-08-13. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marion+Bessin+Liver+Research+Center%2C+Division+of+Hepatology%2C+Department+of+Medicine%2C+Albert+Einstein+College+of+Medicine+of+Yeshiva+University%3B+Oertel+M%2C+Shafritz+DA.&rft.atitle=Stem+cells%2C+cell+transplantation+and+liver+repopulation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18187050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v40/n4/abs/ng.107.html">"Hepatic progenitor cells, stem cells, and AFP expression in models of liver injury"</a>. Division of Radiooncology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Kuhlmann WD, Peschke P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805073058/http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v40/n4/abs/ng.107.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Division+of+Radiooncology%2C+Deutsches+Krebsforschungszentrum%3B+Kuhlmann+WD%2C+Peschke+P.&rft.atitle=Hepatic+progenitor+cells%2C+stem+cells%2C+and+AFP+expression+in+models+of+liver+injury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fng%2Fjournal%2Fv40%2Fn4%2Fabs%2Fng.107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965562">"Hepatic stem cells: a review"</a>. Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Cape Town; Vessey CJ, de la Hall PM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309110556/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965562">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Anatomical+Pathology%2C+University+of+Cape+Town%3B+Vessey+CJ%2C+de+la+Hall+PM.&rft.atitle=Hepatic+stem+cells%3A+a+review.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16965562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305811">"Epimorphin regulates bile duct formation via effects on mitosis orientation in rat liver epithelial stem-like cells"</a>. Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine; Zhou J, Zhao L, Qin L, Wang J, Jia Y, Yao H, Sang C, Hu Q, Shi S, Nan X, Yue W, Zhuang F, Yang C, Wang Y, Pei X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316010013/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305811">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-16. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stem+Cell+and+Regenerative+Medicine+Lab%2C+Beijing+Institute+of+Transfusion+Medicine%3B+Zhou+J%2C+Zhao+L%2C+Qin+L%2C+Wang+J%2C+Jia+Y%2C+Yao+H%2C+Sang+C%2C+Hu+Q%2C+Shi+S%2C+Nan+X%2C+Yue+W%2C+Zhuang+F%2C+Yang+C%2C+Wang+Y%2C+Pei+X.&rft.atitle=Epimorphin+regulates+bile+duct+formation+via+effects+on+mitosis+orientation+in+rat+liver+epithelial+stem-like+cells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20305811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599440">"Ductular hepatocytes"</a>. Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University; Sirica AE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308045045/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599440">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+College+of+Virginia%2C+Virginia+Commonwealth+University%3B+Sirica+AE.&rft.atitle=Ductular+hepatocytes.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F7599440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383429">"Bone marrow-derived hepatic oval cells differentiate into hepatocytes in 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration"</a>. Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine,; Oh SH, Witek RP, Bae SH, Zheng D, Jung Y, Piscaglia AC, Petersen BE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309135415/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383429">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+Immunology+and+Laboratory+Medicine%2C+University+of+Florida+College+of+Medicine%2C%3B+Oh+SH%2C+Witek+RP%2C+Bae+SH%2C+Zheng+D%2C+Jung+Y%2C+Piscaglia+AC%2C+Petersen+BE.&rft.atitle=Bone+marrow-derived+hepatic+oval+cells+differentiate+into+hepatocytes+in+2-acetylaminofluorene%2Fpartial+hepatectomy-induced+liver+regeneration.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17383429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325227">"Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells"</a>. Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Petersen BE, Bowen WC, Patrene KD, Mars WM, Sullivan AK, Murase N, Boggs SS, Greenberger JS, Goff JP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315194014/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325227">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+School+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh%3B+Petersen+BE%2C+Bowen+WC%2C+Patrene+KD%2C+Mars+WM%2C+Sullivan+AK%2C+Murase+N%2C+Boggs+SS%2C+Greenberger+JS%2C+Goff+JP.&rft.atitle=Bone+marrow+as+a+potential+source+of+hepatic+oval+cells.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F10325227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17681181">"Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor promotes liver repair and induces oval cell migration and proliferation in rats"</a>. Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida; Piscaglia AC, Shupe TD, Oh SH, Gasbarrini A, Petersen BE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035015/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17681181">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+Immunology+and+Laboratory+Medicine%2C+College+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+Florida%3B+Piscaglia+AC%2C+Shupe+TD%2C+Oh+SH%2C+Gasbarrini+A%2C+Petersen+BE.&rft.atitle=Granulocyte-colony+stimulating+factor+promotes+liver+repair+and+induces+oval+cell+migration+and+proliferation+in+rats.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17681181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7504886">"Activation, proliferation, and differentiation of progenitor cells into hepatocytes in the D-galactosamine model of liver regeneration"</a>. Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Dabeva MD, Shafritz DA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307154231/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7504886">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marion+Bessin+Liver+Research+Center%2C+Albert+Einstein+College+of+Medicine%3B+Dabeva+MD%2C+Shafritz+DA.&rft.atitle=Activation%2C+proliferation%2C+and+differentiation+of+progenitor+cells+into+hepatocytes+in+the+D-galactosamine+model+of+liver+regeneration.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F7504886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8288951">"The effect of prednisolone and a protein-deficient diet on plasma albumin and fibrinogen in a turpentine-induced acute-phase reaction in rats"</a>. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Berne; Ballmer PE, Studer H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302052049/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8288951">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Internal+Medicine%2C+University+of+Berne%3B+Ballmer+PE%2C+Studer+H.&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+prednisolone+and+a+protein-deficient+diet+on+plasma+albumin+and+fibrinogen+in+a+turpentine-induced+acute-phase+reaction+in+rats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F8288951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436461_3">"Hepatic Stellate Cell in Fibrosis: Stellate Cell Activation"</a>. Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Scott L. Friedman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017173522/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436461_3">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Division+of+Liver+Diseases%2C+Mount+Sinai+School+of+Medicine%3B+Scott+L.+Friedman&rft.atitle=Hepatic+Stellate+Cell+in+Fibrosis%3A+Stellate+Cell+Activation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F436461_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519325">"Insulin Action in Hyperthyroidism: A Focus on Muscle and Adipose Tissue"</a>. Hellenic National Center for Research, Prevention, and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications, et al; Mitrou P, Raptis SA, Dimitriadis G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103044314/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519325">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-03. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+National+Center+for+Research%2C+Prevention%2C+and+Treatment+of+Diabetes+Mellitus+and+Its+Complications%2C+et+al%3B+Mitrou+P%2C+Raptis+SA%2C+Dimitriadis+G.&rft.atitle=Insulin+Action+in+Hyperthyroidism%3A+A+Focus+on+Muscle+and+Adipose+Tissue.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20519325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592160">"Glucagon deficiency reduces hepatic glucose production and improves glucose tolerance in adult mice"</a>. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Hancock AS, Du A, Liu J, Miller M, May CL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302130931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592160">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology+and+Laboratory+Medicine%2C+Children%27s+Hospital+of+Philadelphia%3B+Hancock+AS%2C+Du+A%2C+Liu+J%2C+Miller+M%2C+May+CL.&rft.atitle=Glucagon+deficiency+reduces+hepatic+glucose+production+and+improves+glucose+tolerance+in+adult+mice.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20592160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561808">"Hypothalamic integration of portal glucose signals and control of food intake and insulin sensitivity"</a>. Inserm U855, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, faculté de médecine Laennec; Delaere F, Magnan C, Mithieux G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804035220/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561808">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-08-04. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inserm+U855%2C+Institut+national+de+la+sant%C3%A9+et+de+la+recherche+m%C3%A9dicale%2C+facult%C3%A9+de+m%C3%A9decine+Laennec%3B+Delaere+F%2C+Magnan+C%2C+Mithieux+G.&rft.atitle=Hypothalamic+integration+of+portal+glucose+signals+and+control+of+food+intake+and+insulin+sensitivity.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20561808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20607568">"Molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration and protection for treatment of liver dysfunction and diseases"</a>. Department of General Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine; Fujiyoshi M, Ozaki M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317005801/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20607568">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+General+Surgery%2C+Hokkaido+University+School+of+Medicine%3B+Fujiyoshi+M%2C+Ozaki+M.&rft.atitle=Molecular+mechanisms+of+liver+regeneration+and+protection+for+treatment+of+liver+dysfunction+and+diseases.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20607568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12421677">"The role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration: potential new molecular therapies"</a>. The Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital,; Galun E, Axelrod JH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307174940/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12421677">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Goldyne+Savad+Institute+for+Gene+Therapy%2C+Hadassah+Hebrew+University+Hospital%2C%3B+Galun+E%2C+Axelrod+JH.&rft.atitle=The+role+of+cytokines+in+liver+failure+and+regeneration%3A+potential+new+molecular+therapies.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12421677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM8529831-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM8529831_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM8529831_24-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8529831">"Liver regeneration. 2. Role of growth factors and cytokines in hepatic regeneration"</a>. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University,; Fausto N, Laird AD, Webber EM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316175645/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8529831">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-16. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology+and+Laboratory+Medicine%2C+Brown+University%2C%3B+Fausto+N%2C+Laird+AD%2C+Webber+EM.&rft.atitle=Liver+regeneration.+2.+Role+of+growth+factors+and+cytokines+in+hepatic+regeneration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F8529831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM10728791-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM10728791_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM10728791_25-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10728791">"Liver regeneration"</a>. Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine; Fausto N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805191705/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10728791">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+University+of+Washington+School+of+Medicine%3B+Fausto+N.&rft.atitle=Liver+regeneration.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F10728791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17013516">"A molecular view of liver regeneration"</a>. Department of Pathology, FMRP, USP, Brazil.; Tarlá MR, Ramalho FS, Ramalho LN, Silva Tde C, Brandão DF, Ferreira J, Silva Ode C, Zucoloto S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317032008/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17013516">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+FMRP%2C+USP%2C+Brazil.%3B+Tarl%C3%A1+MR%2C+Ramalho+FS%2C+Ramalho+LN%2C+Silva+Tde+C%2C+Brand%C3%A3o+DF%2C+Ferreira+J%2C+Silva+Ode+C%2C+Zucoloto+S.&rft.atitle=A+molecular+view+of+liver+regeneration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17013516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176747">"Regulation of thyroid hormone activation via the liver X-receptor/retinoid X-receptor pathway"</a>. Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC; Christoffolete MA, Doleschall M, Egri P, Liposits Z, Zavacki AM, Bianco AC, Gereben B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505072141/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176747">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-05-05. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+and+Natural+Sciences+Center%2C+Federal+University+of+ABC%3B+Christoffolete+MA%2C+Doleschall+M%2C+Egri+P%2C+Liposits+Z%2C+Zavacki+AM%2C+Bianco+AC%2C+Gereben+B.&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+thyroid+hormone+activation+via+the+liver+X-receptor%2Fretinoid+X-receptor+pathway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20176747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18422700">"Triiodothyronine stimulates hepatocyte proliferation in two models of impaired liver regeneration"</a>. Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari,; Columbano A, Simbula M, Pibiri M, Perra A, Deidda M, Locker J, Pisanu A, Uccheddu A, Ledda-Columbano GM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035300/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18422700">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Toxicology%2C+Oncology+and+Molecular+Pathology+Unit%2C+University+of+Cagliari%2C%3B+Columbano+A%2C+Simbula+M%2C+Pibiri+M%2C+Perra+A%2C+Deidda+M%2C+Locker+J%2C+Pisanu+A%2C+Uccheddu+A%2C+Ledda-Columbano+GM.&rft.atitle=Triiodothyronine+stimulates+hepatocyte+proliferation+in+two+models+of+impaired+liver+regeneration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18422700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503439">"Hormetic responses of thyroid hormone calorigenesis in the liver: Association with oxidative stress"</a>. Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile; Videla LA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309105112/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503439">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Clinical+Pharmacology+Program%2C+Institute+of+Biomedical+Sciences%2C+Faculty+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+Chile%3B+Videla+LA.&rft.atitle=Hormetic+responses+of+thyroid+hormone+calorigenesis+in+the+liver%3A+Association+with+oxidative+stress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20503439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12885587">"Thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stress triggers nuclear factor-kappaB activation and cytokine gene expression in rat liver"</a>. Programa de Farmacologíca Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile; Tapia G, Fernández V, Varela P, Cornejo P, Guerrero J, Videla LA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316091651/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12885587">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-16. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Programa+de+Farmacolog%C3%ADca+Molecular+y+Cl%C3%ADnica%2C+Instituto+de+Ciencias+Biom%C3%A9dicas%2C+Universidad+de+Chile%3B+Tapia+G%2C+Fern%C3%A1ndez+V%2C+Varela+P%2C+Cornejo+P%2C+Guerrero+J%2C+Videla+LA.&rft.atitle=Thyroid+hormone-induced+oxidative+stress+triggers+nuclear+factor-kappaB+activation+and+cytokine+gene+expression+in+rat+liver.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12885587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503439">"Hormetic responses of thyroid hormone calorigenesis in the liver: Association with oxidative stress"</a>. Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile; Videla LA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309105112/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503439">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Clinical+Pharmacology+Program%2C+Institute+of+Biomedical+Sciences%2C+Faculty+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+Chile%3B+Videla+LA.&rft.atitle=Hormetic+responses+of+thyroid+hormone+calorigenesis+in+the+liver%3A+Association+with+oxidative+stress.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20503439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028366">"Redox regulation of thyroid hormone-induced Kupffer cell-dependent IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in relation to inducible nitric oxide synthase expression"</a>. Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile; Fernández V, Tapia G, Varela P, Videla LA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301114818/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028366">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Clinical+Pharmacology+Program%2C+Institute+of+Biomedical+Sciences%2C+Faculty+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+Chile%3B+Fern%C3%A1ndez+V%2C+Tapia+G%2C+Varela+P%2C+Videla+LA.&rft.atitle=Redox+regulation+of+thyroid+hormone-induced+Kupffer+cell-dependent+IkappaB-alpha+phosphorylation+in+relation+to+inducible+nitric+oxide+synthase+expression.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16028366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9207089">"Ethanolamine modulates the rate of rat hepatocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo"</a>. Meiji Institute of Health Sciences; Sasaki H, Kume H, Nemoto A, Narisawa S, Takahashi N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301114824/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9207089">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meiji+Institute+of+Health+Sciences%3B+Sasaki+H%2C+Kume+H%2C+Nemoto+A%2C+Narisawa+S%2C+Takahashi+N.&rft.atitle=Ethanolamine+modulates+the+rate+of+rat+hepatocyte+proliferation+in+vitro+and+in+vivo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F9207089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294986">"The myth of Prometheus and the liver"</a>. Department of Pathology, East Orange Veterans Affairs Medical Center; T S Chen dan P S Chen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111175558/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294986/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-11-11. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+East+Orange+Veterans+Affairs+Medical+Center%3B+T+S+Chen+dan+P+S+Chen&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+Prometheus+and+the+liver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1294986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568569">"Reversal of liver fibrosis"</a>. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology at King Fahad Hospital of the University; Ismail MH, Pinzani M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827012847/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568569">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-08-27. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Internal+Medicine%2C+Division+of+Gastroenterology+at+King+Fahad+Hospital+of+the+University%3B+Ismail+MH%2C+Pinzani+M.&rft.atitle=Reversal+of+liver+fibrosis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F19568569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170064">"Prolactin's role in the early stages of liver regeneration in rats"</a>. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias C-V, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Olazabal IM, Muñoz JA, Rodríguez-Navas C, Alvarez L, Delgado-Baeza E, García-Ruiz JP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217120056/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170064">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-02-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Departamento+de+Biolog%C3%ADa+Molecular%2C+Facultad+de+Ciencias+C-V%2C+Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Madrid%3B+Olazabal+IM%2C+Mu%C3%B1oz+JA%2C+Rodr%C3%ADguez-Navas+C%2C+Alvarez+L%2C+Delgado-Baeza+E%2C+Garc%C3%ADa-Ruiz+JP.&rft.atitle=Prolactin%27s+role+in+the+early+stages+of+liver+regeneration+in+rats.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F19170064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9792040">"Signal transduction during liver regeneration"</a>. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Brenner DA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917153653/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9792040">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-09-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill%3B+Brenner+DA.&rft.atitle=Signal+transduction+during+liver+regeneration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F9792040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9466975">"NFkappaB prevents apoptosis and liver dysfunction during liver regeneration"</a>. Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,; Iimuro Y, Nishiura T, Hellerbrand C, Behrns KE, Schoonhoven R, Grisham JW, Brenner DA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316092412/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9466975">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-16. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medicine%2C+The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill%2C%3B+Iimuro+Y%2C+Nishiura+T%2C+Hellerbrand+C%2C+Behrns+KE%2C+Schoonhoven+R%2C+Grisham+JW%2C+Brenner+DA.&rft.atitle=NFkappaB+prevents+apoptosis+and+liver+dysfunction+during+liver+regeneration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F9466975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1165330/pdf/biochemj00563-0218.pdf">"Effect of Depletion of Vitamin A, followed by Supplementation with Retinyl Acetate or Retinoic Acid, on Regeneration of Rat Liver"</a> (PDF). Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science; M. JAYARAM, K. SARADA dan J. GANGULY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104134617/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1165330/pdf/biochemj00563-0218.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2021-11-04. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-08. <q>Although the rates of increase in the DNA and protein contents reflected the rates of regeneration in all the groups, the RNA values followed a rather different pattern, in that they showed a striking increase immediately after supplementation with retinyl acetate (after the surgery),</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Biochemistry%2C+Indian+Institute+of+Science%3B+M.+JAYARAM%2C+K.+SARADA+dan+J.+GANGULY&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Depletion+of+Vitamin+A%2C+followed+by+Supplementation+with+Retinyl+Acetate+or+Retinoic+Acid%2C+on+Regeneration+of+Rat+Liver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1165330%2Fpdf%2Fbiochemj00563-0218.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682233">"Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases: Implementation in clinical practice and decisional algorithms"</a>. Department of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Dell’Angelo Hospital; Giada Sebastiani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028003532/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682233/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09. <q>Formation and accumulation of fibrosis in the liver is the common pathway that leads to an evolutive liver disease</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Digestive+Diseases%2C+Hepatology+and+Clinical+Nutrition%2C+Dell%E2%80%99Angelo+Hospital%3B+Giada+Sebastiani&rft.atitle=Non-invasive+assessment+of+liver+fibrosis+in+chronic+liver+diseases%3A+Implementation+in+clinical+practice+and+decisional+algorithms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2682233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1651819">"Biochemical markers of hepatic fibrosis"</a>. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Padova; Plebani M, Burlina A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309110829/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1651819">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Clinical+Biochemistry%2C+University+of+Padova%3B+Plebani+M%2C+Burlina+A.&rft.atitle=Biochemical+markers+of+hepatic+fibrosis.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F1651819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1491181">"Evaluation of the behavior of carcinoembryonic antigen in cirrhotic patients"</a>. Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Galdacano; Collazos J, Genollà J, Ruibal A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315204850/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1491181">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Service+of+Internal+Medicine%2C+Hospital+de+Galdacano%3B+Collazos+J%2C+Genoll%C3%A0+J%2C+Ruibal+A.&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+behavior+of+carcinoembryonic+antigen+in+cirrhotic+patients.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F1491181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465748">"Hepatocyte growth factor: a regenerative drug for acute hepatitis and liver cirrhosis"</a>. Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Mizuno S, Nakamura T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511230648/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465748">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-05-11. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Division+of+Molecular+Regenerative+Medicine%2C+Department+of+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology%2C+Osaka+University+Graduate+School+of+Medicine%3B+Mizuno+S%2C+Nakamura+T.&rft.atitle=Hepatocyte+growth+factor%3A+a+regenerative+drug+for+acute+hepatitis+and+liver+cirrhosis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17465748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15793283">"Growth inhibition and apoptosis in liver myofibroblasts promoted by hepatocyte growth factor leads to resolution from liver cirrhosis"</a>. Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Course of Advanced Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Kim WH, Matsumoto K, Bessho K, Nakamura T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201073036/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15793283">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Division+of+Molecular+Regenerative+Medicine%2C+Course+of+Advanced+Medicine%2C+Osaka+University+Graduate+School+of+Medicine%3B+Kim+WH%2C+Matsumoto+K%2C+Bessho+K%2C+Nakamura+T.&rft.atitle=Growth+inhibition+and+apoptosis+in+liver+myofibroblasts+promoted+by+hepatocyte+growth+factor+leads+to+resolution+from+liver+cirrhosis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F15793283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475606">"Evidence that methylation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in liver tissues of patients with chronic hepatitis B modulates HBV replication"</a>. State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University; Guo Y, Li Y, Mu S, Zhang J, Yan Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307165659/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19475606">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Key+Laboratory+of+Cancer+Biology%2C+Department+of+Pharmacogenomics%2C+School+of+Pharmacy%2C+The+Fourth+Military+Medical+University%3B+Guo+Y%2C+Li+Y%2C+Mu+S%2C+Zhang+J%2C+Yan+Z.&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+methylation+of+hepatitis+B+virus+covalently+closed+circular+DNA+in+liver+tissues+of+patients+with+chronic+hepatitis+B+modulates+HBV+replication.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F19475606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530689">"Downregulation of Gadd45beta expression by hepatitis C virus leads to defective cell cycle arrest"</a>. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955; Higgs MR, Lerat H, Pawlotsky JM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415011437/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530689">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+National+de+la+Sant%C3%A9+et+de+la+Recherche+M%C3%A9dicale+U955%3B+Higgs+MR%2C+Lerat+H%2C+Pawlotsky+JM.&rft.atitle=Downregulation+of+Gadd45beta+expression+by+hepatitis+C+virus+leads+to+defective+cell+cycle+arrest.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20530689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15509538">"Hypermethylation of growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45 beta promoter in human hepatocellular carcinoma"</a>. Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, City of Hope National Medical Center; Qiu W, Zhou B, Zou H, Liu X, Chu PG, Lopez R, Shih J, Chung C, Yen Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222182022/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15509538">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-22. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medical+Oncology+and+Therapeutic+Research%2C+City+of+Hope+National+Medical+Center%3B+Qiu+W%2C+Zhou+B%2C+Zou+H%2C+Liu+X%2C+Chu+PG%2C+Lopez+R%2C+Shih+J%2C+Chung+C%2C+Yen+Y.&rft.atitle=Hypermethylation+of+growth+arrest+DNA+damage-inducible+gene+45+beta+promoter+in+human+hepatocellular+carcinoma.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F15509538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578126">"In vivo proliferation of hepadnavirus-infected hepatocytes induces loss of covalently closed circular DNA in mice"</a>. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,; Lutgehetmann M, Volz T, Köpke A, Broja T, Tigges E, Lohse AW, Fuchs E, Murray JM, Petersen J, Dandri M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323230805/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578126">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medicine%2C+University+Medical+Center+Hamburg-Eppendorf%2C%3B+Lutgehetmann+M%2C+Volz+T%2C+K%C3%B6pke+A%2C+Broja+T%2C+Tigges+E%2C+Lohse+AW%2C+Fuchs+E%2C+Murray+JM%2C+Petersen+J%2C+Dandri+M.&rft.atitle=In+vivo+proliferation+of+hepadnavirus-infected+hepatocytes+induces+loss+of+covalently+closed+circular+DNA+in+mice.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20578126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8353842">"Cyclosporine stimulates hepatocyte proliferation and accelerates development of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats"</a>. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,; Masuhara M, Ogasawara H, Katyal SL, Nakamura T, Shinozuka H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315120452/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8353842">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pathology%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh+School+of+Medicine%2C%3B+Masuhara+M%2C+Ogasawara+H%2C+Katyal+SL%2C+Nakamura+T%2C+Shinozuka+H.&rft.atitle=Cyclosporine+stimulates+hepatocyte+proliferation+and+accelerates+development+of+hepatocellular+carcinomas+in+rats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F8353842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9049203">"Liver cell proliferation induced by nafenopin and cyproterone acetate is not associated with increases in activation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 or with expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha"</a>. Dipartimento di Biochimica, Università di Verona; Menegazzi M, Carcereri-De Prati A, Suzuki H, Shinozuka H, Pibiri M, Piga R, Columbano A, Ledda-Columbano GM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308052937/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9049203">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dipartimento+di+Biochimica%2C+Universit%C3%A0+di+Verona%3B+Menegazzi+M%2C+Carcereri-De+Prati+A%2C+Suzuki+H%2C+Shinozuka+H%2C+Pibiri+M%2C+Piga+R%2C+Columbano+A%2C+Ledda-Columbano+GM.&rft.atitle=Liver+cell+proliferation+induced+by+nafenopin+and+cyproterone+acetate+is+not+associated+with+increases+in+activation+of+transcription+factors+NF-kappaB+and+AP-1+or+with+expression+of+tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F9049203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM15489566-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM15489566_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM15489566_51-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489566">"Mitochondrial injury in steatohepatitis"</a>. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 481, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat; Pessayre D, Fromenty B, Mansouri A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717100807/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489566">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-07-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+National+de+la+Sant%C3%A9+et+de+la+Recherche+M%C3%A9dicale+%28INSERM%29+Unit%C3%A9+481%2C+Facult%C3%A9+de+M%C3%A9decine+Xavier+Bichat%3B+Pessayre+D%2C+Fromenty+B%2C+Mansouri+A.&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+injury+in+steatohepatitis.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F15489566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM18061659-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM18061659_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM18061659_52-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061659">"Mitochondrial involvement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis"</a>. Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia; Serviddio G, Sastre J, Bellanti F, Viña J, Vendemiale G, Altomare E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522055949/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061659">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-05-22. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medical+and+Occupational+Sciences%2C+University+of+Foggia%3B+Serviddio+G%2C+Sastre+J%2C+Bellanti+F%2C+Vi%C3%B1a+J%2C+Vendemiale+G%2C+Altomare+E.&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+involvement+in+non-alcoholic+steatohepatitis.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18061659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19322917">"Melatonin ameliorates experimental hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats"</a>. Department of Geriatrics Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hong RT, Xu JM, Mei Q. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316000453/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19322917">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-16. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Geriatrics+Medicine%2C+The+First+Affiliated+Hospital+of+Anhui+Medical+University%3B+Hong+RT%2C+Xu+JM%2C+Mei+Q.&rft.atitle=Melatonin+ameliorates+experimental+hepatic+fibrosis+induced+by+carbon+tetrachloride+in+rats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F19322917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539747">"Curcumin ameliorates rabbits's steatohepatitis via respiratory chain, oxidative stress, and TNF-alpha"</a>. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, 18071 University of Granada; Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Mesa MD, Granados S, Gil A, Quiles JL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307121357/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539747">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology+II%2C+18071+University+of+Granada%3B+Ramirez-Tortosa+MC%2C+Ramirez-Tortosa+CL%2C+Mesa+MD%2C+Granados+S%2C+Gil+A%2C+Quiles+JL.&rft.atitle=Curcumin+ameliorates+rabbits%27s+steatohepatitis+via+respiratory+chain%2C+oxidative+stress%2C+and+TNF-alpha.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F19539747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17681180">"Serotonin mediates oxidative stress and mitochondrial toxicity in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis"</a>. Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich; Nocito A, Dahm F, Jochum W, Jang JH, Georgiev P, Bader M, Renner EL, Clavien PA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309112020/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17681180">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary+Center%2C+Department+of+Visceral+and+Transplantation+Surgery%2C+University+Hospital+Zurich%3B+Nocito+A%2C+Dahm+F%2C+Jochum+W%2C+Jang+JH%2C+Georgiev+P%2C+Bader+M%2C+Renner+EL%2C+Clavien+PA.&rft.atitle=Serotonin+mediates+oxidative+stress+and+mitochondrial+toxicity+in+a+murine+model+of+nonalcoholic+steatohepatitis.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17681180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464239">"Pentoxifylline attenuates steatohepatitis induced by the methionine choline deficient diet"</a>. Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Koppe SW, Sahai A, Malladi P, Whitington PF, Green RM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303130351/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464239">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-03. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medicine%2C+Division+of+Hepatology%2C+Feinberg+School+of+Medicine%2C+Northwestern+University%3B+Koppe+SW%2C+Sahai+A%2C+Malladi+P%2C+Whitington+PF%2C+Green+RM.&rft.atitle=Pentoxifylline+attenuates+steatohepatitis+induced+by+the+methionine+choline+deficient+diet.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F15464239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534710">"MCD-induced steatohepatitis is associated with hepatic adiponectin resistance and adipogenic transformation of hepatocytes"</a>. ANU Medical School, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital,; Larter CZ, Yeh MM, Williams J, Bell-Anderson KS, Farrell GC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315031052/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534710">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANU+Medical+School%2C+Australian+National+University+at+The+Canberra+Hospital%2C%3B+Larter+CZ%2C+Yeh+MM%2C+Williams+J%2C+Bell-Anderson+KS%2C+Farrell+GC.&rft.atitle=MCD-induced+steatohepatitis+is+associated+with+hepatic+adiponectin+resistance+and+adipogenic+transformation+of+hepatocytes.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18534710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20491641">"Targeting Mitochondria: A New Promising Approach for the Treatment of Liver Diseases"</a>. Centre for the Study of Liver Diseases, Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences; Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Sastre J, Vendemiale G, Altomare E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309134245/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20491641">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+the+Study+of+Liver+Diseases%2C+Department+of+Medical+and+Occupational+Sciences%3B+Serviddio+G%2C+Bellanti+F%2C+Sastre+J%2C+Vendemiale+G%2C+Altomare+E.&rft.atitle=Targeting+Mitochondria%3A+A+New+Promising+Approach+for+the+Treatment+of+Liver+Diseases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20491641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999689">"Ursodeoxycholic acid protects against secondary biliary cirrhosis in rats by preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress"</a>. Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia; Serviddio G, Pereda J, Pallardó FV, Carretero J, Borras C, Cutrin J, Vendemiale G, Poli G, Viña J, Sastre J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301145822/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999689">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medical+and+Occupational+Sciences%2C+University+of+Foggia%3B+Serviddio+G%2C+Pereda+J%2C+Pallard%C3%B3+FV%2C+Carretero+J%2C+Borras+C%2C+Cutrin+J%2C+Vendemiale+G%2C+Poli+G%2C+Vi%C3%B1a+J%2C+Sastre+J.&rft.atitle=Ursodeoxycholic+acid+protects+against+secondary+biliary+cirrhosis+in+rats+by+preventing+mitochondrial+oxidative+stress.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F14999689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2893013">"Hepatitis C Virus and Alcohol"</a>. Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Larry Siu, Julie Foont, dan Jack R. Wands. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028112959/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2893013/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warren+Alpert+Medical+School+of+Brown+University%3B+Larry+Siu%2C+Julie+Foont%2C+dan+Jack+R.+Wands&rft.atitle=Hepatitis+C+Virus+and+Alcohol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2893013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654191">"Hazardous drinking is associated with elevated aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index in an urban HIV clinical cohort"</a>. Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Amina A. Chaudhry, Mark S. Sulkowski, Geetanjali Chander, dan Richard D. Moore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027120746/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654191/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-27. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medicine%2C+Johns+Hopkins+University+School+of+Medicine%2C+Department+of+Epidemiology%2C+Johns+Hopkins+Bloomberg+School+of+Public+Health%3B+Amina+A.+Chaudhry%2C+Mark+S.+Sulkowski%2C+Geetanjali+Chander%2C+dan+Richard+D.+Moore&rft.atitle=Hazardous+drinking+is+associated+with+elevated+aspartate+aminotransferase+to+platelet+ratio+index+in+an+urban+HIV+clinical+cohort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2654191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268632">"CYP2E1 and Oxidative Liver Injury by Alcohol"</a>. Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Yongke Lu dan Arthur I. Cederbaum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517032345/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268632/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-05-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pharmacology+and+Systems+Therapeutics%2C+Mount+Sinai+School+of+Medicine%3B+Yongke+Lu+dan+Arthur+I.+Cederbaum&rft.atitle=CYP2E1+and+Oxidative+Liver+Injury+by+Alcohol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2268632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900062">"Protective effects of quercetin on liver injury induced by ethanol"</a>. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College; Xi Chen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028003647/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900062/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Medicinal+Plant+Development%2C+Chinese+Academy+of+Medical+Sciences%2C+Peking+Union+Medical+College%3B+Xi+Chen&rft.atitle=Protective+effects+of+quercetin+on+liver+injury+induced+by+ethanol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2900062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1765445">"Ethanol prevents development of destructive arthritis"</a>. Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University; Ing-Marie Jonsson, Margareta Verdrengh, Mikael Brisslert, Sofia Lindblad, Maria Bokarewa, Ulrika Islander, Hans Carlsten, Claes Ohlsson, Kutty Selva Nandakumar, Rikard Holmdahl, dan Andrej Tarkowski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027120741/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1765445/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-27. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Rheumatology+and+Inflammation+Research%2C+Center+for+Bone+Research+at+the+Sahlgrenska+Academy%2C+G%C3%B6teborg+University%2C+Section+for+Medical+Inflammation+Research%2C+Lund+University%3B+Ing-Marie+Jonsson%2C+Margareta+Verdrengh%2C+Mikael+Brisslert%2C+Sofia+Lindblad%2C+Maria+Bokarewa%2C+Ulrika+Islander%2C+Hans+Carlsten%2C+Claes+Ohlsson%2C+Kutty+Selva+Nandakumar%2C+Rikard+Holmdahl%2C+dan+Andrej+Tarkowski&rft.atitle=Ethanol+prevents+development+of+destructive+arthritis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1765445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM16399494-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM16399494_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM16399494_65-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399494">"Coffee and type 2 diabetes: from beans to beta-cells"</a>. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health; van Dam RM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721105453/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399494">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-07-21. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Nutrition%2C+Harvard+School+of+Public+Health%3B+van+Dam+RM&rft.atitle=Coffee+and+type+2+diabetes%3A+from+beans+to+beta-cells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16399494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM17023692-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM17023692_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM17023692_66-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023692">"Coffee, diabetes, and weight control"</a>. Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College, City University of New York; Greenberg JA, Boozer CN, Geliebter A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706062114/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023692">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-07-06. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health+and+Nutrition+Sciences%2C+Brooklyn+College%2C+City+University+of+New+York%3B+Greenberg+JA%2C+Boozer+CN%2C+Geliebter+A.&rft.atitle=Coffee%2C+diabetes%2C+and+weight+control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17023692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14706966">"Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus"</a>. Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Salazar-Martinez E, Willett WC, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912075819/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14706966">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-09-12. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+School+of+Public+Health%2C+Channing+Laboratory%2C+Harvard+Medical+School%2C+and+Brigham+and+Women%27s+Hospital%3B+Salazar-Martinez+E%2C+Willett+WC%2C+Ascherio+A%2C+Manson+JE%2C+Leitzmann+MF%2C+Stampfer+MJ%2C+Hu+FB.&rft.atitle=Coffee+consumption+and+risk+for+type+2+diabetes+mellitus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F14706966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM16507475-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM16507475_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM16507475_68-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507475">"Coffee and health: a review of recent human research"</a>. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University; Higdon JV, Frei B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100912134538/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507475">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-09-12. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linus+Pauling+Institute%2C+Oregon+State+University%3B+Higdon+JV%2C+Frei+B&rft.atitle=Coffee+and+health%3A+a+review+of+recent+human+research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16507475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2682780">"Coffee and coronary heart disease: a review"</a>. Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee; Rosmarin PC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309135123/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2682780">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medicine%2C+University+of+Tennessee%3B+Rosmarin+PC&rft.atitle=Coffee+and+coronary+heart+disease%3A+a+review.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F2682780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16491669">"Coffee: good, bad, or just fun? A critical review of coffee's effects on liver enzymes"</a>. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Loyola University Medical Center; Homan DJ, Mobarhan S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808210741/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16491669">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-08-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Division+of+Gastroenterology%2C+Hepatology%2C+and+Nutrition%2C+Loyola+University+Medical+Center%3B+Homan+DJ%2C+Mobarhan+S&rft.atitle=Coffee%3A+good%2C+bad%2C+or+just+fun%3F+A+critical+review+of+coffee%27s+effects+on+liver+enzymes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16491669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8191101">"[Increase of aminotransferases]"</a>. Clinique médicale, CHU de Rouen; Trivalle C, Chassagne P, Doucet J, Perol MB, Landrin I, Manchon ND, Bourreille J, Bercoff E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303144034/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8191101">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-03. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clinique+m%C3%A9dicale%2C+CHU+de+Rouen%3B+Trivalle+C%2C+Chassagne+P%2C+Doucet+J%2C+Perol+MB%2C+Landrin+I%2C+Manchon+ND%2C+Bourreille+J%2C+Bercoff+E.&rft.atitle=%5BIncrease+of+aminotransferases%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F8191101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12534025">"[Interpretation of hypertransaminasemia]"</a>. Service de médecine interne Hôpital Principal d'Instruction de Tunis; Othmani S, Bahri M, Bahri M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314103743/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12534025">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-14. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Service+de+m%C3%A9decine+interne+H%C3%B4pital+Principal+d%27Instruction+de+Tunis%3B+Othmani+S%2C+Bahri+M%2C+Bahri+M.&rft.atitle=%5BInterpretation+of+hypertransaminasemia%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12534025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15810122">"Contribution of metabolic factors to alanine aminotransferase activity in persons with other causes of liver disease"</a>. Gastroenterology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Boyko EJ, Kahn SE, Lee SP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314093833/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15810122">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-14. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology%2C+Metabolism%2C+Endocrinology+and+Nutrition%2C+Department+of+Medicine%2C+Veterans+Affairs+Puget+Sound+Health+Care+System%3B+Ioannou+GN%2C+Weiss+NS%2C+Boyko+EJ%2C+Kahn+SE%2C+Lee+SP.&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+metabolic+factors+to+alanine+aminotransferase+activity+in+persons+with+other+causes+of+liver+disease&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F15810122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15633120">"Coffee and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States"</a>. Social & Scientific Systems Inc.,; Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301120753/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15633120">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+%26+Scientific+Systems+Inc.%2C%3B+Ruhl+CE%2C+Everhart+JE.&rft.atitle=Coffee+and+caffeine+consumption+reduce+the+risk+of+elevated+serum+alanine+aminotransferase+activity+in+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F15633120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8104822">"Unexpected effects of coffee consumption on liver enzymes"</a>. Istituto di Medicina Clinica, Università di Padova; Casiglia E, Spolaore P, Ginocchio G, Ambrosio GB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316095856/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8104822">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-16. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istituto+di+Medicina+Clinica%2C+Universit%C3%A0+di+Padova%3B+Casiglia+E%2C+Spolaore+P%2C+Ginocchio+G%2C+Ambrosio+GB.&rft.atitle=Unexpected+effects+of+coffee+consumption+on+liver+enzymes.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F8104822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028974">"Induction of cancer chemopreventive enzymes by coffee is mediated by transcription factor Nrf2. Evidence that the coffee-specific diterpenes cafestol and kahweol confer protection against acrolein"</a>. Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee; Higgins LG, Cavin C, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Hayes JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303052219/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028974">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-03. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biomedical+Research+Centre%2C+Ninewells+Hospital+and+Medical+School%2C+University+of+Dundee%3B+Higgins+LG%2C+Cavin+C%2C+Itoh+K%2C+Yamamoto+M%2C+Hayes+JD.&rft.atitle=Induction+of+cancer+chemopreventive+enzymes+by+coffee+is+mediated+by+transcription+factor+Nrf2.+Evidence+that+the+coffee-specific+diterpenes+cafestol+and+kahweol+confer+protection+against+acrolein.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18028974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701223">"The multifaceted mechanisms for coffee's anti-tumorigenic effect on liver"</a>. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Tao KS, Wang W, Wang L, Cao DY, Li YQ, Wu SX, Dou KF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309110205/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701223">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Hepatobiliary+Surgery%2C+Xijing+Hospital%2C+Fourth+Military+Medical+University%3B+Tao+KS%2C+Wang+W%2C+Wang+L%2C+Cao+DY%2C+Li+YQ%2C+Wu+SX%2C+Dou+KF.&rft.atitle=The+multifaceted+mechanisms+for+coffee%27s+anti-tumorigenic+effect+on+liver.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18701223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15713964">"Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan"</a>. Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center; Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, Tsugane S; JPHC Study Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115110746/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15713964">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epidemiology+and+Prevention+Division%2C+Research+Center+for+Cancer+Prevention+and+Screening%2C+National+Cancer+Center%3B+Inoue+M%2C+Yoshimi+I%2C+Sobue+T%2C+Tsugane+S%3B+JPHC+Study+Group.&rft.atitle=Influence+of+coffee+drinking+on+subsequent+risk+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma%3A+a+prospective+study+in+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F15713964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18537182">"Joint effects of coffee consumption and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase on the risk of liver cancer"</a>. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki; Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Pukkala E, Hakulinen T, Antikainen R, Vartiainen E, Jousilahti P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124910/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18537182">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Public+Health%2C+University+of+Helsinki%3B+Hu+G%2C+Tuomilehto+J%2C+Pukkala+E%2C+Hakulinen+T%2C+Antikainen+R%2C+Vartiainen+E%2C+Jousilahti+P.&rft.atitle=Joint+effects+of+coffee+consumption+and+serum+gamma-glutamyltransferase+on+the+risk+of+liver+cancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18537182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Andy Pribadi (21 Juli 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2014/07/21/waspadai-perlemakan-hati">"Waspadai Perlemakan Hati"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tribunnews" title="Tribunnews">Tribunnews.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728035011/http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2014/07/21/waspadai-perlemakan-hati">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2014-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribunnews.com&rft.atitle=Waspadai+Perlemakan+Hati&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.au=Andy+Pribadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwartakota.tribunnews.com%2F2014%2F07%2F21%2Fwaspadai-perlemakan-hati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM10833242-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM10833242_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM10833242_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM10833242_81-2">c</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833242">"History of clinical transplantation"</a>. Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,; Starzl TE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308044931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833242">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+E.+Starzl+Transplantation+Institute%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh+Medical+Center%2C%3B+Starzl+TE.&rft.atitle=History+of+clinical+transplantation.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F10833242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM11200418-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM11200418_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM11200418_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM11200418_82-2">c</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11200418">"The mystique of hepatic tolerogenicity"</a>. Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Starzl TE, Murase N, Demetris A, Trucco M, Fung J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307154406/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11200418">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transplantation+Institute%2C+Departments+of+Surgery%2C+Pathology%2C+and+Pediatrics%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh+Medical+Center%3B+Starzl+TE%2C+Murase+N%2C+Demetris+A%2C+Trucco+M%2C+Fung+J.&rft.atitle=The+mystique+of+hepatic+tolerogenicity.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F11200418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM20235333-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM20235333_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM20235333_83-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20235333">"History of clinical transplantation"</a>. Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh; Starzl TE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007174606/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20235333">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-10-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+E.+Starzl+Transplantation+Institute%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh%3B+Starzl+TE&rft.atitle=History+of+clinical+transplantation.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20235333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PM12390423-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM12390423_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM12390423_84-1">b</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390423">"History of pediatric liver transplantation. Where are we coming from? Where do we stand?"</a>. Department of Pediatric Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Université Catholique de Louvain; Otte JB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302202240/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390423">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Pediatric+Surgery+and+Liver+Transplantation%2C+Universit%C3%A9+Catholique+de+Louvain%3B+Otte+JB.&rft.atitle=History+of+pediatric+liver+transplantation.+Where+are+we+coming+from%3F+Where+do+we+stand%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12390423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16447295">"The unfinished legacy of liver transplantation: emphasis on immunology"</a>. Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Starzl TE, Lakkis FG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323231722/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16447295">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transplantation+Institute%2C+Department+of+Surgery%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh+Medical+Center%3B+Starzl+TE%2C+Lakkis+FG.&rft.atitle=The+unfinished+legacy+of+liver+transplantation%3A+emphasis+on+immunology.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16447295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292182">"Activation of innate immunity (NK/IFN-gamma) in rat allogeneic liver transplantation: contribution to liver injury and suppression of hepatocyte proliferation"</a>. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Shen K, Zheng SS, Park O, Wang H, Sun Z, Gao B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314100538/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292182">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-14. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Hepatobiliary+Surgery%2C+First+Affiliated+Hospital%2C+Zhejiang+University+School+of+Medicine%3B+Shen+K%2C+Zheng+SS%2C+Park+O%2C+Wang+H%2C+Sun+Z%2C+Gao+B.&rft.atitle=Activation+of+innate+immunity+%28NK%2FIFN-gamma%29+in+rat+allogeneic+liver+transplantation%3A+contribution+to+liver+injury+and+suppression+of+hepatocyte+proliferation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F18292182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807522">"Unusual patterns of alloimmunity evoked by allogeneic liver parenchymal cells"</a>. The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Department of Surgery; Bumgardner GL, Orosz CG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315203144/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807522">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ohio+State+University+College+of+Medicine%2C+Department+of+Surgery%3B+Bumgardner+GL%2C+Orosz+CG.&rft.atitle=Unusual+patterns+of+alloimmunity+evoked+by+allogeneic+liver+parenchymal+cells.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F10807522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> (Inggris) <cite class="citation book">Kufe, Donald W.; Pollock, Raphael E.; Weichselbaum, Ralph R.; Bast, Robert C., Jr.; Gansler, Ted S.; Holland, James F.; Frei III, Emil. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cmed6&part=A17328">Holland-Frei Cancer medicine</a>. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago Tumor Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, American Cancer Society, Derald H Ruttenberg Cancer Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York (edisi ke-6). Hamilton on BC Decker Inc.,. hlm. Engraftment of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplants. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55009-213-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55009-213-8">1-55009-213-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817053649/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13011/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holland-Frei+Cancer+medicine&rft.pages=Engraftment+of+Allogeneic+Hematopoietic+Transplants&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Hamilton+on+BC+Decker+Inc.%2C&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55009-213-8&rft.au=Kufe%2C+Donald+W.%3B+Pollock%2C+Raphael+E.%3B+Weichselbaum%2C+Ralph+R.%3B+Bast%2C+Robert+C.%2C+Jr.%3B+Gansler%2C+Ted+S.%3B+Holland%2C+James+F.%3B+Frei+III%2C+Emil.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbookshelf%2Fbr.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dcmed6%26part%3DA17328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHati" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Liver" class="extiw" title="commons:Liver">Liver</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180834/table/T6">Exploring hepatic hormone actions using a compilation of gene expression profiles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709153948/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180834/table/T6/">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-07-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ekspresi genetik yang diinduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Tri-iodotironina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-iodotironina">tri-iodotironina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hormon_pertumbuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormon pertumbuhan">GH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aasld.org">American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507224546/http://www.aasld.org/">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-05-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AASLD</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liversociety.org">American Liver Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112044212/http://www.liversociety.org/">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-01-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ALS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathis.heydtmann.de/WikiLiver">WikiLiver: A Wiki dedicated to the liver</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325162902/http://mathis.heydtmann.de/WikiLiver">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-03-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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