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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Mamalia" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Klasifikasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Klasifikasi </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Definisi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi_McKenna/Bell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi_McKenna/Bell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Klasifikasi McKenna/Bell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi_McKenna/Bell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi_molekuler_mamalia_berplasenta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi_molekuler_mamalia_berplasenta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Klasifikasi molekuler mamalia berplasenta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi_molekuler_mamalia_berplasenta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Evolusi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Evolusi </button> <ul id="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asal-usul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal-usul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Asal-usul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal-usul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusi_dari_amniota_yang_lebih_tua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusi_dari_amniota_yang_lebih_tua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Evolusi dari amniota yang lebih tua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolusi_dari_amniota_yang_lebih_tua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamalia_pertama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamalia_pertama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mamalia pertama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamalia_pertama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tampilan_paling_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tampilan_paling_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Tampilan paling awal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tampilan_paling_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebangkitan_mamalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebangkitan_mamalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Kebangkitan mamalia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kebangkitan_mamalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Anatomi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Anatomi </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karakteristik_khusus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik_khusus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Karakteristik khusus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik_khusus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimorfisme_seksual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimorfisme_seksual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dimorfisme seksual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimorfisme_seksual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Sistem biologis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi_suara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi_suara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Produksi suara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produksi_suara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rambut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rambut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Rambut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rambut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Termoregulasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termoregulasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Termoregulasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termoregulasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Warna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_reproduksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_reproduksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Sistem reproduksi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_reproduksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berdarah_panas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berdarah_panas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Berdarah panas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berdarah_panas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umur_spesies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umur_spesies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Umur spesies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umur_spesies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokomosi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokomosi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Lokomosi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokomosi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 Terestrial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arboreal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arboreal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.2 Arboreal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arboreal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.3 Aerial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fosorial_dan_subterania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fosorial_dan_subterania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.4 Fosorial dan subterania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fosorial_dan_subterania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akuatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akuatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.5 Akuatik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akuatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perilaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perilaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Perilaku </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perilaku-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Perilaku </button> <ul id="toc-Perilaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Komunikasi_dan_vokalisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komunikasi_dan_vokalisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Komunikasi dan vokalisasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komunikasi_dan_vokalisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pakan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kecerdasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kecerdasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Kecerdasan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kecerdasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Struktur sosial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manusia_dan_mamalia_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manusia_dan_mamalia_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Manusia dan mamalia lainnya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manusia_dan_mamalia_lainnya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Manusia dan mamalia lainnya </button> <ul id="toc-Manusia_dan_mamalia_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dalam_kebudayaan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_kebudayaan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Dalam kebudayaan manusia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalam_kebudayaan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Penggunaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persilangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persilangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Persilangan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persilangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Ancaman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Catatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Referensi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Referensi </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Catatan kaki </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Daftar pustaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mamalia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 212 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-212" aria-hidden="true" > 212 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soogdier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A1%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%A2" title="ጡት አጥቢ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጡት አጥቢ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syced%C4%93or" title="Sycedēor – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sycedēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनपायी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्तनपायी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ثدييات – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثدييات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܕܝܬܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܕܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بزوليات – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بزوليات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ثدييات – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثدييات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1uri" title="Ñuñuri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ñuñuri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99m%C9%99lil%C9%99r" title="Məməlilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məməlilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ممه‌لیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ممه‌لیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һөтимәрҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөтимәрҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoviecha" title="Spoviecha – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spoviecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvier%C4%93" title="Žvierē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žvierē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalya" title="Mamalya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mamalya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Млекакормячыя – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Млекакормячыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сысуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сысуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бозайници – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бозайници" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="मैमल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैमल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80" title="স্তন্যপায়ী – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তন্যপায়ী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འུ་འཐུང་སྲོག་ཆགས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འུ་འཐུང་སྲོག་ཆགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronneg" title="Bronneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bronneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisari" title="Sisari – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sisari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хүхэтэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүхэтэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfers" title="Mamífers – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mamífers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B4-%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Buô-ṳ̄ dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Buô-ṳ̄ dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamipero" title="Mamipero – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mamipero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%BA%E1%8E%B9%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎺᎹᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎺᎹᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گوانداران – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوانداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferu" title="Mammiferu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mammiferu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeliler" title="Memeliler – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Memeliler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savci" title="Savci – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Savci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сĕтпе ӳсекенсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕтпе ӳсекенсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%8Bk%C9%94bigu" title="Biŋkɔbigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biŋkɔbigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1%C3%A7ey%C4%B1ni" title="Çıçeyıni – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çıçeyıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycaki" title="Cycaki – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Cycaki" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3dziviwo" title="Lãdziviwo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lãdziviwo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Θηλαστικό – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θηλαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamuloj" title="Mamuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mamuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imetajad" title="Imetajad – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Imetajad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ugaztun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferu" title="Mamíferu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mamíferu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پستانداران – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پستانداران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nis%C3%A4kk%C3%A4%C3%A4t" title="Nisäkkäät – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nisäkkäät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imet%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Imetäjä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Imetäjä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAgdj%C3%B3r" title="Súgdjór – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Súgdjór" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mammifère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8ro" title="Mamifèro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mamifèro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetjdiarten" title="Tetjdiarten – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tetjdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBchdieren" title="Sûchdieren – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûchdieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamach" title="Mamach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mamach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmif%C3%A8" title="Manmifè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Manmifè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mamíferos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okamb%C3%BAva" title="Okambúva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okambúva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheeintagh" title="Sheeintagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheeintagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dt-nen_thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Sṳ̍t-nen thung-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̍t-nen thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יונקים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तनधारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisavci" title="Sisavci – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sisavci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycaki" title="Cycaki – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Cycaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8" title="Mamifè – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mamifè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eml%C5%91s%C3%B6k" title="Emlősök – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emlősök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կաթնասուն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթնասուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferos" title="Mammiferos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mammiferos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferes" title="Mammiferes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mammiferes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дакхадийнаташ – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дакхадийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifero" title="Mamifero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mamifero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spend%C3%BDr" title="Spendýr – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spendýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%93%B1%E1%92%83%E1%91%8E" title="ᐱᓱᒃᑎ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᓱᒃᑎ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" title="哺乳類 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="哺乳類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mabru" title="mabru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mabru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ძუძუმწოვრები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძუძუმწოვრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsu%E1%B9%ADad" title="Timsuṭad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timsuṭad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D3%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="ШэрыпӀхэр – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ШэрыпӀхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B_h%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9B_%C3%B1%C9%A9n%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mabele" title="Nyama ya mabele – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nyama ya mabele" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сүтқоректілер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүтқоректілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C" title="ថនិកសត្វ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថនិកសត្វ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಸ್ತನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ತನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%A0%EB%A5%98" title="포유류 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포유류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%A7%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Нимӧтчиссез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Нимӧтчиссез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%84%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مۄمَل جانور – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مۄمَل جانور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guhandar" title="Guhandar – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guhandar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronnvil" title="Bronnvil – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bronnvil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%87%D2%AF" title="Сүт эмүүчү – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүт эмүүчү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamend%C3%A9ieren" title="Mamendéieren – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mamendéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Некхъвадайбур – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Некхъвадайбур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdiere" title="Zoogdiere – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zoogdiere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mab%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B" title="Nyama ya mabɛ́lɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mabɛ́lɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນ້ຳນົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນ້ຳນົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDinduoliai" title="Žinduoliai – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žinduoliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABd%C4%ABt%C4%81ji" title="Zīdītāji – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīdītāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी प्राणी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्तनधारी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лофцта потяйхтне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лофцта потяйхтне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biby_mampinono" title="Biby mampinono – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biby mampinono" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Шӧр пукшышо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӧр пукшышо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakangote" title="Whakangote – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whakangote" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang_manyusuan" title="Binatang manyusuan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Binatang manyusuan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Цицачи – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цицачи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="സസ്തനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്തനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөхтөн – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөхтөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सस्तन प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सस्तन प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Шӹшер качшы вольыквлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӹшер качшы вольыквлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferu" title="Mammiferu – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mammiferu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاله‌دارون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاله‌دارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammifere" title="Mammifere – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mammifere" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6gdeerten" title="Söögdeerten – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Söögdeerten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdeers" title="Zoogdeers – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zoogdeers" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी प्राणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्तनधारी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdieren" title="Zoogdieren – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoogdieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammif%C3%A9the" title="Mammiféthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mammiféthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidi%C5%82_Daazdo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Da%CA%BCa%C5%82t%CA%BCo%CA%BC%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bidił Daazdoígíí dóó Daʼałtʼoʼígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bidił Daazdoígíí dóó Daʼałtʼoʼígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosiiftoota" title="Hoosiiftoota – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hoosiiftoota" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%80" title="ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æхсырæйхæсджытæ – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсырæйхæсджытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਥਣਧਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਣਧਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssaki" title="Ssaki – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ssaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ACfer" title="Mamìfer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mamìfer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DD%A8_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تھݨ دار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھݨ دار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تى لرونكى ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تى لرونكى ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamíferos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1uq" title="Ñuñuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñuñuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals" title="Mammals – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mammals" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Млекопитающие – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Млекопитающие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%97" title="Ссавцї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ссавцї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="सस्तनः – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सस्तनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыыл – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مماليا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مماليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisavac" title="Sisavac – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sisavac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="ක්‍ෂීරපායි සත්තු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍ෂීරපායි සත්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicavce" title="Cicavce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cicavce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesalci" title="Sesalci – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sesalci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamele" title="Mamele – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Mamele" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njom%C3%A2tteijeeh" title="Njomâtteijeeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Njomâtteijeeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzinoyamwisa" title="Dzinoyamwisa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzinoyamwisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naasley" title="Naasley – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Naasley" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjitari" title="Gjitari – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjitari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сисари – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сисари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suugedierte" title="Suugedierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suugedierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4ggdjur" title="Däggdjur – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Däggdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyckocze" title="Cyckocze – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cyckocze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paycucuay" title="paycucuay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paycucuay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="பாலூட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலூட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="క్షీరదాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్షీరదాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferu" title="Mamíferu – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Mamíferu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ширхӯрон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ширхӯрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalya" title="Mamalya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mamalya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamel" title="Mamel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mamel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeliler" title="Memeliler – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memeliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Имезүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Имезүчеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сүт чемиштиг амытаннар – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сүт чемиштиг амытаннар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%A7%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80" title="Пӧйшур – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пӧйшур" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96" title="Ссавці – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ссавці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ممالیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ممالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut_emizuvchilar" title="Sut emizuvchilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sut emizuvchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ACfari" title="Mamìfari – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mamìfari" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imetai%C5%BEivatad" title="Imetaiživatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Imetaiživatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_Th%C3%BA" title="Lớp Thú – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Thú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogb%C3%AAestn" title="Zoogbêestn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zoogbêestn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCganim" title="Süganim – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Süganim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_%C3%A5s_tetes" title="Biesse ås tetes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse ås tetes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳動物 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%97%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Үсын теҗәлтенер – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Үсын теҗәлтенер" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბჟაშუმუეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟაშუმუეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="זויגער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זויגער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko_af%E1%BB%8Dm%C3%BAb%E1%BB%8D%CC%81m%E1%BB%8D" title="Ẹranko afọmúbọ́mọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko afọmúbọ́mọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz_nyamhcij" title="Doenghduz nyamhcij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz nyamhcij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdieren" title="Zoogdieren – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zoogdieren" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哺乳动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C4%AB-leng_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳動物 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiNcelisi" title="IsiNcelisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiNcelisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala 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clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.46153846154px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.553846153846px; width:18.175384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:54.729230769231px; width:15.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisium" title="Ordovisium">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.824615384615px; width:9.3753846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Silur" title="Silur">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:79.2px; width:19.224615384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon_(zaman)" title="Devon (zaman)">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.424615384615px; width:20.375384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon_(zaman)" title="Karbon (zaman)">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.8px; width:16.246153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Perem" title="Perem">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:135.04615384615px; width:17.396923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:152.44307692308px; width:18.310769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Jura_(zaman)" title="Jura (zaman)">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.75384615385px; width:27.076923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Kapur_(zaman)" title="Kapur (zaman)">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.83076923077px; width:14.374461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:143.84615384615px; width:76.153846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:163.47692307692px; width:56.523076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:164.47692307692px; width:54.523076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mammal_Diversity_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mammal_Diversity_2011.png/220px-Mammal_Diversity_2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mammal_Diversity_2011.png/330px-Mammal_Diversity_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mammal_Diversity_2011.png/440px-Mammal_Diversity_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="745" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Keanekaragaman mamalia </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Mammalia" title="Sunting klasifikasi ini"><img alt="Sunting klasifikasi ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerajaan: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Klad: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Klad: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Klad: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kelas: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mammalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgrup yang masih hidup </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" title="Marsupialia">Marsupialia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="metadata r-tooltip" style=";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:-82.5px;right:0em; line-height:normal;border-radius:7px;"><div style="opacity:60%"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sembarang_di_kategori/Halaman_dengan_automatic_taxobox" title="Istimewa:Sembarang di kategori/Halaman dengan automatic taxobox"><img alt="Artikel takson sembarang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></div> Mamalia (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/mamma#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:mamma">mamma</a>, 'payudara') atau binatang menyusui adalah <a href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" title="Kelas (biologi)">kelas</a> hewan <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrata</a> yang dicirikan oleh adanya <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_susu" title="Kelenjar susu">kelenjar susu</a> (yang pada hewan <a href="/wiki/Betina" title="Betina">betina</a> menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Susu" title="Susu">susu</a> sebagai sumber makanan anaknya), <a href="/wiki/Neokorteks" title="Neokorteks">neokorteks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rambut" title="Rambut">rambut</a>, dan tiga tulang di <a href="/wiki/Telinga_tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Telinga tengah">telinga tengah</a>. Karakteristik-karakteristik ini membedakan mereka dari <a href="/wiki/Reptil" title="Reptil">reptil</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Burung_walet" title="Burung walet">burung</a>, yang <a href="/wiki/Divergensi_genetis" title="Divergensi genetis">divergensi genetiknya</a> terjadi pada periode <a href="/wiki/Karbon_(periode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbon (periode)">Karbon</a>, lebih dari 300 juta tahun yang lalu. Sekitar 6.400 spesies mamalia yang masih sintas (bertahan hingga kini) telah <a href="/wiki/Deskripsi_spesies" title="Deskripsi spesies">dideskripsikan</a>. Ordo terbesar dalam mamalia adalah <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pengerat" title="Hewan pengerat">Rodentia</a> (hewan pengerat), <a href="/wiki/Kelelawar" title="Kelelawar">Chiroptera</a> (kelelawar), dan <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erinaceinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erinaceinae">landak susu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikus_tanah" title="Tikus tanah">tikus tanah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celurut" title="Celurut">celurut</a>, dan sebagainya). Tiga ordo terbesar berikutnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">Primata</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Manusia_purba" title="Manusia purba">manusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">kera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monyet" title="Monyet">monyet</a>, dan lain-lain), <a href="/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_genap" title="Hewan berkuku genap">Artiodactyla</a> (hewan berkuku genap, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kucing" title="Kucing">kucing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing">anjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjing_laut" title="Anjing laut">anjing laut</a>, dan lainnya). Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">kladistika</a>, yang mencerminkan sejarah evolusi, mamalia adalah satu-satunya anggota <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> yang masih tersisa. Synapsida dan <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> (reptil dan burung) dimasukkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> <a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> yang lebih besar. Leluhur mamalia Synapsida awal adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphenacodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphenacodontia (halaman belum tersedia)">Sphenacodontia</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Pelycosauria" title="Pelycosauria">Pelycosauria</a>, kelompok yang juga mencakup <a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a> nonmamalia. Pada akhir periode Karbon sekitar 300 juta tahun yang lalu, mamalia bercabang dari garis Sauropsida yang mengarah ke reptil dan burung masa kini. Garis keturunan yang mengikuti <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_mahkota" title="Kelompok mahkota">kelompok batang</a> sphenacodontia terpecah menjadi beberapa kelompok Synapsida nonmamalia yang beragam—kadang-kadang salah disebut sebagai reptil mirip mamalia—sebelum memunculkan <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> pada periode <a href="/wiki/Cisuralium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisuralium">Permian Awal</a>. Mamalia berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a>, kelompok Therapsida tingkat lanjut, pada kala <a href="/wiki/Trias_Akhir" title="Trias Akhir">Trias Akhir</a>. Ordo mamalia modern muncul pada periode <a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Paleogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a> dari era <a href="/wiki/Senozoikum" class="mw-redirect" title="Senozoikum">Senozoikum</a> setelah kepunahan dinosaurus nonunggas. Sejak 66 juta tahun yang lalu, mamalia telah menjadi kelompok hewan darat yang dominan hingga saat ini. Tipe dasar tubuh mamalia adalah <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupedalisme">berkaki empat</a> dan kebanyakan mamalia menggunakan keempat <a href="/wiki/Ekstremitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstremitas">ekstremitas</a> mereka untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokomosi_darat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokomosi darat (halaman belum tersedia)">lokomosi darat</a>. Namun, sejumlah mamalia memiliki ekstremitas yang beradaptasi untuk kehidupan <a href="/wiki/Mamalia_laut" title="Mamalia laut">di laut</a>, di udara, <a href="/wiki/Daya_gerak_arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya gerak arboreal">di pohon</a>, di bawah tanah, atau untuk <a href="/wiki/Bipedalisme" title="Bipedalisme">berjalan dengan dua kaki</a>. Ukuran tubuh mamalia berkisar dari kelelawar <a href="/wiki/Craseonycteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Craseonycteridae">Craseonycteridae</a> yang besarnya 30–40 mm (1,2–1,6 inci) hingga <a href="/wiki/Paus_biru" title="Paus biru">paus biru</a> yang besarnya 30 m (98 kaki)—mungkin hewan terbesar yang pernah hidup. Umur maksimum mamalia bervariasi dari dua tahun pada celurut sampai 211 tahun pada <a href="/wiki/Paus_kepala_busur" title="Paus kepala busur">paus kepala busur</a>. Semua mamalia modern melahirkan anak, kecuali lima spesies <a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a> yang merupakan mamalia bertelur. <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a> adalah kelompok mamalia yang banyak spesiesnya. Mereka memiliki <a href="/wiki/Plasenta" title="Plasenta">plasenta</a> untuk memberi makan janin selama masa <a href="/wiki/Gestasi" title="Gestasi">gestasi</a>. Mayoritas mamalia merupakan makhluk yang cerdas, dan sebagian mamalia memiliki otak yang besar, kesadaran diri, dan <a href="/wiki/Penggunaan_alat_pada_hewan" title="Penggunaan alat pada hewan">mampu menggunakan alat</a>. Mamalia dapat berkomunikasi dan bersuara dengan beberapa cara, termasuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonik">ultrasonik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teritori_(hewan)" title="Teritori (hewan)">menandai aroma</a>, memberi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_alarm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal alarm (halaman belum tersedia)">sinyal alarm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penyanyi" title="Penyanyi">menyanyi</a>, dan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Ekolokasi" title="Ekolokasi">ekolokasi</a>. Mamalia dapat mengatur diri mereka sendiri ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_fisi-fusi" title="Kelompok fisi-fusi">kelompok fisi-fusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoologi)" title="Harem (zoologi)">harem</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hierarki_Gereja_Katolik" title="Hierarki Gereja Katolik">hierarki</a>, tetapi mereka juga bisa soliter dan <a href="/wiki/Teritori_(hewan)" title="Teritori (hewan)">teritorial</a>. Kebanyakan mamalia merupakan <a href="/wiki/Poligini_pada_hewan" title="Poligini pada hewan">hewan poligini</a>, tetapi beberapa mamalia dapat menjadi monogami atau poliandri. <a href="/wiki/Domestikasi" title="Domestikasi">Domestikasi</a> berbagai jenis mamalia oleh manusia memainkan peran utama dalam <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Neolitikum" title="Revolusi Neolitikum">Revolusi Neolitikum</a>, yang menjadikan manusia mengubah sistem <a href="/wiki/Pemburu_dan_peramu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemburu dan peramu">berburu dan meramu</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">bertani</a> untuk mendapatkan sumber makanan utama. Hal ini menyebabkan restrukturisasi besar masyarakat manusia dari nomaden ke menetap dan membentuk lebih banyak kerja sama di antara kelompok yang lebih besar dan selanjutnya menjadi semakin besar, hingga akhirnya mengembangkan peradaban. Mamalia domestik menyediakan tenaga untuk transportasi dan pertanian, menjadi sumber makanan (<a href="/wiki/Daging_merah" title="Daging merah">daging</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Produk_susu" title="Produk susu">produk susu</a>), serta dimanfaatkan <a href="/wiki/Rambut_hewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambut hewan">rambut</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kulit_(produk_hewan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulit (produk hewan)">kulitnya</a>. Mamalia juga <a href="/wiki/Perburuan" title="Perburuan">diburu</a> dan dilombakan dalam olahraga, serta digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Organisme_model" title="Organisme model">organisme model</a> dalam sains. Mamalia telah digambarkan dalam seni sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum">Paleolitikum</a> dan muncul dalam sastra, film, mitologi, dan agama. Penurunan jumlah dan kepunahan banyak mamalia didorong oleh <a href="/wiki/Perburuan_liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Perburuan liar">perburuan liar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perusakan_habitat" title="Perusakan habitat">perusakan habitat</a>, dan terutama <a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">deforestasi</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_genus_mamalia" title="Daftar genus mamalia">Daftar genus mamalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mammal_species_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mammal_species_pie_chart.svg/300px-Mammal_species_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mammal_species_pie_chart.svg/450px-Mammal_species_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mammal_species_pie_chart.svg/600px-Mammal_species_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Ordo <a href="/wiki/Rodent" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodent">Rodentia</a> (biru), <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a> (merah) dan <a href="/wiki/Soricomorpha" title="Soricomorpha">Soricomorpha</a><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1">[a]</a> (kuning) jika digabung mencapai 70% spesies mamalia. <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:150px; vertical-align:top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Rodentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodentia">Rodentia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Soricomorpha" title="Soricomorpha">Soricomorpha</a></div><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">Primata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a></div> </td> <td style="width:150px; vertical-align:top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Erinaceomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Erinaceomorpha">Erinaceomorpha</a></div><a href="#cite_note-fn2-2">[b]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Scandentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> Klasifikasi mamalia telah melalui beberapa revisi sejak <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> pertama kali mendefinisikan kelas ini. Saat ini, tidak ada sistem klasifikasi yang diterima secara universal. McKenna dan Bell (1997) serta Wilson dan Reader (2005) memberikan ringkasan terbaru yang bermanfaat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan_dkk.201361–66-3">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Simpson</a> (1945)<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-1945-4">[2]</a> menyediakan <a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">sistematika</a> asal-usul dan hubungan mamalia yang telah diajarkan secara universal hingga akhir abad ke-20. Namun, sejak 1945, sejumlah besar informasi baru dan lebih rinci ditemukan secara bertahap. Catatan <a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">paleontologi</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> telah dikalibrasi ulang dan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya ada banyak perdebatan dan kemajuan mengenai dasar-dasar teoretis dari sistematika itu sendiri, yang sebagian muncul karena konsep baru yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">kladistika</a>. Meskipun temuan dari lapangan dan laboratorium semakin membuat klasifikasi Simpson ketinggalan zaman, tetapi usulannya tetap menjadi yang paling mendekati klasifikasi resmi mamalia, meskipun ada banyak masalah yang telah diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-Szalay-5">[3]</a> Sebagian besar mamalia tergolong dalam kelompok <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">mamalia berplasenta</a>, termasuk enam <a href="/wiki/Ordo_(biologi)" title="Ordo (biologi)">ordo</a> yang memiliki paling banyak spesies. Tiga ordo yang paling kaya akan spesies adalah <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pengerat" title="Hewan pengerat">Rodentia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mencit" title="Mencit">mencit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landak" title="Landak">landak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biwara" title="Biwara">biwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapibara" title="Kapibara">kapibara</a>, dan mamalia lain yang mengerat), <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a> (kelelawar), dan <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celurut" title="Celurut">celurut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikus_tanah" title="Tikus tanah">tikus tanah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Solenodon" title="Solenodon">solenodon</a>). Tiga ordo terbesar berikutnya, tergantung pada skema <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_biologis" title="Klasifikasi biologis">klasifikasi biologis</a> yang digunakan, adalah <a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">Primata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">kera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monyet" title="Monyet">monyet</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemur</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paus_(mamalia)" title="Paus (mamalia)">paus</a> dan hewan berkuku genap), dan <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kucing" title="Kucing">kucing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing">anjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musang" title="Musang">musang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beruang" title="Beruang">beruang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjing_laut" title="Anjing laut">anjing laut</a>, dan sejenisnya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonReeder2005xxvi–xxx-6">[4]</a> Menurut <a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a> (MSW), 5.416 spesies mamalia diidentifikasi pada tahun 2006, yang dikelompokkan ke dalam 1.229 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, 153 <a href="/wiki/Famili_(biologi)" title="Famili (biologi)">famili</a>, dan 29 ordo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonReeder2005xxvi–xxx-6">[4]</a> Pada tahun 2008, <a href="/wiki/Uni_Internasional_untuk_Konservasi_Alam" title="Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam">Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam</a> (IUCN) menyelesaikan Penilaian Mamalia Global selama lima tahun untuk menyusun <a href="/wiki/Daftar_merah_IUCN" title="Daftar merah IUCN">daftar merah IUCN</a>, yang memuat 5.488 spesies.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Menurut penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Mammalogy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Mammalogy (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of Mammalogy</a> pada tahun 2018, jumlah spesies mamalia yang diakui adalah 6.495, termasuk 96 yang baru saja punah.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definisi">Definisi</h3></div> Kata "mamalia" adalah istilah modern yang diambil dari nama ilmiah “Mammalia” yang diciptakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> pada tahun 1758. Kata ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> mamma ("puting"). Dalam sebuah publikasi tahun 1988 yang berpengaruh, Timothy Rowe mendefinisikan Mammalia secara <a href="/wiki/Filogeni" title="Filogeni">filogenetik</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_mahkota" title="Kelompok mahkota">kelompok mahkota</a> dari mamalia, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Nenek_moyang_bersama_paling_terkini" title="Nenek moyang bersama paling terkini">leluhur bersama paling terkini</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a> hidup (<a href="/wiki/Landak_semut" class="mw-redirect" title="Landak semut">ekidna</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Platipus" title="Platipus">platipus</a>) dan mamalia <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" title="Marsupialia">marsupialia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">plasentalia</a>), serta semua keturunan dari leluhur tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Karena leluhur ini hidup pada periode <a href="/wiki/Jura_(periode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura (periode)">Jura</a>, definisi Rowe mengecualikan semua hewan dari periode sebelumnya, <a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">Trias</a>, meskipun terdapat fakta bahwa fosil Trias pada ordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haramiyida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haramiyida (halaman belum tersedia)">Haramiyida</a> telah digolongkan sebagai Mammalia sejak pertengahan abad ke-19.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyell1871347-10">[8]</a> Jika Mammalia dianggap sebagai kelompok mahkota, asal-usulnya dapat diperkirakan secara kasar sebagai kemunculan hewan pertama yang diketahui berhubungan lebih dekat dengan beberapa mamalia yang masih sintas (bertahan hingga kini) dibandingkan hewan yang lain. Genus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambondro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambondro (halaman belum tersedia)">Ambondro</a> lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan monotremata dibandingkan mamalia Theria, sementara genus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphilestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphilestes (halaman belum tersedia)">Amphilestes</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphitherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphitherium (halaman belum tersedia)">Amphitherium</a> lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan Theria; karena fosil dari ketiga genus tersebut berumur sekitar 167 juta tahun yang lalu pada kala <a href="/wiki/Jura_Tengah" title="Jura Tengah">Jura Tengah</a>, ini adalah perkiraan yang masuk akal untuk kemunculan kelompok mahkota.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Dalam bukunya yang terbit pada tahun 2005, ahli zoologi T.S. Kemp memberikan definisi yang lebih tradisional: "<a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> yang memiliki artikulasi rahang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_rahang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang rahang (halaman belum tersedia)">dentale</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tulang_skuamosa" title="Tulang skuamosa">skuamosa</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklusi_(kedokteran_gigi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oklusi (kedokteran gigi) (halaman belum tersedia)">oklusi</a> antara geraham atas dan bawah dengan komponen transversal untuk bergerak" atau dalam pandangan Kemp, klad yang berasal dari leluhur terakhir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinoconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinoconodon (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinoconodon</a> dan mamalia sintas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp20053-12">[10]</a> Synapsida paling awal yang memenuhi definisi Kemp adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikitherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikitherium (halaman belum tersedia)">Tikitherium</a>, dari 225 juta tahun silam, sehingga kemunculan mamalia dalam pengertian yang lebih luas ini dapat disimpulkan pada <a href="/wiki/Trias_Akhir" title="Trias Akhir">Trias Akhir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi_McKenna/Bell">Klasifikasi McKenna/Bell</h3></div> Pada tahun 1997, pengelompokan mamalia direvisi secara komprehensif oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_McKenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm McKenna (halaman belum tersedia)">Malcolm C. McKenna</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_K._Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan K. Bell (halaman belum tersedia)">Susan K. Bell</a>, yang menghasilkan klasifikasi McKenna/Bell. Keduanya bekerja sama sebagai ahli paleontologi di <a href="/wiki/Museum_Sejarah_Alam_Amerika" title="Museum Sejarah Alam Amerika">Museum Sejarah Alam Amerika</a>. McKenna mewarisi proyek dari Simpson, sedangkan Bell membangun sistem hierarki yang benar-benar baru, yang mencakup taksa sintas dan punah, yang mencerminkan silsilah historis Mammalia.<a href="#cite_note-Szalay-5">[3]</a> Buku mereka yang terbit pada tahun 1997, Klasifikasi Mamalia di atas Tingkat Spesies, adalah karya komprehensif tentang sistematika, hubungan, dan kemunculan semua taksa mamalia, baik sintas dan punah, hingga peringkat genus, meskipun data genetik molekuler menantang beberapa pengelompokan tingkat yang lebih tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-McKennaBell1997-15">[13]</a> Pada daftar di bawah ini, kelompok yang telah punah diberi tanda <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(tipografi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagger (tipografi)">dagger</a> (†). Kelas Mammalia <ul><li>Subkelas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototheria (halaman belum tersedia)">Prototheria</a>: monotremata: <a href="/wiki/Nokdiak" title="Nokdiak">nokdiak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Platipus" title="Platipus">platipus</a></li> <li>Subkelas <a href="/wiki/Theriiformes" title="Theriiformes">Theriiformes</a>: mamalia yang melahirkan dan kerabat prasejarahnya <ul><li>Infrakelas †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allotheria (halaman belum tersedia)">Allotheria</a>: multituberkulata</li> <li>Infrakelas †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutriconodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutriconodonta (halaman belum tersedia)">Eutriconodonta</a>: eutrikonodon</li> <li>Infrakelas <a href="/wiki/Holotheria" title="Holotheria">Holotheria</a>: mamalia modern yang melahirkan dan kerabat prasejarahnya <ul><li>Superlegion †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuehneotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuehneotheria (halaman belum tersedia)">Kuehneotheria</a></li> <li>Superkohort <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a>: mamalia yang melahirkan <ul><li>Kohort <a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" title="Marsupialia">Marsupialia</a>: marsupialia <ul><li>Magnordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australidelphia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australidelphia (halaman belum tersedia)">Australidelphia</a>: marsupialia Australia dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monito_del_monte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monito del monte (halaman belum tersedia)">monito del monte</a></li> <li>Magnordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameridelphia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ameridelphia (halaman belum tersedia)">Ameridelphia</a>: marsupialia Dunia Baru yang sekarang dianggap parafili, dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celurut_oposum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celurut oposum (halaman belum tersedia)">celurut oposum</a> lebih dekat kepada australidelfian.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kohort <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a>: mamalia berplasenta <ul><li>Magnordo <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a>: xenarthra</li> <li>Magnordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitheria (halaman belum tersedia)">Epitheria</a>: epitheria <ul><li>Superordo †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptictida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptictida (halaman belum tersedia)">Leptictida</a></li> <li>Superordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preptotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preptotheria (halaman belum tersedia)">Preptotheria</a> <ul><li>Grandordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glires (halaman belum tersedia)">Anagalida</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">lagomorpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pengerat" title="Hewan pengerat">rodensia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Celurut_gajah" title="Celurut gajah">celurut gajah</a></li> <li>Grandordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferae (halaman belum tersedia)">Ferae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">karnivora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenggiling" title="Tenggiling">tenggiling</a>, †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Creodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creodont (halaman belum tersedia)">kreodon</a>, dan kerabatnya</li> <li>Grandordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipotyphla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipotyphla (halaman belum tersedia)">Lipotyphla</a>: <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">insektivor</a></li> <li>Grandordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archonta (halaman belum tersedia)">Archonta</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kelelawar" title="Kelelawar">kelelawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">primata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kubung" title="Kubung">kubung</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tupai" title="Tupai">tupai</a></li> <li>Grandordo <a href="/wiki/Ungulata" title="Ungulata">Ungulata</a>: ungulata <ul><li>Ordo <a href="/wiki/Tubulidentata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubulidentata">Tubulidentata</a> <a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Babi_tanah" title="Babi tanah">babi tanah</a></li> <li>Mirordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eparctocyona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eparctocyona (halaman belum tersedia)">Eparctocyona</a>: †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Condylarth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condylarth (halaman belum tersedia)">condylarth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paus_(mamalia)" title="Paus (mamalia)">paus</a>, dan artiodaktila (ungulata berkuku genap)</li> <li>Mirordo †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridiungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridiungulata (halaman belum tersedia)">Meridiungulata</a>: ungulata Amerika Selatan</li> <li>Mirordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altungulata (halaman belum tersedia)">Altungulata</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_ganjil" title="Hewan berkuku ganjil">perisodaktila</a> (ungulata berkuku ganjil), <a href="/wiki/Gajah" title="Gajah">gajah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lembu_laut" title="Lembu laut">lembu laut</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Imbila" title="Imbila">imbila</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi_molekuler_mamalia_berplasenta">Klasifikasi molekuler mamalia berplasenta</h3></div> Pada awal abad ke-21, studi molekuler berdasarkan analisis DNA menunjukkan hubungan baru di antara keluarga mamalia. Sebagian besar temuan ini telah divalidasi secara independen oleh data ada/tidaknya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrotransposon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrotransposon (halaman belum tersedia)">retrotransposon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Sistem klasifikasi berdasarkan studi molekuler mengungkapkan tiga kelompok utama atau garis keturunan dari mamalia berplasenta, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a>, yang bercabang pada <a href="/wiki/Kapur_(periode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapur (periode)">Periode Kapur</a>. Hubungan antara ketiga garis keturunan ini kontroversial, dan ada tiga hipotesis yang diajukan sehubungan dengan kelompok mana yang bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal_(filogenetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basal (filogenetika (halaman belum tersedia)">basal</a>. Hipotesis-hipotesis tersebut adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantogenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantogenata (halaman belum tersedia)">Atlantogenata</a> (Boreoeutheria sebagai basal), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitheria (halaman belum tersedia)">Epitheria</a> (Xenarthra sebagai basal) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exafroplacentalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exafroplacentalia (halaman belum tersedia)">Exafroplacentalia</a> (Afrotheria sebagai basal).<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[16]</a> Boreoeutheria sendiri mengandung dua garis keturunan utama, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>. Perkiraan waktu divergensi antara ketiga kelompok mamalia berplasenta ini berkisar antara 105 hingga 120 juta tahun yang lalu, tergantung pada jenis DNA yang digunakan (seperti DNA inti atau DNA mitokondria)<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> dan berbagai interpretasi data paleogeografis.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17572906">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Mammalia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_zoological_miscellany_(platypus).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornithorhynchus anatinus"><img alt="Ornithorhynchus anatinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_zoological_miscellany_%28platypus%29.jpg/60px-The_zoological_miscellany_%28platypus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_zoological_miscellany_%28platypus%29.jpg/120px-The_zoological_miscellany_%28platypus%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="342" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" title="Marsupialia">Marsupialia</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6,_or_family_of_kangaroos_(9398404841)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macropodidæ"><img alt="Macropodidæ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg/60px-A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg/120px-A_monograph_of_the_Macropodid%C3%A6%2C_or_family_of_kangaroos_%289398404841%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="380" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantogenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantogenata (halaman belum tersedia)">Atlantogenata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephas maximus"><img alt="Elephas maximus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg/50px-Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg/75px-Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg/100px-Indian_elephant_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="924" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Manatee_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trichechus"><img alt="Trichechus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manatee_white_background.jpg/50px-Manatee_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manatee_white_background.jpg/75px-Manatee_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manatee_white_background.jpg/100px-Manatee_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="247" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dasypus novemcinctus"><img alt="Dasypus novemcinctus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg/60px-Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg/120px-Nine-banded-Armadillo_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_(Plate_XV)_(Myrmecophaga_tridactyla).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Myrmecophaga tridactyla"><img alt="Myrmecophaga tridactyla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg/60px-Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg/120px-Natural_history_of_the_animal_kingdom_for_the_use_of_young_people_%28Plate_XV%29_%28Myrmecophaga_tridactyla%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="472" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euarchonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euarchonta (halaman belum tersedia)">Euarchonta</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur,_mit_Beschreibungen_(Plate_8)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cebus olivaceus"><img alt="Cebus olivaceus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Die_S%C3%A4ugthiere_in_Abbildungen_nach_der_Natur%2C_mit_Beschreibungen_%28Plate_8%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="384" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bechuana_of_Distinction-1841_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homo sapiens"><img alt="Homo sapiens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bechuana_of_Distinction-1841_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Bechuana_of_Distinction-1841_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bechuana_of_Distinction-1841_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Bechuana_of_Distinction-1841_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="496" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glires (halaman belum tersedia)">Glires</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ruskea_rotta.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rattus"><img alt="Rattus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/50px-Ruskea_rotta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/75px-Ruskea_rotta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/100px-Ruskea_rotta.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="110" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lepus"><img alt="Lepus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg/50px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg/75px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg/100px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Hare_studies_1885_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="445" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mole_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Talpidae"><img alt="Talpidae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/50px-Mole_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/75px-Mole_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mole_white_background.jpg/100px-Mole_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="196" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scrotifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scrotifera (halaman belum tersedia)">Scrotifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Desmodontinae"><img alt="Desmodontinae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg/60px-Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg/120px-Vampire_bat_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="418" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euungulata (halaman belum tersedia)">Euungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Capra walie"><img alt="Capra walie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/50px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/75px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/100px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eubalaena glacialis"><img alt="Eubalaena glacialis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg/70px-Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg/105px-Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg/140px-Eubalaena_glacialis_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="726" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Equus_quagga_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equus quagga"><img alt="Equus quagga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="459" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rhino_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diceros bicornis"><img alt="Diceros bicornis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rhino_white_background.jpg/50px-Rhino_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rhino_white_background.jpg/75px-Rhino_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rhino_white_background.jpg/100px-Rhino_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="251" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferae (halaman belum tersedia)">Ferae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manidae"><img alt="Manidae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/50px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/75px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg/100px-FMIB_46859_Pangolin_a_grosse_queue_white_background.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="405" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acinonyx jubatus"><img alt="Acinonyx jubatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Cynailurus_guttata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zalophus californianus"><img alt="Zalophus californianus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Zalophus_californianus_J._Smit_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="531" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">Kladogram</a> di atas didasarkan pada Tarver dkk. (2016).<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Sementara itu, menurut <a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World </a> (MSW),<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Informasi_Taksonomi_Terpadu" title="Sistem Informasi Taksonomi Terpadu">Sistem Informasi Taksonomi Terpadu</a> (ITIS),<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> dan Catalogue of Life,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> mamalia terdiri atas 29 ordo, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erinaceomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Erinaceomorpha">Erinaceomorpha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fn2-2">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notoryctemorphia" title="Notoryctemorphia">Notoryctemorphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">Primates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodentia">Rodentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soricomorpha" title="Soricomorpha">Soricomorpha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fn1-1">[a]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tubulidentata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubulidentata">Tubulidentata</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolusi">Evolusi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asal-usul">Asal-usul</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a>, klad yang berisi mamalia dan kerabat mereka yang telah punah, berasal dari subperiode <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geologi)" title="Pennsylvanian (geologi)">Karbon Akhir</a> (~323 juta hingga ~300 juta tahun yang lalu), ketika mereka berpisah dari garis keturunan reptil dan unggas. Mamalia kelompok mahkota berevolusi dari <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> yang telah ada sebelumnya selama kala <a href="/wiki/Jura_Awal" title="Jura Awal">Jura Awal</a>. Kladogram menjadikan mamalia sebagai kelompok mahkota.<a href="#cite_note-Liaoconodon2011-24">[22]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morganucodontidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morganucodontidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Morganucodontidae</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Morganucodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/50px-Morganucodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/75px-Morganucodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/100px-Morganucodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="978" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Docodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Docodonta (halaman belum tersedia)">Docodonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haldanodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haldanodon (halaman belum tersedia)">Haldanodon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Mammalia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata</a>) <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Steropodon_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steropodon_BW.jpg/60px-Steropodon_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Steropodon_BW.jpg/120px-Steropodon_BW.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Fruitafossor" title="Fruitafossor">Fruitafossor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haramiyavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haramiyavia (halaman belum tersedia)">Haramiyavia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Multituberculata" title="Multituberculata">Multituberculata</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sunnyodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunnyodon.jpg/60px-Sunnyodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sunnyodon.jpg/120px-Sunnyodon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="462" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinodon (halaman belum tersedia)">Tinodon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutriconodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutriconodonta (halaman belum tersedia)">Eutriconodonta</a> (termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobiconodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobiconodonta (halaman belum tersedia)">Gobiconodonta</a>) <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Repenomamus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/50px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/75px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Repenomamus_BW.jpg/100px-Repenomamus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Trechnotheria" title="Trechnotheria">Trechnotheria</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a>) <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Juramaia_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/60px-Juramaia_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/120px-Juramaia_NT.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="287" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolusi_dari_amniota_yang_lebih_tua">Evolusi dari amniota yang lebih tua</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Skull_synapsida_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/220px-Skull_synapsida_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/330px-Skull_synapsida_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/440px-Skull_synapsida_1.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Struktur tengkorak <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> awal berisi satu lubang temporal di belakang rongga mata, dalam posisi yang cukup rendah di tengkorak (kanan bawah pada gambar ini). Lubang ini mungkin telah membantu menahan otot rahang organisme ini yang dapat meningkatkan kekuatan menggigit mereka.</figcaption></figure> Vertebrata terestrial penuh yang pertama kali muncul adalah <a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniota</a>. Seperti pendahulu mereka, tetrapoda amfibi, mereka memiliki paru-paru dan ekstremitas. Meskipun demikian, telur Amniota memiliki selaput internal yang memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Embrio" title="Embrio">embrio</a> yang sedang berkembang untuk bernapas tetapi berisi air. Oleh karena itu, Amniota dapat bertelur di tanah kering, sedangkan amfibi umumnya perlu bertelur di air. Amniota pertama tampaknya muncul pada subperiode Karbon Akhir. Mereka berasal dari tetrapoda amfibi <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AhlbergMilner1994OriginOfTetrapods-25">[23]</a> yang hidup di tanah yang sudah dihuni oleh serangga, invertebrata lainnya, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">tumbuhan paku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun">lumut daun</a>, dan tumbuhan lainnya. Dalam beberapa juta tahun, dua garis keturunan Amniota berpisah: Synapsida, yang nantinya mencakup nenek moyang bersama bagi mamalia; dan <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>, yang sekarang mencakup <a href="/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura">kura-kura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadal" title="Kadal">kadal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ular" title="Ular">ular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buaya" title="Buaya">buaya</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurus" title="Dinosaurus">dinosaurus</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Burung" title="Burung">burung</a>).<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Synapsida memiliki lubang tunggal (fenestra temporal) di bagian bawah setiap sisi tengkorak. Salah satu kelompok Synapsida, <a href="/wiki/Pelycosauria" title="Pelycosauria">pelikosaurus</a>, mencakup hewan terbesar dan paling ganas pada periode <a href="/wiki/Perem" title="Perem">Perm</a> Awal.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Synapsida nonmamalia kadang-kadang (secara tidak tepat) disebut "reptil mirip mamalia".<a href="#cite_note-Kemp2006-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettRuben1986207–218-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a>, sebuah kelompok di bawah Synapsida, merupakan keturunan dari pelikosaurus pada periode <a href="/wiki/Guadalupium" title="Guadalupium">Perm Tengah</a> sekitar 265 juta tahun yang lalu dan menjadi vertebrata darat yang dominan.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp2006-28">[26]</a> Mereka berbeda dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eupelycosauria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eupelycosauria (halaman belum tersedia)">eupelikosaurus</a> basal pada beberapa fitur tengkorak dan rahang, termasuk tengkorak yang lebih besar dan gigi seri yang ukurannya sama pada Therapsida, tetapi tidak bagi eupelikosaurus. Garis keturunan Therapsida yang mengarah ke mamalia melewati serangkaian tahap, dimulai dengan hewan yang sangat mirip dengan nenek moyang pelikosaurus dan berakhir dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probainognathia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probainognathia (halaman belum tersedia)">Probainognathia</a> yang tergolong Cynodontia, beberapa di antaranya dapat dengan mudah disalahartikan sebagai mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamalia_pertama">Mamalia pertama</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_kepunahan_Perm%E2%80%93Trias" title="Peristiwa kepunahan Perm–Trias">Peristiwa kepunahan Perm–Trias</a> sekitar 252 juta tahun yang lalu, yang merupakan peristiwa berkepanjangan karena akumulasi beberapa gelombang kepunahan, mengakhiri dominasi Therapsida karnivor.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Pada Trias Awal, sebagian besar relung karnivor darat berukuran sedang hingga besar diambil alih oleh <a href="/wiki/Archosaurus_(klad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurus (klad)">Archosaurus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> yang selama periode yang diperpanjang (35 juta tahun), mencakup <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorpha" title="Crocodylomorpha">Crocodylomorpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurus" title="Pterosaurus">pterosaurus</a>, dan dinosaurus;<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> namun, <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a> besar seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trucidocynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trucidocynodon (halaman belum tersedia)">Trucidocynodon</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traversodontidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traversodontidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Traversodontidae</a> masing-masing masih menempati relung karnivor dan herbivor berukuran besar. Pada periode <a href="/wiki/Jura_(periode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura (periode)">Jura</a>, dinosaurus juga mendominasi relung herbivor terestrial besar.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Mamalia pertama (dalam pengertian Kemp) muncul pada zaman Trias Akhir (sekitar 225 juta tahun yang lalu), 40 juta tahun setelah Therapsida pertama. Mereka berkembang dari relung insektivor nokturnal dari pertengahan Jura dan seterusnya;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt_dkk.201473-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a> dari Jura, misalnya, adalah kerabat dekat mamalia sejati yang beradaptasi untuk berenang, menggali, dan menangkap ikan. Sebagian besar, jika tidak semua, diperkirakan tetap bersifat noktural (hipotesis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hambatan_nokturnal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hambatan nokturnal (halaman belum tersedia)">hambatan nokturnal</a>), yang merupakan ciri mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Mayoritas spesies mamalia yang ada pada era <a href="/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum">Mesozoikum</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Multituberculata" title="Multituberculata">Multituberculata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutriconodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutriconodonta (halaman belum tersedia)">Eutriconodonta</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalacotheriidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalacotheriidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Spalacotheriidae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a> paling awal yang diketahui adalah fosil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinodelphys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinodelphys (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinodelphys</a>, yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Batu_serpih" title="Batu serpih">batu serpih</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Kapur_Awal" title="Kapur Awal">Kapur Awal</a> berumur 125 juta tahun di Provinsi <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, timur laut Tiongkok. Fosil ini hampir lengkap dan juga termasuk jumbai rambut dan jejak jaringan lunak.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Juramaia_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/250px-Juramaia_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/330px-Juramaia_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg/500px-Juramaia_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Gambaran <a href="/wiki/Juramaia" title="Juramaia">Juramaia sinensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> tertua yang diketahui (160 juta tahun lalu)<a href="#cite_note-Juramaia-39">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> Fosil tertua yang diketahui di antara <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> ("binatang buas sejati") adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juramaia_sinensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juramaia sinensis (halaman belum tersedia)">Juramaia sinensis</a> yang mirip tikus kecil, atau "ibu Jura dari Tiongkok", yang berumur 160 juta tahun yang lalu pada akhir Jura.<a href="#cite_note-Juramaia-39">[37]</a> Kerabat Eutheria yang muncul belakangan, <a href="/wiki/Eomaia" title="Eomaia">Eomaia</a>, 125 juta tahun yang lalu pada awal Kapur, memiliki beberapa ciri yang sama dengan marsupialia tetapi tidak dengan plasentalia, bukti bahwa ciri-ciri ini ada pada leluhur terakhir dari kedua kelompok tersebut tetapi kemudian hilang pada garis keturunan plasentalia.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Secara khusus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_epipubis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang epipubis (halaman belum tersedia)">tulang-tulang epipubis</a> memanjang ke depan dari panggul. Tulang ini tidak ditemukan di plasenta modern mana pun, tetapi mereka ditemukan di marsupialia, monotremata, mamalia non-Theria lainnya, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukhaatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukhaatherium (halaman belum tersedia)">Ukhaatherium</a>, hewan Kapur awal dalam ordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asioryctitheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asioryctitheria (halaman belum tersedia)">Asioryctitheria</a>. Ini juga berlaku untuk Multituberculata.<a href="#cite_note-Epipubic_bones_in_eutherian_mammals-41">[39]</a> Mereka tampaknya merupakan ciri leluhur, yang kemudian menghilang dalam garis keturunan plasentalia. Tulang-tulang epipubis ini tampaknya berfungsi sebagai tempat otot-otot menegang selama pergerakan, mengurangi ruang yang disediakan, yang dibutuhkan plasentalia untuk menampung janin mereka selama periode gestasi. Lubang panggul yang sempit menunjukkan bahwa anak mereka berukuran sangat kecil saat lahir sehingga gestasinya pendek, seperti pada marsupialia modern. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa plasenta merupakan perkembangan yang muncul belakangan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowerSchulkin201268-42">[40]</a> Salah satu Monotremata paling awal yang diketahui adalah <a href="/wiki/Teinolophos" title="Teinolophos">Teinolophos</a> yang hidup sekitar 120 juta tahun yang lalu di Australia.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Monotremata memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang mungkin diwarisi dari Amniota asli, seperti lubang yang sama untuk buang air kecil, buang air besar, dan berkembang biak (kloaka), seperti pada kadal dan burung,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199555-44">[42]</a> dan mereka menghasilkan telur yang kasar dan tidak terkalsifikasi.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tampilan_paling_awal">Tampilan paling awal</h3></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrocodium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadrocodium (halaman belum tersedia)">Hadrocodium</a>, yang fosilnya berasal dari sekitar 195 juta tahun yang lalu, pada awal Jura, memberikan bukti pertama yang jelas tentang sendi rahang yang hanya dibentuk oleh tulang skuamosa dan tulang dentale; tidak ada ruang di rahang untuk artikularis, tulang yang terlibat dalam rahang semua Synapsida awal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose200682–83-46">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg/220px-Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg/330px-Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg/440px-Thrinaxodon_Lionhinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Fosil <a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a> di <a href="/wiki/Museum_Nasional_Sejarah_Alam" title="Museum Nasional Sejarah Alam">Museum Nasional Sejarah Alam</a>, Amerika Serikat</figcaption></figure> Bukti paling awal yang jelas tentang rambut terdapat pada fosil <a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaconus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megaconus (halaman belum tersedia)">Megaconus</a> dari 164 juta tahun yang lalu pada pertengahan Jura. Pada tahun 1950-an, diusulkan bahwa foramina (saluran) di <a href="/wiki/Maksila" title="Maksila">maksila</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pramaksila" title="Pramaksila">pramaksila</a> (tulang di depan rahang atas) Cynodontia adalah saluran yang memasok pembuluh darah dan saraf ke vibrissae (<a href="/wiki/Misai" title="Misai">misai</a>) sekaligus bukti akan adanya rambut.<a href="#cite_note-Brink1955-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1982383-48">[46]</a> Meskipun demikian, selanjutnya diketahui bahwa foramen tidak selalu menunjukkan bahwa hewan memiliki misai, karena kadal modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupinambis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tupinambis (halaman belum tersedia)">Tupinambis</a> memiliki foramina yang hampir identik dengan yang ditemukan pada Cynodontia nonmamalia, <a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettRuben1986207–218-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Namun, sumber-sumber populer terus mengaitkan misai dengan Thrinaxodon.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Studi tentang <a href="/wiki/Koprolit" title="Koprolit">koprolit</a> pada masa Perm menunjukkan bahwa Synapsida nonmamalia dari zaman sudah memiliki rambut; pengaturan evolusi rambut mungkin telah berlangsung sejak sejauh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicynodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicynodontia (halaman belum tersedia)">Dicynodontia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-piotr-51">[49]</a> Kemunculan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoterm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoterm (halaman belum tersedia)">endoterm</a> pertama kali muncul dalam evolusi mamalia belum pasti, meskipun umumnya disepakati bahwa sifat ini pertama kali berevolusi pada Therapsida non-mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-piotr-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Monotremata modern memiliki suhu tubuh yang lebih rendah dan tingkat metabolisme yang lebih bervariasi dibandingkan marsupialia dan plasentalia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1988464-53">[51]</a> tetapi ada bukti bahwa beberapa leluhur mereka, mungkin termasuk leluhur Theria, dapat memiliki suhu tubuh seperti Theria modern.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Demikian juga beberapa Theria modern seperti <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> secara sekunder telah mengembangkan suhu tubuh yang lebih rendah.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Evolusi ekstremitas tegak pada mamalia tidak diketahui dengan lengkap; baik monotremata yang masih hidup maupun fosil monotremata memiliki ekstremitas yang melebar. Postur ekstremitas yang parasagital (tidak melebar) baru muncul pada akhir Jura atau awal Kapur, yang ditemukan pada Eomaia dari Eutheria dan Sinodelphys dari Metatheria, yang keduanya berasal dari 125 juta tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Tulang epipubis, fitur yang sangat memengaruhi reproduksi sebagian besar klad mamalia, pertama kali ditemukan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tritylodontidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tritylodontidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Tritylodontidae</a>, yang menunjukkan bahwa hal ini merupakan <a href="/wiki/Apomorfi_dan_sinapomorfi" title="Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi">sinapomorfi</a> antara mereka dan mamalia. Tulang ini ditemukan pada mamalia nonplasentalia, meskipun <a href="/wiki/Megazostrodon" title="Megazostrodon">Megazostrodon</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erythrotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erythrotherium (halaman belum tersedia)">Erythrotherium</a> tampaknya tidak memilikinya.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kebangkitan_mamalia">Kebangkitan mamalia</h3></div> Mamalia Theria mengambil alih relung ekologi berukuran sedang hingga besar pada <a href="/wiki/Senozoikum" class="mw-redirect" title="Senozoikum">Senozoikum</a>, setelah <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_kepunahan_Kapur%E2%80%93Paleogen" title="Peristiwa kepunahan Kapur–Paleogen">peristiwa kepunahan Kapur–Paleogen</a> sekitar 66 juta tahun yang lalu mengosongkan ruang ekologis yang pernah diisi oleh dinosaurus nonunggas dan kelompok reptil lainnya, serta berbagai jenis kelompok mamalia lainnya,<a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-58">[56]</a> dan kemudian mengalami peningkatan eksponensial dalam ukuran tubuh (<a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>).<a href="#cite_note-F.A.Smith-59">[57]</a> Mamalia lantas terdiversifikasi dengan sangat cepat; baik burung dan mamalia menunjukkan peningkatan eksponensial dalam keanekaragaman.<a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-58">[56]</a> Misalnya, kelelawar yang paling awal diketahui berasal dari sekitar 50 juta tahun yang lalu, hanya 16 juta tahun setelah kepunahan dinosaurus nonunggas.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Studi <a href="/wiki/Filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetik">filogenetik</a> molekuler awalnya menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar ordo plasentalia bercabang sekitar 100 hingga 85 juta tahun yang lalu dan bahwa famili modern muncul pada periode <a href="/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen">Eosen</a> akhir hingga <a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bininda2007-61">[59]</a> Namun, tidak ada fosil plasentalia yang ditemukan sebelum akhir zaman Kapur. Fosil plasentalia paling awal yang tak terbantahkan berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Paleosen" title="Paleosen">Paleosen</a> awal, setelah kepunahan dinosaurus nonunggas. Secara khusus, para ilmuwan telah mengidentifikasi hewan Paleosen awal bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protungulatum_donnae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protungulatum donnae (halaman belum tersedia)">Protungulatum donnae</a> sebagai salah satu mamalia berplasenta pertama.<a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130208-62">[60]</a> Namun, hewan ini telah direklasifikasi sebagai Eutheria nonplasentalia.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Kalibrasi ulang dalam tingkat keanekaragaman genetik dan morfologi menunjukkan periode Kapur Akhir untuk plasentalia Paleosen untuk sebagian besar klad modern.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Leluhur primata yang paling awal diketahui adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archicebus_achilles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archicebus achilles (halaman belum tersedia)">Archicebus achilles</a><a href="#cite_note-NTR-20130606-65">[63]</a> dari sekitar 55 juta tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-NTR-20130606-65">[63]</a> Primata kecil ini memiliki berat 20–30 gram (0,7–1,1 ons) dan bisa muat di telapak tangan manusia.<a href="#cite_note-NTR-20130606-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomi">Anatomi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karakteristik_khusus">Karakteristik khusus</h3></div> Spesies mamalia hidup dapat diidentifikasi dengan adanya <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_keringat" title="Kelenjar keringat">kelenjar keringat</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_susu" title="Kelenjar susu">kelenjar yang terspesialisasi untuk memproduksi susu</a> untuk memberi makan anaknya.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Dalam mengklasifikasikan fosil, karakteristik lain harus digunakan karena kelenjar jaringan lunak dan banyak karakteristik lainnya tidak terlihat dalam fosil.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Banyak karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh semua mamalia hidup, termasuk di antara para anggota mamalia paling awal, seperti: <ul><li>Sendi <a href="/wiki/Rahang" title="Rahang">rahang</a>–Tulang dentale (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_rahang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang rahang (halaman belum tersedia)">tulang rahang</a> bawah, yang membawa gigi) dan <a href="/wiki/Tulang_skuamosa" title="Tulang skuamosa">tulang skuamosa</a> bertemu untuk membentuk sendi. Pada kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a>, sendi terdiri dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_artikular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang artikular (halaman belum tersedia)">tulang artikular</a> (tulang kecil di belakang rahang bawah) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_kuadrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang kuadrata (halaman belum tersedia)">tulang kuadrata</a> (tulang kecil di belakang rahang atas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose200682–83-46">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telinga_tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Telinga tengah">Telinga tengah</a>–Pada mamalia <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_mahkota" title="Kelompok mahkota">kelompok mahkota</a>, suara dibawa dari <a href="/wiki/Gendang_telinga" title="Gendang telinga">gendang telinga</a> oleh tiga tulang yang terangkai, yakni <a href="/wiki/Tulang_martil" title="Tulang martil">tulang martil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan">tulang landasan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tulang_sanggurdi" title="Tulang sanggurdi">tulang sanggurdi</a>. Secara evolusi, tulang martil dan tulang landasan berasal dari tulang artikular dan tulang kuadrata yang membentuk sendi rahang pada Therapsida awal.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></li> <li>Penggantian gigi–Gigi dapat berganti satu kali (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Difiodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difiodon (halaman belum tersedia)">difiodon</a>) atau tidak sama sekali (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monofiodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monofiodon (halaman belum tersedia)">monofiodon</a>; seperti pada paus bergigi dan tikus).<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Gajah, <a href="/wiki/Lembu_laut" title="Lembu laut">lembu laut</a>, dan kanguru terus-menerus menumbuhkan gigi baru sepanjang hidupnya (<a href="/wiki/Polifiodon" title="Polifiodon">polifiodon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></li> <li>Enamel prismatik–Lapisan <a href="/wiki/Enamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Enamel">enamel</a> pada permukaan gigi terdiri dari prisma, struktur padat seperti batang yang memanjang dari <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> ke permukaan gigi.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondilus_oksipitalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondilus oksipitalis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kondilus oksipitalis</a>–Dua tonjolan bulat (seperti kenop) di dasar tengkorak yang masuk ke <a href="/wiki/Tulang_leher" title="Tulang leher">vertebra leher</a> paling atas; kebanyakan tetrapoda lain hanya memiliki satu kenop seperti itu.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></li></ul> Untuk sebagian besar kasus, karakteristik-karakteristik ini tidak ada pada leluhur mamalia pada <a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">Periode Trias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Hampir semua mamalia memiliki tulang epipubis, kecuali mamalia berplasenta modern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowerSchulkin20121890–1891-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimorfisme_seksual">Dimorfisme seksual</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG/250px-Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG/330px-Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG/500px-Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orang_utan_sumatra" title="Orang utan sumatra">Orang utan sumatra</a> jantan (kiri), betina (kanan), dan anak mereka (tengah); orang utan menunjukkan dimorfisme seksual yang cukup terlihat</figcaption></figure> Secara umum, mamalia jantan lebih besar dari betina. Kebanyakan ordo pada mamalia juga menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Dimorfisme_seksual" title="Dimorfisme seksual">dimorfisme seksual</a> yang bias jantan, meskipun beberapa ordo tidak menunjukkan bias apa pun atau secara signifikan bias betina (<a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>). Perbedaan ukuran tubuh hewan jantan dan betina akan semakin besar apabila ukuran tubuh hewan jantan semakin besar (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aturan_Rensch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aturan Rensch (halaman belum tersedia)">aturan Rensch</a>), yang menunjukkan bahwa ada tekanan seleksi secara paralel pada ukuran tubuh jantan dan betina. Dimorfisme yang bias jantan berhubungan dengan seleksi seksual pada hewan jantan, yakni melalui kompetisi di antara para pejantan untuk mendapatkan betina. Ada korelasi positif antara tingkat seleksi seksual, yang diindikasikan oleh sistem perkawinan, dengan tingkat dimorfisme ukuran yang bias jantan. Tekanan seleksi paralel pada massa tubuh betina juga diidentifikasi, bahwa usia penyapihan secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada spesies yang lebih <a href="/wiki/Poligini" class="mw-redirect" title="Poligini">poligini</a>, bahkan ketika massa tubuh telah dikoreksi. Selain itu, tingkat reproduksi yang semakin rendah pada betina yang lebih besar menunjukkan bahwa seleksi fekunditas memilih betina yang lebih kecil. Meskipun pola-pola ini berlaku di seluruh mamalia secara keseluruhan, ada variasi yang cukup besar di seluruh ordo.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_biologis">Sistem biologis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif/220px-Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif/330px-Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif/440px-Lung_expansion_simulation_with_Raccoon.gif 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Paru-paru rakun yang dikembangkan secara manual</figcaption></figure> Mayoritas mamalia memiliki tujuh vertebra serviks (<a href="/wiki/Tulang_leher" title="Tulang leher">tulang leher</a>). Pengecualiannya adalah lembu laut dan <a href="/wiki/Choloepus" class="mw-redirect" title="Choloepus">kungkang berkuku dua</a> yang memiliki enam tulang leher dan <a href="/wiki/Bradypus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradypus">kungkang berkuku tiga</a> yang memiliki sembilan tulang leher.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Semua otak mamalia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Neokorteks" title="Neokorteks">neokorteks</a>, wilayah otak yang unik untuk mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Otak mamalia berplasenta memiliki <a href="/wiki/Korpus_kalosum" title="Korpus kalosum">korpus kalosum</a>, tidak seperti monotremata dan marsupialia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru">Paru-paru</a> mamalia bersifat seperti spons dan sarang lebah. Pernapasan didukung oleh <a href="/wiki/Diafragma_(anatomi)" title="Diafragma (anatomi)">diafragma</a>, yang memisahkan rongga dada dari rongga perut dan membentuk kubah cembung ke dada. Kontraksi diafragma akan meratakan kubah sehingga meningkatkan volume rongga paru-paru. Udara masuk melalui rongga mulut dan hidung, lalu berjalan melalui <a href="/wiki/Laring" title="Laring">laring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trakea" title="Trakea">trakea</a>, kemudian <a href="/wiki/Bronkus" title="Bronkus">bronkus</a>, dan memperluas <a href="/wiki/Alveolus" title="Alveolus">alveolus</a>. Relaksasi diafragma memiliki efek sebaliknya, mengurangi volume rongga paru-paru sehingga udara terdorong keluar dari paru-paru. Ketika mamalia beraktivitas fisik, dinding perut berkontraksi dan meningkatkan tekanan pada diafragma, yang memaksa udara keluar lebih cepat dan lebih kuat. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangkar_rusuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangkar rusuk (halaman belum tersedia)">Sangkar rusuk</a> mampu mengembang dan mengempis melalui aksi otot-otot pernapasan lainnya. Akibatnya, udara diisap ke dalam atau dikeluarkan dari paru-paru, selalu mengikuti gradien tekanannya.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-bellows-80">[78]</a> Karena kemiripannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Ubub" title="Ubub">ubub</a>, jenis paru-paru ini dikenal sebagai paru-paru ubub.<a href="#cite_note-bellows-80">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung">Jantung</a> mamalia memiliki empat ruang, yakni dua <a href="/wiki/Serambi_jantung" title="Serambi jantung">serambi</a> di bagian atas sebagai ruang penerima dan dua <a href="/wiki/Bilik_jantung" title="Bilik jantung">bilik</a> di bagian bawah sebagai ruang pengeluaran.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Jantung memiliki empat katup yang memisahkan biliknya dan memastikan darah mengalir ke arah yang benar (mencegah aliran balik). Setelah <a href="/wiki/Pertukaran_gas" title="Pertukaran gas">pertukaran gas</a> di kapiler paru (pembuluh darah di paru-paru), darah yang kaya oksigen kembali ke serambi kiri melalui salah satu dari empat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vena_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vena paru (halaman belum tersedia)">vena paru</a>. Darah mengalir hampir terus-menerus kembali ke serambi, yang bertindak sebagai ruang penerima, dan dari sini darah mengalir melalui lubang ke bilik kiri. Sebagian besar darah mengalir secara pasif ke jantung saat serambi dan bilik berelaksasi, tetapi menjelang akhir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diastol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diastol (halaman belum tersedia)">diastol</a> (periode relaksasi bilik), serambi kiri akan berkontraksi dan memompa darah ke dalam bilik. Seperti otot lainnya, jantung juga membutuhkan nutrisi dan oksigen yang ditemukan dalam darah, dan disuplai oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkulasi_koroner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirkulasi koroner (halaman belum tersedia)">arteri koroner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:616px;max-width:616px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg/100px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg/150px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg/200px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_01-FMVZ_USP-07.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg/100px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg/150px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg/200px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_02-FMVZ_USP-08.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg/200px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg/300px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg/400px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_03--FMVZ_USP-10.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg/200px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg/300px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg/400px-Didactic_model_of_a_mammal_heart_04--FMVZ_USP-11.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Model mainan edukasi jantung mamalia</div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_skin_of_mammals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_skin_of_mammals.jpg/235px-The_skin_of_mammals.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_skin_of_mammals.jpg/353px-The_skin_of_mammals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_skin_of_mammals.jpg/470px-The_skin_of_mammals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Kulit mamalia: 1 — <a href="/wiki/Rambut" title="Rambut">rambut</a>, 2 — <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(kulit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (kulit)">epidermis</a>, 3 — <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_minyak" title="Kelenjar minyak">kelenjar minyak</a>, 4 — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otot_erektor_rambut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otot erektor rambut (halaman belum tersedia)">otot erektor rambut</a>, 5 — <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, 6 — <a href="/wiki/Folikel_rambut" title="Folikel rambut">folikel rambut</a>, 7 — <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_keringat" title="Kelenjar keringat">kelenjar keringat</a>, 8 (tidak dilabel, di lapisan bawah)  — <a href="/wiki/Hipodermis" title="Hipodermis">hipodermis</a>, yang menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Adiposit" title="Adiposit">adiposit</a> yang bulat</figcaption></figure> Sistem integumen (<a href="/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit">kulit</a>) terdiri dari tiga lapisan: <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(kulit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (kulit)">epidermis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hipodermis" title="Hipodermis">hipodermis</a>. Tebal epidermis biasanya 10 sampai 30 sel; fungsi utamanya adalah untuk memberikan lapisan kedap air. Sel-sel terluarnya terus-menerus hilang, sedangkan sel-sel paling bawahnya terus membelah dan mendorong ke atas. Lapisan tengah, dermis, 15 sampai 40 kali lebih tebal dari epidermis. Dermis terdiri dari banyak komponen, seperti struktur tulang dan pembuluh darah. Hipodermis terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_adiposa" title="Jaringan adiposa">jaringan adiposa</a>, yang menyimpan lipid dan menyediakan bantalan dan insulasi. Ketebalan lapisan ini sangat bervariasi antara satu spesies dengan spesies lainnya;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200797-83">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamalia_laut" title="Mamalia laut">mamalia laut</a> membutuhkan hipodermis tebal untuk insulasi, dan <a href="/wiki/Paus_sikat" title="Paus sikat">paus sikat</a> memiliki lemak paling tebal (20 inci atau 51 cm).<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Meskipun hewan lain memiliki fitur seperti <a href="/wiki/Misai" title="Misai">misai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulu" title="Bulu">bulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">seta</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Silia" title="Silia">silia</a>, tidak ada hewan selain mamalia yang memiliki <a href="/wiki/Rambut" title="Rambut">rambut</a>. Ini adalah karakteristik definitif dari kelas mamalia, meskipun beberapa mamalia memiliki rambut yang sangat sedikit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200761-85">[83]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aardwolfskull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/250px-Aardwolfskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/330px-Aardwolfskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/400px-Aardwolfskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="284" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg/250px-Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg/330px-Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg/500px-Canis_lupus_02_MWNH_358.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Gigi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnasial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnasial (halaman belum tersedia)">karnasial</a> (gigi di bagian paling belakang mulut) dari <a href="/wiki/Serigala_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala bumi">serigala bumi</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Insektivor" title="Insektivor">insektivor</a> (kiri) dan gigi <a href="/wiki/Serigala_abu-abu" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala abu-abu">serigala abu-abu</a> (kanan) yang memakan vertebrata besar</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Herbivor" title="Herbivor">Herbivor</a> telah mengembangkan beragam struktur fisik untuk memfasilitasi mereka mengonsumsi tumbuhan. Untuk memecah jaringan tumbuhan utuh, mamalia telah mengembangkan struktur gigi yang mencerminkan preferensi makan mereka. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Frugivor" title="Frugivor">frugivor</a> (hewan yang terutama memakan buah) dan herbivor yang memakan dedaunan lunak memiliki gigi bermahkota rendah yang khusus untuk menggiling dedaunan dan biji. Herbivor yang cenderung memakan rumput keras yang kaya <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silika</a> memiliki gigi bermahkota tinggi yang mampu menggiling jaringan tumbuhan yang keras dan tidak cepat rusak seperti gigi bermahkota rendah.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Kebanyakan mamalia <a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">karnivor</a> memiliki gigi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnasial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnasial (halaman belum tersedia)">karnasial</a> (yang panjangnya bervariasi tergantung pada makanannya), taring yang panjang, dan pola penggantian gigi yang serupa.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Lambung <a href="/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_genap" title="Hewan berkuku genap">hewan berkuku genap</a> (Artiodactyla) terbagi menjadi empat bagian: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumen (halaman belum tersedia)">rumen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retikulum_(anatomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retikulum (anatomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">retikulum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omasum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omasum (halaman belum tersedia)">omasum</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a> (hanya <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pemamah_biak" title="Hewan pemamah biak">ruminansia</a> yang memiliki rumen). Setelah bahan tumbuhan ditelan, mereka dicampur dengan air liur di dalam rumen dan retikulum, lalu dipisahkan menjadi bahan padat dan cair. Padatan menyatu untuk membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolus_(pencernaan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolus (pencernaan) (halaman belum tersedia)">bolus</a> (atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamahan (halaman belum tersedia)">mamahan</a>) dan kemudian diregurgitasikan. Ketika bolus masuk ke mulut, cairannya diperas dengan lidah dan ditelan lagi. Makanan yang dicerna masuk ke rumen dan retikulum, tempat mikroorganisme selulolitik (bakteri, protozoa, dan fungi) menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Selulase" title="Selulase">selulase</a>, enzim yang diperlukan untuk memecah <a href="/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa">selulosa</a> pada tumbuhan.<a href="#cite_note-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach-88">[86]</a> Berbeda dengan ruminansia, <a href="/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_ganjil" title="Hewan berkuku ganjil">hewan berkuku ganjil</a> (Perissodactyla) menyimpan makanan yang telah dicerna dan telah meninggalkan lambung dalam <a href="/wiki/Usus_buntu" title="Usus buntu">sekum</a> yang membesar, tempat makanan tersebut difermentasi oleh bakteri.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Dibandingkan dengan sistem pencernaan herbivor yang rumit, <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> memiliki lambung sederhana yang beradaptasi terutama untuk mencerna daging. Sekum mereka tidak ada atau pendek dan sederhana, dan usus besar mereka tidak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haustrum_(anatomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haustrum (anatomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">berkantong</a> atau tidak jauh lebih lebar dari usus kecil.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg/250px-Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg/330px-Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg/500px-Glycerination_of_Bovine_kidney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ginjal sapi</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_ekskresi" title="Sistem ekskresi">Sistem ekskresi</a> mamalia melibatkan banyak komponen. Seperti kebanyakan hewan darat lainnya, mamalia tergolong <a href="/wiki/Zat_sisa_metabolisme#Ureotelisme" title="Zat sisa metabolisme">ureotelik</a>, mengubah <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> di <a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Hati">hati</a> sebagai bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Siklus_urea" class="mw-redirect" title="Siklus urea">siklus urea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">Bilirubin</a>, produk limbah yang dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sel_darah" title="Sel darah">sel-sel darah</a> dibawa melalui <a href="/wiki/Empedu" title="Empedu">empedu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> dengan bantuan enzim yang dihasilkan oleh hati.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Melintasnya bilirubin via empedu menuju usus menjadikan tinja mamalia berwarna cokelat.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Ginjal mamalia mempunyai sifat khusus, misalnya ada <a href="/wiki/Renal_pelvis" title="Renal pelvis">pelvis ginjal</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piramid_ginjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piramid ginjal (halaman belum tersedia)">piramid ginjal</a>, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korteks_ginjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korteks ginjal (halaman belum tersedia)">korteks</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medula_ginjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medula ginjal (halaman belum tersedia)">medula</a> yang dapat dibedakan dengan jelas karena terdapat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lengkung_Henle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lengkung Henle (halaman belum tersedia)">lengkung Henle</a> yang memanjang. Hanya ginjal mamalia yang berbentuk seperti kacang, meskipun ada beberapa variasi, misalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginjal_retikulat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginjal retikulat (halaman belum tersedia)">ginjal retikulat</a> berlobus banyak pada anjing laut, setasea, dan beruang.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-VB-95">[93]</a> Sebagian besar mamalia berplasenta dewasa tidak memiliki sisa <a href="/wiki/Kloaka" title="Kloaka">kloaka</a> sama sekali. Pada embrio, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kloaka_embrionik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kloaka embrionik (halaman belum tersedia)">kloaka embrionik</a> terbagi menjadi bagian posterior yang menjadi bagian dari anus dan bagian anterior yang menjadi struktur berbeda, tergantung pada jenis kelamin individu tersebut: pada betina, bagian ini menjadi vestibula (ruang depan) yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Uretra" title="Uretra">uretra</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, sedangkan pada jantan, bagian ini membentuk keseluruhan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uretra_kavernosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uretra kavernosa (halaman belum tersedia)">uretra kavernosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VB-95">[93]</a> Meskipun demikian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenrecidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenrecidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Tenrecidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysochloridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysochloridae (halaman belum tersedia)">Chrysochloridae</a>, dan sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Celurut" title="Celurut">celurut</a> tetap mempertahankan kloaka ketika dewasa.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Saluran kelamin marsupialia terpisah dari anus, tetapi sisa kloaka asli tetap ada di bagian luar tubuh.<a href="#cite_note-VB-95">[93]</a> Monotremata, yang berasal dari kata bahasa Yunani "lubang tunggal", memiliki kloaka sejati.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produksi_suara">Produksi suara</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Animal_echolocation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/250px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/330px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Animal_echolocation.svg/440px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Diagram sinyal ultrasonik yang dipancarkan oleh kelelawar dan gema oleh objek di dekatnya</figcaption></figure> Seperti pada semua tetrapoda lainnya, mamalia memiliki <a href="/wiki/Laring" title="Laring">laring</a> yang dapat membuka dan menutup dengan cepat untuk menghasilkan suara, serta sebuah <a href="/wiki/Saluran_suara" title="Saluran suara">saluran suara</a> supralaringeal yang menyaring suara ini. Paru-paru dan otot-otot di sekitarnya menyediakan aliran udara dan tekanan yang diperlukan untuk berfonasi (<a href="/wiki/Artikulasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Artikulasi">artikulasi</a>). Laring mengendalikan <a href="/wiki/Tinggi_nada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinggi nada">tinggi nada</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume suara (halaman belum tersedia)">volume suara</a>, tetapi kekuatan paru-paru untuk menghembuskan napas juga berkontribusi pada volume suara. Mamalia yang lebih primitif, seperti <a href="/wiki/Landak_semut" class="mw-redirect" title="Landak semut">landak semut</a>, hanya dapat mendesis karena suaranya diperoleh hanya dengan menghembuskan napas melalui laring yang tertutup sebagian. Mamalia lain berfonasi menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Pita_suara" title="Pita suara">pita suara</a>. Pergerakan atau ketegangan pita suara dapat menghasilkan banyak suara seperti <a href="/wiki/Dengkuran_kucing" title="Dengkuran kucing">mendengkur</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menjerit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menjerit (halaman belum tersedia)">menjerit</a>. Mamalia dapat mengubah posisi laring, yang memungkinkan mereka bernapas melalui hidung dan menelan melalui mulut, serta membentuk suara mulut dan suara hidung; suara hidung, seperti rengekan anjing, pada umumnya lembut, sedangkan suara mulut, seperti gonggongan anjing, umumnya bervolume keras.<a href="#cite_note-fitchbrown2006-98">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Beluga_vocalizations.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Beluga_vocalizations.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Beluga_vocalizations.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Beluga_vocalizations.ogg/Beluga_vocalizations.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Suara ekolokasi <a href="/wiki/Paus_beluga" title="Paus beluga">paus beluga</a></figcaption></figure> Beberapa mamalia memiliki laring yang besar sehingga nada suaranya rendah, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kelelawar_kepala_palu" title="Kelelawar kepala palu">kelelawar kepala palu</a> (Hypsignathus monstrosus) yang laringnya dapat memenuhi seluruh rongga dada sampai mendorong paru-paru, jantung, dan trakea ke rongga perut.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Bantalan vokal yang besar juga dapat menurunkan nada, seperti pada auman <a href="/wiki/Kucing_besar" title="Kucing besar">kucing besar</a> bernada rendah.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Produksi infrasonik dimungkinkan pada beberapa mamalia seperti <a href="/wiki/Gajah_afrika" title="Gajah afrika">gajah afrika</a> (Loxodonta spp.) dan <a href="/wiki/Paus_balin" title="Paus balin">paus balin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Mamalia kecil dengan laring kecil memiliki kemampuan untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonik">ultrasonik</a>, yang dapat dideteksi dengan modifikasi pada telinga tengah dan <a href="/wiki/Koklea" title="Koklea">koklea</a>. Ultrasonik tidak terdengar oleh burung dan reptil, yang mungkin penting selama Era <a href="/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum">Mesozoikum</a>, ketika burung dan reptil menjadi predator dominan. Saluran suara pribadi ini digunakan oleh beberapa hewan pengerat, misalnya, komunikasi ibu-ke-anak, dan oleh kelelawar saat melakukan <a href="/wiki/Ekolokasi" title="Ekolokasi">ekolokasi</a>. Paus bergigi juga menggunakan ekolokasi menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melon_(setasea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melon (setasea) (halaman belum tersedia)">melon</a> yang cara kerjanya berbeda. Beberapa primata memiliki kantong udara yang menempel pada laring dan dapat berfungsi untuk menurunkan resonansi atau meningkatkan volume suara.<a href="#cite_note-fitchbrown2006-98">[96]</a> Sistem produksi vokal dikendalikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inti_saraf_kranial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inti saraf kranial (halaman belum tersedia)">inti saraf kranial</a> di otak dan disuplai oleh <a href="/wiki/Saraf_laring_rekuren" title="Saraf laring rekuren">saraf laring rekuren</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saraf_laring_superior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraf laring superior (halaman belum tersedia)">saraf laring superior</a>, yang merupakan cabang dari <a href="/wiki/Saraf_vagus" title="Saraf vagus">saraf vagus</a>. Sistem vokal disuplai oleh <a href="/wiki/Saraf_hipoglossus" title="Saraf hipoglossus">saraf hipoglossus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Saraf_fasialis" title="Saraf fasialis">saraf fasialis</a>. Stimulasi listrik dari wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periaqueductal_gray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periaqueductal gray (halaman belum tersedia)">periaqueductal gray</a> (PEG) pada otak tengah mamalia menimbulkan vokalisasi. Kemampuan untuk mempelajari vokalisasi baru hanya dicontohkan pada manusia, anjing laut, setasea, gajah, dan mungkin kelelawar; pada manusia, kemampuan ini merupakan hasil dari hubungan langsung antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korteks_motorik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korteks motorik (halaman belum tersedia)">korteks motorik</a> yang mengontrol gerakan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuron_motorik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuron motorik (halaman belum tersedia)">neuron motorik</a> di sumsum tulang belakang.<a href="#cite_note-fitchbrown2006-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rambut">Rambut</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Rambut_hewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambut hewan">Rambut hewan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg/220px-Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg/330px-Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg/440px-Stekelvarken_Aiguilles_Porc-%C3%A9pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Landak" title="Landak">Landak</a> menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambut_duri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambut duri (halaman belum tersedia)">rambut durinya</a> untuk mempertahankan diri</figcaption></figure> Fungsi utama rambut mamalia adalah termoregulasi. Fungsi lainnya yaitu untuk perlindungan, alat sensoris, antiair, dan kamuflase.<a href="#cite_note-dawson2014-103">[101]</a> Ada berbagai jenis rambut yang masing-masing memiliki tujuan yang berbeda:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200799-104">[102]</a> <ul><li>Rambut definitif–yang dapat <a href="/wiki/Ganti_kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganti kulit">dilepaskan</a> setelah mencapai panjang tertentu</li> <li>Vibrissae–rambut sensorik, paling sering berupa <a href="/wiki/Misai" title="Misai">misai</a></li> <li>Pelage–rambut pelindung, rambut bagian bawah, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambut_bertugi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambut bertugi (halaman belum tersedia)">rambut bertugi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambut_duri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambut duri (halaman belum tersedia)">Rambut duri</a>–rambut pelindung kaku yang digunakan untuk pertahanan (seperti pada <a href="/wiki/Landak" title="Landak">landak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambut_kejur_dan_bulu_kejur" title="Rambut kejur dan bulu kejur">Rambut kejur</a>–rambut panjang yang biasanya digunakan dalam sinyal visual (seperti surai singa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambut_vellus" title="Rambut vellus">Vellus</a>–sering disebut "rambut halus" yang melindungi mamalia yang baru lahir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wol" title="Wol">Wol</a>–panjang, lembut, dan sering kali keriting</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Termoregulasi">Termoregulasi</h4></div> Panjang rambut bukan merupakan faktor penentu dalam <a href="/wiki/Termoregulasi_hewan" title="Termoregulasi hewan">termoregulasi</a>: misalnya, beberapa mamalia tropis seperti <a href="/wiki/Kungkang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kungkang">kungkang</a> memiliki panjang rambut yang sama dengan beberapa mamalia Arktik, tetapi dengan insulasi yang lebih sedikit; sebaliknya, mamalia tropis lainnya dengan rambut pendek memiliki nilai insulasi yang sama dengan mamalia Arktik. Kepadatan rambut dapat meningkatkan nilai insulasi hewan, dan mamalia Arktik memiliki rambut yang lebat; sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a> memiliki rambut pelindung yang panjangnya 30 cm (12 in.) serta rambut bawah yang lebat, yang membentuk mantel kedap udara dan memungkinkan mereka untuk bertahan hidup pada suhu 40 °C (−40 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007162–163-105">[103]</a> Beberapa mamalia gurun, seperti unta, menggunakan rambut lebat untuk mencegah panas matahari mencapai kulit mereka sehingga mereka tetap merasa sejuk; suhu rambut unta dapat mencapai 70 °C (158 °F) pada musim panas, tetapi kulitnya tetap pada suhu 40 °C (104 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007188-106">[104]</a> Sebaliknya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamalia_akuatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamalia akuatik (halaman belum tersedia)">mamalia akuatik</a> menjebak udara di rambut mereka untuk melindungi panas dengan menjaga kulit tetap kering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007162–163-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warna">Warna</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG/220px-Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG/330px-Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG/440px-Great_male_Leopard_in_South_Afrika-JD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Mantel seekor <a href="/wiki/Macan_tutul" title="Macan tutul">macan tutul</a> memberi <a href="/wiki/Kamuflase_disruptif" title="Kamuflase disruptif">kamuflase disruptif</a> bagi predator penyergap ini</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantel_hewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantel hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">Mantel</a> mamalia memiliki beragam warna karena berbagai alasan. Tekanan selektif yang utama di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Kamuflase" title="Kamuflase">kamuflase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_seksual" title="Seleksi seksual">seleksi seksual</a>, komunikasi, dan termoregulasi. Warna rambut dan kulit mamalia terutama ditentukan oleh jenis dan jumlah <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eumelanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eumelanin (halaman belum tersedia)">eumelanin</a> untuk warna coklat dan hitam, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feomelanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feomelanin (halaman belum tersedia)">feomelanin</a> untuk berbagai warna kekuningan hingga kemerahan, sehingga memberi mamalia warna tanah.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Beberapa mamalia memiliki warna yang lebih cerah; <a href="/wiki/Monyet_dukun" title="Monyet dukun">monyet dukun</a> memiliki tonjolan biru cerah di moncongnya yang dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Difraksi" title="Difraksi">difraksi</a> serat <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">kolagen</a> wajah.<a href="#cite_note-Prum2004-109">[107]</a> Banyak kungkang tampak hijau karena rambutnya mengandung <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alga</a> hijau, yang mungkin merupakan hubungan simbiosis yang memberi kamuflase bagi kungkang.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Kamuflase memberi pengaruh kuat pada sejumlah besar mamalia karena membantu menyembunyikan individu dari predator atau pemangsa.<a href="#cite_note-bioscience.oxfordjournals.org-111">[109]</a> Pada mamalia Arktik dan subarktik seperti <a href="/wiki/Rubah_arktik" title="Rubah arktik">rubah arktik</a> (Alopex lagopus), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemming_berkerah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemming berkerah (halaman belum tersedia)">lemming berkerah</a> (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), <a href="/wiki/Mustela_erminea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustela erminea">cerpelai ekor pendek</a> (Mustela erminea), dan <a href="/wiki/Terwelu_sepatu_salju" title="Terwelu sepatu salju">terwelu sepatu salju</a> (Lepus americanus), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polifenisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polifenisme (halaman belum tersedia)">perubahan warna musiman</a> antara cokelat pada musim panas dan putih pada musim dingin sebagian besar didorong oleh kamuflase.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Beberapa mamalia arboreal, terutama primata dan marsupialia, memiliki warna kulit ungu, hijau, atau biru di bagian-bagian tubuh mereka, yang memberikan beberapa keuntungan berbeda di sebagian besar habitat arboreal karena <a href="/wiki/Evolusi_konvergen" title="Evolusi konvergen">evolusi konvergen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prum2004-109">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aposematisme" title="Aposematisme">Aposematisme</a>, atau memperingatkan pemangsa, adalah penjelasan yang paling mungkin dari rambut hitam-putih dari banyak mamalia yang mampu mempertahankan diri, seperti pada <a href="/wiki/Sigung" title="Sigung">sigung</a> yang berbau busuk dan <a href="/wiki/Ratel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratel">ratel</a> yang kuat dan agresif.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Warna mantel terkadang <a href="/wiki/Dimorfisme_seksual" title="Dimorfisme seksual">dimorfik secara seksual</a>, seperti pada banyak spesies primata.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Perbedaan warna mantel hewan jantan dan betina dapat menunjukkan tingkat nutrisi dan hormon, yang penting dalam seleksi pasangan.<a href="#cite_note-eva.mpg.de-115">[113]</a> Warna mantel dapat memengaruhi kemampuan menahan panas, tergantung pada seberapa banyak cahaya yang dipantulkan. Mamalia dengan mantel berwarna lebih gelap dapat menyerap lebih banyak panas dari radiasi matahari, dan tetap hangat, sedangkan beberapa mamalia yang lebih kecil, seperti <a href="/wiki/Vole" class="mw-redirect" title="Vole">vole</a>, memiliki rambut yang lebih gelap pada musim dingin. Rambut mamalia Arktik yang putih dan tidak berpigmen, seperti <a href="/wiki/Beruang_kutub" title="Beruang kutub">beruang kutub</a>, mungkin memantulkan lebih banyak radiasi matahari langsung ke kulit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007166–167-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawson2014-103">[101]</a> Garis hitam-putih yang mempesona pada <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a> tampaknya memberikan perlindungan dari gigitan lalat.<a href="#cite_note-Caro-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_reproduksi">Sistem reproduksi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Goat_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/250px-Goat_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/330px-Goat_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goat_family.jpg/500px-Goat_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Kambing hidup bersama induknya hingga mereka disapih</figcaption></figure> Mamalia sepenuhnya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Gonokorisme" title="Gonokorisme">gonokorik</a> (hewan yang dilahirkan dengan alat kelamin jantan atau betina; tidak <a href="/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit">hermafrodit</a>).<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Pada plasentalia jantan, <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> digunakan untuk buang air kecil dan kopulasi. Tergantung pada spesiesnya, <a href="/wiki/Ereksi" title="Ereksi">ereksi</a> dapat dipicu oleh aliran darah ke jaringan spons yang vaskular atau oleh aksi otot. Penis mungkin berada di dalam <a href="/wiki/Kulup" title="Kulup">kulup</a> saat tidak ereksi, dan beberapa plasentalia juga memiliki tulang penis (<a href="/wiki/Baculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Baculum">baculum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Marsupialia biasanya memiliki penis bercabang,<a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-120">[118]</a> sedangkan penis ekidna umumnya memiliki empat kepala, tetapi hanya dua yang berfungsi.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tesis" title="Tesis">Testis</a> sebagian besar mamalia turun ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Skrotum" title="Skrotum">skrotum</a> yang biasanya berada di belakang penis, tetapi pada marsupialia sering kali di bagian depan. Mamalia betina umumnya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Klitoris" title="Klitoris">klitoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labia_mayor" title="Labia mayor">labia mayor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Labia_minor" title="Labia minor">labia minor</a> di bagian luar, sedangkan sistem internalnya mengandung pasangan <a href="/wiki/Tuba_fallopi" title="Tuba fallopi">tuba fallopi</a>, 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Rahim" title="Rahim">rahim</a>, 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Serviks" title="Serviks">serviks</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>. Marsupialia memiliki dua vagina lateral dan vagina medial. "Vagina" monotremata lebih baik dipahami sebagai "sinus urogenital". Sistem uterus mamalia berplasenta dapat bervariasi antara dupleks dengan dua uterus dan serviks yang membuka ke arah vagina, bipartit dengan dua tanduk rahim dan serviks tunggal yang terhubung ke vagina, bikornuata yang terdiri dari dua tanduk rahim yang terhubung secara distal tetapi terpisah secara medial menciptakan bentuk Y, dan simpleks yang memiliki satu rahim.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007220–221,_247-124">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg/220px-Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg/330px-Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg/440px-Dendrolagus_matschiei_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanguru-pohon_Matschie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanguru-pohon Matschie (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanguru-pohon Matschie</a> (Dendrolagus matschiei) dengan anak di kantongnya.</figcaption></figure> Kondisi reproduksi mamalia leluhur adalah melahirkan dengan anak yang relatif belum berkembang, baik melalui <a href="/wiki/Vivipar" title="Vivipar">vivipar</a> langsung atau dalam waktu singkat sebagai telur bercangkang lunak. Cara reproduksi ini kemungkinan besar terjadi karena batang tubuh mereka tidak dapat mengembang karena adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_epipubis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang epipubis (halaman belum tersedia)">tulang epipubis</a>. Gaya reproduksi ini pertama kali ditunjukkan oleh genus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayentatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayentatherium (halaman belum tersedia)">Kayentatherium</a>, yang menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perinata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perinata (halaman belum tersedia)">perinata</a> yang belum berkembang, tetapi dengan jumlah anak yang jauh lebih banyak dibandingkan mamalia modern mana pun, yaitu sebanyak 38 spesimen.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman&Rowe-125">[123]</a> Sebagian besar mamalia modern merupakan <a href="/wiki/Vivipar" title="Vivipar">vivipar</a>, melahirkan anak-anak. Namun, lima spesies monotremata, yakni para platipus, dan empat spesies ekidna, bereproduksi dengan cara bertelur. Monotremata memiliki <a href="/wiki/Sistem_penentuan_kelamin" title="Sistem penentuan kelamin">sistem penentuan jenis kelamin</a> yang berbeda dari kebanyakan mamalia lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Secara khusus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromosom_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromosom seks (halaman belum tersedia)">kromosom seks</a> platipus lebih mirip dengan ayam dibandingkan mamalia Theria.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Mamalia vivipar berada di subkelas Theria; mereka masih yang hidup saat ini berada di infrakelas Marsupialia dan Placentalia. Marsupialia memiliki periode <a href="/wiki/Gestasi" title="Gestasi">kehamilan</a> yang pendek, biasanya lebih pendek dari <a href="/wiki/Siklus_estrus" title="Siklus estrus">siklus estrus</a>nya dan melahirkan bayi baru lahir yang belum berkembang dan kemudian mengalami perkembangan lebih lanjut; pada banyak spesies, perkembangan ini terjadi di dalam <a href="/wiki/Kantong_(marsupialia)" title="Kantong (marsupialia)">kantong</a> yang terletak di bagian depan perut induk. Ini adalah kondisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plesiomorfi_dan_simplesiomorfi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plesiomorfi dan simplesiomorfi (halaman belum tersedia)">plesiomorfik</a> di antara mamalia vivipar; keberadaan tulang epipubis pada semua mamalia nonplasenta mencegah perluasan batang tubuh yang diperlukan untuk kehamilan penuh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowerSchulkin20121890–1891-74">[72]</a> Bahkan Eutheria nonplasenta mungkin bereproduksi dengan cara ini.<a href="#cite_note-Epipubic_bones_in_eutherian_mammals-41">[39]</a> Plasentalia melahirkan bayi yang relatif lengkap dan berkembang, biasanya setelah periode kehamilan yang lama.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Kelompok ini mendapatkan namanya dari <a href="/wiki/Plasenta" title="Plasenta">plasenta</a>, struktur yang menghubungkan janin yang sedang berkembang dengan dinding rahim untuk memungkinkan penyerapan nutrisi.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Pada mamalia berplasenta, tulang epipubis benar-benar hilang atau diubah menjadi baculum. Hal ini memungkinkan batang tubuh untuk dapat berkembang sehingga janin lahir dalam kondisi yang telah berkembang.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman&Rowe-125">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_susu" title="Kelenjar susu">Kelenjar susu</a> mamalia terspesialisasi untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Susu" title="Susu">susu</a>, sumber utama nutrisi untuk bayi baru lahir. Monotremata bercabang lebih awal dari mamalia lain sehingga tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Puting_susu" class="mw-redirect" title="Puting susu">puting susu</a> sebagaimana yang dimiliki oleh kebanyakan mamalia, tetapi mereka tetap memiliki kelenjar susu. Anak-anak mamalia menjilati susu dari payudara yang terletak di perut induknya.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Dibandingkan dengan mamalia berplasenta, susu hewan berkantong sangat berbeda, baik dalam laju produksi maupun komposisi nutrisi, karena bayi mereka lahir dengan kondisi yang belum terlalu berkembang. Selain itu, kelenjar susu memiliki lebih banyak otonomi yang memungkinkan mereka untuk menyuplai susu secara terpisah untuk bayi pada tahap perkembangan yang berbeda.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laktosa" title="Laktosa">Laktosa</a> adalah gula utama dalam susu mamalia berplasenta, sedangkan susu monotremata dan berkantung didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Oligosakarida" title="Oligosakarida">oligosakarida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penyapihan" title="Penyapihan">Penyapihan</a> adalah proses ketika anak mamalia menjadi kurang tergantung pada susu induk mereka dan lebih bergantung pada makanan padat.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berdarah_panas">Berdarah panas</h3></div> Hampir semua mamalia bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoterm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoterm (halaman belum tersedia)">endoterm</a> ("berdarah panas"). Sebagian besar mamalia juga memiliki rambut untuk membantu mereka tetap hangat. Seperti burung, mamalia dapat mencari makan atau berburu dalam cuaca dan iklim yang terlalu dingin bagi reptil dan serangga yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ektoterm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ektoterm (halaman belum tersedia)">ektoterm</a> ("berdarah dingin"). Endotermi membutuhkan banyak energi dari makanan sehingga mamalia makan lebih banyak makanan per unit berat badan dibandingkan kebanyakan reptil.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Mamalia kecil insektivor makan dalam jumlah yang luar biasa jika menilik ukuran tubuhnya. <a href="/wiki/Heterocephalus_glaber" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterocephalus glaber">Tikus-tanah telanjang</a> adalah pengecualian yang langka karena menghasilkan sedikit panas metabolik sehingga secara operasional dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Poikiloterm" title="Poikiloterm">poikiloterm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Burung juga bersifat endoterm sehingga endoterm bukanlah sifat khusus pada mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umur_spesies">Umur spesies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Harapan_hidup" title="Harapan hidup">Harapan hidup</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harapan_hidup_maksimum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harapan hidup maksimum (halaman belum tersedia)">Harapan hidup maksimum</a></div> Di antara mamalia, umur maksimum spesies sangat bervariasi (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Celurut" title="Celurut">celurut</a> berumur dua tahun, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Paus_kepala_busur" title="Paus kepala busur">paus kepala busur</a> tertua tercatat 211 tahun).<a href="#cite_note-pmid19896964-137">[135]</a> Meskipun hal yang mendasari perbedaan umur ini masih belum pasti, banyak penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan untuk <a href="/wiki/Perbaikan_DNA" title="Perbaikan DNA">memperbaiki kerusakan DNA</a> adalah penentu umur mamalia yang penting. Dalam studi tahun 1974 oleh Hart dan Setlow,<a href="#cite_note-pmid4526202-138">[136]</a> ditemukan bahwa kemampuan perbaikan eksisi DNA meningkat secara sistematis seiring dengan umur spesies di antara tujuh spesies mamalia. Umur spesies berkorelasi kuat dengan kapasitas untuk mengenali kerusakan unting ganda DNA serta tingkat protein perbaikan DNA, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku80 (halaman belum tersedia)">Ku80</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19896964-137">[135]</a> Dalam studi sel dari 16 spesies mamalia, gen-gen yang digunakan dalam perbaikan DNA <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulasi_ke_atas_dan_regulasi_ke_bawah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulasi ke atas dan regulasi ke bawah (halaman belum tersedia)">diregulasi ke atas</a> pada spesies yang berumur lebih panjang.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27874830-139">[137]</a> Tingkat enzim perbaikan DNA, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimerase_ribosa_poli_ADP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimerase ribosa poli ADP (halaman belum tersedia)">polimerase ribosa poli ADP</a>, dalam sel berkorelasi dengan umur spesies dalam penelitian terhadap 13 spesies mamalia. Tiga studi tambahan dari berbagai spesies mamalia juga melaporkan korelasi antara umur spesies dan kemampuan perbaikan DNA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7266079-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7060140-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3974310-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokomosi">Lokomosi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Lokomosi_hewan" title="Lokomosi hewan">Lokomosi hewan</a></div>Seekor hewan disebut melakukan lokomosi jika memindahkan keseluruhan tubuhnya dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Cara lokomosi seekor hewan dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan fisik (habitat) dan tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh hewan tersebut, misalnya mencari makan atau menghindari pemangsa. Lokomosi merupakan hal penting dalam mempertahankan hidup sehingga berbagai mekanisme lokomosi hewan telah dikembangkan melalui seleksi alam.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terestrial">Terestrial</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokomosi_terestrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokomosi terestrial (halaman belum tersedia)">Lokomosi terestrial</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif/220px-Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Cara kuda berlari. Fotografi oleh <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>, 1887.</figcaption></figure> Kebanyakan vertebrata—amfibi, reptil, dan beberapa mamalia seperti manusia dan beruang—tergolong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantigrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantigrad (halaman belum tersedia)">plantigrad</a> atau bertelapak datar yang berjalan dengan seluruh bagian bawah kaki menapak tanah. Banyak mamalia, seperti kucing dan anjing, tergolong <a href="/wiki/Digitigrad" title="Digitigrad">digitigrad</a> atau berjalan di atas jari-jari kaki mereka. Hal ini memungkinkan langkah kaki mereka semakin panjang sehingga hewan tersebut berlari lebih kencang. Meskipun demikian, mamalia digitigrad juga mahir dalam bergerak dengan tenang.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Beberapa hewan seperti kuda termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unuligrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unuligrad (halaman belum tersedia)">unuligrad</a> atau berjalan dengan ujung jari kaki mereka. Cara berjalan ini semakin meningkatkan panjang langkah mereka dan kecepatan mereka.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Beberapa jenis mamalia dalam kelompok <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">kera besar</a> juga diketahui berjalan di atas buku-buku jari mereka, setidaknya dengan kaki depan mereka. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggiling_raksasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggiling raksasa (halaman belum tersedia)">Tenggiling raksasa</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> dan platipus <a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> juga berjalan dengan buku-buku jarinya. Beberapa mamalia merupakan <a href="/wiki/Bipedalisme" title="Bipedalisme">bipedal</a> yang hanya menggunakan dua ekstremitas untuk bergerak, yang dapat dilihat, misalnya, pada manusia dan kera besar. Spesies bipedal memiliki bidang penglihatan yang lebih besar dibandingkan hewan berkaki empat, menghemat lebih banyak energi, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk memanipulasi objek dengan tangan mereka, yang membantu dalam mencari makan. Alih-alih berjalan, beberapa bipedal melompat, seperti kanguru dan <a href="/wiki/Tikus_kanguru" title="Tikus kanguru">tikus kanguru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Mamalia menunjukkan berbagai macam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_lenggok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya lenggok (halaman belum tersedia)">gaya lenggok</a>, yaitu urutan pergerakan ektremitas mereka untuk melakukan lokomosi. Gaya lenggok dapat dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa kategori sesuai dengan pola urutan pergerakannya. Untuk hewan berkaki empat, ada tiga kategori utama: gaya lenggok <a href="/wiki/Berjalan" title="Berjalan">berjalan</a>, gaya lenggok berlari, dan gaya lenggok melompat.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Berjalan adalah gaya lenggok yang paling umum. Beberapa kaki berada di tanah pada waktu tertentu, dan gaya ini ditemukan pada hampir semua hewan berkaki. Seekor hewan dianggap berlari ketika pada beberapa titik dalam langkahnya, semua kaki terangkat dari tanah pada momen suspensi.<a href="#cite_note-dagg-152">[150]</a> Hewan akan menggunakan gaya lenggok yang berbeda untuk kecepatan, medan, dan situasi yang berbeda. Misalnya, kuda menunjukkan empat gaya lenggok alami. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_lenggok_kuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya lenggok kuda (halaman belum tersedia)">Gaya lenggok kuda</a> yang paling lambat adalah berjalan, kemudian ada tiga gaya yang lebih cepat, dari yang paling lambat hingga yang paling cepat, adalah <a href="/wiki/Trot" class="mw-disambig" title="Trot">trot</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canter (halaman belum tersedia)">canter</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallop (halaman belum tersedia)">gallop</a>. Hewan juga mungkin memiliki gaya lenggok yang tidak biasa yang digunakan sesekali, seperti untuk bergerak ke samping atau ke belakang. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_lenggok_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya lenggok manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">gaya lenggok utama manusia</a> adalah berjalan dan berlari secara bipedal, tetapi kadang-kadang mereka menggunakan beberapa gaya lenggok lainnya, seperti merangkak dengan empat kaki di ruang yang sempit.<a href="#cite_note-dagg-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arboreal">Arboreal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Lokomosi_arboreal" title="Lokomosi arboreal">Lokomosi arboreal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Brachiating_Gibbon_(Some_rights_reserved).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg/220px-Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg/330px-Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Brachiating_Gibbon_%28Some_rights_reserved%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ungka" title="Ungka">Owa</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brakiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brakiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">brakiator</a> yang sangat baik karena ektremitasnya yang panjang memungkinkan mereka berayun dan menggenggam dahan pohon dengan mudah</figcaption></figure> Hewan arboreal sering kali memiliki ekstremitas panjang yang membantu mereka melintasi celah, menggapai buah atau benda lainnya, menguji kekuatan dahan di depan mereka, dan dalam beberapa kasus, untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brakiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brakiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">brakiasi</a> (berayun di antara pepohonan).<a href="#cite_note-Cartmill-153">[151]</a> Banyak spesies arboreal, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landak_pohon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landak pohon (halaman belum tersedia)">landak pohon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggiling_sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggiling sutra (halaman belum tersedia)">tenggiling sutra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monyet_laba-laba" title="Monyet laba-laba">monyet laba-laba</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Posum" title="Posum">posum</a>, menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Ekor_prehensil" title="Ekor prehensil">ekor prehensil</a> untuk memegang dahan. Pada monyet laba-laba, ujung ekornya memiliki tambalan atau bantalan perekat yang membantu meningkatkan friksi. Cakar dapat digunakan untuk berinteraksi dengan benda kasar dan mengubah arah pergerakan hewan. Inilah yang memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Bajing" title="Bajing">bajing</a> memanjat batang pohon yang begitu besar. Namun, cakar dapat mengganggu kemampuan hewan untuk menangkap cabang yang sangat kecil karena cakar tersebut dapat melingkar terlalu jauh dan menusuk tangan hewan itu sendiri. Primata mencengkeram dengan memanfaatkan friksi dan mengandalkan ujung jari yang tidak berambut. Meremas cabang pohon dengan ujung-ujung jari menghasilkan gaya gesek yang menahan tangan hewan ke cabang tersebut. Namun, jenis pegangan ini bergantung pada sudut gaya gesekan dan diameter cabang pohon; cabang yang lebih besar mengakibatkan berkurangnya kemampuan menggenggam. Untuk mengendalikan lokomosi ke arah bawah, terutama saat menuruni cabang pohon berdiameter besar, beberapa hewan arboreal seperti bajing memiliki sendi pergelangan kaki yang sangat fleksibel, yang memungkinkan kaki berotasi menjadi postur 'terbalik'. Hal ini memungkinkan cakar mengait ke permukaan kulit kayu yang kasar dan melawan gaya gravitasi. Ukuran tubuh yang kecil memberi banyak manfaat bagi spesies arboreal, seperti meningkatkan ukuran relatif cabang pohon terhadap hewan, pusat massa yang lebih rendah, peningkatan stabilitas, massa yang lebih ringan (yang memungkinkan hewan bergerak pada cabang yang lebih kecil), dan kemampuan untuk bergerak melalui habitat yang berantakan.<a href="#cite_note-Cartmill-153">[151]</a> Ukuran tubuh berkaitan dengan massa tubuh, sehingga memengaruhi hewan yang meluncur seperti <a href="/wiki/Wupih_sirsik" title="Wupih sirsik">wupih sirsik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Beberapa spesies primata, kelelawar, dan semua spesies kungkang mencapai stabilitas pasif dengan menggantung di bawah cabang pohon.<a href="#cite_note-Cartmill-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerial">Aerial</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokomosi_aerial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokomosi aerial (halaman belum tersedia)">Lokomosi aerial</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/220px--Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="102" data-mwtitle="Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm/Israeli_Bats_-_26_September_2015.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video tentang gerakan lambat dan kecepatan normal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelelawar_buah_mesir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelelawar buah mesir (halaman belum tersedia)">kelelawar buah mesir</a> yang terbang</figcaption></figure> Kelelawar adalah satu-satunya mamalia yang benar-benar bisa terbang. Mereka terbang di udara dengan kecepatan konstan dengan menggerakkan sayapnya ke atas dan ke bawah (biasanya dengan gerakan maju-mundur juga). Saat kelelawar sedang bergerak, ada aliran udara yang relatif terhadap tubuhnya, yang dikombinasikan dengan kecepatan sayap, menghasilkan aliran udara yang lebih cepat bergerak di atas sayap. Hal ini menghasilkan vektor gaya angkat yang mengarah ke depan dan ke atas, serta vektor gaya hambat yang mengarah ke belakang dan ke atas. Komponen ke atas ini melawan gravitasi, menjaga tubuh tetap di udara, sedangkan komponen ke depan memberikan dorongan untuk melawan gaya tarik, baik dari sayap maupun dari tubuh secara keseluruhan.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Sayap kelelawar jauh lebih tipis dan terdiri dari lebih banyak tulang dibandingkan sayap burung, yang memungkinkan kelelawar untuk bermanuver lebih akurat dan terbang dengan lebih banyak daya angkat dan sedikit hambatan.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-anders-157">[155]</a> Dengan melipat sayap ke arah tubuh mereka pada gerakan ke atas, mereka menggunakan energi 35% lebih sedikit selama penerbangan dibandingkan burung.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Selaput sayap kelelawar halus dan mudah robek; namun, jaringan selaput tersebut dapat tumbuh kembali sehingga robekan kecil dapat sembuh dengan cepat.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Permukaan sayap mereka dilengkapi dengan reseptor peka sentuhan pada tonjolan kecil yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_Merkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel Merkel (halaman belum tersedia)">sel Merkel</a>, yang juga ditemukan di ujung jari manusia. Pada kelelawar, area sensitif ini berbeda karena setiap tonjolan memiliki rambut kecil di tengahnya sehingga menjadi lebih sensitif dan memungkinkan kelelawar mendeteksi dan mengumpulkan informasi tentang udara yang mengalir di atas sayapnya, serta terbang lebih efisien dengan mengubah bentuk sayapnya.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fosorial_dan_subterania">Fosorial dan subterania</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Fosorial" title="Fosorial">Fosorial</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wombat3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wombat3.jpg/250px-Wombat3.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wombat3.jpg/330px-Wombat3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wombat3.jpg/500px-Wombat3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ScalopusAquaticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ScalopusAquaticus.jpg/199px-ScalopusAquaticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ScalopusAquaticus.jpg/299px-ScalopusAquaticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ScalopusAquaticus.jpg/398px-ScalopusAquaticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1042" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasiorhinus_latifrons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasiorhinus latifrons (halaman belum tersedia)">Wombat hidung-berbulu selatan</a> yang semifosorial (kiri) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalopus_aquaticus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scalopus aquaticus (halaman belum tersedia)">tikus tanah timur</a> yang fosorial penuh (kanan)</div></div></div></div> Fosorial (dari bahasa Latin fossor, yang berarti 'penggali') adalah hewan yang beradaptasi untuk menggali, yang hidup terutama, tetapi tidak hanya, di bawah tanah. Beberapa contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Badger" class="mw-redirect" title="Badger">badger</a> dan tikus-tanah telanjang. Banyak spesies hewan pengerat juga dianggap fosorial karena hampir sepanjang hari mereka hidup di <a href="/wiki/Liang" title="Liang">liang</a>. Spesies yang hidup secara eksklusif di bawah tanah disebut subterania, sementara spesies yang beradaptasi secara terbatas pada gaya hidup fosorial disebut subfosorial. Beberapa organisme bersifat fosorial untuk membantu <a href="/wiki/Termoregulasi_hewan" title="Termoregulasi hewan">pengaturan suhu</a>, sementara yang lain menggunakan habitat bawah tanah untuk melindungi diri dari pemangsa atau untuk <a href="/wiki/Penyimpanan_makanan" title="Penyimpanan makanan">menyimpan makanan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[159]</a> Mamalia fosorial memiliki tubuh fusiformis, paling tebal di bagian bahu dan semakin meruncing di ekor dan hidung. Mereka tidak dapat melihat di liang gelap dan sebagian besar di antara mereka memiliki mata yang terdegenerasi, tetapi degenerasi bervariasi di antara spesies; famili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geomyidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Geomyidae</a>, misalnya, hanya bersifat semifosorial dan memiliki mata yang sangat kecil tetapi fungsional. Sementara itu, mata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikus_tanah_marsupialia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikus tanah marsupialia (halaman belum tersedia)">tikus tanah marsupialia</a> yang sepenuhnya fosorial mengalami degenerasi dan tidak berguna, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikus_tanah_talpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikus tanah talpa (halaman belum tersedia)">tikus tanah talpa</a> memiliki mata <a href="/wiki/Vestigialitas" title="Vestigialitas">vestigial</a>, sedangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikus_tanah_emas_tanjung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikus tanah emas tanjung (halaman belum tersedia)">tikus tanah emas tanjung</a> memiliki lapisan kulit yang menutupi mata. Kelopak telinga mereka juga sangat kecil atau tidak ada. Mamalia yang benar-benar fosorial memiliki kaki yang pendek dan kokoh karena kekuatan lebih penting daripada kecepatan bagi mamalia yang menggali, tetapi mamalia semifosorial memiliki kaki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kursorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kursorial (halaman belum tersedia)">kursorial</a> yang teradaptasi untuk berlari. Kaki depannya lebar dan memiliki cakar yang kuat untuk membantu mengendurkan tanah saat menggali liang, sementara kaki belakangnya memiliki anyaman, serta cakar, yang membantu membuang tanah yang terlepas ke belakang. Kebanyakan dari mereka memiliki gigi seri yang besar untuk mencegah tanah beterbangan masuk ke dalam mulut.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Banyak mamalia fosorial seperti tikus, landak, dan tikus tanah diklasifikasikan dalam ordo <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">Insectivora</a> yang sekarang sudah tak digunakan.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akuatik">Akuatik</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokomosi_akuatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokomosi akuatik (halaman belum tersedia)">Lokomosi akuatik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamalia_laut" title="Mamalia laut">Mamalia laut</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamalia_akuatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamalia akuatik (halaman belum tersedia)">Mamalia akuatik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/220px--Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="216" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv/Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Sekelompok l<a href="/wiki/Delphinus_delphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinus delphis">umba-lumba paruh pendek</a> yang berenang</figcaption></figure> Mamalia yang sepenuhnya hidup di air, <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a>, tidak mempunyai kaki, tetapi memiliki sirip ekor untuk mendorong tubuh mereka di dalam air. <a href="/wiki/Kaki_sirip" title="Kaki sirip">Kaki sirip</a> mereka bergerak terus-menerus. Paus berenang dengan menggerakkan sirip ekor dan tubuh bagian belakangnya ke atas dan ke bawah untuk mendorong diri mereka melalui gerakan vertikal, sementara kaki sirip terutama digunakan sebagai kemudi. Anatomi kerangka paus memungkinkan mereka untuk menjadi perenang yang cepat. Sebagian besar spesies paus memiliki <a href="/wiki/Sirip_punggung" title="Sirip punggung">sirip punggung</a> untuk mencegah mereka terbalik di dalam air.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Sirip ekor Sirenia dinaikkan ke atas dan ke bawah dengan gerakan panjang untuk menggerakkan tubuhnya ke depan, dan dapat diputar untuk berbalik. Kaki depan mereka berupa sirip seperti dayung yang membantu berputar dan melambat.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Mamalia semiakuatik, seperti anjing laut, memiliki dua pasang kaki sirip, yaitu kaki sirip depan dan kaki sirip belakang. Siku dan pergelangan kaki mereka berada di dalam tubuh.<a href="#cite_note-Berta63-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish_2003-168">[166]</a> Ada beberapa adaptasi anjing laut untuk mengurangi <a href="/wiki/Gaya_hambat" title="Gaya hambat">gaya hambat</a>. Selain tubuhnya yang ramping, mereka memiliki jejaring <a href="/wiki/Fasikulus_otot" title="Fasikulus otot">fasikulus otot</a> yang halus di kulit mereka, yang dapat meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Aliran_laminar" title="Aliran laminar">aliran laminar</a> sehingga mereka lebih mudah menyelinap di dalam air. Mereka juga tidak memiliki otot erektor rambut sehingga rambut mereka dapat direbahkan saat berenang.<a href="#cite_note-Riedman3-169">[167]</a> Mereka mengandalkan kaki sirip depan mereka untuk melakukan lokomosi, seperti yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penyu" title="Penyu">penyu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fish1996-170">[168]</a> Anjing laut tidak terus-menerus menggerakkan kaki sirip depannya; mereka meluncur di antara setiap gerakan.<a href="#cite_note-Fish_2003-168">[166]</a> Dibandingkan dengan karnivor terestrial, ekstremitas depan anjing laut lebih pendek sehingga memberi keuntungan mekanis yang lebih besar pada otot-otot lokomotor di sendi bahu dan siku;<a href="#cite_note-Berta63-167">[165]</a> kaki sirip belakangnya berfungsi sebagai penyeimbang.<a href="#cite_note-Riedman3-169">[167]</a> Beberapa contoh mamalia semiakuatik lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Biwara" title="Biwara">biwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuda_nil" title="Kuda nil">kuda nil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berang-berang" title="Berang-berang">berang-berang</a>, dan platipus.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Kuda nil adalah mamalia semiakuatik yang sangat besar. Tubuh mereka yang berbentuk seperti tong memiliki struktur kerangka <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/graviportal" class="extiw" title="wikt:graviportal">graviportal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> dan disesuaikan untuk membawa badan mereka yang sangat berat dan besar, sedangkan tubuh mereka memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepadatan_relatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepadatan relatif (halaman belum tersedia)">kepadatan relatif</a> yang memungkinkan mereka untuk tenggelam dan bergerak di sepanjang dasar sungai.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perilaku">Perilaku</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komunikasi_dan_vokalisasi">Komunikasi dan vokalisasi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG/250px-Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG/330px-Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG/500px-Monkey_%26_Baby.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monyet_vervet" title="Monyet vervet">Monyet vervet</a> menggunakan setidaknya empat jenis panggilan peringatan untuk pemangsa yang berbeda<a href="#cite_note-Seyfarth-174">[172]</a></figcaption></figure> Banyak mamalia berkomunikasi dengan cara bersuara. Komunikasi vokal memiliki banyak tujuan, misalnya dalam ritual perkawinan, sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinyal_peringatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinyal peringatan (halaman belum tersedia)">sinyal peringatan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> untuk menunjukkan sumber makanan, dan untuk tujuan sosial. Hewan jantan sering berteriak, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auman (halaman belum tersedia)">auman</a> singa dan <a href="/wiki/Rusa_merah" title="Rusa merah">rusa merah</a>, selama ritual perkawinan untuk mengusir pejantan lain dan untuk menarik perhatian hewan betina.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vokalisasi_paus" title="Vokalisasi paus">Vokalisasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Paus_bungkuk" title="Paus bungkuk">paus bungkuk</a> mungkin merupakan sinyal bagi betina,<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> yang memiliki dialek-dialek yang berbeda di berbagai wilayah lautan.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Vokalisasi sosial mencakup panggilan teritorial oleh <a href="/wiki/Owa" class="mw-redirect" title="Owa">owa</a> dan penggunaan frekuensi pada kelelawar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllostomus_hastatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllostomus hastatus (halaman belum tersedia)">Phyllostomus hastatus</a> untuk membedakan kelompok-kelompok mereka.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monyet_vervet" title="Monyet vervet">Monyet vervet</a> memberi sinyal peringatan yang berbeda untuk masing-masing, setidaknya empat, pemangsa yang berbeda, dan reaksi monyet lain bervariasi sesuai dengan panggilan peringatan tersebut. Misalnya, jika peringatan memberi sinyal akan keberadaan ular piton, para monyet akan memanjat pohon, sedangkan peringatan terhadap elang mendorong para monyet mencari tempat persembunyian di tanah.<a href="#cite_note-Seyfarth-174">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anjing_padang_rumput" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjing padang rumput">Anjing padang rumput</a> juga memiliki panggilan kompleks yang memberi informasi tentang jenis, ukuran, dan kecepatan pemangsa yang mendekat.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Gajah berkomunikasi secara sosial dengan berbagai suara, termasuk mendengus, berteriak, berterompet, mengaum, dan bergemuruh. Beberapa panggilan gemuruh tergolong infrasonik, di bawah jangkauan pendengaran manusia, dan dapat didengar oleh gajah-gajah lain hingga 9,7 km jauhnya pada sekitar waktu matahari terbit dan terbenam.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Killer_whale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Killer_whale.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Killer_whale.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Killer_whale.ogg/Killer_whale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Rekaman suara <a href="/wiki/Paus_pembunuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Paus pembunuh">paus pembunuh</a>, yang sesekali menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Ekolokasi" title="Ekolokasi">ekolokasi</a></figcaption></figure> Mamalia memberi sinyal dengan berbagai cara. Banyak dari mereka yang memberikan <a href="/wiki/Adaptasi_antipredator" title="Adaptasi antipredator">sinyal antipredator</a> visual, seperti ketika rusa dan <a href="/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel">gazel</a> melompat dengan empat kaki, secara terang-terangan menunjukkan kondisi bugar dan kemampuan mereka untuk melarikan diri,<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> atau ketika <a href="/wiki/Rusa_berekor_putih" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusa berekor putih">rusa berekor putih</a> dan mamalia lainnya mengibaskan ekor mereka dengan mencolok saat menyadari dan menginformasikan kepada pemangsa bahwa pemangsa tersebut telah terdeteksi.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Banyak mamalia menggunakan penanda aroma, yang kadang-kadang dapat membantu mempertahankan wilayah, tetapi mungkin dengan berbagai fungsi, baik di dalam maupun di antara spesies.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelelawar_mikro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelelawar mikro (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelelawar mikro</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Paus_bergigi" title="Paus bergigi">paus bergigi</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">lumba-lumba samudera</a>, mengeluarkan suara baik secara sosial maupun dengan <a href="/wiki/Ekolokasi" title="Ekolokasi">ekolokasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakan">Pakan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/220px--Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ekidna_moncong_pendek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekidna moncong pendek">Ekidna moncong pendek</a> mencari serangga untuk dimakan</figcaption></figure> Perlu energi yang banyak untuk mempertahankan suhu tubuh agar konstan. Oleh karenanya, mamalia membutuhkan makanan yang bergizi dan berlimpah. Meskipun mamalia paling awal mungkin merupakan pemangsa, spesies-spesies yang muncul belakangan telah beradaptasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrisi)" title="Diet (nutrisi)">diet</a> mereka dengan berbagai cara. Beberapa mamalia memakan hewan lain sehingga mereka disebut <a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">karnivor</a> (juga mencakup pemakan serangga atau <a href="/wiki/Insektivor" title="Insektivor">insektivor</a>). Mamalia lainnya memakan tumbuhan, yang mengandung karbohidrat kompleks seperti <a href="/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa">selulosa</a>, dan disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Herbivor" title="Herbivor">herbivor</a>. Ada beberapa subtipe diet herbivor, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granivor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granivor (halaman belum tersedia)">granivor</a> (pemakan biji), <a href="/wiki/Folivor" title="Folivor">folivor</a> (pemakan daun), <a href="/wiki/Frugivor" title="Frugivor">frugivor</a> (pemakan buah), <a href="/wiki/Nektarivor" title="Nektarivor">nektarivor</a> (pemakan nektar), <a href="/wiki/Gumivor" title="Gumivor">gumivor</a> (pemakan gom), dan <a href="/wiki/Fungivor" title="Fungivor">fungivor</a> (pemakan fungi). Saluran pencernaan herbivor merupakan tempat bakteri memfermentasi zat-zat kompleks tersebut dan membuatnya dapat dicerna, yang berlangsung baik di lambung ganda maupun di sekum yang besar.<a href="#cite_note-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach-88">[86]</a> Beberapa mamalia merupakan <a href="/wiki/Koprofagia" title="Koprofagia">koprofag</a> atau memakan tinjanya sendiri untuk menyerap nutrisi yang tidak dicerna ketika ia pertama kali mengonsumsi makanan tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007131–137-191">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Omnivor" title="Omnivor">Omnivor</a> memakan baik hewan maupun tumbuhan. Mamalia karnivor memiliki saluran pencernaan yang sederhana karena <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipid</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrisi)" title="Mineral (nutrisi)">mineral</a> dalam daging tidak memerlukan sistem pencernaan yang kompleks. Pengecualian untuk ini misalnya <a href="/wiki/Paus_balin" title="Paus balin">paus balin</a> yang juga memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flora_usus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flora usus (halaman belum tersedia)">flora usus</a> di lambung gandanya, seperti yang dimiliki oleh herbivor terestrial.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Ukuran tubuh hewan juga merupakan salah satu faktor dalam menentukan jenis makanan mereka (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aturan_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aturan Allen (halaman belum tersedia)">aturan Allen</a>). Karena mamalia bertubuh kecil memiliki rasio yang tinggi antara luas permukaan tubuh yang kehilangan panas dengan volume yang menghasilkan panas, mereka cenderung memiliki kebutuhan energi dan <a href="/wiki/Laju_metabolisme_basal" title="Laju metabolisme basal">laju metabolisme</a> yang tinggi. Sebagian besar mamalia yang beratnya kurang dari sekitar 18 ons (510 g; 1,1 pon) adalah pemakan serangga karena mereka tidak dapat menjalankan proses pencernaan herbivor yang lambat dan kompleks. Di sisi lain, hewan yang lebih besar menghasilkan lebih banyak panas dan kehilangan lebih sedikit panas. Oleh karena itu, mereka dapat menolerir proses pengumpulan makanan yang lebih lambat (seperti karnivor yang memakan vertebrata yang bertubuh lebih besar) atau proses pencernaan yang lebih lambat (seperti pada herbivor).<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Lebih jauh, mamalia yang beratnya lebih dari 18 ons (510 g; 1,1 pon) biasanya tidak dapat mengumpulkan cukup serangga selama jam bangun mereka untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi. Satu-satunya mamalia pemakan serangga bertubuh besar adalah mamalia yang memakan koloni serangga yang besar (semut atau <a href="/wiki/Rayap" title="Rayap">rayap</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Animal-194">[192]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Blacky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/200px-Blacky.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/300px-Blacky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/400px-Blacky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_polar_bear_(Ursus_maritimus)_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_(Monodon_monoceros)_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/200px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/300px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/400px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="578" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Beruang_hitam_amerika" title="Beruang hitam amerika">Beruang hitam amerika</a> (Ursus americanus) yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipokarnivor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipokarnivor (halaman belum tersedia)">hipokarnivor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Beruang_kutub" title="Beruang kutub">beruang kutub</a> (Ursus maritimus) yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperkarnivor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperkarnivor (halaman belum tersedia)">hiperkarnivor</a><a href="#cite_note-valkenburgh2007-195">[193]</a></div></div></div></div> Beberapa mamalia tergolong omnivor dan menunjukkan berbagai tingkatan dalam sifat karnivor dan herbivor, yang umumnya lebih condong ke satu tipe dibandingkan yang lain. Karena tumbuhan dan daging dicerna dengan cara berbeda, ada preferensi untuk menjadi pemakan salah satunya, seperti pada beruang yang beberapa spesiesnya sebagian besar karnivor dan spesies yang lain sebagian besar herbivor.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Mereka dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kategori: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesokarnivor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesokarnivor (halaman belum tersedia)">mesokarnivor</a> (50–70% daging dalam dietnya), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperkarnivor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperkarnivor (halaman belum tersedia)">hiperkarnivor</a> (diet daging: 70% ke atas), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipokarnivor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipokarnivor (halaman belum tersedia)">hipokarnivor</a> (diet daging: 50% ke bawah). Gigi hipokarnivor terdiri dari gigi karnasial segitiga yang tumpul untuk menggiling makanan. Hiperkarnivor memiliki gigi berbentuk kerucut dan karnasial tajam untuk menyayat daging, dan dalam beberapa kasus, rahang yang kuat untuk menghancurkan tulang, seperti dalam pada <a href="/wiki/Dubuk" title="Dubuk">hiena</a>, yang memungkinkan mereka untuk mengonsumsi tulang; beberapa kelompok mamalia yang telah punah, terutama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Machairodontinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machairodontinae (halaman belum tersedia)">Machairodontinae</a>, memiliki taring berbentuk pedang.<a href="#cite_note-valkenburgh2007-195">[193]</a> Beberapa mamalia yang secara fisiologis merupakan karnivor mengonsumsi materi tumbuhan, sementara beberapa herbivor mengonsumsi daging. Dari aspek perilaku, hal ini akan membuat mereka omnivor, tetapi dari sudut pandang fisiologis, ini mungkin karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoofarmakognosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoofarmakognosi (halaman belum tersedia)">zoofarmakognosi</a>. Secara fisiologis, hewan harus mampu memperoleh energi dan nutrisi dari materi asal tumbuhan dan hewan untuk dianggap sebagai omnivor.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Sebagai contoh, beberapa hewan berkuku seperti jerapah, unta, dan sapi, tercatat menggerogoti tulang untuk mengonsumsi mineral dan nutrisi tertentu.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Selain itu, kucing, yang umumnya dianggap sebagai karnivor obligat, kadang-kadang makan rumput untuk memuntahkan bahan yang tidak dapat dicerna (seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bola_rambut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bola rambut (halaman belum tersedia)">bola rambut</a>), membantu produksi hemoglobin, dan sebagai pencahar.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Ketika tidak tersedia makanan yang cukup di suatu lingkungan, banyak mamalia menekan metabolisme dan menghemat energi mereka dalam proses yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hibernasi" title="Hibernasi">hibernasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Pada periode sebelum hibernasi, mamalia bertubuh besar, seperti beruang, menjadi <a href="/wiki/Polifagia" title="Polifagia">polifag</a> untuk meningkatkan simpanan lemak, sedangkan mamalia yang lebih kecil lebih suka mengumpulkan dan menyimpan makanan.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Perlambatan metabolisme disertai dengan penurunan detak jantung dan pernapasan, serta penurunan suhu internal yang dalam beberapa kasus dapat berada di sekitar suhu lingkungan. Misalnya, suhu internal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bajing_tanah_arktik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bajing tanah arktik (halaman belum tersedia)">bajing tanah arktik</a> yang sedang berhibernasi bisa turun hingga −2.9 °C (26,8 °F), tetapi kepala dan lehernya selalu berada di atas 0 °C (32 °F).<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Beberapa mamalia yang hidup di lingkungan panas melakukan <a href="/wiki/Estivasi" title="Estivasi">estivasi</a> pada kondisi kering atau panas yang ekstrem, misalnya lemur kerdil ekor gemuk (Cheirogaleus medius).<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kecerdasan">Kecerdasan</h3></div> Pada mamalia yang cerdas, seperti primata, <a href="/wiki/Otak_besar" title="Otak besar">otak besar</a> relatif lebih besar daripada bagian otak lainnya. Kecerdasan itu sendiri tidak mudah didefinisikan, tetapi indikasi kecerdasan meliputi kemampuan untuk belajar serta fleksibilitas perilaku. Tikus, misalnya, dianggap sangat cerdas karena mereka dapat belajar dan mengerjakan tugas baru, sebuah kemampuan yang mungkin penting ketika mereka pertama kali menjajah habitat baru. Pada beberapa mamalia, pengumpulan makanan tampaknya terkait dengan kecerdasan: rusa yang memakan tumbuhan memiliki otak yang lebih kecil dibandingkan kucing, yang harus berpikir untuk mengakali mangsanya.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Animal-194">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/220px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/330px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg/440px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Seekor <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a> memancing rayap dengan sebuah ranting</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Penggunaan_alat_pada_hewan" title="Penggunaan alat pada hewan">Penggunaan perkakas pada hewan</a> dapat menunjukkan tingkat <a href="/wiki/Belajar" title="Belajar">pembelajaran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kognisi" title="Kognisi">kognisi</a> yang berbeda. <a href="/wiki/Berang-berang_laut" title="Berang-berang laut">Berang-berang laut</a> secara rutin menggunakan batu sebagai bagian penting dari perilaku mencari makannya (untuk menghancurkan <a href="/wiki/Abalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abalon">abalon</a> atau memecahkan dan membuka cangkang), dengan beberapa populasi berang-berang laut menghabiskan 21% waktunya untuk membuat perkakas.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Penggunaan perkakas yang lain, seperti <a href="/wiki/Simpanse" title="Simpanse">simpanse</a> yang menggunakan ranting untuk "memancing" rayap, mungkin berkembang setelah melihat orang lain menggunakan perkakas dan bahkan mungkin menjadi contoh nyata dari pengajaran hewan.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Perkakas bahkan dapat digunakan dalam memecahkan teka-teki saat hewan tersebut tampaknya mengalami "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Efek_eureka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efek eureka (halaman belum tersedia)">momen eureka</a>".<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Mamalia lain yang tidak menggunakan perkakas, seperti anjing, juga dapat mengalami momen eureka.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapasitas kranium">Ukuran otak</a> pernah dianggap sebagai indikator utama kecerdasan hewan. Karena sebagian besar otak digunakan untuk mempertahankan fungsi tubuh, <a href="/wiki/Rasio_massa_otak_terhadap_massa_tubuh" title="Rasio massa otak terhadap massa tubuh">rasio massa otak terhadap massa tubuh</a> yang semakin besar dapat meningkatkan jumlah massa otak untuk tugas-tugas kognitif yang lebih kompleks. Analisis <a href="/wiki/Alometri" title="Alometri">alometrik</a> menunjukkan bahwa skala ukuran otak mamalia kira-kira 2⁄3 atau 3⁄4 eksponen massa tubuh. Perbandingan ukuran otak hewan tertentu dengan ukuran otak yang diharapkan berdasarkan analisis alometrik tersebut menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Encephalization_Quotient" title="Encephalization Quotient">kecerdasan ensefalisasi</a> yang dapat digunakan sebagai indikasi lain dari kecerdasan hewan.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paus_sperma" title="Paus sperma">Paus sperma</a> memiliki massa otak terbesar dari semua hewan di Bumi, yakni rata-rata 8.000 sentimeter kubik (490 in3) dan 7,8 kilogram (17 pon) pada paus jantan dewasa.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kesadaran_diri" title="Kesadaran diri">Kesadaran diri</a> tampaknya menjadi tanda akan adanya pemikiran abstrak. Kesadaran diri, meskipun tidak terdefinisi dengan baik, diyakini sebagai awal bagi proses yang lebih maju seperti <a href="/wiki/Metakognisi" title="Metakognisi">penalaran metakognitif</a>. Metode tradisional untuk mengukur kesadaran diri adalah <a href="/wiki/Uji_cermin" title="Uji cermin">uji cermin</a>, yang menentukan apakah seekor hewan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengenali diri sendiri.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Mamalia yang telah lulus uji cermin di antaranya gajah asia (ada yang lulus, ada yang tidak);<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> simpanse;<a href="#cite_note-robert-212">[210]</a> bonobo;<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> orangutan;<a href="#cite_note-orangutan-214">[212]</a> manusia, sejak 18 bulan (tahap cermin);<a href="#cite_note-archer-215">[213]</a> lumba-lumba hidung botol,<a href="#cite_note-217">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-parker95-216">[214]</a> paus pembunuh;<a href="#cite_note-Delfour-218">[215]</a> dan paus pembunuh palsu.<a href="#cite_note-Delfour-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktur_sosial">Struktur sosial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Borneo_elephants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Borneo_elephants.png/220px-Borneo_elephants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Borneo_elephants.png/330px-Borneo_elephants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Borneo_elephants.png/440px-Borneo_elephants.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Gajah betina hidup dalam kelompok yang stabil bersama keturunan mereka</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Eusosialitas" title="Eusosialitas">Eusosialitas</a> adalah bentuk tertinggi dari organisasi sosial. Di dalamnya terdapat generasi yang tumpang tindih dan pembagian kerja yang jelas, seperti kelompok yang bertanggung jawab untuk reproduksi dan kelompok yang merawat keturunan secara kooperatif. Perilaku eusosial biasanya ditunjukkan oleh serangga, seperti lebah, semut, dan rayap. Namun, hal ini juga ditunjukkan pada dua spesies hewan pengerat, yakni tikus mol telanjang<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikus_mol_damaraland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikus mol damaraland (halaman belum tersedia)">tikus mol damaraland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Prasosialitas adalah ketika hewan-hewan menunjukkan lebih dari sekadar interaksi seksual di antara spesies yang sama, tetapi tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai eusosial. Artinya, hewan prasosial dapat menampilkan kehidupan komunal, perawatan keturunan secara kooperatif, atau pembagian kerja reproduktif secara primitif, tetapi mereka tidak menampilkan ketiga-tiganya yang menjadi karakteristik penting hewan eusosial. Manusia dan beberapa spesies <a href="/wiki/Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marmoset" title="Marmoset">marmoset</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tamarin" title="Tamarin">tamarin</a>) tergolong unik di kalangan primata dalam derajat kepedulian kooperatif mereka terhadap keturunannya.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Psikolog Amerika Serikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Harlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Harlow (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry Harlow</a> mengadakan percobaan dengan <a href="/wiki/Monyet_rhesus" title="Monyet rhesus">monyet rhesus</a>, primata prasosial, pada tahun 1958 yang menunjukkan bahwa pertemuan sosial diperlukan agar monyet-monyet muda berkembang, baik secara mental maupun seksual.<a href="#cite_note-Harlow71-222">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_fisi-fusi" title="Kelompok fisi-fusi">Kelompok fisi-fusi</a> adalah kelompok sosial yang sering mengalami perubahan jumlah dan komposisi. Hewan-hewannya membentuk kelompok sosial permanen yang disebut "kelompok induk" yang terdiri dari semua anggota dari suatu komunitas, tetapi jumlahnya sering kali bervariasi untuk melacak perubahan di lingkungan mereka. Dalam kelompok fisi-fusi, kelompok induk dapat berpisah (fisi) menjadi individu atau subkelompok yang stabil dan lebih kecil untuk beradaptasi dengan keadaan lingkungan atau sosial. Sebagai contoh, sejumlah pejantan mungkin memisahkan diri dari kelompok utama untuk berburu atau mencari makan pada siang hari, tetapi pada malam hari mereka dapat kembali bergabung (fusi) kepada kelompok utama untuk berbagi makanan dan mengambil bagian dalam kegiatan lain. Banyak mamalia menunjukkan hal ini, seperti primata (misalnya orang utan dan <a href="/wiki/Monyet_laba-laba" title="Monyet laba-laba">monyet laba-laba</a>),<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> gajah,<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiena_tutul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiena tutul">hiena tutul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> singa,<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> dan lumba-lumba.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Hewan soliter mempertahankan wilayah dan menghindari interaksi sosial dengan sesama spesiesnya, kecuali selama musim kawin. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari persaingan sumber daya karena dua individu dari spesies yang sama akan menempati <a href="/wiki/Relung_(ekologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">relung</a> yang sama, serta untuk mencegah menipisnya makanan.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Saat mencari makan, seekor hewan soliter juga tidak terlalu mencolok bagi pemangsa atau mangsanya.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg/220px-Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg/330px-Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg/440px-Fighting_red_kangaroos_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanguru_Merah" title="Kanguru Merah">Kanguru merah</a> "bertinju" untuk mendapatkan dominasi</figcaption></figure> Dalam sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarki_dominansi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hierarki dominansi (halaman belum tersedia)">hierarki</a>, individu bersifat dominan atau submisif (tunduk). Hierarki despotik adalah kondisi ketika satu individu dominan sementara yang lain tunduk, seperti pada serigala dan lemur,<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarki_dominansi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hierarki dominansi (halaman belum tersedia)">urutan kekuasaan</a> adalah peringkat linier bagi individu yang menempatkan individu teratas dan individu terbawah. Urutan kekuasaan juga dapat diberi peringkat berdasarkan jenis kelamin, ketika individu terendah dari suatu jenis kelamin memiliki peringkat yang lebih tinggi daripada individu teratas dari jenis kelamin lainnya, seperti pada hiena.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Individu yang dominan, atau alfa, memiliki peluang keberhasilan reproduksi yang tinggi, terutama di dalam <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoologi)" title="Harem (zoologi)">harem</a> ketika satu atau beberapa pejantan (pejantan residen) memiliki hak kawin eksklusif terhadap betina-betina dalam suatu kelompok.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Pejantan nonresiden juga dapat diterima di dalam harem, tetapi pada beberapa spesies, seperti <a href="/wiki/Desmodus_rotundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmodus rotundus">kelelawar vampir biasa</a>, mungkin lebih ketat.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Beberapa jenis mamalia benar-benar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monogami_pada_hewan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monogami pada hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">monogami</a>, artinya mereka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_pasangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatan pasangan (halaman belum tersedia)">berpasangan seumur hidup</a> dan tidak memiliki pasangan lain (bahkan setelah kematian pasangan aslinya), seperti serigala, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biwara_eurasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biwara eurasia (halaman belum tersedia)">biwara eurasia</a>, dan berang-berang.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Ada tiga jenis poligami pada hewan: salah satu atau beberapa pejantan dominan memiliki hak kawin (<a href="/wiki/Poligini_pada_hewan" title="Poligini pada hewan">poligini</a>), beberapa pejantan yang dikawini oleh betina (poliandri), atau beberapa pejantan memiliki hubungan eksklusif dengan banyak betina (poliginanri). Perkawinan poligini jauh lebih umum terjadi, yang jika mengecualikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkawinan_lek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkawinan lek (halaman belum tersedia)">perkawinan lek</a>, diperkirakan terjadi pada 90% mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Perkawinan lek terjadi ketika para pejantan berkumpul di sekitar hewan-hewan betina dan mencoba menarik perhatian mereka dengan berbagai peragaan dan vokalisasi, seperti <a href="/wiki/Phoca_vitulina" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoca vitulina">anjing laut pelabuhan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Semua mamalia tingkat tinggi (tidak termasuk monotremata) memiliki dua bentuk adaptasi utama dalam merawat keturunan, yaitu melahirkan anak hidup dan menyusui. Hal ini membuka pilihan yang luas dalam cara merawat keturunan. Mereka mungkin membangun sarang dan menggali liang untuk membesarkan anak-anak mereka atau memberi makan dan menjaga mereka yang sering kali dilakukan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Banyak mamalia yang tergolong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_seleksi_r/K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori seleksi r/K (halaman belum tersedia)">seleksi-K</a> dan menginvestasikan lebih banyak waktu dan energi kepada anak-anak mereka dibandingkan hewan yang tergolong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_seleksi_r/K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori seleksi r/K (halaman belum tersedia)">seleksi-r</a>. Ketika dua hewan kawin, mereka berdua memiliki keinginan yang sama akan keberhasilan keturunannya, meskipun sering kali dalam bentuk yang berbeda secara ekstrem. Mamalia betina menunjukkan beberapa tingkat agresi keibuan, yang mungkin ditargetkan terhadap betina lain dari spesies yang sama atau terhadap anak betina lain; namun, beberapa mamalia mungkin menjadi "bibi" bagi bayi betina lain dan merawat mereka. Mamalia pejantan mungkin berperan dalam membesarkan anak, seperti pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenrecidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenrecidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Tenrecidae</a>, tetapi hal ini bervariasi antara spesies satu dan yang lain, bahkan dalam genus yang sama. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Beruk" title="Beruk">beruk</a> (Macaca nemestrina) tidak berpartisipasi dalam pengasuhan anak, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Makaka_jepang" title="Makaka jepang">makaka jepang</a> jantan (M. fuscata) melakukannya.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manusia_dan_mamalia_lainnya">Manusia dan mamalia lainnya</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalam_kebudayaan_manusia">Dalam kebudayaan manusia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lascaux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/250px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/330px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/500px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lukisan_gua" title="Lukisan gua">Lukisan gua</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Paleolitikum_Akhir" title="Paleolitikum Akhir">Paleolitikum Akhir</a> yang menggambarkan beberapa mamalia besar, <a href="/wiki/Gua_Lascaux" title="Gua Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, Prancis, sekitar 17.300 tahun lalu</figcaption></figure> Mamalia nonmanusia memainkan berbagai peran dalam kebudayaan manusia. Mereka merupakan <a href="/wiki/Hewan_timangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewan timangan">hewan peliharaan</a> paling populer, dengan puluhan juta anjing, kucing, dan hewan lainnya, termasuk kelinci dan tikus, yang dipelihara oleh keluarga di seluruh dunia.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> Mamalia seperti <a href="/wiki/Mamut" title="Mamut">mamut</a>, kuda, dan rusa merupakan salah satu subjek seni paling awal yang ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Lukisan_gua" title="Lukisan gua">lukisan gua</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Paleolitikum_Akhir" title="Paleolitikum Akhir">Paleolitikum Akhir</a>, seperti di <a href="/wiki/Gua_Lascaux" title="Gua Lascaux">Gua Lascaux</a>, Prancis.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> Para seniman terkemuka seperti <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a> dikenal karena potret mamalia mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-243">[240]</a> Banyak spesies mamalia <a href="/wiki/Perburuan" title="Perburuan">diburu</a> untuk kepentingan olahraga dan makanan; rusa dan babi hutan sangat populer sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hewan_buruan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hewan buruan (halaman belum tersedia)">hewan buruan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Mamalia seperti kuda dan anjing banyak dilombakan untuk olahraga, sering kali disertai dengan perjudian.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Ada perbedaan pendapat antara peran hewan sebagai pendamping manusia dan keberadaan mereka sebagai individu dengan <a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_hewan" title="Hak asasi hewan">hak-haknya sendiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Lebih jauh, mamalia juga memiliki berbagai peran dalam sastra,<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> film,<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> mitologi, dan agama.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan">Penggunaan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/250px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/330px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/500px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi">Sapi</a> telah dipelihara untuk diambil susunya selama ribuan tahun</figcaption></figure> Domestikasi mamalia berperan penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Neolitikum" title="Revolusi Neolitikum">perkembangan pertanian dan peradaban pada zaman Neolitikum</a>, yang menyebabkan munculnya petani menggantikan <a href="/wiki/Pemburu_dan_peramu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemburu dan peramu">pemburu-peramu</a> di seluruh dunia.<a href="#cite_note-258">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Larson-259">[255]</a> Transisi dari kegiatan berburu dan meramu menjadi <a href="/wiki/Pastoralisme" title="Pastoralisme">menggembala ternak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">menanam tumbuhan</a> adalah langkah besar dalam sejarah manusia. Sebuah tulisan ilmiah pada 2008 menyebutkan bahwa perekonomian baru yang bersandar pada mamalia terdomestikasi menyebabkan "restrukturisasi radikal pada masyarakat, perubahan keanekaragaman hayati di seluruh dunia, dan perubahan signifikan pada bentang alam Bumi dan atmosfernya ...".<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> Sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Ternak" title="Ternak">hewan ternak</a> yang dipelihara untuk diambil dagingnya merupakan mamalia domestik. Mereka mencakup sekitar 1,4 miliar <a href="/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi">sapi</a>, 1 miliar <a href="/wiki/Domba" title="Domba">domba</a>, dan 1 miliar <a href="/wiki/Babi" title="Babi">babi domestik</a> (data 2009),<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> serta lebih dari 700 juta kelinci (1985).<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pekerja" title="Hewan pekerja">Hewan pekerja</a>, termasuk sapi dan kuda, telah digunakan untuk membantu pekerjaan dan sebagai sarana transportasi sejak awal munculnya pertanian, tetapi jumlahnya menurun seiring dengan penemuan transportasi mekanis serta <a href="/wiki/Alat_dan_mesin_pertanian" title="Alat dan mesin pertanian">alat dan mesin pertanian</a>. Pada tahun 2004 mereka masih menyediakan sekitar 80% tenaga pada pertanian skala kecil di negara-negara dunia ketiga dan sekitar 20% transportasi dunia, lagi-lagi terutama di daerah pedesaan. Di daerah pegunungan yang tidak cocok untuk kendaraan beroda, <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pikul" title="Hewan pikul">hewan pikul</a> masih digunakan untuk mengangkut barang.<a href="#cite_note-Pond2004-264">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kulit_(produk_hewan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulit (produk hewan)">Kulit mamalia</a> diproses untuk dijadikan sepatu, pakaian, dan pelapis furnitur.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolter_Robert_van_Ho%C3%ABvell" title="Wolter Robert van Hoëvell">Wol</a> dari mamalia seperti domba, kambing, dan alpaka telah dimanfaatkan selama berabad-abad sebagai bahan pakaian.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png/250px-Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png/330px-Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png/500px-Distribution-of-earths-mammals.png 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Dalam hal <a href="/wiki/Biomassa" title="Biomassa">biomassa</a>, mamalia liar hanya mewakili 4%, sedangkan manusia dan ternaknya mewakili 96% dari semua mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-Bar-On_2018-268">[264]</a></figcaption></figure> Mamalia memiliki peran sentral dalam sains sebagai <a href="/wiki/Uji_coba_hewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji coba hewan">hewan percobaan</a>, baik dalam penelitian biologis dasar seperti dalam genetika,<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> dan dalam pengembangan obat-obatan baru yang harus diuji secara mendalam untuk membuktikan <a href="/wiki/Farmakovigilans" title="Farmakovigilans">keamanannya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> Jutaan mamalia, terutama mencit dan tikus, digunakan dalam eksperimen setiap tahun.<a href="#cite_note-EUstatistics2013-271">[267]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikus_knockout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikus knockout (halaman belum tersedia)">Tikus knockout</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikus_termodifikasi_secara_genetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikus termodifikasi secara genetika (halaman belum tersedia)">tikus yang dimodifikasi secara genetik</a> sehingga memiliki gen yang tidak aktif, dan diganti atau diganggu dengan potongan DNA buatan. Mereka memungkinkan studi <a href="/wiki/Pengurutan_DNA" title="Pengurutan DNA">pengurutan gen</a> yang fungsinya belum diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> Sebagian kecil mamalia tergolong primata nonmanusia yang digunakan dalam penelitian karena kemiripannya dengan manusia.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlsson2004-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weatherall_etal2006-275">[271]</a> Terlepas dari manfaat mamalia domestik bagi manusia, kegiatan manusia telah menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi mamalia liar di seluruh dunia. Diperkirakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Biomassa" title="Biomassa">biomassa</a> semua mamalia liar telah menurun hingga menjadi 4% dari semua mamalia, sementara 96% biomassa dari mamalia adalah manusia dan hewan ternak (lihat gambar). Selain itu, mamalia liar darat hanya mewakili 2% dari biomassa semua mamalia.<a href="#cite_note-Bar-On_2018-268">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persilangan">Persilangan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Persilangan_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persilangan (biologi)">Persilangan (biologi)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Quagga_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Quagga_photo.jpg/200px-Quagga_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Quagga_photo.jpg/300px-Quagga_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Quagga_photo.jpg/400px-Quagga_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg/250px-Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg/330px-Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg/500px-Rau_Quagga_on_Devils_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="904" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Seekor <a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">quagga</a> alami yang telah punah, 1870 (kiri) dan seekor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Quagga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Quagga (halaman belum tersedia)">quagga hasil seleksi buatan</a>, 2014 (kanan)</div></div></div></div> Hasil persilangan atau hibrida adalah keturunan yang dihasilkan dari perkembangbiakan dua individu yang berbeda secara genetik, yang biasanya akan menghasilkan tingkat heterozigositas yang tinggi, meskipun hibrida dan <a href="/wiki/Heterozigot" title="Heterozigot">heterozigot</a> tidak identik. Persilangan, baik yang disengaja atau tidak disengaja, dari dua spesies hewan (atau lebih) yang berkerabat dekat melalui penangkaran merupakan aktivitas yang telah dilakukan manusia selama ribuan tahun untuk tujuan ekonomi.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> Persilangan antara subspesies yang berbeda dalam suatu spesies (seperti antara <a href="/wiki/Harimau_benggala" title="Harimau benggala">harimau benggala</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Harimau_siberia" title="Harimau siberia">harimau siberia</a>) dikenal sebagai hibrida intraspesifik. Persilangan antara spesies yang berbeda dalam genus yang sama (seperti antara singa dan harimau) dikenal sebagai persilangan interspesifik. Persilangan antara genus yang berbeda (seperti antara domba dan kambing) dikenal sebagai hibrida intergenerik.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Secara alami, persilangan akan terjadi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_hibrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona hibrida (halaman belum tersedia)">zona hibrida</a>, saat dua populasi spesies dalam genus yang sama atau spesies yang hidup di daerah yang sama atau berdekatan akan saling kawin. Beberapa hibrida telah diakui sebagai spesies, meskipun kontroversial, seperti <a href="/wiki/Serigala_merah" title="Serigala merah">serigala merah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_buatan" title="Seleksi buatan">Seleksi buatan</a>, yaitu pembiakan selektif hewan domestik oleh manusia, sedang digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Pembiakan_kembali" title="Pembiakan kembali">membiakkan kembali</a> <a href="/wiki/Kepunahan_Holosen" title="Kepunahan Holosen">hewan yang baru saja punah</a> untuk menghasilkan galur hewan dengan <a href="/wiki/Fenotipe" title="Fenotipe">fenotipe</a> yang menyerupai nenek moyang <a href="/wiki/Tipe_liar" title="Tipe liar">tipe liar</a> yang punah. Hibrida pembiakan-kembali (intraspesifik) mungkin memiliki tampilan, relung ekologis, dan sampai batas tertentu, genetika, yang sangat mirip dengan tipe liar yang punah, tetapi <a href="/wiki/Lungkang_gen" title="Lungkang gen">lungkang gen</a> awal dari tipe liar tersebut telah hilang selama-lamanya sejak dengan kepunahannya. Akibatnya, galur yang dibiakkan kembali tersebut hanya samar-samar mirip dengan tipe liar yang telah punah, sebagaimana perbedaan antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapi_Heck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapi Heck (halaman belum tersedia)">sapi Heck</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vanVuure-280">[276]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibit_murni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibit murni (halaman belum tersedia)">Bibit murni</a> dari spesies liar yang berevolusi ke ekologi tertentu dapat terancam punah<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> akibat proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencemaran_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencemaran genetik (halaman belum tersedia)">pencemaran genetik</a>, persilangan yang tidak terkendali, dan <a href="/wiki/Introgresi" title="Introgresi">introgresi</a> genetik yang mengarah pada homogenisasi atau <a href="/wiki/Kecocokan_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecocokan (biologi)">ketidakcocokan</a> dari spesies hibrida <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> Ketika ada populasi baru yang dimasukkan ke suatu wilayah atau dibiakkan secara selektif oleh manusia atau ketika modifikasi habitat menjadikan spesies yang sebelumnya terisolasi mengalami kontak dengan populasi yang ada, kepunahan pada beberapa spesies, terutama varietas langka, mungkin saja terjadi.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Persilangan_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persilangan (biologi)">Perkawinan silang</a> dapat membanjiri lungkang gen yang lebih langka dan menciptakan hibrida sehingga menghilangkan lungkang gen bibit murni. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Kerbau_liar" title="Kerbau liar">kerbau liar</a> paling terancam punah oleh pencemaran genetik dari <a href="/wiki/Kerbau" title="Kerbau">kerbau domestik</a>. Kepunahan semacam ini tidak selalu terlihat dari sudut pandang morfologis. Adanya <a href="/wiki/Aliran_gen" title="Aliran gen">aliran gen</a> adalah proses evolusi yang normal. Meskipun demikian, persilangan dapat mengancam keberadaan spesies langka.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancaman">Ancaman</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Kepunahan_Holosen" title="Kepunahan Holosen">Kepunahan Holosen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif/250px-Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif/330px-Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif/440px-Extinctions_Africa_Austrailia_NAmerica_Madagascar.gif 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keanekaragaman_hayati" title="Keanekaragaman hayati">Keanekaragaman hayati</a> mamalia bertubuh besar per benua sebelum dan setelah kedatangan manusia</figcaption></figure> Hilangnya spesies hewan dari komunitas ekologis, yang dikenal dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaunasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defaunasi (halaman belum tersedia)">defaunasi</a>, terutama didorong oleh aktivitas manusia.<a href="#cite_note-dirzo-286">[282]</a> Hal ini mengakibatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_kosong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan kosong (halaman belum tersedia)">hutan menjadi kosong</a>, kondisi ketika komunitas ekologis tak lagi memiliki vertebrata bertubuh besar.<a href="#cite_note-primack2014-287">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_kepunahan_pada_periode_Kuarter" title="Peristiwa kepunahan pada periode Kuarter">peristiwa kepunahan pada periode Kuarter</a>, kepunahan massal varietas <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> bertepatan dengan kemunculan manusia sehingga menunjukkan pengaruh manusia. Salah satu hipotesis menguraikan bahwa manusia memburu mamalia besar, seperti <a href="/wiki/Mammuthus_primigenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammuthus primigenius">Mammuthus primigenius</a>, hingga mereka punah.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> Laporan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (halaman belum tersedia)">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> tahun 2019 oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (halaman belum tersedia)">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> (IPBES) menyatakan bahwa total biomassa mamalia liar telah menurun sebesar 82 persen sejak awal munculnya peradaban manusia.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> Mamalia liar hanya menyusun 4% dari keseluruhan biomassa mamalia di Bumi, sementara manusia dan mamalia domestik mencapai 96%.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> Berbagai spesies diprediksi akan punah dalam waktu dekat,<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> di antaranya beberapa spesies badak,<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> primata,<a href="#cite_note-primates-296">[292]</a> trenggiling,<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> dan jerapah.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_Planet_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living Planet Report (halaman belum tersedia)">Living Planet Report</a> tahun 2020 oleh WWF, populasi satwa liar vertebrata telah menurun sebesar 68% sejak tahun 1970 sebagai akibat dari aktivitas manusia, khususnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsumsi_berlebihan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsumsi berlebihan (halaman belum tersedia)">konsumsi berlebihan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_penduduk" title="Pertumbuhan penduduk">pertumbuhan populasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pertanian_intensif" title="Pertanian intensif">pertanian intensif</a>, yang merupakan bukti bahwa manusia telah memicu peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Kepunahan_Holosen" title="Kepunahan Holosen">kepunahan massal keenam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> Perburuan saja telah mengancam ratusan spesies mamalia di seluruh dunia.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> Para ilmuwan mengklaim bahwa meningkatnya permintaan daging berkontribusi pada hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati karena hal ini merupakan pendorong <a href="/wiki/Deforestasi" title="Deforestasi">deforestasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perusakan_habitat" title="Perusakan habitat">perusakan habitat</a> yang signifikan; habitat yang kaya spesies, seperti sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Hutan_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutan Amazon">hutan Amazon</a>, diubah menjadi lahan pertanian untuk menghasilkan daging.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> Pengaruh lainnya adalah perburuan dan <a href="/wiki/Perburuan_liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Perburuan liar">perburuan liar</a> yang berlebihan, yang dapat mengurangi populasi hewan buruan secara keseluruhan,<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> terutama yang terletak di dekat desa,<a href="#cite_note-peres2006-307">[303]</a> seperti dalam kasus <a href="/wiki/Tayassuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayassuidae">Tayassuidae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> Efek perburuan terutama dapat dilihat dalam <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_gading" title="Perdagangan gading">perdagangan gading</a> gajah afrika.<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> Mamalia laut berisiko terjerat alat tangkap, terutama Cetacea, dengan kematian berkisar antara 65.000 hingga 86.000 individu per tahun.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> Spesies yang terancam punah secara global telah mendapat perhatian, terutama melalui <a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Keanekaragaman_Hayati" title="Konvensi Keanekaragaman Hayati">Konvensi Keanekaragaman Hayati</a>, yang telah ditandatangani oleh 189 negara yang berfokus pada identifikasi spesies dan habitat yang terancam punah.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> Organisasi konservasi terkenal lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Uni_Internasional_untuk_Konservasi_Alam" title="Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam">Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam</a> (IUCN) yang memiliki lebih dari 1.200 anggota, baik organisasi pemerintah maupun nonpemerintah.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> Kepunahan yang terjadi baru-baru ini dapat secara langsung dikaitkan dengan pengaruh manusia.<a href="#cite_note-dirzo-286">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-ceballos-313">[309]</a> IUCN mendefinisikan kepunahan "baru-baru ini" sebagai kepunahan yang telah sejak tahun 1500,<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> dan sekitar 80 spesies mamalia telah punah sejak saat itu hingga tahun 2015.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> Beberapa spesies, seperti <a href="/wiki/Rusa_p%C3%A8re_david" title="Rusa père david">rusa père david</a> telah <a href="/wiki/Punah_di_alam_liar" title="Punah di alam liar">punah di alam liar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a> dan hanya bertahan hidup di penangkaran. Spesies lain, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puma_florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puma florida (halaman belum tersedia)">puma florida</a> telah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepunahan_ekologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepunahan ekologis (halaman belum tersedia)">punah secara ekologis</a> dan bertahan dalam jumlah yang sangat rendah sehingga pada dasarnya tidak berdampak pada ekosistem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney_dkk.2013318-317">[313]</a> Populasi lain hanya <a href="/wiki/Kepunahan_lokal" title="Kepunahan lokal">punah secara lokal</a> (ekstirpasi) dan masih hidup di tempat lain, tetapi distribusinya rendah,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney_dkk.201375–77-318">[314]</a> seperti halnya kepunahan <a href="/wiki/Paus_kelabu" title="Paus kelabu">paus kelabu</a> di <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_binatang_menyusui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar binatang menyusui (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar binatang menyusui</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-2">c</a> Soricomorpha kini digolongkan sebagai subordo di bawah ordo <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_2-1">b</a> Erinaceomorpha kini digolongkan sebagai famili di bawah ordo <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Melambatnya gerakan saat mendekati cermin, kepala berputar secara berulang-ulang dan melihat dari dekat area yang ditandai dianggap sebagai tanda mengenali diri karena mereka tidak memiliki lengan dan tidak dapat menyentuh area yang ditandai.<a href="#cite_note-parker95-216">[214]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> menguraikan hal ini lebih lanjut dalam bukunya yang terbit pada 1997, <a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan_dkk.201361–66-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan_dkk.201361–66_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughan_dkk.2013">Vaughan dkk. 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Diakses tanggal 21 Desember 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+Life&rft.atitle=Catalogue+of+Life%3A+2019+Annual+Checklist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalogueoflife.org%2Fcol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Liaoconodon2011-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Liaoconodon2011_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Meng J, Wang Y, Li C (April 2011). "Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont". 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Nature. 368 (6471): 507–514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.368..507A">1994Natur.368..507A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F368507a0">10.1038/368507a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Early+Diversification+of+Tetrapods&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=6471&rft.pages=507-514&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F368507a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Natur.368..507A&rft.aulast=Ahlberg&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Milner%2C+AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220194106/http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/190Reptilomorpha/190.400.html#Amniota">"Amniota–Palaeos"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/190Reptilomorpha/190.400.html#Amniota">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amniota%E2%80%93Palaeos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeos.com%2FVertebrates%2FUnits%2F190Reptilomorpha%2F190.400.html%23Amniota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220193822/http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/390Synapsida/390.000.html">"Synapsida overview–Palaeos"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/390Synapsida/390.000.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synapsida+overview%E2%80%93Palaeos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeos.com%2FVertebrates%2FUnits%2F390Synapsida%2F390.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp2006-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kemp2006_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kemp2006_28-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kemp TS (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061139/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~tskemp/pdfs/jeb2006.pdf">"The origin and early radiation of the therapsid mammal-like reptiles: a palaeobiological hypothesis"</a> (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 19 (4): 1231–47. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2005.01076.x">10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01076.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780524">16780524</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~tskemp/pdfs/jeb2006.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2021-03-08. 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Earth-Science Reviews. 65 (1–2): 103–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESRv...65..103T">2004ESRv...65..103T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2803%2900082-5">10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmnaturalhistory.org/pdf_files/TJB.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 25 Oktober 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+record+and+causes+of+Late+Triassic+extinctions&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=103-139&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2803%2900082-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ESRv...65..103T&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=LH&rft.au=Lucas%2C+SG&rft.au=Chapman%2C+MG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnmnaturalhistory.org%2Fpdf_files%2FTJB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Ruta M, Lloyd GT (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8232088/PDF_Brusatteetal2008SuperiorityCompetition.pdf">"Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs"</a> (PDF). 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Science. 339 (6120): 662–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339..662O">2013Sci...339..662O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1229237">10.1126/science.1229237</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393258">23393258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+placental+mammal+ancestor+and+the+post-K-Pg+radiation+of+placentals&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=6120&rft.pages=662-7&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23393258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1229237&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...339..662O&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Bloch%2C+JI&rft.au=Flynn%2C+JJ&rft.au=Gaudin%2C+TJ&rft.au=Giallombardo%2C+A&rft.au=Giannini%2C+NP&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+SL&rft.au=Kraatz%2C+BP&rft.au=Luo%2C+ZX&rft.au=Meng%2C+J&rft.au=Ni%2C+X&rft.au=Novacek%2C+MJ&rft.au=Perini%2C+FA&rft.au=Randall%2C+ZS&rft.au=Rougier%2C+GW&rft.au=Sargis%2C+EJ&rft.au=Silcox%2C+MT&rft.au=Simmons%2C+NB&rft.au=Spaulding%2C+M&rft.au=Velazco%2C+PM&rft.au=Weksler%2C+M&rft.au=Wible%2C+JR&rft.au=Cirranello%2C+AL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F339%2F6120%2F662.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Halliday TJ, Upchurch P, Goswami A (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6849585">"Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"</a>. 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Belmont, Calif.: Thomson, Brooks/Cole. hlm. 978–979. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-495-10705-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-495-10705-7">978-0-495-10705-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/263411070">263411070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.place=Belmont%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=978-979&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Thomson%2C+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263411070&rft.isbn=978-0-495-10705-7&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Eldra+Pearl&rft.au=Martin%2C+Diana+W.&rft.au=Berg%2C+Linda+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F263411070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-bellows-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bellows_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellows_80-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Umesh KB (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoC48j2-LnkC&pg=PA12">"Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology"</a>. Handbook of Mechanical Ventilation (edisi ke-1). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing. hlm. 12. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-93-80704-74-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-93-80704-74-6">978-93-80704-74-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/945076700">945076700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mechanical+Ventilation&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945076700&rft.isbn=978-93-80704-74-6&rft.aulast=Umesh&rft.aufirst=KB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoC48j2-LnkC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Standring S, Borley NR (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse_c5d4">Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice</a> (edisi ke-40). London: Churchill Livingstone. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse_c5d4/page/960">960</a>–962. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8089-2371-8">978-0-8089-2371-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/213447727">213447727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=London&rft.pages=960-962&rft.edition=40&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213447727&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&rft.aulast=Standring&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Borley%2C+NR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraysanatomyanat0000unse_c5d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Betts JF, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson JE, Korol O, Kruse D, et al. 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Houston: Rice University Press. hlm. 787–846. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-938168-13-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-938168-13-0">978-1-938168-13-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/898069394">898069394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+physiology&rft.place=Houston&rft.pages=787-846&rft.pub=Rice+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898069394&rft.isbn=978-1-938168-13-0&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Desaix%2C+P&rft.au=Johnson%2C+E&rft.au=Johnson%2C+JE&rft.au=Korol%2C+O&rft.au=Kruse%2C+D&rft.au=Poe%2C+B&rft.au=Wise%2C+JA&rft.au=Womble%2C+M&rft.au=Young%2C+KA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontent%2Fm46676%2Flatest%2F%3Fcollection%3Dcol11496%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200797-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200797_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007">Feldhamer dkk. 2007</a>, hlm. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tinker SW (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51">Whales of the World</a>. Brill Archive. hlm. 51. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-935848-47-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-935848-47-2">978-0-935848-47-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whales+of+the+World&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-935848-47-2&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASIVAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200761-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200761_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007">Feldhamer dkk. 2007</a>, hlm. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Romer AS (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratestory00rome">The vertebrate story<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (edisi ke-4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-226-72490-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-226-72490-4">978-0-226-72490-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vertebrate+story&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72490-4&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratestory00rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">de Muizon C, Lange-Badré B (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_lethaia_1997-12_30_4/page/353">"Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction"</a>. Lethaia. 30 (4): 353–366. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x">10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lethaia&rft.atitle=Carnivorous+dental+adaptations+in+tribosphenic+mammals+and+phylogenetic+reconstruction&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=353-366&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x&rft.aulast=de+Muizon&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Lange-Badr%C3%A9%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_lethaia_1997-12_30_4%2Fpage%2F353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach_88-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Langer P (1984). "Comparative anatomy of the stomach in mammalian herbivores". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 69 (3): 615–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1984.sp002848">10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002848</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6473699">6473699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Experimental+Physiology&rft.atitle=Comparative+anatomy+of+the+stomach+in+mammalian+herbivores&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=615-25&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.1984.sp002848&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6473699&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Czaplewski NJ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mqv4Lo1vpk4C&pg=PA322">"Perissodactyla"</a>. Mammalogy (edisi ke-5). Jones and Bartlett. hlm. 322. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7637-6299-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7637-6299-5">978-0-7637-6299-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/437300511">437300511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perissodactyla&rft.btitle=Mammalogy&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437300511&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Ryan%2C+JM&rft.au=Czaplewski%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMqv4Lo1vpk4C%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Flower WH, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Lydekker R</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3crAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA496">An Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct</a>. London: Adam and Charles Black. hlm. 496. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-110-76857-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-110-76857-8">978-1-110-76857-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Mammals+Living+and+Extinct&rft.place=London&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-1-110-76857-8&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=WH&rft.au=Lydekker%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3crAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sreekumar S (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxYR9wTeXQgC&pg=PA180">Basic Physiology</a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. hlm. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-203-4107-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-203-4107-4">978-81-203-4107-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Physiology&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-203-4107-4&rft.aulast=Sreekumar&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxYR9wTeXQgC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Cheifetz AS (2010). Oxford American Handbook of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, US. hlm. 165. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-983012-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-983012-1">978-0-19-983012-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+American+Handbook+of+Gastroenterology+and+Hepatology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983012-1&rft.aulast=Cheifetz&rft.aufirst=AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kuntz E (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hepatologytextbo00kunt">Hepatology: Textbook and Atlas</a>. Germany: Springer. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hepatologytextbo00kunt/page/n55">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-76838-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-540-76838-8">978-3-540-76838-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hepatology%3A+Textbook+and+Atlas&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-76838-8&rft.aulast=Kuntz&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhepatologytextbo00kunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ortiz RM (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/204/11/1831">"Osmoregulation in marine mammals"</a>. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 11): 1831–44. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.204.11.1831">10.1242/jeb.204.11.1831</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441026">11441026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Osmoregulation+in+marine+mammals&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=Pt+11&rft.pages=1831-44&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.204.11.1831&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11441026&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=RM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fshort%2F204%2F11%2F1831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VB_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_95-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book">Roman AS, Parsons TS (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9">The Vertebrate Body</a>. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/396">396</a>–399. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-03-910284-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-03-910284-5">978-0-03-910284-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=396-399&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-03-910284-5&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Parsons%2C+TS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratebody0000rome_a5a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Symonds, Matthew R.E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1017/S1464793104006566">"Phylogeny and life histories of the 'Insectivora': controversies and consequences"</a>. Biological Reviews. 80 (1): 93–128. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1464793104006566">10.1017/S1464793104006566</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1464-7931">1464-7931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+life+histories+of+the+%E2%80%98Insectivora%E2%80%99%3A+controversies+and+consequences&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-128&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1464793104006566&rft.issn=1464-7931&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1017%2FS1464793104006566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dawkins R, Wong Y (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}&pg=PA281">The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution</a> (edisi ke-2nd). Boston: Mariner Books. hlm. 281. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-544-85993-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-544-85993-7">978-0-544-85993-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale%3A+A+Pilgrimage+to+the+Dawn+of+Evolution&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=281&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-544-85993-7&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Wong%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D%7B%7B%7Bid%7D%7D%7D%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-fitchbrown2006-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fitchbrown2006_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitchbrown2006_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitchbrown2006_98-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book">Fitch W (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.univie.ac.at/tecumseh.fitch/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Fitch2006MammalVocalProd.pdf">"Production of Vocalizations in Mammals"</a> (PDF). Dalam Brown K. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier. hlm. 115–121. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0080442990" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0080442990">978-0080442990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Production+of+Vocalizations+in+Mammals&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=115-121&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0080442990&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.univie.ac.at%2Ftecumseh.fitch%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F08%2FFitch2006MammalVocalProd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Langevin P, Barclay RM (1990). "Hypsignathus monstrosus". Mammalian Species. 357 (357): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3504110">10.2307/3504110</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3504110">3504110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Hypsignathus+monstrosus&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=357&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3504110&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3504110&rft.aulast=Langevin&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Barclay%2C+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Weissengruber GE, Forstenpointner G, Peters G, Kübber-Heiss A, Fitch WT (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570911">"Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyxjubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus)"</a>. Journal of Anatomy. 201 (3): 195–209. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2002.00088.x">10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570911">1570911</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12363272">12363272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Hyoid+apparatus+and+pharynx+in+the+lion+%28Panthera+leo%29%2C+jaguar+%28Panthera+onca%29%2C+tiger+%28Panthera+tigris%29%2C+cheetah+%28Acinonyxjubatus%29+and+domestic+cat+%28Felis+silvestris+f.+catus%29&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-209&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1570911&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12363272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2002.00088.x&rft.aulast=Weissengruber&rft.aufirst=GE&rft.au=Forstenpointner%2C+G&rft.au=Peters%2C+G&rft.au=K%C3%BCbber-Heiss%2C+A&rft.au=Fitch%2C+WT&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1570911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stoeger AS, Heilmann G, Zeppelzauer M, Ganswindt A, Hensman S, Charlton BD (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3498347">"Visualizing sound emission of elephant vocalizations: evidence for two rumble production types"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48907. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748907S">2012PLoSO...748907S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048907">10.1371/journal.pone.0048907</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3498347">3498347</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155427">23155427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Visualizing+sound+emission+of+elephant+vocalizations%3A+evidence+for+two+rumble+production+types&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e48907&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3498347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23155427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048907&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748907S&rft.aulast=Stoeger&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Heilmann%2C+G&rft.au=Zeppelzauer%2C+M&rft.au=Ganswindt%2C+A&rft.au=Hensman%2C+S&rft.au=Charlton%2C+BD&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3498347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clark CW (2004). "Baleen whale infrasonic sounds: Natural variability and function". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 115 (5): 2554. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..115.2554C">2004ASAJ..115.2554C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4783845">10.1121/1.4783845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Baleen+whale+infrasonic+sounds%3A+Natural+variability+and+function&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2554&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4783845&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ASAJ..115.2554C&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dawson2014-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawson2014_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawson2014_103-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dawson TJ, Webster KN, Maloney SK (2014). "The fur of mammals in exposed environments; do crypsis and thermal needs necessarily conflict? The polar bear and marsupial koala compared". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 184 (2): 273–84. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00360-013-0794-8">10.1007/s00360-013-0794-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366474">24366474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+B&rft.atitle=The+fur+of+mammals+in+exposed+environments%3B+do+crypsis+and+thermal+needs+necessarily+conflict%3F+The+polar+bear+and+marsupial+koala+compared&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-84&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00360-013-0794-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24366474&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Webster%2C+KN&rft.au=Maloney%2C+SK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200799-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.200799_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007">Feldhamer dkk. 2007</a>, hlm. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007162–163-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007162–163_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007162–163_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007">Feldhamer dkk. 2007</a>, hlm. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007188-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007188_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007">Feldhamer dkk. 2007</a>, hlm. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e5483673641f40a5a97f84fbf487d4ecd5a69933">"Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation"</a>. Physiological Reviews. 84 (4): 1155–228. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00044.2003">10.1152/physrev.00044.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383650">15383650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Melanin+pigmentation+in+mammalian+skin+and+its+hormonal+regulation&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1155-228&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fphysrev.00044.2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15383650&rft.aulast=Slominski&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Tobin%2C+DJ&rft.au=Shibahara%2C+S&rft.au=Wortsman%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fe5483673641f40a5a97f84fbf487d4ecd5a69933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thody, Anthony J.; Higgins, Elisabeth M.; Wakamatsu, Kazumasa; Ito, Shosuke; Burchill, Susan A.; Marks, Janet M. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/pks/staff/widdig/pdf/Bradley_et_al_2012.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalian+Evolution&rft.atitle=Coat+Color+Variation+and+Pigmentation+Gene+Expression+in+Rhesus+Macaques+%28Macaca+Mulatta%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-270&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10914-012-9212-3&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft.au=Gerald%2C+MS&rft.au=Widdig%2C+A&rft.au=Mundy%2C+NI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva.mpg.de%2Fpks%2Fstaff%2Fwiddig%2Fpdf%2FBradley_et_al_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007166–167-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007166–167_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007">Feldhamer dkk. 2007</a>, hlm. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-Caro-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Caro_117-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Caro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Caro (halaman belum tersedia)">Caro T</a>, Izzo A, Reiner RC, Walker H, Stankowich T (April 2014). "The function of zebra stripes". Nature Communications. 5: 3535. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.3535C">2014NatCo...5.3535C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms4535">10.1038/ncomms4535</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691390">24691390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+function+of+zebra+stripes&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=3535&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24691390&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms4535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.3535C&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Izzo%2C+A&rft.au=Reiner%2C+RC&rft.au=Walker%2C+H&rft.au=Stankowich%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kobayashi K, Kitano T, Iwao Y, Kondo M (2018-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4teDwAAQBAJ&q=mammal+gonochorism&pg=PA290">Reproductive and Developmental Strategies: The Continuity of Life</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer. hlm. 290. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-4-431-56609-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-4-431-56609-0">978-4-431-56609-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+and+Developmental+Strategies%3A+The+Continuity+of+Life&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.isbn=978-4-431-56609-0&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kitano%2C+T&rft.au=Iwao%2C+Y&rft.au=Kondo%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4teDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmammal%2Bgonochorism%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lombardi, Julian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39981423">Comparative vertebrate reproduction</a>. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. hlm. 101–104. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7923-8336-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7923-8336-2">0-7923-8336-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39981423">39981423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+vertebrate+reproduction&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=101-104&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39981423&rft.isbn=0-7923-8336-2&rft.aulast=Lombardi&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39981423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tyndale-Biscoe H, Renfree M (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C">Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials</a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 145. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-33792-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-33792-2">978-0-521-33792-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Physiology+of+Marsupials&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33792-2&rft.aulast=Tyndale-Biscoe&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Renfree%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpjovN0vXW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Johnston SD, Smith B, Pyne M, Stenzel D, Holt WV (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:130591/UQ130591_OA.pdf">"One‐Sided Ejaculation of Echidna Sperm Bundles"</a> (PDF). The American Naturalist. 170 (6): E162–E164. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F522847">10.1086/522847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171162">18171162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=One%E2%80%90Sided+Ejaculation+of+Echidna+Sperm+Bundles&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=E162-E164&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F522847&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18171162&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=SD&rft.au=Smith%2C+B&rft.au=Pyne%2C+M&rft.au=Stenzel%2C+D&rft.au=Holt%2C+WV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A130591%2FUQ130591_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Maxwell KE (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnf1BwAAQBAJ">The Sex Imperative: An Evolutionary Tale of Sexual Survival</a>. Springer. hlm. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4899-5988-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4899-5988-1">978-1-4899-5988-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sex+Imperative%3A+An+Evolutionary+Tale+of+Sexual+Survival&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-5988-1&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=KE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddnf1BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Vaughan TA, Ryan JP, Czaplewski NJ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalogy0000vaug_k2e9">Mammalogy</a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalogy0000vaug_k2e9/page/387">387</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-03-025034-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-03-025034-7">978-0-03-025034-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalogy&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-03-025034-7&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Ryan%2C+JP&rft.au=Czaplewski%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalogy0000vaug_k2e9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007220–221,_247-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldhamer_dkk.2007220–221,_247_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007">Feldhamer dkk. 2007</a>, hlm. 220–221, 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman&Rowe-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman&Rowe_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman&Rowe_125-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hoffman EA, Rowe TB (September 2018). "Jurassic stem-mammal perinates and the origin of mammalian reproduction and growth". Nature. 561 (7721): 104–108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.561..104H">2018Natur.561..104H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0441-3">10.1038/s41586-018-0441-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30158701">30158701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Jurassic+stem-mammal+perinates+and+the+origin+of+mammalian+reproduction+and+growth&rft.volume=561&rft.issue=7721&rft.pages=104-108&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30158701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0441-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.561..104H&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Rowe%2C+TB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wallis MC, Waters PD, Delbridge ML, Kirby PJ, Pask AJ, Grützner F, et al. (2007). "Sex determination in platypus and echidna: autosomal location of SOX3 confirms the absence of SRY from monotremes". Chromosome Research. 15 (8): 949–59. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10577-007-1185-3">10.1007/s10577-007-1185-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185981">18185981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chromosome+Research&rft.atitle=Sex+determination+in+platypus+and+echidna%3A+autosomal+location+of+SOX3+confirms+the+absence+of+SRY+from+monotremes&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=949-59&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10577-007-1185-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18185981&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Waters%2C+PD&rft.au=Delbridge%2C+ML&rft.au=Kirby%2C+PJ&rft.au=Pask%2C+AJ&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCtzner%2C+F&rft.au=Rens%2C+W&rft.au=Ferguson-Smith%2C+MA&rft.au=Graves%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Marshall Graves JA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120904084145/http%3A//www.mnf.uni%2Dgreifswald.de/fileadmin/Zoologisches_Museum/Hildebrandt/Dokumente/graves08.pdf">"Weird animal genomes and the evolution of vertebrate sex and sex chromosomes"</a> (PDF). Annual Review of Genetics. 42: 565–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.42.110807.091714">10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18983263">18983263</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnf.uni-greifswald.de/fileadmin/Zoologisches_Museum/Hildebrandt/Dokumente/graves08.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2012-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=Weird+animal+genomes+and+the+evolution+of+vertebrate+sex+and+sex+chromosomes&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=565-86&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.42.110807.091714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18983263&rft.aulast=Marshall+Graves&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnf.uni-greifswald.de%2Ffileadmin%2FZoologisches_Museum%2FHildebrandt%2FDokumente%2Fgraves08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sally M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dK-D6HMSOQIC&pg=PA6">"Mammal Behavior and Lifestyle"</a>. Mammals. Chicago: Raintree. hlm. 6. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4109-1050-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4109-1050-9">978-1-4109-1050-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53476660">53476660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mammal+Behavior+and+Lifestyle&rft.btitle=Mammals&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Raintree&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53476660&rft.isbn=978-1-4109-1050-9&rft.aulast=Sally&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdK-D6HMSOQIC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Verma PS, Pandey BP (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23s9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA288">ISC Biology Book I for Class XI</a>. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company. hlm. 288. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-219-2557-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-219-2557-0">978-81-219-2557-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISC+Biology+Book+I+for+Class+XI&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=S.+Chand+and+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-219-2557-0&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=PS&rft.au=Pandey%2C+BP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23s9DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Oftedal OT (2002). "The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 7 (3): 225–52. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1022896515287">10.1023/a:1022896515287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12751889">12751889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammary+Gland+Biology+and+Neoplasia&rft.atitle=The+mammary+gland+and+its+origin+during+synapsid+evolution&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-52&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1022896515287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12751889&rft.aulast=Oftedal&rft.aufirst=OT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Krockenberger A (2006). "Lactation". Dalam Dickman CR, Armati PJ, Hume ID. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marsupials00arma">Marsupials</a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marsupials00arma/page/n126">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-139-45742-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-139-45742-2">978-1-139-45742-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lactation&rft.btitle=Marsupials&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45742-2&rft.aulast=Krockenberger&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarsupials00arma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schulkin J, Power ML (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milkbiologyoflac0000powe">Milk: The Biology of Lactation</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milkbiologyoflac0000powe/page/66">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4214-2042-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4214-2042-4">978-1-4214-2042-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milk%3A+The+Biology+of+Lactation&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-2042-4&rft.aulast=Schulkin&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Power%2C+ML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilkbiologyoflac0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Thompson KV, Baker AJ, Baker AM (2010). "Paternal Care and Behavioral Development in Captive Mammals". Dalam Kleiman DG, Thompson KV, Baer CK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmammalscapti00klei">Wild Mammals in Captivity Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management</a> (edisi ke-2nd). University of Chicago Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildmammalscapti00klei/page/n390">374</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-226-44011-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-226-44011-8">978-0-226-44011-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paternal+Care+and+Behavioral+Development+in+Captive+Mammals&rft.btitle=Wild+Mammals+in+Captivity+Principles+and+Techniques+for+Zoo+Management&rft.pages=374&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-44011-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=KV&rft.au=Baker%2C+AJ&rft.au=Baker%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildmammalscapti00klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Campbell NA, Reece JB (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/845">Biology</a> (edisi ke-6th). Benjamin Cummings. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/845">845</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8053-6624-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8053-6624-2">978-0-8053-6624-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47521441">47521441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=845&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47521441&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-6624-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=NA&rft.au=Reece%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyc00camp%2Fpage%2F845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Buffenstein R, Yahav S (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-thermal-biology_1991-07_16_4/page/227">"Is the naked mole-rat Hererocephalus glaber an endothermic yet poikilothermic mammal?"</a>. Journal of Thermal Biology. 16 (4): 227–232. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0306-4565%2891%2990030-6">10.1016/0306-4565(91)90030-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thermal+Biology&rft.atitle=Is+the+naked+mole-rat+Hererocephalus+glaber+an+endothermic+yet+poikilothermic+mammal%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=227-232&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0306-4565%2891%2990030-6&rft.aulast=Buffenstein&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Yahav%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-thermal-biology_1991-07_16_4%2Fpage%2F227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schmidt-Nielsen K, Duke JB (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Af7IwQWJoCMC&pg=PA218">"Temperature Effects"</a>. 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Cambridge. hlm. 218. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-57098-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-57098-5">978-0-521-57098-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/35744403">35744403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temperature+Effects&rft.btitle=Animal+Physiology%3A+Adaptation+and+Environment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=218&rft.edition=5&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35744403&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57098-5&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Nielsen&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Duke%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAf7IwQWJoCMC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19896964-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19896964_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19896964_137-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lorenzini A, Johnson FB, Oliver A, Tresini M, Smith JS, Hdeib M, et al. 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Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 16 (2): 181–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-6374%2881%2990094-4">10.1016/0047-6374(81)90094-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7266079">7266079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanisms+of+Ageing+and+Development&rft.atitle=The+relationship+of+DNA+excision+repair+of+ultraviolet-induced+lesions+to+the+maximum+life+span+of+mammals&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-9&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0047-6374%2881%2990094-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7266079&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Lee%2C+WH&rft.au=Regan%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7060140-141"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7060140_141-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Treton JA, Courtois Y (1982). 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Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 29 (2): 191–203. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-6374%2885%2990018-1">10.1016/0047-6374(85)90018-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3974310">3974310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanisms+of+Ageing+and+Development&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+light-induced+DNA+repair+synthesis+in+hepatocytes+from+species+of+differing+longevities&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-203&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0047-6374%2885%2990018-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3974310&rft.aulast=Maslansky&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Williams%2C+GM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_mechanisms-of-ageing-and-development_1985-02_29_2%2Fpage%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/SrSec314NewE/Lesson-16.pdf">"Biology (314): Lesson 16 Locomotion and Movement"</a> (PDF). 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The Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 4): 797–803. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.204.4.797">10.1242/jeb.204.4.797</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2440%2F12192">2440/12192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11171362">11171362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Energetics+of+terrestrial+locomotion+of+the+platypus+Ornithorhynchus+anatinus&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=797-803&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F12192&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11171362&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.204.4.797&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=FE&rft.au=Frappell%2C+PB&rft.au=Baudinette%2C+RV&rft.au=MacFarlane%2C+PM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F204%2F4%2F797.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Alexander, R. 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Journal of Anatomy. 204 (5): 321–330. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0021-8782.2004.00289.x">10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00289.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8782">0021-8782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571302">1571302</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15198697">15198697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Bipedal+animals%2C+and+their+differences+from+humans&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=321-330&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC1571302&rft.issn=0021-8782&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15198697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0021-8782.2004.00289.x&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=R.+McN.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0021-8782.2004.00289.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Alexander RM (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571302">"Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans"</a>. 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San Diego: Nelson Thornes. hlm. 211. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-56593-416-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-56593-416-0">978-1-56593-416-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33167785">33167785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Balance%3A+The+Mechanics+of+Posture+and+Locomotion&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33167785&rft.isbn=978-1-56593-416-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=TD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8RvD3X8ur8C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dagg-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dagg_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dagg_152-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Innis_Dagg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Innis Dagg (halaman belum tersedia)">Dagg AI</a> (1973). 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The American Naturalist. 37 (444): 819–825. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F278368">10.1086/278368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2455381">2455381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Adaptations+to+Aquatic%2C+Arboreal%2C+Fossorial+and+Cursorial+Habits+in+Mammals.+III.+Fossorial+Adaptations&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=444&rft.pages=819-825&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F278368&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2455381&rft.aulast=Shimer&rft.aufirst=HW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1431331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stanhope MJ, Waddell VG, Madsen O, de Jong W, Hedges SB, Cleven GC, et al. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (17): 9967–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.9967S">1998PNAS...95.9967S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.17.9967">10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21445">21445</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9707584">9707584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+for+multiple+origins+of+Insectivora+and+for+a+new+order+of+endemic+African+insectivore+mammals&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=9967-72&rft.date=1998&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21445&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9707584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.17.9967&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.9967S&rft.aulast=Stanhope&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Waddell%2C+VG&rft.au=Madsen%2C+O&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+W&rft.au=Hedges%2C+SB&rft.au=Cleven%2C+GC&rft.au=Kao%2C+D&rft.au=Springer%2C+MS&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Perry DA (1949). 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Journal of Zoology. 119 (1): 49–60. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1949.tb00866.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.1949.tb00866.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+anatomical+basis+of+swimming+in+Whales&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-60&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1949.tb00866.x&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fish FE, Hui CA (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829000617/http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1991MRDolphinswimming.pdf">"Dolphin swimming–a review"</a> (PDF). Mammal Review. 21 (4): 181–195. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2907.1991.tb00292.x">10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00292.x</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1991MRDolphinswimming.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2006-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammal+Review&rft.atitle=Dolphin+swimming%E2%80%93a+review&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=181-195&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2907.1991.tb00292.x&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=FE&rft.au=Hui%2C+CA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin.wcupa.edu%2F~biology%2Ffish%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2F1991MRDolphinswimming.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Marsh H (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511221756/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/57-ind.pdf">"Chapter 57: Dugongidae"</a> (PDF). Fauna of Australia. 1. Canberra: Australian Government Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-644-06056-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-644-06056-1">978-0-644-06056-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27492815">27492815</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/57-ind.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+57%3A+Dugongidae&rft.btitle=Fauna+of+Australia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27492815&rft.isbn=978-0-644-06056-1&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fbiodiversity%2Fabrs%2Fpublications%2Ffauna-of-australia%2Fpubs%2Fvolume1b%2F57-ind.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Berta63-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berta63_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berta63_167-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Berta A (April 2012). 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University of California Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/returntosealifee0000bert/page/62">62</a>–64. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-27057-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-520-27057-2">978-0-520-27057-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pinniped+Diversity%3A+Evolution+and+Adaptations&rft.btitle=Return+to+the+Sea%3A+The+Life+and+Evolutionary+Times+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012-04&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27057-2&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freturntosealifee0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish_2003-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fish_2003_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fish_2003_168-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fish FE, Hurley J, Costa DP (2003). 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The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (Pt 4): 667–74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00144">10.1242/jeb.00144</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12517984">12517984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Maneuverability+by+the+sea+lion+Zalophus+californianus%3A+turning+performance+of+an+unstable+body+design&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=667-74&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.00144&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12517984&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=FE&rft.au=Hurley%2C+J&rft.au=Costa%2C+DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Riedman3-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riedman3_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riedman3_169-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Riedman M (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pinnipedssealsse0000ried">The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-06497-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-520-06497-3">978-0-520-06497-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19511610">19511610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pinnipeds%3A+Seals%2C+Sea+Lions%2C+and+Walruses&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19511610&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06497-3&rft.aulast=Riedman&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpinnipedssealsse0000ried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish1996-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Fish1996_170-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fish FE (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_integrative-and-comparative-biology_1996-12_36_6/page/628">"Transitions from drag-based to lift-based propulsion in mammalian swimming"</a>. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 36 (6): 628–641. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F36.6.628">10.1093/icb/36.6.628</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Transitions+from+drag-based+to+lift-based+propulsion+in+mammalian+swimming&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=628-641&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F36.6.628&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=FE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_integrative-and-comparative-biology_1996-12_36_6%2Fpage%2F628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fish FE (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804111726/http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/2000PBZ-PlatToWhale.pdf">"Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale"</a> (PDF). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 73 (6): 683–98. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.734.1217">10.1.1.734.1217</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318108">10.1086/318108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11121343">11121343</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/2000PBZ-PlatToWhale.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2016-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+and+Biochemical+Zoology&rft.atitle=Biomechanics+and+energetics+in+aquatic+and+semiaquatic+mammals%3A+platypus+to+whale&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=683-98&rft.date=2000&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.734.1217&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11121343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F318108&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=FE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin.wcupa.edu%2F~biology%2Ffish%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2F2000PBZ-PlatToWhale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Eltringham SK (1999). 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London: T & AD Poyser Ltd. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hipposnaturalhis00eltr/page/n16">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-85661-131-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-85661-131-5">978-0-85661-131-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42274422">42274422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.btitle=The+Hippos&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=T+%26+AD+Poyser+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42274422&rft.isbn=978-0-85661-131-5&rft.aulast=Eltringham&rft.aufirst=SK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhipposnaturalhis00eltr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141125041546/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/hippopotamus/">"Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius"</a>. National Geographic. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/hippopotamus/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-11-25. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Hippopotamus+Hippopotamus+amphibius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimals.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Fmammals%2Fhippopotamus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Seyfarth-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfarth_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfarth_174-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL, Marler P (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223576319">"Vervet Monkey Alarm Calls: Semantic communication in a Free-Ranging Primate"</a>. Animal Behaviour. 28 (4): 1070–1094. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2880%2980097-2">10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80097-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Vervet+Monkey+Alarm+Calls%3A+Semantic+communication+in+a+Free-Ranging+Primate&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1070-1094&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2880%2980097-2&rft.aulast=Seyfarth&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Cheney%2C+DL&rft.au=Marler%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223576319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zuberbühler K (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_2001-10_50_5/page/414">"Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli"</a>. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 50 (5): 414–442. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002650100383">10.1007/s002650100383</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4601985">4601985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Predator-specific+alarm+calls+in+Campbell%27s+monkeys%2C+Cercopithecus+campbelli&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=414-442&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002650100383&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4601985&rft.aulast=Zuberb%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_2001-10_50_5%2Fpage%2F414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Slabbekoorn H, Smith TB (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692962">"Bird song, ecology and speciation"</a>. 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Series B, Biological Sciences. 357 (1420): 493–503. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.1056">10.1098/rstb.2001.1056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692962">1692962</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12028787">12028787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Bird+song%2C+ecology+and+speciation&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=1420&rft.pages=493-503&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1692962&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12028787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2001.1056&rft.aulast=Slabbekoorn&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Smith%2C+TB&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1692962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bannister JL (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA1007">"Baleen Whales (Mysticetes)"</a>. 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BioScience. 52 (1): 9–14. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282002%29052%5B0009%3ACOCMTC%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0009:COCMTC]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Creatures+of+Culture%3F+Making+the+Case+for+Cultural+Systems+in+Whales+and+Dolphins&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-14&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2F0006-3568%282002%29052%5B0009%3ACOCMTC%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_bioscience_2002-01_52_1%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Boughman JW (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688873">"Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats"</a>. 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Biological Sciences. 265 (1392): 227–33. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0286">10.1098/rspb.1998.0286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688873">1688873</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9493408">9493408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Vocal+learning+by+greater+spear-nosed+bats&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=1392&rft.pages=227-33&rft.date=1998&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688873&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9493408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0286&rft.aulast=Boughman&rft.aufirst=JW&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1688873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/prairie-dogs-language-decoded-by-scientists-1.1322230">"Prairie dogs' language decoded by scientists"</a>. CBC News. 21 Juni 2013. Diakses tanggal 20 Mei 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prairie+dogs%27+language+decoded+by+scientists&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fprairie-dogs-language-decoded-by-scientists-1.1322230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine">Mayell H (3 Maret 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0303_040303_elephants.html">"Elephants Call Long-Distance After-Hours"</a>. National Geographic. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Elephants+Call+Long-Distance+After-Hours&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft.aulast=Mayell&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F03%2F0303_040303_elephants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">Smith JM</a>, Harper D (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUA51MeG1lcC&pg=PA61">Animal Signals</a>. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. hlm. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-852684-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-852684-1">978-0-19-852684-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54460090">54460090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Signals&rft.series=Oxford+Series+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54460090&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852684-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Harper%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUA51MeG1lcC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">FitzGibbon CD, Fanshawe JH (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225073844/http://webs.wofford.edu/moellerjf/Animal%20Behavior%202011/stotting%20in%20gazelles.pdf">"Stotting in Thomson's gazelles: an honest signal of condition"</a> (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 23 (2): 69–74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00299889">10.1007/bf00299889</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webs.wofford.edu/moellerjf/Animal%20Behavior%202011/stotting%20in%20gazelles.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2014-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Stotting+in+Thomson%27s+gazelles%3A+an+honest+signal+of+condition&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-74&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00299889&rft.aulast=FitzGibbon&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Fanshawe%2C+JH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebs.wofford.edu%2Fmoellerjf%2FAnimal%2520Behavior%25202011%2Fstotting%2520in%2520gazelles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bildstein KL (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5/page/709">"Why White-Tailed Deer Flag Their Tails"</a>. The American Naturalist. 121 (5): 709–715. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F284096">10.1086/284096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2460873">2460873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Why+White-Tailed+Deer+Flag+Their+Tails&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=709-715&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F284096&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2460873&rft.aulast=Bildstein&rft.aufirst=KL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5%2Fpage%2F709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gosling LM (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230317056">"A reassessment of the function of scent marking in territories"</a>. 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Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 76 (2): 165–79. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F367950">10.1086/367950</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12794670">12794670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+and+Biochemical+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+energy+availability+in+Mammalian+hibernation%3A+a+cost-benefit+approach&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-79&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F367950&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12794670&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Thomas%2C+DW&rft.au=Kramer%2C+DL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F79947923bc18af03aa7f5316f86d95a997f02548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Barnes BM (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1989-06-30_244_4912/page/n85">"Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 degree C in an Arctic hibernator"</a>. Science. 244 (4912): 1593–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...244.1593B">1989Sci...244.1593B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2740905">10.1126/science.2740905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2740905">2740905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Freeze+avoidance+in+a+mammal%3A+body+temperatures+below+0+degree+C+in+an+Arctic+hibernator&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=4912&rft.pages=1593-5&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2740905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2740905&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...244.1593B&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=BM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_1989-06-30_244_4912%2Fpage%2Fn85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Fritz G (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jukgezrNdCsC&pg=PA99">"Aestivation in Mammals and Birds"</a>. Dalam Navas CA, Carvalho JE. Aestivation: Molecular and Physiological Aspects. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. 49. Springer-Verlag. hlm. 95–113. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02421-4">10.1007/978-3-642-02421-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-642-02420-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-642-02420-7">978-3-642-02420-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aestivation+in+Mammals+and+Birds&rft.btitle=Aestivation%3A+Molecular+and+Physiological+Aspects&rft.series=Progress+in+Molecular+and+Subcellular+Biology&rft.pages=95-113&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-02421-4&rft.isbn=978-3-642-02420-7&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjukgezrNdCsC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mann J, Patterson EM (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4027413">"Tool use by aquatic animals"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 368 (1630): 20120424. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2012.0424">10.1098/rstb.2012.0424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4027413">4027413</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101631">24101631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tool+use+by+aquatic+animals&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=1630&rft.pages=20120424&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4027413&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24101631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2012.0424&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Patterson%2C+EM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4027413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Raffaele P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amonggreatapesad00unse">Among the Great Apes: Adventures on the Trail of Our Closest Relatives</a>. New York: Harper. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amonggreatapesad00unse/page/83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-06-167184-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-06-167184-5">978-0-06-167184-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/674694369">674694369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Great+Apes%3A+Adventures+on+the+Trail+of+Our+Closest+Relatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F674694369&rft.isbn=978-0-06-167184-5&rft.aulast=Raffaele&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famonggreatapesad00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Köhler W (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IIR8CgAAQBAJ">The Mentality of Apes</a>. Liveright. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-87140-108-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-87140-108-3">978-0-87140-108-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2000769">2000769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mentality+of+Apes&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2000769&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-108-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIIR8CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">McGowan RT, Rehn T, Norling Y, Keeling LJ (2014). 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Animal Cognition. 17 (3): 577–87. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10071-013-0688-x">10.1007/s10071-013-0688-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24096703">24096703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Cognition&rft.atitle=Positive+affect+and+learning%3A+exploring+the+%22Eureka+Effect%22+in+dogs&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=577-87&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10071-013-0688-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24096703&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=RT&rft.au=Rehn%2C+T&rft.au=Norling%2C+Y&rft.au=Keeling%2C+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karbowski J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884139">"Global and regional brain metabolic scaling and its functional consequences"</a>. 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"Chimpanzees: self-recognition". Science. 167 (3914): 86–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...167...86G">1970Sci...167...86G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.167.3914.86">10.1126/science.167.3914.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4982211">4982211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Chimpanzees%3A+self-recognition&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=3914&rft.pages=86-7&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4982211&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.167.3914.86&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...167...86G&rft.aulast=Gallop&rft.aufirst=GG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Plotnik JM, de Waal FB, Reiss D (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS/publications/articles/Plotnik_etal_2006.pdf">"Self-recognition in an Asian elephant"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (45): 17053–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P">2006PNAS..10317053P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0608062103">10.1073/pnas.0608062103</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577">1636577</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17075063">17075063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Self-recognition+in+an+Asian+elephant&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=17053-7&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1636577&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17075063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0608062103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10317053P&rft.aulast=Plotnik&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=de+Waal%2C+FB&rft.au=Reiss%2C+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emory.edu%2FLIVING_LINKS%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2FPlotnik_etal_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-robert-212"><a href="#cite_ref-robert_212-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Robert S (1986). "Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes". American Journal of Primatology. 10 (2): 109–117. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.1350100202">10.1002/ajp.1350100202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31979488">31979488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Primatology&rft.atitle=Ontogeny+of+mirror+behavior+in+two+species+of+great+apes&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-117&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajp.1350100202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31979488&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Walraven V, van Elsacker L, Verheyen R (1995). "Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition". Primates. 36: 145–150. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02381922">10.1007/bf02381922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primates&rft.atitle=Reactions+of+a+group+of+pygmy+chimpanzees+%28Pan+paniscus%29+to+their+mirror+images%3A+evidence+of+self-recognition&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=145-150&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02381922&rft.aulast=Walraven&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=van+Elsacker%2C+L&rft.au=Verheyen%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-orangutan-214"><a href="#cite_ref-orangutan_214-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Leakey R (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ywsREEZ-j4C&pg=PA150">"The Origin of the Mind"</a>. The Origin Of Humankind. New York: BasicBooks. hlm. 150. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-465-05313-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-465-05313-1">978-0-465-05313-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30739453">30739453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Mind&rft.btitle=The+Origin+Of+Humankind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30739453&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05313-1&rft.aulast=Leakey&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ywsREEZ-j4C%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-archer-215"><a href="#cite_ref-archer_215-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Archer J (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDT27k5envcC&pg=PA217">Ethology and Human Development</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 215–218. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-389-20996-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-389-20996-6">978-0-389-20996-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/25874476">25874476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethology+and+Human+Development&rft.pages=215-218&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25874476&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20996-6&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDT27k5envcC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-parker95-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parker95_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker95_216-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Marten K, Psarakos S (1995). 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selfawarenessina0000unse/page/361">361</a>–379. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-44108-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-44108-7">978-0-521-44108-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/28180680">28180680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+self-awareness+in+the+bottlenose+dolphin+%28Tursiops+truncatus%29&rft.btitle=Self-awareness+in+Animals+and+Humans%3A+Developmental+Perspectives&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=361-379&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28180680&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44108-7&rft.aulast=Marten&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Psarakos%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselfawarenessina0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Delfour-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delfour_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delfour_218-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Delfour F, Marten K (April 2001). 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Behavioural Processes. 53 (3): 181–190. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0376-6357%2801%2900134-6">10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00134-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11334706">11334706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Processes&rft.atitle=Mirror+image+processing+in+three+marine+mammal+species%3A+killer+whales+%28Orcinus+orca%29%2C+false+killer+whales+%28Pseudorca+crassidens%29+and+California+sea+lions+%28Zalophus+californianus%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-190&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0376-6357%2801%2900134-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11334706&rft.aulast=Delfour&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Marten%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jarvis JU (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b378fe0da2ec6759ba4eee2bb7e8c584c9fa40e9">"Eusociality in a mammal: cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies"</a>. Science. 212 (4494): 571–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...212..571J">1981Sci...212..571J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7209555">10.1126/science.7209555</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1686202">1686202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7209555">7209555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Eusociality+in+a+mammal%3A+cooperative+breeding+in+naked+mole-rat+colonies&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=4494&rft.pages=571-3&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7209555&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7209555&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1686202&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Sci...212..571J&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=JU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fb378fe0da2ec6759ba4eee2bb7e8c584c9fa40e9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jacobs DS, Bennett NC, Jarvis JU, Crowe TM (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1991-08_224_4/page/553">"The colony structure and dominance hierarchy of the Damaraland mole-rat, Cryptomys damarensis (Rodentia: Bathyergidae) from Namibia"</a>. Journal of Zoology. 224 (4): 553–576. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1991.tb03785.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03785.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+colony+structure+and+dominance+hierarchy+of+the+Damaraland+mole-rat%2C+Cryptomys+damarensis+%28Rodentia%3A+Bathyergidae%29+from+Namibia&rft.volume=224&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=553-576&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1991.tb03785.x&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Bennett%2C+NC&rft.au=Jarvis%2C+JU&rft.au=Crowe%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-zoology_1991-08_224_4%2Fpage%2F553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hardy SB (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsiksDFQPDsC&pg=PA92">Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding</a>. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/bio/jesmith/partner.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2014-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Rank-related+partner+choice+in+the+fission%E2%80%93fusion+society+of+the+spotted+hyena+%28Crocuta+crocuta%29&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=753-765&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-006-0305-y&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Memenis%2C+SK&rft.au=Holekamp%2C+KE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mills.edu%2Facademics%2Ffaculty%2Fbio%2Fjesmith%2Fpartner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Matoba T, Kutsukake N, Hasegawa T (2013). 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Animal Behaviour. 32 (4): 994–1003. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0003-3472%2884%2980212-2">10.1016/s0003-3472(84)80212-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+dominance+rank+and+reproductive+behavior+of+male+bonnet+macaques+%28Macaca+radiate%29&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=994-1003&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0003-3472%2884%2980212-2&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Silk%2C+JB&rft.au=Rodman%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Delpietro HA, Russo RG (2002). 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Mammalian Biology. 67 (2): 65–78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078%2F1616-5047-00011">10.1078/1616-5047-00011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Biology&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+common+vampire+bat+%28Desmodus+rotundus%29+and+the+hairy-legged+vampire+bat+%28Diphylla+ecaudata%29+in+captivity&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-78&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1078%2F1616-5047-00011&rft.aulast=Delpietro&rft.aufirst=HA&rft.au=Russo%2C+RG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kleiman DG (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/85f0a50c0b126d79733b0c76002ba43da888b09e">"Monogamy in mammals"</a>. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 52 (1): 39–69. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F409721">10.1086/409721</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/857268">857268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Monogamy+in+mammals&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-69&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F409721&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F857268&rft.aulast=Kleiman&rft.aufirst=DG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F85f0a50c0b126d79733b0c76002ba43da888b09e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Holland B, Rice WR (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065427/https://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/jaz/eecb752/lecture06/Holland%26Rice1998.pdf">"Perspective: Chase-Away Sexual Selection: Antagonistic Seduction Versus Resistance"</a> (PDF). Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 52 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2410914">10.2307/2410914</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2410914">2410914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28568154">28568154</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/jaz/eecb752/lecture06/Holland%26Rice1998.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2019-06-08. Diakses tanggal 2016-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3B+International+Journal+of+Organic+Evolution&rft.atitle=Perspective%3A+Chase-Away+Sexual+Selection%3A+Antagonistic+Seduction+Versus+Resistance&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28568154&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2410914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2410914&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Rice%2C+WR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwolfweb.unr.edu%2Fhomepage%2Fjaz%2Feecb752%2Flecture06%2FHolland%2526Rice1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clutton-Brock TH (1989). 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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61: 119–130. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-006-0242-9">10.1007/s00265-006-0242-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Mating+tactics+and+mating+system+of+an+aquatic-mating+pinniped%3A+the+harbor+seal%2C+Phoca+vitulina&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=119-130&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-006-0242-9&rft.aulast=Boness&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Bowen%2C+D&rft.au=Buhleier%2C+BM&rft.au=Marshall%2C+GJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F226692255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Klopfer PH (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipjhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"Origins of Parental Care"</a>. 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Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 36 (5): 495–516. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fice.2015.15">10.1017/ice.2015.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998315">25998315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Control+and+Hospital+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Animals+in+healthcare+facilities%3A+recommendations+to+minimize+potential+risks&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=495-516&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fice.2015.15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25998315&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Bearman%2C+G&rft.au=Brown%2C+S&rft.au=Bryant%2C+K&rft.au=Chinn%2C+R&rft.au=Hewlett%2C+A&rft.au=George%2C+BG&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+EJ&rft.au=Holzmann-Pazgal%2C+G&rft.au=Rupp%2C+ME&rft.au=Wiemken%2C+T&rft.au=Weese%2C+JS&rft.au=Weber%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F7086725BAB2AAA4C1949DA5B90F06F3B%2FS0899823X1500015Xa.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-animals-in-healthcare-facilities-recommendations-to-minimize-potential-risks-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <cite class="citation web">The Humane Society of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407193941/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html">"U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics"</a>. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/RabbitReport1.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 7 Agustus 2019. Diakses tanggal 10 Juli 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Rabbit+Industry+profile&rft.au=USDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2Fanimal_health%2Femergingissues%2Fdownloads%2FRabbitReport1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <cite class="citation news">McKie R (26 Mei 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/may/26/prehistoric-cave-art-dordogne">"Prehistoric cave art in the Dordogne"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 24 Juni 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deer+Hunting+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Analysis+of+Hunter+Demographics+and+Behavior+Addendum+to+the+2001+National+Survey+of+Fishing%2C+Hunting%2C+and+Wildlife-Associated+Recreation+Report+2001-6&rft.pub=Fishery+and+Wildlife+Service+%28USA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalmedia.fws.gov%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fdocument%2Fid%2F292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Shelton L (2014-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193350/https://www.grandviewoutdoors.com/big-game-hunting/recreational-hog-hunting-popularity-soaring/">"Recreational Hog Hunting Popularity Soaring"</a>. The Natchez Democrat. Gramd View Outdoors. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandviewoutdoors.com/big-game-hunting/recreational-hog-hunting-popularity-soaring/">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 Desember 2017. Diakses tanggal 24 Juni 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Natchez+Democrat&rft.atitle=Recreational+Hog+Hunting+Popularity+Soaring&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandviewoutdoors.com%2Fbig-game-hunting%2Frecreational-hog-hunting-popularity-soaring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Nguyen J, Wheatley R (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XN6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Hunting For Food: Guide to Harvesting, Field Dressing and Cooking Wild Game</a>. F+W Media. hlm. 6–77. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4403-3856-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4403-3856-4">978-1-4403-3856-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+For+Food%3A+Guide+to+Harvesting%2C+Field+Dressing+and+Cooking+Wild+Game&rft.pages=6-77&rft.pub=F%2BW+Media&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4403-3856-4&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Wheatley%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XN6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Chapters on hunting deer, wild hog (boar), rabbit, and squirrel. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221033444/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272329/horse-racing">"Horse racing"</a>. 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Los Angeles: Sage. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4129-3013-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4129-3013-0">978-1-4129-3013-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/71285210">71285210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71285210&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3013-0&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Yates%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringchildre0002gamb_y9e9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealsitters.org/marine_mammals/reading.html">"Books for Adults"</a>. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annihilationofna0000ceba/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4214-1718-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4214-1718-9">978-1-4214-1718-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annihilation+of+Nature%3A+Human+Extinction+of+Birds+and+Mammals&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1718-9&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+AH&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannihilationofna0000ceba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jiang, Z.; Harris, R.B. 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"Elaphurus davidianus". 2016: e.T7121A22159785. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elaphurus+davidianus&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T7121A22159785&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Z.&rft.au=Harris%2C+R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney_dkk.2013318-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney_dkk.2013318_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney_dkk.2013">McKinney dkk. 2013</a>, hlm. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney_dkk.201375–77-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney_dkk.201375–77_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney_dkk.2013">McKinney dkk. 2013</a>, hlm. 75–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Perrin WF, Würsig BF, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Thewissen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Thewissen (halaman belum tersedia)">Thewissen JG</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamari00perr">Encyclopedia of marine mammals</a>. Academic Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamari00perr/page/n438">404</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-373553-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-373553-9">978-0-12-373553-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/455328678">455328678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+marine+mammals&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F455328678&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373553-9&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=WF&rft.au=W%C3%BCrsig%2C+BF&rft.au=Thewissen%2C+JG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediamari00perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBennettRuben1986" class="citation book">Bennett A, Ruben J (1986). "The metabolic and thermoregulatory status of therapsids". Dalam Hotton, Nicholas. The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-87474-524-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-87474-524-5">978-0-87474-524-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+metabolic+and+thermoregulatory+status+of+therapsids&rft.btitle=The+ecology+and+biology+of+mammal-like+reptiles&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87474-524-5&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft.au=Ruben%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeldhamer_dkk.2007" class="citation book">Feldhamer GA, Drickamer LC, Vessey SH, Merritt JF, Krajewski C (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udCnKce9hfoC&pg=PA97">Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology</a> (edisi ke-3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8018-8695-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8018-8695-9">978-0-8018-8695-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/124031907">124031907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalogy%3A+Adaptation%2C+Diversity%2C+Ecology&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F124031907&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8695-9&rft.aulast=Feldhamer&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Drickamer%2C+LC&rft.au=Vessey%2C+SH&rft.au=Merritt%2C+JF&rft.au=Krajewski%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudCnKce9hfoC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrant1995" class="citation book">Grant, T. 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Sydney: University of New South Wales. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-86840-143-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-86840-143-0">978-0-86840-143-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33842474">33842474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reproduction&rft.btitle=The+Platypus%3A+A+Unique+Mammal&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33842474&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-143-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFASJWgDhxIsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHunt_dkk.2014" class="citation book">Hunt, David M.; Hankins, Mark W.; Collin, Shaun P. 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New York. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4614-4355-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4614-4355-1">978-1-4614-4355-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/892735337">892735337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+visual+and+non-visual+pigments&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892735337&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-4355-1&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Hankins%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Collin%2C+Shaun+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPWwBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKemp1982" class="citation book">Kemp, T.S. 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London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-404120-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-404120-2">978-0-12-404120-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/8613180">8613180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal-like+reptiles+and+the+origin+of+mammals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8613180&rft.isbn=978-0-12-404120-2&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammallikereptil00kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKemp2005" class="citation book">Kemp, T.S. 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United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-850760-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-850760-4">978-0-19-850760-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/232311794">232311794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Evolution+of+Mammals&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232311794&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850760-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F200125%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E3904.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLyell1871" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Lyell, Charles</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=634gAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA347">The Student's Elements of Geology</a>. London, UK: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-345-18248-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-345-18248-4">978-1-345-18248-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Elements+of+Geology&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft.isbn=978-1-345-18248-4&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D634gAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney_dkk.2013" class="citation book">McKinney ML, Schoch R, Yonavjak L (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBntufCOxAsC">"Conserving Biological Resources"</a>. Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions (edisi ke-5). Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4496-6139-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4496-6139-7">978-1-4496-6139-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/777948078">777948078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conserving+Biological+Resources&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Systems+and+Solutions&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777948078&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-6139-7&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Schoch%2C+R&rft.au=Yonavjak%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBntufCOxAsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPaul1988" class="citation book">Paul, G.S. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4214-0870-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4214-0870-8">1-4214-0870-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/836762876">836762876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+the+human+placenta&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F836762876&rft.isbn=1-4214-0870-8&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.au=Schulkin%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1exWxU3QHIC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRose2006" class="citation book">Rose, K.D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lyGqD_GWQ7oC">The Beginning of the Age of Mammals</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8018-8472-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8018-8472-6">978-0-8018-8472-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/646769601">646769601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginning+of+the+Age+of+Mammals&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646769601&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8472-6&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=K.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyGqD_GWQ7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVaughan_dkk.2013" class="citation book">Vaughan, T.A.; Ryan, J.M.; Czaplewski, N.J. (2013). "Classification of Mammals". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859168733">Mammalogy</a> (edisi ke-6). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-284-03209-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-284-03209-3">978-1-284-03209-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Mammals&rft.btitle=Mammalogy&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-284-03209-3&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Czaplewski%2C+N.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F859168733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp">"Preface and introductory material"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA1">Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</a> (edisi ke-3rd). Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8018-8221-0">978-0-8018-8221-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+and+introductory+material&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMamalia" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a> <a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/id:Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="b:id:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a> memiliki halaman di: <div style="margin-left:10px;"><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/id:Dichotomous_Key/Mammalia" class="extiw" title="b:id:Dichotomous Key/Mammalia">Mammalia</a></div></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> memiliki teks artikel the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> tentang <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mammalia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mammalia">Mammalia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitymapping.org/mammals.htm">Biodiversitymapping.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926130232/http://www.biodiversitymapping.org/mammals.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 26 September 2016 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.–Semua ordo mamalia di dunia dengan peta distribusinya</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleocene-mammals.de/">Paleocene Mammals</a>, situs yang meliput munculnya mamalia, paleocene-mammals.de</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Evolution.shtml">Evolution of Mammals</a>, pengenalan singkat tentang mamalia, enchantedlearning.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.european-mammals.org/php/mapmaker.php">European Mammal Atlas EMMA</a> dari Societas Europaea Mammalogica, European-mammals.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Jeffersonetal93(14).pdf">Marine Mammals of the World</a>–Gambaran umum dan deskripsi semua mamalia laut, baik yang sepenuhnya akuatik maupun semiakuatik, noaa.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mammalogy.org">Mammalogy.org</a> The American Society of Mammalogists dibentuk pada 1919 dengan tujuan untuk mempromosikan studi mamalia, dan situs web ini menyediakan perpustakaan gambar mamalia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Chordata">Chordata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> · Subkerajaan <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> · (tidak termasuk) <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> · Superfilum <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remang" class="mw-redirect" title="Remang">Myxini (remang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamprey">Hyperoartia (lamprey)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata (vertebrata berahang)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes (ikan bertulang rawan: hiu, pari, kimera)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes (ikan bertulang keras)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii (ikan bersirip duri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii (ikan bersirip daging)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia (coelacanths)</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">R h i p i d i s t i a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi (lungfish)</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">T e t r a p o d a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amfibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfibia">Amphibia (amfibia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">A m n i o t a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binatang_menyusui" class="mw-redirect" title="Binatang menyusui">Mammalia (mamalia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> (withal <a href="/wiki/Diapsida" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (reptil bersisik)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archelosauria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archelosauria (halaman belum tersedia)">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura">Testudines (kura-kura)</a>²,³</li></ul></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (krokodilia)</a>²</li><li><a href="/wiki/Burung" title="Burung">Aves (burung)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹upakelas <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li>²ordo dari kelas <a href="/wiki/Reptil" title="Reptil">Reptilia (reptil)</a></li> <li>³secara tradisional ditempatkan di <a href="/wiki/Anapsida" title="Anapsida">Anapsida</a></li> <li>kelompok parafiletik dicetak miring</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ordo_yang_masih_hidup_dalam_kelas_mamalia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Mamalia" title="Templat:Mamalia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Mamalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Mamalia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Mamalia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ordo_yang_masih_hidup_dalam_kelas_mamalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ordo yang masih hidup dalam kelas <a href="/wiki/Binatang_menyusui" class="mw-redirect" title="Binatang menyusui">mamalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Animalia</a></li> <li>Filum <a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subfilum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> (bukan takson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subkelas <a href="/wiki/Yinotheria" title="Yinotheria">Yinotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="InfrakelasAustralosphenida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrakelas <a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotremata" title="Monotremata">Monotremata (Platipus dan ekidna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subkelas <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a> (mencakup infrakelas <a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" title="Marsupialia">Marsupialia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameridelphia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ameridelphia (halaman belum tersedia)">Ameridelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata (Oposum celurut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oposum" title="Oposum">Didelphimorphia (Oposum)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superordo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australidelphia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australidelphia (halaman belum tersedia)">Australidelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria (Monito del monte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notoryctemorphia" title="Notoryctemorphia">Notoryctemorphia (Tikus mondok marsupial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia (Kuol dan dunart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia (Bandekut dan bilbi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia (Kanguru dan kerabatnya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> (mencakup infrakelas <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placentalia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantogenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantogenata (halaman belum tersedia)">Atlantogenata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superordo <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata (Armadillo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa (Tenggiling dan kukang)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superordo <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida (Tikus mondok emas dan tenrek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celurut_gajah" title="Celurut gajah">Macroscelidea (Celurut gajah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aardvark" class="mw-redirect" title="Aardvark">Tubulidentata (Babi tanah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiraks">Hyracoidea (Hiraks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea (Gajah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia (Duyung dan manatee)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superordo <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla (Landak susu, celurut, tikus mondok, dan kerabatnya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelelawar" title="Kelelawar">Chiroptera (Kelelawar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggiling" title="Tenggiling">Pholidota (Tenggiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora (Anjing, kucing, dan kerabatnya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_ganjil" title="Hewan berkuku ganjil">Perissodactyla (Hewan berkuku ganjil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_genap" title="Hewan berkuku genap">Artiodactyla (Hewan berkuku genap)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea (Paus dan lumba-lumba)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superordo <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hewan_pengerat" title="Hewan pengerat">Rodentia (Hewan pengerat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha (Kelinci dan kerabatnya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupai" title="Tupai">Scandentia (Tupai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubung" title="Kubung">Dermoptera (Kubung)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">Primata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7377" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7377">Q7377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Mammalia">Mammalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Mammalia">Mammalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1642">1642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1MAMMC">1MAMMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12613">12613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/131ac5da-409b-4979-b0db-f945c94da1ff">131ac5da-409b-4979-b0db-f945c94da1ff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=36651">36651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/359">359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/40151">40151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1310">1310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179913">179913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=40674">40674</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e0d7b800-d17c-41c9-b73f-fb42d4e628cf">e0d7b800-d17c-41c9-b73f-fb42d4e628cf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6F192702-D7A1-5498-8988-BDB368453012">6F192702-D7A1-5498-8988-BDB368453012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1837">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/D50D0066-A37D-4795-B5F8-3DDA029A4956">D50D0066-A37D-4795-B5F8-3DDA029A4956</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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