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<span>Gathering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gathering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_world_cashmere_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_world_cashmere_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The world cashmere industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_world_cashmere_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism of industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cashmere wool</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Кашамір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кашамір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llana_caixmir" title="Llana caixmir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llana caixmir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1m%C3%ADr_(l%C3%A1tka)" title="Kašmír (látka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kašmír (látka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiruld" title="Kashmiruld – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kashmiruld" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschmirwolle" title="Kaschmirwolle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaschmirwolle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachemira_(fibra)" title="Cachemira (fibra) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cachemira (fibra)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxmir_(ehuna)" title="Kaxmir (ehuna) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaxmir (ehuna)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کرک کشمیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرک کشمیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachemire_(tissu)" title="Cachemire (tissu) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cachemire (tissu)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caism%C3%ADr" title="Caismír – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caismír" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%96%B4" title="캐시미어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐시미어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Քաշմիրի բուրդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաշմիրի բուրդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiro" title="Kashmiro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kashmiro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_kasmir" title="Wol kasmir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wol kasmir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%A6%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кæсæмир – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кæсæмир" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmere" title="Cashmere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cashmere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8" title="בד קשמיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בד קשמיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1myras_(audinys)" title="Kašmyras (audinys) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kašmyras (audinys)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasm%C3%ADrgyapj%C3%BA" title="Kasmírgyapjú – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kasmírgyapjú" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu_kasymir" title="Bulu kasymir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bulu kasymir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ноолуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ноолуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjmier_(wol)" title="Kasjmier (wol) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kasjmier (wol)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2" title="カシミア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カシミア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasjmirull" title="Kasjmirull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kasjmirull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszmir_(tkanina)" title="Kaszmir (tkanina) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaszmir (tkanina)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimira" title="Casimira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Casimira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C8%99mir_(material)" title="Cașmir (material) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cașmir (material)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кашемир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кашемир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cashmere wool" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1m%C3%ADr_(l%C3%A1tka)" title="Kašmír (látka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kašmír (látka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1mir_(volna)" title="Kašmir (volna) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kašmir (volna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Кашмир (вуна) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кашмир (вуна)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1mir_(vuna)" title="Kašmir (vuna) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kašmir (vuna)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1mirvilla" title="Kašmirvilla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kašmirvilla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_(textil)" title="Kashmir (textil) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kashmir (textil)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fmir_(kuma%C5%9F)" title="Kaşmir (kumaş) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaşmir (kumaş)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Кашемір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кашемір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Cashmere" title="Len Cashmere – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Len Cashmere" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%B8%E7%B1%B3" title="开司米 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="开司米" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%84%E5%A3%AB%E5%92%A9" title="茄士咩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="茄士咩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E7%BB%92" title="羊绒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羊绒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fiber obtained from cashmere goats and other types of goat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kashmir,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir, India">Kashmir, India</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the song by <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_(song)" title="Kashmir (song)">Kashmir (song)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaschmirschal_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kaschmirschal_1.jpg/220px-Kaschmirschal_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kaschmirschal_1.jpg/330px-Kaschmirschal_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kaschmirschal_1.jpg/440px-Kaschmirschal_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>Cashmere scarves</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cashmere wool</b>, usually simply known as <b>cashmere</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> obtained from <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashmere goats">cashmere goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changthangi" title="Changthangi">pashmina goats</a>, and some other breeds of <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>. It has been used to make <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a>, textiles and clothing for hundreds of years. Cashmere is closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_shawl" title="Kashmir shawl">Kashmir shawl</a>, the word "cashmere" deriving from an anglicization of <i><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a></i>, when the Kashmir shawl reached Europe in the 19th century. Both the soft undercoat and the <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hairs</a> may be used; the softer hair is reserved for textiles, while the coarse guard hair is used for brushes and other non-apparel purposes. Cashmere is a <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> fiber, absorbing and releasing water from the air based on the surrounding environment. This helps regulate the body in both warm and cool temperatures. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of countries produce cashmere and have improved processing techniques over the years, but China and Mongolia are two of the leading producers as of 2019. Afghanistan is ranked third.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some yarns and clothing marketed as containing cashmere have been found to contain little to no cashmere fiber, so more stringent testing has been requested to ensure items are fairly represented.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanham_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanham-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crackdown_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crackdown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor land management and <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> to increase production of the valuable fiber has resulted in the decimation and transformation of grasslands into deserts in Asia, increasing local temperatures and causing air pollution which has traveled as far as Canada and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinadesert_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinadesert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grassland_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grassland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashmina_goats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pashmina_goats.jpg/220px-Pashmina_goats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pashmina_goats.jpg/330px-Pashmina_goats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pashmina_goats.jpg/440px-Pashmina_goats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina goat">Pashmina goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically in the western scientific community, fine-haired Cashmere goats have been called <a href="/wiki/Capra_hircus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capra hircus">Capra hircus</a>, as if they were a subspecies of the domestic goat <i>Capra hircus</i>. However, they are now more commonly considered part of the domestic goat subspecies <i>Capra aegagrus hircus</i> or the alternate version <i>Hircus Blythi Goat</i>. Cashmere goats produce a double <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">fleece</a> that consists of a fine, soft undercoat or underdown of hair mingled with a straighter and much coarser outer coating of hair called <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hair</a>. This undercoat is grown in the winter as a way to keep the goat warm in colder months. For the fine underdown to be sold and processed further, it must be de-haired. De-hairing is a mechanical process that separates the coarse hairs from the fine hair. After de-hairing, the resulting cashmere is ready to be dyed and converted into textile yarn, fabrics and garments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> De-hairing is made slightly easier by removing the undercoat by hand, rather than shaving the entire coat. This process takes much longer to remove the cashmere, but produces a much finer, higher quality fiber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gathering">Gathering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gathering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cashmeregoat_shearing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cashmeregoat_shearing.png/220px-Cashmeregoat_shearing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Cashmeregoat_shearing.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Cashmere shearing. <a href="/wiki/Corindhap,_Victoria" title="Corindhap, Victoria">Corindhap</a>, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cashmere wool is collected during the spring <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a> season when the goats naturally shed their winter coat. In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, the goats moult as early as March and as late as May. </p><p>In some regions, the mixed mass of down and coarse hair is removed by hand with a coarse comb that pulls tufts of fiber from the animal as the comb is raked through the fleece. The collected fiber then has a higher yield of pure cashmere after the fiber has been washed and dehaired than produced by shearing. The long, coarse guard hair is then typically clipped from the animal and is often used for brushes, <a href="/wiki/Interfacing" title="Interfacing">interfacings</a> and other non-apparel uses. Animals in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Cashmere_goat" title="Australian Cashmere goat">Australia</a> are typically <a href="/wiki/Shorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorn">shorn</a> of their fleece, resulting in a higher coarse hair content and lower pure cashmere yield. In America, the most popular method is combing. The process takes up to two weeks, but with a trained eye for when the fiber is releasing, it is possible to comb the fibers out in about a week. The term "baby cashmere" is used for fibres harvested from younger goats, and has a reputation of being softer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shawl_makers_in_Kashmir_(1867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Shawl_makers_in_Kashmir_%281867%29.jpg/220px-Shawl_makers_in_Kashmir_%281867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Shawl_makers_in_Kashmir_%281867%29.jpg/330px-Shawl_makers_in_Kashmir_%281867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Shawl_makers_in_Kashmir_%281867%29.jpg/440px-Shawl_makers_in_Kashmir_%281867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>An 1867 <a href="/wiki/William_Simpson_(Scottish_artist)" title="William Simpson (Scottish artist)">William Simpson</a> painting depicting men manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawls</a> using pashm wool</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cashmere_Factory_Gobi_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cashmere_Factory_Gobi_26.JPG/220px-Cashmere_Factory_Gobi_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cashmere_Factory_Gobi_26.JPG/330px-Cashmere_Factory_Gobi_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cashmere_Factory_Gobi_26.JPG/440px-Cashmere_Factory_Gobi_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Cashmere factory in <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has become the largest producer of raw cashmere, estimated at 19,200 metric tons (in hair) per year (2016). <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> follows with 8,900 tons (in hair) as of 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other Central Asian republics produce lesser amounts. The annual world raw production is estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000 tons (13,605 and 18,140 tonnes) (in hair). Pure cashmere, resulting from removing animal grease, dirt and coarse hairs from the fleece, is estimated at 6,500 tons (5,895 tonnes). Ultra-fine Cashmere or <a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a> is still produced by communities in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> but its rarity and high price, along with political instability in the region, make it very hard to source and to regulate quality. It is estimated that the average yearly production per goat is 150 grams (0.33 lb). </p><p>Pure cashmere can be dyed and spun into yarns and <a href="/wiki/Knitted" class="mw-redirect" title="Knitted">knitted</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">jumpers</a> (sweaters), <a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">hats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">socks</a> and other clothing, or woven into <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabrics</a> then cut and assembled into garments such as outer <a href="/wiki/Coat_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (clothing)">coats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a> (pants), <a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">pajamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">scarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">blankets</a>, and other items. Fabric and garment producers in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> have long been known as market leaders. Cashmere may also be blended with other fibers to bring the garment cost down, or to gain their properties, such as elasticity from wool, or sheen from silk. </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Uxbridge, Massachusetts">Uxbridge, Massachusetts</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was an incubator for the cashmere wool industry. It had the first power looms for woolens and the first manufacture of "<a href="/wiki/Satinet" title="Satinet">satinets</a>". Capron Mill had the first power looms, in 1820. It burned on July 21, 2007, in the <a href="/wiki/Bernat_Mill" title="Bernat Mill">Bernat Mill</a> fire. </p><p>In the United States, under the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Wool_Products_Labeling_Act" title="Wool Products Labeling Act">Wool Products Labeling Act</a> of 1939, as amended, (15 U. S. Code Section 68b(a)(6)), a wool or textile product may be labelled as containing cashmere only if the following criteria are met: </p> <ul><li>such wool product is the fine (dehaired) <a href="/wiki/Down_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Down hair">undercoat</a> fibers produced by a cashmere goat (<i>Capra hircus laniger</i>);</li> <li>the average <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> of the fiber of such wool product does not exceed 19 <a href="/wiki/Micron" class="mw-redirect" title="Micron">microns</a>; and</li> <li>such wool product does not contain more than 3 percent (by weight) of cashmere fibers with average diameters that exceed 30 microns.</li> <li>the average fiber diameter may be subject to a <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation" title="Coefficient of variation">coefficient of variation</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Mean_(average)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean (average)">mean</a> that shall not exceed 24 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_fiber">Types of fiber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Raw – fiber that has not been processed and is essentially straight from the animal</li> <li>Processed – fiber that has been through the processes of de-hairing, washing, carding, and is ready either to spin or to knit/crochet/weave</li> <li>Virgin – new fiber made into yarns, fabrics or garments for the first time</li> <li>Recycled – fibers reclaimed from scraps or fabrics that were previously woven or felted and may or may not have been previously used by the consumer from various parts of the world.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_world_cashmere_industry">The world cashmere industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The world cashmere industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cashmere_wool" title="Special:EditPage/Cashmere wool">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mongolia supplies 9,600 tons of raw cashmere per year to the world. 15% of the total raw cashmere supplied by Mongolia is being used to manufacture finished goods whereas the remaining 85% is being exported in semi processed form. 70% of the total raw material used to produce finished garments in Mongolia is being procured by Gobi Corporation with the remaining 30% being used by other producers in Mongolia. </p><p>The global fashion luxury cashmere clothing market is expected to reach US$4.2 billion in 2025, growing at an annual rate of 3.86% per year between 2018 and 2025. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.88_(1_of_10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.88_%281_of_10%29.jpg/220px-Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.88_%281_of_10%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.88_%281_of_10%29.jpg/330px-Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.88_%281_of_10%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.88_%281_of_10%29.jpg/440px-Boy%27s_Frock_LACMA_M.2007.211.88_%281_of_10%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A boy's <a href="/wiki/Frock" title="Frock">frock</a> produced <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1855</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>; cashmere wool <a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">twill</a> with silk embroidery and silk tassels.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cashmere has been manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> for thousands of years. The fiber is also known as <i>pashm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for <i>wool</i>) or <i><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">pashmina</a></i> (Persian/Urdu word derived from Pashm) for its use in the handmade shawls of Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to woolen shawls appear in texts surviving from between the 3rd century BC and the 11th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-ebpasm_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebpasm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a popular notion in Kashmir is that it was the 15th-century ruler of Kashmir, <a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_(sultan_of_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)">Zain-ul-Abidin</a>, who founded the local wool industry by bringing weavers from <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebpasm_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebpasm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another local tradition sees the founder of all Kashmiri crafts in the famous 14th century saint <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a> who, tradition goes, brought 700 craftsmen from Persia to Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ali Hamadani visited <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> he discovered for the first time in history the warmth and fineness of Ladakh goat wool.<sup id="cite_ref-Zutshi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zutshi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He combed some goat wool and made a pair of socks with his own hands. Afterwards he gifted those socks to the king of Kashmir, Sultan Qutubdin (1374-89 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan was amazed by their durability and fineness.<sup id="cite_ref-Zutshi_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zutshi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali Hamadani brought some raw goat wool from Ladakh and suggested the king to start <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawl</a> weaving in Kashmir. That was the starting point of the usage of the cashmere wool. </p><p>Trading in commercial quantities of raw cashmere between Asia and Europe began with Valerie Audresset SA, Louviers, France, claiming to be the first European company to commercially spin cashmere.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgregor_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgregor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The down was imported from Tibet through <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, the capital of the Russian province of <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, and was used in France to create imitation woven shawls. Unlike the Kashmir shawls, the French shawls had a different pattern on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-NAC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imported cashmere was spread out on large sieves and beaten with sticks to open the fibers and clear away the dirt. After opening, the cashmere was washed and children removed the coarse hair. The down was then carded and combed using the same methods used for <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> spinning.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Kashmir (then called cashmere by the British) had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat down imported from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh. The down trade was controlled by treaties signed as a result of previous wars<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shawls were introduced into western Europe when General Napoleon Bonaparte sent one to Paris from his campaign in Ottoman Egypt. The shawl's arrival is said to have created an immediate sensation and plans were put in place to start manufacturing the product in France.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1799 at his factory in Reims, <a href="/wiki/William-Louis_Ternaux" title="William-Louis Ternaux">William-Louis Ternaux</a>, the leading woolens manufacturer in France under Napoleon, began to produce imitation India shawls (<i>cachemires</i>) using the wool of Spanish merino sheep. By 1811, with government assistance, Ternaux also began experimenting with the production of real India shawls using what he called <i>laine de Perse</i>, i.e., the down (<i>duvet</i>) of Tibetan-cashmere goats.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1818, Ternaux resolved to help establish herds of cashmere goats in France. A famous expedition to Persia was organized, led by the orientalist and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Jaubert" title="Pierre Amédée Jaubert">Pierre Amédée Jaubert</a>, to be financed in part by the French government. Of the acquired herd of 1,500 animals, only 256 arrived safely in the spring of 1819 at Marseilles and Toulon via the Crimea. About 100 of the cashmere goats were then purchased by the French government (at 2,000 francs each) and sent to the royal sheep farm at Perpignan. The remainder, about 180 including new-borns, went to Ternaux's property at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine" title="Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine">Saint-Ouen</a> outside Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ternaux had little success getting small farmers to add cashmeres to their sheep herds, a few wealthy landowners were willing to experiment with the goats. For example, Ternaux's herd was seen in 1823 by C.T.Tower of Weald Hall, Essex, England. Tower purchased two female and two male goats and took them back to England, wherein 1828 he was awarded a gold medal by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce for rearing a herd of cashmeres. Also, a few of Ternaux's goats were purchased for a model farm at Grignon, near <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, run by M. Polonceau. Polonceau crossbred the cashmeres with Angora goats to improve the down for spinning and weaving. This Cashmere-Angora herd was seen by William Riley of New South Wales in 1828, and again in 1831 when Riley purchased thirteen of the goats for trans-shipment to Australia. At the time, the average production of the Polonceau herd was 16 ounces (500 grams) of down. Ternaux's herd at St. Ouen still numbered 150 when the famous industrialist died in 1833. The herd at Perpignan died out by 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1830, weaving cashmere shawls with French-produced yarn had become an important Scottish industry. The Scottish Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures offered a 300 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> reward to the first person who could spin cashmere in Scotland based on the French system. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_Cochrane" title="Charles Stuart Cochrane">Captain Charles Stuart Cochrane</a> collected the required information while in Paris and received a Scottish patent for the process in 1831. In the autumn of 1831, he sold the patent to Henry Houldsworth and sons of Glasgow. In 1832 Henry Houldsworth and sons commenced the manufacture of yarn, and in 1833 received the reward.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotland_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotland-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dawson International claim to have invented the first commercial dehairing machine in 1890, and from 1906 they purchased cashmere from China, but were restricted to purchasing fiber from Beijing and Tianjin until 1978. In 1978 trade was liberalised and Dawson International began buying cashmere from many provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgregor_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgregor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many early textile centers developed as part of the American Industrial Revolution. Among them, the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a> became a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. The town of <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Uxbridge, Massachusetts">Uxbridge, Massachusetts</a>, became an early textile center in the Blackstone Valley which was known for the manufacture of cashmere wool and satinets. </p><p>Austrian Textile Manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Altmann" title="Bernhard Altmann">Bernhard Altmann</a> is credited with bringing cashmere to the United States of America on a mass scale beginning in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to improve Afghanistan's cashmere industry by importing Italian goats in the 2010s have been criticized as wasteful.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_industry">Criticism of industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism of industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Category:Clothing and the environment">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Clothing and the<br /> environment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_clothing_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Recycling_clothing_icon.png/100px-Recycling_clothing_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Recycling_clothing_icon.png/150px-Recycling_clothing_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Recycling_clothing_icon.png/200px-Recycling_clothing_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Key issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Textile performance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">By type</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Criticism_of_industry">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming" title="Environmental impacts of fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of leather">Leather</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Sustainability</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fashion" title="Anti-fashion">Anti-fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear" title="Biodegradable athletic footwear">Biodegradable athletic footwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_fashion" title="Circular fashion">Circular fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_textile" title="Green textile">Green textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_cotton" title="Organic cotton">Organic cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing" title="Reconstructed clothing">Reconstructed clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_fashion" title="Slow fashion">Slow fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion" title="Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion">Sustainability of vintage fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trashion" title="Trashion">Trashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion" title="Zero-waste fashion">Zero-waste fashion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Green marketing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RiverBlue" title="RiverBlue">RiverBlue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Cost" title="The True Cost">The True Cost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record" title="Nike, Inc.">Environmental record of Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_wastewater" title="Laundry wastewater">Laundry wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage clothing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/16px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/24px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Template:Clothing and the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Template talk:Clothing and the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing and the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The production of cashmere wool has been criticized for the detrimental <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">environmental effects</a> directly resulting from raising the herds. The high demand for cashmere is causing <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a> in China and Mongolia to disappear, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> to increase and the herds to starve.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinadesert_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinadesert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grassland_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grassland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factories in Alashan are forced to close several days a week due to water rationing as the deserts there expand by 400 square miles per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinadesert_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinadesert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, the degradation of 65% of the grasslands in the area has been linked to a four-degree Fahrenheit increase in the temperature of Mongolia, three degrees higher than temperatures in other areas of the world. With proper management, the grasslands could recover in the space of ten years. Mitigation efforts include changing trades, grazing bans, hand-feeding the goats, and attempting to convince Mongolian herders to raise <a href="/wiki/Yaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaks">yaks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camels" class="mw-redirect" title="Camels">camels</a> instead of or in addition to fewer goats, as the hair from these animals is also valuable and their impact on grasslands is less.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinadesert_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinadesert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grassland_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grassland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air pollution, caused by the combination of industrial heavy burning of coal creating atmospheric particulates, and the desert dust storms resulting from disappearing grasslands in China and Mongolia, crosses the Pacific Ocean to the Americas. Health officials in Canada, China, Mongolia and the US have had to issue air quality warnings to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinadesert_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinadesert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demand for the fiber has caused some vendors, both knowingly and not, to sell yarns or textiles containing little to no cashmere<sup id="cite_ref-Lanham_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanham-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing themselves as being composed of cashmere. Wool and other fibers have been mixed in by unscrupulous manufacturers, deliberately selling mislabeled items to well-known department stores. Complaints of mislabeling after testing for cashmere content were reported by the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>, leading to more stringent examination of cashmere products.<sup id="cite_ref-Crackdown_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crackdown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of achieving <a href="/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle to Cradle">Cradle to Cradle</a> "gold" certification for its clothing, in January 2023, fashion brand <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lauren" title="Ralph Lauren">Ralph Lauren</a> announced it would provide shipping labels to return cashmere clothes of any brand to be recycled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Re-Verso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Re-Verso (page does not exist)">Re-Verso</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameline" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameline">Cameline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahtoosh" title="Shahtoosh">Shahtoosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmielFaisal2023" class="citation journal cs1">Emiel, DenHartog; Faisal, Abedin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffib11050047">"The Exothermic Effects of Textile Fibers during Changes in Environmental Humidity: A Comparison between ISO:16533 and Dynamic Hot Plate Test Method"</a>. <i>Fibers</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffib11050047">10.3390/fib11050047</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibers&rft.atitle=The+Exothermic+Effects+of+Textile+Fibers+during+Changes+in+Environmental+Humidity%3A+A+Comparison+between+ISO%3A16533+and+Dynamic+Hot+Plate+Test+Method&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ffib11050047&rft.aulast=Emiel&rft.aufirst=DenHartog&rft.au=Faisal%2C+Abedin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Ffib11050047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACashmere+wool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP2015" class="citation web cs1">AP (2015-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1181116">"Afghanistan's goat farmers find luxury niche in cashmere"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514142151/http://www.dawn.com:80/news/1181116">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & sons. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Statistical+Account+of+Scotland%2C+Volume+VI&rft.place=Edinburgh+and+London&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+%26+sons&rft.date=1854&rft.au=The+Ministers+of+the+respective+parishes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaICAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCochrane%2Bcashmere%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACashmere+wool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintagefashionguild.org/label-resource/bernhard-altmann/">"Vintage Fashion Guild : Label Resource : Altmann, Bernhard"</a>. <i>vintagefashionguild.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vintagefashionguild.org&rft.atitle=Vintage+Fashion+Guild+%3A+Label+Resource+%3A+Altmann%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintagefashionguild.org%2Flabel-resource%2Fbernhard-altmann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACashmere+wool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2016" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Tim (2016-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-cashmere-plot-pentagon-s-6m-project-to-introduce-rare-goats-to-afghanistan-failed-to-stimulate-economy-a6826251.html">"Men who spent $6m on goats: US's failed cashmere plot in Afghanistan revealed"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610085829/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-cashmere-plot-pentagon-s-6m-project-to-introduce-rare-goats-to-afghanistan-failed-to-stimulate-economy-a6826251.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Men+who+spent+%246m+on+goats%3A+US%27s+failed+cashmere+plot+in+Afghanistan+revealed&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-cashmere-plot-pentagon-s-6m-project-to-introduce-rare-goats-to-afghanistan-failed-to-stimulate-economy-a6826251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACashmere+wool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGault2016" class="citation web cs1">Gault, Matthew (2016-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/war-is-boring/afghanistan-s-failed-goat-farm-is-the-perfect-american-disaster-ed2114523b44">"Afghanistan's Failed Goat Farm Is the Perfect American Disaster"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Failed+Goat+Farm+Is+the+Perfect+American+Disaster&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.aulast=Gault&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fwar-is-boring%2Fafghanistan-s-failed-goat-farm-is-the-perfect-american-disaster-ed2114523b44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACashmere+wool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToosi" class="citation web cs1">Toosi, Nahal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politi.co/2isbCvY">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Donald Trump of inspectors general'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=%27The+Donald+Trump+of+inspectors+general%27&rft.aulast=Toosi&rft.aufirst=Nahal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliti.co%2F2isbCvY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACashmere+wool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton2023" class="citation news cs1">Paton, Elizabeth (2023-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/24/fashion/ralph-lauren-cashmere-recycling-program.html">"Who Will Take Your Old Cashmere?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Will+Take+Your+Old+Cashmere%3F&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F01%2F24%2Ffashion%2Fralph-lauren-cashmere-recycling-program.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACashmere+wool" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cashmere_wool&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cashmere_wool" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cashmere wool">Cashmere wool</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0578">Cashmere is Scottish (1973)</a>, an archive film featuring <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Lumley" title="Joanna Lumley">Joanna Lumley</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Screen#The_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Screen">Scottish Screen Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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